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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF LONDON. 


; PART XXIV. 
1856. 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ; 
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE, 


AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS, 
- PATERNOSTER-ROW. 


> all 


te 


~ 


TTT ee 


LIST 
OF 


CONTRIBUTORS, 


With References to the several Articles contributed by each. 


Apams, Artuur, R.N., F.L.S., &e. 
Description of Two New Shells discovered by Robert 
MacAndrew, Esq., on the Coast of Norway.............. 
Descriptions of Thirty-four New Species of Bivalve Mol- 
lusca (Leda, Nucula and Pythina) from the Cumingian Col- 
Oe ai EIR le a oe Sa ch oe Nae AA oh no. a 8S 0 afm 
Notice of a New Species of Trichotropis, from the Collec- 

tion of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ............ m seeierk 


Barrett, A. D. 


Letter addressed to Dr. Gray respecting the Living African 
Lepidosiren in the Crystal Palace. ..... PEE THU IAT BY 


CARPENTER, P. P. 


Notes on the Species of Hipponyx inhabiting the American 
Coasts, with descriptions of New Species................ 


Description of New Species of Shells collected by Mr. T. 
Bridges in the Bay of Panama and its vicinity, in the Col- 
lection of Hugh Cuming, Esq....... 0.2... 0002 sce cues 

Description of New Species and Varieties of Calyptreide, 
Trochide and Pyramidellide, principally in the Collection 
of Hugh Gunmag( Reqs 0: « Liu. sonal wovia ya coligitwst 
~ Descriptions of Shells from the Gulf of California and the 
Pacific Coasts of Mexico and California .......... sales 


page 


47 


. 369 


346 — 


159 


iv 
pag 
Monograph of the Shells collected by T. Nuttall, Esq., on 
the Californian Coast, in the years 1834-5.............. 209 
First Steps towards a Monograph of the Recent Species 
of Petaloconchus, a genus of Vermetide ........--+++++: 313 
Crisp, Epwarps, M.D. 


Observations on Strongylus filaria and Botaurus stellaris 53 


On the Viscera of Hsog tucius:.:).2() 58.636 4.6.6. cee 106 
Remarks on Mus Musculus .......... oe catch e eee ee 
On the Head and Brain of a Monoculous Lamb........ 149 


- Dunxer, Dr. 


On New Shells from the Collection of Mr. Cuming.. 354, 358 


Farruoime, J. K. E. 
Observations on the Pteropus of Australia ............ 311 
On the Australian Dugong (Halicore Australis)........ 352 


The Blacks of Moreton Bay and the Porpoises ........ 353 


Fraser, Louis. 


Exhibition of Birds from the Collection of T. C. Eyton, 


Gasko1n, Joun S., F.L.S. 


On a peculiar variety of Mus Musculus..........-..... 38 
On some Defects in the Growth of the Antlers, and some 
results of Castration, in the Cervide ...........0 000-005 151 


Gou.tp, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. 
On a New Turkey, Meleagris Mewicana .............. 61 


On Two New Species of Birds (Nestor notabilis and Spa- 
tula variegata) from the Collection of Walter Mantell, Esq.. 94 


Descriptions of Two New Species of True Cuckoos (Genus 
Cuculus.as restricted)... j< in »ms+0q Cea absie Me > ine aiden 96 


Description of a New Trogon and a New Odontophorus .. 107 


On some Birds collected by Mr. John MacGillivray, the 
Naturalist attached to H. M. Surveying Ship Rattlesnake, and 


——e,? 


v 
page 

lately sent home by a Denham, the Commander of the 
MRPOGHION 5. 5's 5 oa ae “SF asy Lago 


On Two New mek of Homing Birds shlong to the 
Genus Amagilius, ... 00. 20 ce wT. 3E 1150 


Gray, Georce R., F.L.S. and Z.S. 


Ub mew mpedien OF Pigeon... ke ce cn ones ae 6 
On a New Species of Lepidopterous Insect ............ 7 


Gray, Dr. Joun Epwarp, F.R.S., &c. 


On the Genus Assiminia (Leach) .................... 20 
Description of the Animals and Teeth of Tylodina and other 
Genera of Gasteropodous Mollusca .................... 41 


On the Position of the Genus Proserpina in the System, 
and a Description of its Dentition ...................... 99 


On the Nucleus of the Operculum of Cyclostoma elegans.. 147 
On a Monstrosity of Haliotis (albicans ?)....-......... 147 


Notice of some Indian Tortoises (including the Description 
of a New Species presented to the British Museum by Pro- 
fessor Oldham) ...... petesuoney. Lie epuveltoD -ublge 181 


On a New Species of Squirrel (Sciurus macrotis) from Borneo 341 


Observations on a Living African Lepidosiren in the Crystal 
Palawet evr oN Ae evs wis. bh, Aes St Gumi se 342 


Description of a New Species of Chelodina from Australia 369 


HAntey, SyYLvanuvs. 


Descriptions of Four New Species of Kelliade in the Col- 
lection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ............ 020. .000004. 340 


Hepptez, Rosert. 


On a Whale of the Genus Physalus, Gray, captured in 
eminGreces ete: or skeet ste 3: Pek opin 187 


Hox.psworrn, E. W. H., F.L.S., &c. 


Description of a New Species of Actinia from the Devon- 
TG CRE eee ess sna tos. acu +. soo). § Bite 172 


vi 


Horsrie_p, THomas, M.D., F.R.S., &e. page 


Catalogue of a Collection of Mammalia from Nepal, Sikim, 
and Tibet, presented to the Hon. East India Company ey 
BA H.. Hodsson, Haq. 667. co eas s cv cc oo sO eee 


Hutton, Masor THomas. 


Extract from a Letter addressed to Adam White, Esq., 
dated Mussoree, Nov. 27, 1855.. See se 


Owen, Proressor, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. 


On Dinornis (Part VII.) : containing a Description of the 
Bones of the Leg and Foot of the Dinornis elephantopus, 
OWE sh ial ascie: sig hoc lehasdao 


Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the 
Chimpanzees and Orangs (Troglodytes Pithecus), No. VI... 


Preirrer, Dr. L. 


Descriptions of Twenty-five New Species of Land Shells, 
from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ............-... 


Descriptions of Twenty-seven New Species of Land Shells 


collected by M. Sallé in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.... < 


Descriptions of Fifty-eight New Species of Helicea, from 
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. .......... 20 20.see os 


Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Pneumonopoma, from 
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. .... 2.2.0.2... 0-008. 


Descriptions of Nineteen New Species of Land Shells, from 
the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq., collected ne M. Ghies- 
breght at Chiapa, Mexico,......... Par seseelae cam 

Descriptions of Eighteen New oe of Land Shells, col- 
lected on the Admiralty Islands, from the Collection of H. 
Cuming, Wags. 05:50 a Sie oak oe iyainles sete ee ener a ae 


Descriptions of Thirty-three New Species of Land Shells, 
from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ................ 


Descriptions of Two New Species of Melampus, from Mr. 
Cuming’s Collection ...... Wolpe ln as hale e tn ay aes coe am 


or 


54 


369 


vii 
Reeve, Lovett, F.L.S. & GS. page 


Description of Three New Volutes, from the Collections of 
the Hon. Mrs. Cathcart and Mr. Cuming .............. 2 


RicHarRpson, Sir JonNn, C.B., F.R.S. L. & Ep., &e. 


On some Fish from Asia Minor and Palestine .......... 371 


SciaTer, Puixir L., M.A., F.L.S. 


Note on the Zoological Appendix to the ‘Report of the 
U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemi- 
sphere,’ and on the Geographic Range and Distribution of 
the Tanagrine Genera, Calliste and Huphonia............ 18 


On some additional Species of Birds received in Collections 
POOPIE cE iidils atv e ot Poe ce vs dns se vg hn ws 25 


Note on Psaltria flaviceps, a third American Species of 
SUC T Ce (cg 71 17 i a rir 


Synopsis Avium Tanagrinarum.—A Descriptive Catalogue 
of the known Species of Tanagers .............. 64, 108, 230 


Note on Buglodytes albicilius, Bp. ...... 260-0000 eee 97 
On some New or imperfectly known Species of Synallaxis 97 


List of Mammals and Birds collected by Mr. Bridges in 
the vicinity of the town of David, in the province of Chiriqui, 


ey SECC ERR AMON Ne ai aap gk inte en ohm 8 a ping 4 te 138 
Note on some Birds from the Island of Ascension ...... 144 
On the Species of the American genus Parra .......... 282 
Catalogue of the Birds collected by M. Auguste Sallé in 

Southern Mexico, with Descriptions of New Species ...... 283 
On a New Tanager of the genus Calliste ............-. 311 


TEGETMEIER, W. B. 


On the remarkable peculiarities existing in the Skulls of 
the Feather-crested variety of the Domestic Fowl, now known 
Me PO MERMRMRLE Loo Fyre yin 50k 4 > eitnadys ¢ aie eee 


Vili 
TuHomrson, WILLIAM. page 
Remarks on Nika edulis, Risso..........:0+0+5 sional 102 


Tomes, Roserrt F. 


On Three Genera of Vespertilionide, Furipterus, Natalus, 
and Hyonycteris, with the Descriptions of Two New Species 172 


Verreavux, M. Juxues, Corr. Mem. 
Note sur un Nouveau Genre des Oiseaux de Proie ...... 145 


Note sur le Messager ou Serpentaire du Cap de Bonne- 
Espérance (Serpentarius reptilivorus, Daud.) ........-+.- 348 


Wuirte, Ava, F.L.S. 


Descriptions of some Coleopterous Insects in the Collection 
of the British Museum, hitherto apparently unnoticed... .. 8, 406 


Some remarks on Crustacea of the Genus Lithodes, with a 
brief Description of a Species apparently hitherto unrecorded 132 


Description of Mygale Emilia, a Spider from Panama, 
hitherto apparently unrecorded ............-. 0-2. eee 183 


Woopwarp, S. P., F.G.S. 
Un the Land and Freshwater Shells of Kashmir and Tibet, 
collected by Dr. T. Thomson. . ps RA ek ee oe 


Exhibition of Preparations of the Mantle and Oral Het 
ratus of the Recent British Terebratula (T. caput-serpentis) 368 


YARRELL, WiLu1AM, F.L.S8. 


Notice of the occurrence of Otis tarda in Berkshire .... 1 


LIST OF PLATES. 


1856. 
MAMMALIA. 
Plate Page 
I OT Te) a ee ee EEG 38 
XLII. Furipterus cerulescens, Tomes.................. } 172 
XLIII. Natalus stramineus, Gray... ..... 6. eee cece ees. 
XLIV. ttt 
XLV. } Physatus upasdt, Heddle... 25 ose «oie ve sa scr om s 187 
XLVI. Sciurus macrotis, tee, Eos rida ott 't Soneaie ie 34] 
XLVI. Paradowurus strictus, Horsf. ............ Sena oe: 
XLVIII. Paradoxurus quadriscriptus, Horsf. ............ 
XLIX. Mustela strigidorsa, Horsf. .................... 393 
L. Arctonyx isonyx, Horsf. ........ 00. e cece eee J 
AVES. 
CXV. Calenas (Phlegenas) Stairi, G. R. Gray? sa Gea 6 
CXVI. Margarornis brunnescens, Sclater................ 
CXVII. Octhoéea fumicolor, Sclater .................... 
CXVIII. Euscarthmus agilis, Sclater ..............004... 25 
CXIX. Conopophaga cucullata, Sclater ................ 
CXX. Granatellus Sallei, Sclater ........0..0..000005. 292 
CXXI. Pipra mentalis, Sclater.............. OOS ae aa 299 
REPTILIA. 
. 1X: \ Testudo OTS CS a eee ne ie ae 
Xa. i 
x} Bat Nata, G ie 
a Batagur ocellata, Gray...... 0... cece cece cence 
XI. Lepidosiren annectens ............ 000 cececce cee 342 
XII 


j Pe CwpARsG, GEAY os wines i aiu cous s ceutls vies 369 
XI a. } Chelodina expansa, Gray 


MOLLUSCA. 

Plate Page 
XXXII. Voluta Cathcartie, V. Americana, V. Africana...... 2 
MOONUVs ELA :Ofe8! (GIDC ANS?) 5 a.c ore. «avers as olaheye'siais storatels we win Wha 

318 

XXXYV. | Dr. Pfeiffer’s New Species of Land Shells, collected } 377 

XXXVI. at VerasCrizqemiapa, CoC. i. ...5'«/.j012 erstetes ater ens 38] 
385 

ANNULOSA. 
XXXIX. Papilio (Ornithoptera) Victorie, G. R. Gray........ 7 
\ Mr. Adam White’s New Coleopterous Insects...... 8, 406 
XLII. Lithodes (Petalocerus) Bellianus, White............ 132 


OD, Wij abe Eales NVNGe cone ai e's, oie )s sie1d'b:a.0/s «soir reo tapetene 183 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


January 22, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


Mr. Yarrell stated to the Meeting that on the 3rd of January of 
the present year 1856, a great Bustard, Otis tarda of Linnzeus, was 
taken in Berkshire. It was found about a mile from Hungerford, in 
the direction of Salisbury, by a boy, who observed that the bird had 
a broken leg, and could not, or did not, raise itself off the ground, 
He dragged it along by one wing to the farm to which he had been 
sent, where a man broke the bird’s neck, that the boy might carry 
it back home the easier. The bird is now at Mr. Leadbeater’s for 
_ preservation. It was a male, and appears to be in its second year. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. Description or Two New SuHeExis DISCOVERED BY ROBERT 
MacAnprew, Esa. on THE COAST OF NorWAY. 
Descrisep sy ArTHuR Apams, R.N. 


- 1. Scanarra Lovenn, A. Adams. 8S. testa pyramidali-turrita 
apice acuminata alba, anfractibus novem planiusculis, costis 
annularibus subdistantibus, angustis lamellatis recurvatis prope 
suturas latioribus et uncinatis costarum interstitiis valde spira- 
liter liratis, anfractu ultimo lira valida ad basin cincto ; aper- 
tura rotundata. 

Hab. Ad litt. Scandinaviz. 


2. Triroris Macanpram, A. Adams. T. testa pyramidali- 
turrita apice obtuso sinistrali tenuicula sordide alia, anfrac- 
tibus quatuordecem rotundatis spiraliter liratis liris planis 
@qualibus subdistantibus (ad anfractum ultimum, sex) inter- 


No. CCCI.—Procrrpinés or tHe Zoo.ocicat Society. 


2 


stitiis sub lente longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis ; apertura 
rotundata, canali brevi aperto. 
Hab. Ad litt. Scandinaviz. 


2. Description oF Turree New VoLutTes From THE CoL- 
LECTIONS OF THE Hon. Mrs. Catucart AND Mr. CumING. 
By Lovett Reeve, F.L.S. & G.S. 


(Mollusca, Pl. XX XIII.) 


1. Votuta Catucartiz. Vol. testa cylindraceo-oblonga, basi 
recurva, spira brevi, apice papillari, anfractibus superne con- 
cavo-declivibus, deinde subplanatis ; columella quadriplicata, 
plicis basin versus descendente ; apertura elongata, subangusta, 
labio simplici, curvato; aurantio-fulva, nigricante-purpureo 
trifasciatim interrupte maculata, maculis valde irregularibus 
et varie nebulatis, anfractuum sutura peculiariter pene et 
maculata. 

Long. 33 poll. ; lat. 14 poll. 

Hab. ig 

This fine species of Voluta, from the collection of the Hon. Mrs. 

Macadam Cathcart, will not admit of defined comparison with any 
known species. It has somewhat the tone of colour and marking of 
V. Pacifica, but is of quite another typical form. The spire is 
short and largely papillary, and the plaits of the eu eae four in 
number, descend elongately to the base. 


2. Votuta Americana. Vol. testa subabbreviato-fusiformi, 
spira exserta, turrita, apice vie papillari, anfractibus superne 
concavo-angulatis, ad angulum tuberculis rotundatis, interdum 
in plicis descendentibus eleganter coronatis ; columella superne 
arcuata, deinde callosa et quadriplicata, plica superna fere 
obsoleta, apertura subeffusa; pallida, fulvescente, aurantio- 
Susco trifasciatim interrupte maculata, et juxta suturam picta, 
interstitiis eximie reticulata. 

Long. 12 poll. ; lat. 2 poll. 

Hab. Brazil. 

Of very characteristic form, faintly banded and reticulated with 

orange-brown; also in the collection of the Hon. Mrs. Macadam 
Cathcart. 


3. Votura Arricana. Vol. testa ovata, subventricosa, spira 
exserta, apice subpapillari, anfractibus superne concavo-angu- 
latis, ad angulum tuberculato-nodatis, nodis interdum in costis 
descendentibus, columella arcuata, basin versus biplicata, aper- 
tura subeffusa ; fulvo-aurantia, lineis fuscis, punctis hierogly- 
phicis sparsim internotatis, in quaternis, fasciata, columella 
superne intense nigra. 

Long. 23 poll. ; lat. 13 poll. 

Hab. East coast of Africa. 

This species, from Mr. Cuming’s collection, partakes of the cha- 


Proc.Z $.Mallusca XXXII. 


GBS owexby Teh. W.West: amp . 


12.Vohita Americana. 3.4:V.Africana.. 5.6. V.Cathcartize. 


3 


racters of V. festiva and V. Hebrea, but is of a totally distinct 
typical form, especially in respect of the columella, which is pecu- 
liarly arched, and has only two plaits at the base. The columella 
is stained at the top with the characteristic black spot of V. festiva. 


3. Notres on THE SpreciesS or HIPPONYX INHABITING THE 
AMERICAN COASTS, WITH DescripPrions or New SPECIES. 
By Puitipe P. CARPENTER. 


The species of this genus have a helicoid apex when young, which 
is never persistent as in Pileopsis and Calyptreide proper. In 
many species the shape varies extremely, and is not to be taken 
alone as a specific distinction. The characters of the epidermis and 
basal margin are among the most constant. 


1. Hirpronyx ANTIQUATUS, Linn. 

Patella antiquata, Linn. Syst. Nat. p.1259 ; Dillw. p.1035,no. 44. 

Le Soron, Adans. Sen. p. 32, pl. 2, f. 3 = P. nivea, Gmel. 

Pileopsis mitrula, Lam. An. s. Vert. vii. p. 610, no. 2. 

Capulus mitrula, Dunker, Ic. Moll. Guin. p. 36, no. 99. D’Orb. 
Sagra Moll. ii. p. 186. 

Hipponyx mitrula, Sow. P. Z.8. 1835, p. 5. 

HMipponyx antiquatus, Menke, Zeit. f. Mal. 1853, p. 79. 

Concholepas antiquatus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. 1. p. 373. 

Hipponyx Panamensis, C. B. Adams, Pan. Shells, p. 218, no. 328. 
’ Amalthea Panamensis, H. & A. Adams, Gen. i. p. 374. 

Hab. West Indies, passim. W. Africa: Senegal, Adanson ; 
Loander, Tams; St. Vincent, Sehmidt. W. America: Lobos Island, 
Peru, Cuming; Panama, C. B. Adams. 

Base rounded, not crenated ; outside foliated, with faint radiating 
strie. Deshayes (from descriptions) doubts the identity of the 
African and Caribbzean shells. Menke and Dunker confirm it: 
“*possidemus hane cochleolam e remotissimis terree regionibus alla- 
tam” {Dunker). Sowerby’s species was described from Pacific 
shells. C.B.Adams, for geographical reasons, doubts their iden- 
tity, and names them H. Panamensis; “the apex being less pro- 
minent, the concentric lamin more numerous, and the radiating 
striz more deeply impressed.” All these are very variable cha- 
racters in the true H. antiguata, as well as in the Pacific specimens. 


2. Hirponyx serratus, B. M. Cat. Mazatlan Moll. 

HI. foliaceus, Menke, Zeit. f. Mal. 1851, p. 36, no. 129, non 
Quoy & Gaim. 

Outside like H. antiquata; base flattened, broad, with numerous 
serrated laminz separated by brown epidermis in shreds. Muscular 
scar corrugated. This species is only yet known from Mazatlan.— 

Lieut. Shipley; Brit. Mus. Coll. 
' 3. Hirpronyx Barsatus, Sow. P. Z.S. 1835, p. 5. C. B. Adams, 
Pan. Shells, p. 217, no. 327. 

Hipponyx australis, Menke, Zeit. f. Mal. 1847, p. 186, no. 38 ; 

non H. australis, Desh. (= Patella australis, Lamk.) 


4 


Outside with close radiating lines of bristly hairs; base round, 
smooth, crenated at the outer edge. The shell is quoted with doubt 
by C. B. Adams, because of the difference in zoological province. 

Hab. Society Islands, Cuming ; Panama, C. B. Adams; Mazatlan, 
Brit. Mus. Coll.; Atooi, Sandwich Islands, Nuttall. 


3 (6). Hiprponyx ? BARBATUS, var. CosTELLATUS. H. ¢. “H. 
barbate”’ simili; sed costis paucioribus, validioribus ; apice 
subcentrali; setis minoribus, tenuivribus. 

Long. °5; lat. -42; alt. 27 poll. 

Hab. ? Ad insulas Maris Caribbzi. 

This may prove a distinct species, but is only described from a 
single specimen in my collection, of which I can give no exact 
authority for the locality. It has the exterior of H. Grayanus, with 
the base of H. barbatus. 


4. Hrprponyx (AMALTHEA) GRayANnus, Menke, Zeit. f. Mal. 
1853, p. 115. 

Hipponyx radiata, Gray, P. Z.S. 1835. C.B. Adams, Panama 
Shells, p. 218, no. 329. Menke, Zeit. f. Mal. 1853, p. 79; non 
H. radiata, Quoy & Gaimard, 1824; nec H. radiata, Desh. 1830, 
(= H. crispa, Menke). 

Hab. Gallapagos, Cuming ; Sandwich Islands, on Pinna, Nuttall ; 
Panama, C. B. Adams ; 8.W. Mexico, on Pinna, P. P. C.; Mazatlan, 
Brit. Mus. Coll.; St. Vincent (W. Africa), Schmidt, teste Menke. 

Apex subcentral; ribs fewer, coarser and more nodulous than in 
H. barbata, with softer, smaller, fewer, and more irregular hairs ; 
base flat, not very broad, rather rounded at the inner margin, cre- 
nated at the outer, with numerous lamelle, undulated but not 
serrated. 


v 5. Hirronyx susrurus, Lam. 

Pileopsis subrufa, Lam. An. s. Vert. vii. p. 611, no. 4. 

Hipponyz subrufa, Sow. P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 5. (Non P. militaris, 
Dillw., ut ?credit Desh.) 

Capulus subrufus, D’Orb. Sagra Moll., ii. 186, pl. 24, f. 24, 25. 

Hipponyx , sp. ind., C. B. Adams, Panama Shells, p. 217, 
no. 326. 

Concholepas subrufa, H. & A. Adams, Gen. i. p. 373. 

Lamarck’s shell was described from W. Indian specimens, Sowerby’s 
from Peruvian. There does not appear, however, any specific distine- 
tion between the two. Shell of a pinkish red, with full, recurved 
umbo, and finely cancellated surface ; base round, simple. 

Hab. W. Indies, passim ; Lobos Island, Peru, Cuming ; ? Panama, 
C. B. Adams. 

The figure of H. subrufus, jun. in Sow. Thes. Conch. pl. 73. f. 21, 
is much more like the young of H. barbatus. 


6. Hirpponyx TUBERCULATUS, n.s. H. t. solida, conica, sub- 
rufa; apice subcentrali; costis radiantibus creberrimis, con- 
centrice tuberculosis, interstitiis minimis; epidermide incon- 


5° 


spicua ; basi lata, planata, lamellis creberrimis instructa, intus 
vix undulatis, ad marginem secundum costas externas undatis ; 
cicatrice musculari levi. 

Long. *48; lat. °43; alt. +17 poll. 

Hab. Ad insulas Maris Caribbei. In Mus. Brit. 

The species is described from a specimen in my collection, but it 
exists unnamed in the British Museum. Outside somewhat like 
H. Grayanus, but with the ribs more crowded, with stronger tuber- 
cles, and without the scaly and hairy epidermis of that species ; base 
broad and sharp at both edges, like H. serratus, but with the lamellze 
not serrated or separated by epidermis, and with the muscular im- 
pression not corrugated. 


7. Hrprponyx (AMALTHEA) EFFODIENS, n.s. H. ¢. solidis- 
sima, depressa, albida viridi tincta; irregulari, apice subcen- 
trali, seu vix monstrante ; sulcis radiantibus altis, valde distan- 
tibus, circiter xx. ad xxv. ; basi lata, non planata, intus rotun- 
data, levi, extus @ sulcis dentata; cicatrice musculari longitu- 
dinaliter tenuissime striata ; animali fossam altissimam alto in 
alio excavante. 

Long. *52; lat. -47; alt. *13 poll. 

Hab. Ad insulas Maris Caribbei. In Mus. Brit. et Mus. Cuming 

repertura est. 

Shell small, but enormously thick, and deeply cut by the few 
radiating furrows. Base rounded, toothed outside. Very deep ex- 
cavations are made in the shells by younger specimens. Specimens 
much larger than those described are in Mr. M‘Andrew’s collection. 


4. Extract From A LETTER ADDRESSED TO ADAM Wuitz, Esa. 
By Mayor Tuomas Hutrron,—dated Mussoree, Nov. 27, 1855. 


“In a box despatched from this to Calcutta on the 22nd inst., I 
- enclosed a small packet for you containing living cocoons of Actias 
selene, in order that you may have an opportunity, if they survive 
the trip, of witnessing the mode in which the moth effects its escape, 
as I think the proceeding will be interesting to you and to entomo- 
logists generally. I have added two Cocoons in which the pupa is 
dead, in order to show you how distinctly visible are the wing spines, 
which formerly induced me to re-name the genus as ‘ Plectropteron,’ 
a term which I still think more applicable than Actias, in which the 
generic characters make no mention of the spine. As this instru- 
ment exists in both the species found in India, you will probably 
also detect it in 4. luna, of America: and whether the generic name 
be changed or not, the characters must be revised. Before pro- 
ceeding to separate the threads by the wing spines, I have ascer- 
tained that the Moth ejects from the mouth a few drops of a clear 
colourless fluid, with which the gum is dissolved, and it appears to 
use the tuft of down on the front, between the eyes, as a brush for 
the application of the solvent. This is a curious fact, as the genus, 


6 


like Saturnia, is said to have no mouth! I believe the fact stands 
thus,—there is no mouth organized for the reception of nourishment, 
though sufficiently so to secrete the fluid in question; this you can 
ascertain by dissection ; but that a fluid is ejected from that organ is 
a fact which I have repeatedly witnessed, and it is probable, there- 
fore, that Saturnia and other genera secrete a similar fluid, and 
similarly apply it to the threads. I have neither eyes nor glasses 
adapted for anatomical dissection, but you will be able to follow up 
the hint here given. I long since wrote about the wing spine to Mr. 
Westwood, who, I believe, doubted the fact of its existence ; but as 
I have here no opportunity of seeing what is said and done on these 
subjects, I know not how the matter ended.” 


February 12, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 
The following papers were read :— 


1. On a New Species or Picreon. 
By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. & Z.S., erc. 


(Aves, Pl. CXV.) 


As I believe the members of the Society take some interest in 
those birds which have passed a portion of their existence in the 
Gardens, I am induced to place before them a Pigeon, which I have 
every reason to suppose has remained hitherto undescribed. It be- 
longs to the same division as the Garnet-winged Pigeon of Latham 
(Columba erythroptera, Gm.), which has been placed in Dr. Reich- 
enbach’s subgenus Phlegaenas by H. H. Prince Bonaparte ; but I 
think that, considering the numerous divisions that have been 
formed in this class of birds, it might with equal propriety be divided 
from it. 

I am led to consider that there exists some slight confusion in the 
description of the Columba erythroptera, which is stated by Latham 
(in his History, viii. p. 71) to come from the Isle of Eimeo, which 
he describes as having the “ belly and vent black,” but I think that 
this is a mistake; as I find amongst Ellis’s drawings, made during 
the voyage of the great cireumnavigator Cook in the year 1777-79, 
a representation of a Garnet-winged Pigeon that was found on ‘York 
Isle or Kimao,” having those parts pure white, and that it even 
extends to the end of the under tail coverts and on the thighs. 

Latham has further noticed two varieties, viz. that which forms 
his va’. A. is from Otaheite, and the description was taken from the 


Y ity 


~ AC 

. ae (ie 
>. 

#s* , 


é 


+) 
Sng 


Pn 
a 


s 
/ 


drawing of Forster, who also accompanied the same celebrated 
voyager during the years 1772-74, which exhibits the belly and 
vent as “dusky.” Forster had applied the name of C. /eucophrys to 
this bird, under which name the description will be found in his 
‘ Descriptiones Animalium, &c.,’ edited by Professor Lichtenstein, at 
p- 168 ; while the variety B. is stated to be from the island of Tanna, 
and is recorded as having a “reddish black” belly (the same colour 
as the back). 

From these notices, there appear to be at least two, if not three 
species of Garnet-winged Pigeons; and may not they, like the Pti- 
lonopi, be peculiar to the different groups of islands of the South 
Pacific Ocean? This, however, cannot be at present satisfactorily 
determined, from want of specimens from the different localities, but 
Lhave ventured to draw attention to these differences, that it may lead 
to a further elucidation when an opportunity offers. 

I may add, however, that M. Temminck, in his work on Pigeons 
(t.55), figures one that may probably come near to variety B. of 
Latham, but he describes the belly. black with purple reflexions. 
The British Museum contains two specimens from Bow Island, 
which approach in some measure to the variety A. of Latham, but 
the belly is of a dusky greyish black. 

The one now exhibited is quite different from those referred to ; 
it may be described in the following terms, with the name of 


CaLanas (Poieca@nas) Starr. (Pl. CXV.) 


Glossy brown, with coppery reflexions in some light ; top of head 
and back of neck dark slate, glossy with green; front, side of neck 
and breast pale vinaceous brown; throat and a gorget round the 
breast white, which latter is margined outerly with dark garnet 
colour ; abdomen vinaceous brown, dusky on the sides ; quills dusky 
black, slightly margined with rufous ; tail brown, with a broad band 
of black at the end. Bill black and feet pale. ; 

The specimen is marked as a male, and I suppose was brought 
from the Samoan or Navigators’ Islands, as the British Museum 
was previously in possession of a skin given by the Rev. J. Stair as 
from that locality, with other interesting birds. 


2. On a New Species or Lepiporrerovus INsEcT. 
By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. & Z.S., Erc. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XXXIX.) 


Among the various novelties sent home during the voyages of 
H.M.SS. ‘ Rattlesnake’ and ‘Herald’ by Mr. Macgillivray, is the 
splendid Butterfly now laid before the Society. It belongs to the 
great genus Papilio and to the subdivision Ornithoptera, and. like 
the other,known species of that group, its flight is very elevated; so 
much so, that it became necessary to employ powder and shot to 
secure the specimen; many shots have perforated the wings, and 


8 


have rather damaged the specimen, but still not so as to entirely 
destroy the beauty of this remarkable butterfly. No lepidopterous 
insect of its magnitude has hitherto been known from the locality of 
this species; which, from the other insects contained in the same 
box, is supposed (as no memorandum was sent with it) to be either 
Solomon Islands, Aneiteum, New Hebrides or the Fiji group,—at any 
rate from one of the islands in the South Pacific Ocean. 

The figure (Pl. XXXIX.) represents it of its natural size. The 
general colour is glossy bronze-black, with the two outer rows of 
irregular-sized spots of pure white, while those at the base of the 
fore wings are rich king-yellow, but partly pure white outerly ; the 
anterior margin of the secondary wings narrowly bordered with king- 
yellow. 

The under surface like the upper; but the anterior margin of the 
secondary wings broadly bordered, and some of the spots tinged, 
with rich king-yellow. The head and thorax pure black ; the body 
ochraceous yellow above, and black along the middle beneath. 

It is a female. The male remains at present unknown, but one 
may suppose, by the usual brilliancy of the males of this group to 
which it belongs, that it is likely to prove a most beautiful insect, 
exhibiting some gorgeous combination of colour. 

The name I propose for this splendid insect is Papilio (Ornitho- 
ptera) Victoria. 


3. DescripTioNs OF SOME COLEOPTEROUS INSECTS IN THE 
CoLLecTION OF THE British MusEuM, HITHERTO APPA- 
RENTLY UNNOTICED. By Apam WHITE. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XL. XLI.) 


The number of “new species” of Coleopterous Insects in the 
Museum collection is in relative proportion to the great richness of 
the other branches. In this paper, some species belonging to the 
families Prionide, Lamiade, and Cetoniade will be given, as there is 
every likelihood, from the way in which these great. groups have been 
investigated by Messrs. Serville, Burmeister, Schaum, Gory, and 
other entomologists, that the species are as yet unrecorded in scientific 
works ; it is to the kindness of Dr. Gray, the keeper of the depart- 
ment, that I am indebted for permission in laying these descriptions 
before the Society. 


Tribe Loncicornia. 


Family Prionip#. 

The Prionide consist of several marked subfamilies, in one of 
which we would place Tricrenoroma, G. R. Gray, one of the most 
interesting of the genera of Beetles. This form, which appears to 
me to be altogether Longicorn, is chiefly remarkable for its hetero- 
merous tarsi, and for the ninth and tenth joints of its antennee being 
serrated or produced at the end, almost as in the Lucanide. It is 
one of those “aberrant”? forms which naturalists call ‘‘ annectent,”” 


G Tord 


1. Sakai Comitessa. 6:Deucalion Wollastoni 11 Pheedinus xanthomelas. 
2, Chevrolatii. 7. Moneilema albopictum 12 Phoebe concinna 

3) ducalis. 8.Anisocerus onca - ]3Agelasta callizona 

4. r emmaria. 9 Me capucinus. 14 ,, amuca. 

5 . raerinil. 10. rt dulcissimus. 15. ,, Newmamni. 


Proc.Z..9.Annulosa.. 


XL 


W.West Imp 


Proc. ZS Amulosa XLI. 


+ 


2 
5 


ie 
6. 


1 


i ra 
: e 9 

| GHFord. WWest. Imp 
| 
: 1.2. Trigonophorus Hookeri J. 9 6. Cetonia, procera. 
: 3. Stethodesma, Servillei 7. Schizorhma.. Idee 
| 4. Clinteria, ducalis. 8 BassiL 

3) i Hoffmeisteri 9 ‘ Enlia 


10.Cetoma Schaum. 


9 


and which appear to partake of the characters of several groups,— 
_ for instance, with the depressed form and velvety pilosity of many 
Elaterida, it has five joints to the two first pairs of legs, and four only 
to the hind pair. Its head, jaws, and legs are essentially Longicorn, 
the number of joints of the tarsi being not a necessary character of the 
group; the tarsi of Parandra are pentamerous, and Dorx pentamera, 
an Australian insect described by Mr. Newman, has likewise five 
joints to all the tarsi. The sternum of Trictenotoma is also peculiar, 
that of the prothorax being received into a notch of the mesothorax, 
while the sternum of the metathorax is capable of being firmly fixed by 
“« dovetailing,” as it were, into the hinder notch of the mesothorax; in 
fact, this structure must enable the insect, if placed on its flat back, 
to “right” itself, like those Beetles called “‘Skip-jacks”’ (Elateride). 
In some species, such as 7’. Childrenii (G.R. Gray), T. Templetonit 
(Westw.), aud 7. Grayit (F. Smith), the sternum of the metathorax 
bulges; in 7’. @nea (Parry) that part is flattened, and the thorax is 
curiously serrated on the lateral margin in front, and has a very pro- 
jecting point on the side beyond the middle, and notched between 
that point and the posterior angle, instead of being nearly straight 
and simply angled as in the other three species. Of these Tricteno- 
tome, all the species described are in the Museum Collection ; the 
T. Childrenii being the type female specimen from the Tenasserim 
coast, described by Mr. G. R. Gray in one of the two insect volumes 
of Griffith’s edition of ‘Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom’ (pl. 5 and 5*). 
The T. Templetonii of Westwood (Oriental Ent. tab. 23, f. 3) is a 
native of Ceylon; like the former, it has a yellowish-grey pile; the 
T. Grayii described by Mr. F. Smith in 1851 (Cat. Coleopt. Brit. 
Mus. Cucujide, p. 18) is from Borneo, and has a purplish base beneath 
the more tawny pile of the upper parts; in the Museum there are two 
females, one from the collection of Mr. Alfred Wallace, who obtained 
it at Sarawak. The 7. enea, the giant of the genus, is of a brassy 
green, slightly pilose above. The Museum has lately obtained a 
specimen from India; the specimen was found by a soldier at 
Dhargeeling. 

To the same family, and not very remote from the subfamily con- 
taining Spondylis and its allies, belongs, in the opinion of Dr. Bur- 
meister, Mr. Westwood, and Mr. Leconte, the very anomalous Hypo- 
cephalus, of which a fine figure, with some striking remarks, has been 
published by Mr. Curtis in the ‘‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society ;”” 
of this species, three specimens known to me, exist in this country, 
one in Mr. Melly’s great cabinet at Liverpool, a second drawn by 
Mr. Westwood in the ‘ Arcana Entomologica,’ from a specimen in his 
own very curious collection, and a third exhibited at the Linnean So- 
ciety in 1854, from the rare cabinet of Mr. Aspinall Turner of Man- 
chester. This remarkable Prionidous insect, like the Mole-cricket, 
has been altogether constructed for a subterraneous life; its marvel- 
lously developed thorax, fossorial and burrowing legs, curiously de- 
fended head, abbreviated antennze, and other characters well shown 
by Mr. Westwood, and particularly by Mr. Curtis, all mark this ; 
just as Dorysthenes of the East, a burrowing insect, is shown by 


10 


M. Guerin-Meneville, to have Walrus-like jaws, as Lethrus has incurved 
mandibles and other features useful in supporting the creature in the 
holes of the ground whence it comes. As aberrant Prionide may be 
mentioned, the very curious genera Torneutes, Reich., described in 
the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (ii. 9, t. 2, f. 7), of which three species 
are now known, one from Patagonia, described by M. Guerin, and 
the singularly interesting Hrichsonia of Mexico, named by Mr. 
Westwood, in memory of that most laborious and scientific of all the 
German entomologists, Dr. Erichson. The genus Thaumasus, 
Reich. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1853, p. 419), founded on what Olivier 
described as a gigantic species of Ips (Ips gigas, Journ. d Hist. Nat. 
1792, i. 267, pl. 14. f.6; Thaumasus g. Reich. 1. c. p. 422, pl. 13. 
f.4.), may be particularized as another aberrant form. In fact, the 
family Prionide, like many other great families, is more negative 
than positive, and will be found at its extremities, or at many points 
of its circumference, to lead off to other families, and even tribes : 
so that the naturalist, who wishes to simplify arrangement, however 
much he may split up genera, ought to avoid dividing families. 

It may interest the general reader to quote a short passage from a 
privately circulated paper, written by my friend Mr. Empson of Bath, 
a distinguished natural-history traveller in South America. The insect 
alluded to is the noble Psalidognathus Friendii (G. R. Gray), which 
is named by the natives of Columbia ‘Alaja,’ that is, ‘the jewel.’ Mr. 
Empson remarks, “ the first of these splendid insects which I ever saw, 
was at a feast given by the Cabildo, at Mariquita; upon that occasion 
Don Domingo Conde had placed one of them as a button to loop up, 
after the Spanish fashion, the broad brim of his Panama hat ; to this 
brilliant ornament a loop of living Fireflies was attached, in a mode 
common in South America, and which does not injure those dazzling 
insect gems ; thus decorated, the sombrero of the cavalero was more 
conspicuous in the ball-room than the jewelled tiaras of his more 
wealthy neighbours, although sparkling with the choice emeralds 
from the mines of Muzo. 

‘After many a weary search,” adds Mr. Empson, ‘‘ with Don 
Domingo for my guide, in the primeeval forests on the eastern slopes 
of the Andes, we captured three of those Alajas.”” One of those, he 
remarks, “ was resting on the perishing trunk of a palm-tree ; in our 
eagerness to secure it, my hand was so much lacerated that I was 
obliged to relinquish my prize, and we saw its gorgeous colours 
flashing beneath the full blaze of a tropical sun; it settled on the 
stem of a cedar, and was then more cautiously transferred into my 
possession.” 

With these few remarks, which might be much amplified, a curious 
genus of Prionida, allied to Psalidognathus, G. R. Gray, and to 
Prionacalus, figured in a previous part of the Proceedings, may be 
here briefly described. It is strictly pseudo-tetramerous, and has 
much of the character of Mr. George Gray’s fine Columbian genus. 
This genus, for which I would propose the name Psalidocoptus*, is 


* Wanis, scissors, and ko7rw, from a fanciful idea of the waved outline being 
as it were cut with that instrument. 


1] 


from Tana, in the New Hebrides, and is one of those fine insects for 
which science is indebted to the researches of Mr. John Macgillivray, 
the late able Naturalist of H.M. surveying ship ‘Herald.’ The 
sternum does not notably differ from that of Psalidognathus, but it 


differs in having very short palpi, much shorter antennz, the third jomt 
the longest, the eight following about equal in length. Head, exclu- 
sive of the jaws, rather longer than wide, behind the eyes somewhat 
narrowed and without projection. Eyes prominent, transversely 
kidney-shaped, very slightly notched in front. Thorax wider than 
long, but much longer than in Psalidognathus and Prionacalus, with 
three broadish spine-like projections on each side, one in front, one 
about the middle, and one befare the hinder angle. Scutellum small 
and wide, covering the abdomen; in the male, considerably sur- 
passing it. Wingless; elytra united on the suture, contracted some- 


12 


what at the base, where there is a short spine, gradually dilated 
about the middle, and as gradually tapering toward the end, where 
they terminate in two spine-like points, the outer the longest, the 
inner almost a continuation of the notch, between which would be the 
suture ; the two points curiously rotundate-emarginate. Legs very 
long and strong, particularly the femora, which are compressed. 
Tarsi with small pulvillus on end of three first joints ; tarsi of female 
broader and shorter than those of the male. 


PSALIDOCOPTUS SCABER, n. 8. (Fig. on p. 11.) 


Head between the eyes with a deep line, divided into two in front. 
Thorax surface curiously undulated, and with the head scarcely 
rough, although with small scattered warts; the elytra scabrous, 
with numerous small warts; each elytron with two parallel ridges 
united behind the middle and a sutural ridge; margin of elytra 
between warty and serrated. Jaws strong, punctured at the base, 
incurved, sides parallel, inner side short and obliquely cut between, 
the cutting edge sharp; a curious tuft of ferruginous hair on tro- 
chanter ; legs serrated below on femora and tibia, legs more or less 
scabrous. The whole insect is of a blackish-brown, with ferruginous 
hairs bordering the inside of the tibize of the first and second pairs of 
legs ; thorax beneath, and other parts, liable to be chafed by motion 
of joints ciliated with ferruginous hairs. Abdomen somewhat squa- 
moso-verrucose beneath, a pit behind each scale-like wart, with a 
short hair proceeding from it. 

Note. The figures were drawn on wood by Miss E. Wing, and are 
of the size of nature. 


Family Lamiap2&. 


Among the Lamioid Longicorns there is a genus containing many 
finely coloured African species. The genus Tragocephala, Dupont 
(Dej. Cat. p. 638), was first briefly characterized by Laporte in his 
‘ Animaux articulées,’ tome ii. p. 472. 

TRAGOCEPHALA NOBILIS. Lamia nobilis, Fabr. 8. El. ii. 297; 
Oliv. t. 11, f. 76; also described by Fabricius as Saperda leta, 
l. ec. p. 318. Sierra Leone. (Coll. Brit. Mus.) 

TRAGOCEPHALA FORMOSA.  Cerambya formosus, Oliv. t. 20, 
f. 153, is another well-marked species from 8. Africa, abundant in 
collections. (Coll. Brit. Mus.) 

TRAGOCEPHALA PULCHELLA, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. t. 69, f. 4, is 
another species from Sierra Leone. (Coll. Brit. Mus.) 

TRAGOCEPHALA VARIEGATA, Bertolom., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1845, 
p- 423. S. Africa (Inhambere). 

TRAGOCEPHALA GALATHEA, Chevr., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, 
p- 184, was procured by the Scottish missionaries at Benin, Old 
Calabar. 

The TracocerHaLa ANGoLaTor, and T. Lucia, described by 
Olivier and Newman, belong likewise to this genus, but are aberrant 
forms, as is the TRAGOCEPHALA TRIFASCIELLA, described and figured 


13 


in the illustrated Proceedings for 1850. The latter differs somewhat 
from Tragocephala proper, while Lamia angolator, from its short 
wide thorax, &c., may hereafter constitute the type of a distinct 
section: all three are in the Museum Collection. 

In the Museum Collection are some undescribed species, which 
may be characterized as 


TRAGOCEPHALA comiTessa. (Pl. XL. fig..1.) 


T. elongata, nigra; fronte aurantiaca ; thoraeis lateribus auran- 
tiacis, post tuberculum nigris; elytris fasctis duabus sulphureis, 
lateribus aurantiacis ; prima continua, secunda angustiore, an- 
tice et postice sinuata; elytris singulis punctis tribus albis ; 
sutura apice albo-punctata, ante apicem macula aurantiaca 
margine pallidiore ; metathorace maculis duabus aurantiacis, 
aliquando obsoletis; abdominis segmentis tribus basalibus 
lateribus subtus aurantiacis. 

Long. lin. 93-11. | 

Hab. Africa Austr. (Port Natal). Coll. Brit. Mus. (Gueinzius et 

Krauss). 
T. formose affinis sed distincta. 


TRAGOCEPHALA CuEvRoLaTir, n.s. (Pl. XL. fig. 2.) 


T. nigra, capite aurantiaco, mandibulis basi aurantiacis, fascia 
in genis, fascia inter antennas et vertice nigris; thoracis lateri- 
bus flavis, tuberculo apice et postice nigro; dorso ngro, macula 
parva pallida posticali alteraque antica sepe obsoletis ; elytris 
singulis nigris ; fascia mediana aurantiaca subobliqua, ramum 
antice ferente ; maculis duabus aurantiacis sepe obsoletis, ma- 
cula magna aurantiaca ante apicem, punctoque parvo ad apicem; 
abdominis lateribus aurantiaco maculatis; pedibus cinereo- 
griseis, femoribus flavo maculatis. 

Long. lin. 83-11. 

Hab. Africa Austr. (Port Natal). In Mus. Brit., &. 

In honorem L. A. Augusti Chevrolat, Parisiensis, Coleopterophili 

valde egregil. 


TRAGOCEPHALA DUCALIS, n. s. (Pl. XL. fig. 3.) 


T. capite aurantiaco, fascia oculari, alteraque verticali nigris; 
antennis crassiusculis, nigris; thorace supra medio nigro, lateri- 
bus aurantiaco late marginatis, pube subvermiculata ; elytris 
nigris fasciis duabus aurantiacis suturam haud attingentibus, 
lateribus latioribus, marginibus pallidis, apice aurantiaco, ma- 
culis tribus parvis inter apicem et fasciam secundam, exteriore 
majore ; corpore subtus aurantiaco, abdominis segmentis, medio 
et lateribus nigris; pedibus ochraceo-griseis, femoribus extus et 
intus aurantiaco maculatis. 

Long. lin. 8-93. 

Hab. Africa Austr. (Port Natal). Coll. Brit. Mus. (Saunders, &c.) 


14 


TRAGOCEPHALA GEMMARIA, n. 8. (PI. XL. fig. 4.) 

T. nigra; lateribus frontis maculaque genarum et macula inter 
antennas pallide ceruleis; thorace supra maculis novem ceruleis, 
quatuor in margine antica, tribus in postica; elytris singulis 
maculis 12-13 pallide ceruleis; thorace subtus et abdominis 
lateribus maculis ceruleis majoribus; pedibus posticis, femoribus 
extus, tibiis bast supra ceruleo-notatis ; antennis articulo se- 
cundo compresso. 

Long. lin. 63. 

Hab. Africa Occid. (Sierra Leone) (Rev. D. F. Morgan). Coll. 

Brit. Mus. 


TRAGOCEPHALA GuEeRInit. (PI. XL. fig. 5.) 


T. nigra, capitis thoracisque lateribus fascia flava continua, ely- 
tris fascia lata guttaque ante-apicali ferrugineo-ochraceis, meso- 
thorace ferrugineo-ochraceo, medio nigro-lineato abdominis late- 
ribus subtus fascia flava extus dentata. 

Long. lin. 10. 

Hab. Congo. 

In honorem Guerin-Meneville, entomologi et carcinologi Parisi- 

ensis celeberrimi, naturzeque delineatoris exquisitissimi. 


TRAGOCEPHALA Buaquetiana. T. nigra, fronte macula elongata 
aurantiaca sub oculis ramum haud emittente ; elytris singulis 
basi fascia aurantiaca obliqua, humero et spatio circa seutellum 
nigris ; fascia mediana et macula sub-apicali aurantiacis. 

Long. lin. 84. 

Hab. Sierra Leone (Rev. D. F. Morgan). 

In honorem M. Buquet, Parisiensis, in Coleopteris exoticis ditis- 
simi et peritissimi. 

We have also in the Museum the elegant, slim, little graceful 
T. renuicornts, Chevr., from Port Natal, the T. scenica of Dej., 
from W. Africa, and the T. picror, Klug, a common S. African 
species. 

Tribe LAMELLICORNIA. 
Family Cetonrap2&. 


Note.—Mr. Turner of Manchester, the possessor of a very fine 
collection of the larger and more showy Coleoptera of West Africa, 
and of many of the Beetles of other lands, showed me a specimen of 
the (so-called) Goliathus giganteus, of which I once saw the example 
in the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow, and which served to show that 
the sharp and discriminating eye of the able and judicious Dr. Schaum, 
who, with Dr. Burmeister, is one of the best authorities on the subject 
of Cetoniade, was probably right in regarding G. giganteus and 
G. Drurii as mere local varieties of one species, to which the name 

GouiaTHus Arricanus, Lamarck, may be given. 


TriconopHorus Hooxert, n.s. (Pl. XLI. fig. 13. fig. 292.) 


T. lete viridis, metallico valde refulgens pedibus gracilibus, femo- 
ribus viridibus flavescenti-rubro lineatis seu lavatis, tibiis rubris, 


15 


posticis intus ciliatis, tarsis fuscescenti-nigris ; thorace antice 
angustato, supra dense punctulato, margine postica solum levis- 
sima; scutello fere toto levi; antennis subrufis, capite maris 
in fronte rufo. 

Hab. In India alpina. 

The two figures represent this fine insect of the natural size. It 
is named after Dr. Joseph Hooker, F.R.S., &c. &e., author of many 
noble botanical works, and of the ‘ Himalayan Journal.’ During 
his travels in India he found this and many other fine species of 
insects now in the Museum Collection. We have now all the species 
of this interesting group except 7’. Delessertii, Guerin-Meneville. 


SrerHopesms SEeRvVILLE!I. (Pl. XLI. fig. 3.) 


S. fusco-subpurpurea, sericea, thorace flavo cingulato, elytris singu- 
lis maculis decem parvis albo-argenteis, uropygio albo-maculato, 
subtus rufo-brunnea, plagis albis lateribus singulis in serie 
duplict ordinatis. 

Hab. In Africa meridionali (Port Natal) (Dr. Krauss). 

The red of. the thorax extends on its under side. Mesothorax 
with scattered scales. Head cut in front, and side lobes produced 
shortly and somewhat rounded. ‘Legs uniform in colour. 

Huic insecto nomen Servilleanum, synonymon Entomologie, in 
honorem dudinet-Serville amici dilectissimi, proposuit descriptor. 


Curnteria Ducais. (Pl. XLI. fig. 4.) 


This insect, of which the name only appears in the Museum List 
of Cetoniada, p. 15, published in 1847, is regarded by Dr. Schaum 
as a variety of the very variable Clinterta atra. The present variety 
is of a dull olive-green, and has a patch of golden-yellow about the 
middle of each elytron. The under side is purplish-brown, and the 
sides have two rows of small white spots. ‘The head and legs are 
purplish. 

It is a native of Silhet, and notwithstanding the great authority of 
Dr. Schaum, I cannot help, even now, regarding it as distinct from 
C. atra, Wied., of whieh C. funeraria and C. biguttata of Gory and 
Percheron are varieties. 


CurnteriA Horrmeistert. (Pl. XLI. fig. 5.) 


This very beautiful and distinct species was described in the 
« Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,’ vol. xx. p.341. It was named 
after the late lamented Dr. W. Hoffmeister, travelling physician to 
H.R.H. Prince Waldemar of Prussia. I well remember this amiable 
and able man during his several visits to the British Museum. He 
was struck by a grape-shot at the battle of Ferozeshah, on the 21st 
December 1845, when in close attendance on Prince Waldemar. 
The shot entered his temple. ‘He fell forward to the ground. The 
Prince instantly sprang from his horse and raised him, but the vital 
spark had already fled; at the same moment the advance of the 
forces rendered it necessary to move on. The slain were unavoidably 


16 


left on the field of battle.’’ He was laid (two days after) in the same 
grave “with several of his friends who fell on that bloody day, and 
a simple monument in the burial-ground at Ferozepore, erected by 
the Prince to the memory of his faithful physician and beloved 
companion, records his tragic fate, and marks his journey’s utmost 
bourn*.” 


Scuizoruina Bassi. (Pl. XLI. fig. 8.) 

This fine species, described in the ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. 
History’ (vol. xx. p. 264), is figured here. The genus Bassia was 
not named after Mr. G. Bass. 


ScuizoruHina (Hemrpuaris?) Emruta. (PI. XLI. fig. 9.) 

S. (H.?) nitida, subgracilis, subparallela, eneo-viridis, thoracis 
linea laterali, maculisque duabus postice aurantiacis (aliquando 
subobsoletis), elytrisque singulis lineatim punctatis, aurantiaco 
maculatis aut plagiatis. 

Animalculum hoe pulchrum, Febr. 2ndo, a.p. 1856, die nat. de- 

scriptum, Emilize Jalland, filize fratris mei, dicatum est. 

Head rather closely punctured, very slightly notched in front, 
above distinctly punctured. Thorax indistinctly punctured, except 
before the hind angles, shaped much as in H. insularis, of a highly 
polished but obscure brassy green, thickened margin of thorax in 
front yellow, the yellow continuous (beyond the middle of the edge) 
on the inner side; thorax on each side with a narrow irregularly- 
edged yellow line, almost parallel with the edge, and truncated and 
somewhat dilated behind ; before the posterior thoracic lobe are two 
small triangular yellow spots. Scutellum yellow; margins, especially 
at the apex, green ; each elytron is irregularly margined with yellow 
on the sides at the base, and there are six to eight irregular yellow 
marks, one before the apex somewhat transverse ; sides of meso- and 
metathorax yellow; sides of abdomen with three yellow spots ; 
pygidium with two yellow marks nearly covering it, and divided by a 
pear-shaped green spot, or green extended so as to leave only four 
small yellow spots ; tibize and tarsi tinted with purplish; base of 
anterior femora and coxe rufous. This species quite connects the 
subgenera Hemipharis and Diaphonia, and shows the accuracy of the 
views of that learned entomologist Dr. Schaum. The two specimens 
are females, and have short lamellze to the antennz. 

Hab. New Hebrides (Aneiteum). Collected by Mr. John Mac- 
gillivray, the able naturalist to H.M.S. ‘ Herald.’ 


Scuizoruina (Hemipuaris) Ina. (Pl. XLI. fig. 7.) 

S. (H.) grandis, fusculo-nigra, capitis vertice, thorace supra, elytris 
a basi, usque ultra medium, pygidio, mesothoracis lateribus, meta- 
thorace femoribus posticis infra flavescenti-brunneis. 

S. (H.) Brownii valde affinis et forsan varietas geographica. Di- 


* ‘Travels in Ceylon and Continental India,’ translated from the German. 
Edinburgh, 1848. A very graphic work, consisting of the letters chiefly of that 
talented man, who fell at Ferozeshah. 


17 


eatur Idee Pfeiffer, viatricis celeberrimze que in Ceram speciem hanc 
pulchram invenit. 


Cetonta (PRoT#TIA) PROCERA,n.S. (Pl. XLI. fig. 6.) 


C.(P.) supra viridi-subsericea, poroso-punctata, albido paululum 
submaculata in elytris presertim, elytris apice spinoso-pro- 
ductis; subtus lete metallico-viridis, abdomine plagis 16 albo- 
pilosis, in quatuor ordinibus dispositis. 

In size between P. ferruginea and P. regalis; above, including 
upper side of legs, it is of a fine dull, dark velvety green, which, 
when rubbed, displays beneath a metallic base, as in many of the 
Cetoniade, such as Goliathus torquatus ; the edges of the nasus are 
metallic. The head and thorax above are thickly and distinctly 
poroso-punctate ; there is an indication of a yellowish-white dot near 
each front angle of the thorax (which dot may vary in size in other 
specimens) ; the elytra have four dots passing into short transverse 
streaks on each side, and a small spot near the suture, about the 
middle, and a short white streak midway between the middle and the 
spine; three dots between that and the spine, which is longer and 
much more distinct than on the sides of elytra, transversely pitted in 
many shallow short waves; general surface punctured, the punctures 
chiefly in strie. Head small, slightly ridged on sides in frout of eyes, 
slightly narrower in front, and rather deeply grooved behind front 
margin. Under side and legs metallic green, femora and mesothorax 
acuducted, the latter with two or three patches of isabella pile ; abdo- 
men irregularly punctured, smooth, with eight transverse patches of 
isabella pile on each side in double columns. Hairs on tibiz rufous ; 
fore edge of front tibiz and tarsi of all the legs metallic green. 

Hab. Philippine Islands. (Coll. Cuming.) 

N.B. The figures are of the natural size. 

This is alluded to in Dr. Schaum’s second list of Cetoniade, and 
is quoted under the above name. 


Cretonia (Prorztia) Scuaumir. (Pl. XLI. fig. 10.) 


Supra obscure viridis, subtus lete metallico-viridis, capite fluvo 
trilineato, linea media latiore, thoracis marginibus anticis late- 
ralibusque flavis, plaga transversa subheraldice postica flava, 
scutello flavo apice excepto viridi ; elytris flavo irregulariter 
transverse trifasciatis, elytris singulis medio longitudinaliter 
sub-bicarinatis, et 9-11-punctato-lineatis, pedibus flavis, extus 
et apice articulorum subviridibus, tarsis obscure viridi-fuscis, 
abdominis lateribus subtus punctatis, segmentis quatuor late- 
ribus flavo-marginatis ; uropygio flavo triangulariter biplagiato 
elytris apice suturali acuminato, sterno antice flavo producto. 

Hab. Celebes (Madame Ida Pfeiffer). 

Head semicircularly cut in front, the margins trending inwards. 

Seems really to connect Pachnoda with Protetia. 

Named in compliment to Dr. Schaum, whose name and abilities 

require only to be mentioned when Coleoptera are described. 

The figures are of the size of nature. 


No. CCCII.—Procerepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


4. Nore on THE ZOOLOGICAL APPENDIX TO THE ‘ REPORT OF 
THe U.S. Navat ASTRONOMICAL EXPEDITION TO THE 
SouTHERN HEMISPHERE, AND ON THE GEOGRAPHIC 
Rance AND DisTRIBUTION OF THE TANAGRINE GENERA 
CALLISTE AND EUPHONIA. 

By Paruie Lutvey Scxiater, M.A., F.Z.S. 


The second volume of the ‘ Report of the U.S. Naval Astronomi- 
cal Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere,’ of which copies have 
lately been received in this country, contains a very valuable account 
of the specimens of natural history collected by the Expedition in 
Chili. Each section of the Zoology appears to have been assigned 
to the person best qualified to undertake it. The Ornithological 
part (by Mr. Cassin) is illustrated by some very nicely coloured 
plates, and contains a list of the Birds of Chili, with many interest- 
ing notes on their native names, habits, &e. 

What I particularly wished to notice, however, was, that there 
are three species of Tanagers—Calliste cyaneicollis and gyroloides 
and Euphonia rufiventris—included in this list, and apparently in- 
tended to be represented as inhabitants of the republic of Chili. 
Now I have always supposed, and still believe it to be the case, that 
these genera of Tanagers do not extend on the western side of the 
Andean range nearly so far south as that country. Indeed Tschudi 
and D’Orbigny assert that they are only found in the wood regions 
of Peru and Bolivia on the eastern slope of the Andes, and I have 
never seen examples of birds belonging to either of these genera in 
Chilian collections; nor are they, or other similar tropical forms, 
mentioned as occurring there by the several previous writers on the 
zoology of that country. Under these circumstances I cannot help 
thinking there must have been some error with regard to the locality 
of the specimens of these Tanagers procured by Lieut. Gillis’s expe- 
dition. 

I may remark at the same time that the bird figured in this same 
work, pl. xviii. fig. 2, as a companion to Calliste cyaneicollis, is not 
Calliste larvata (Du Bus), but Calliste thalassina, Strickland (Aglaia 
Wilsoni, Lafr.—Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 56. fig. 2). 

The appended Table shows the distribution of the species of the 
genus Calliste as far as I have been able to collect information on 
the subject. It will be observed, that only one of this genus has 
yet been found north of the isthmus of Panama, though very possibly 
new species are yet to be discovered in the unexplored parts of 
Central America. The metropolis of this group seems to be the 
wood regions of New Grenada, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia; but we 
require much more information concerning the local faunze of this 
great continent before very accurate statistics can be drawn up of the 
geographical distribution of these and other forms of animal life. 


19 


Central 
America. 

| NewGrenada. 

| Quixos in 
Ecuador. 

| Eastern Peru, 

| Cisandean 
Bolivia. 

| Venezuela. 

| ‘Trinidad. 

*% | Brit. Guiana. 
| North Brazil. 
| South Brazil. 
| Paraguay. 


| Vicinity of. 
Quito. 
: « | Cayenne. 
* | Prov.Rio Negro, 


De tataos Rides 


7. cyaneiventris ...... 
aurulenta 
. Sclateri 


teterocephala ...++.....00|e++ [eee] ee 
» EROTACICA .eeeceeceeceese|ece eae] aes deel 
Schranki +......000.006 


TUPGUIA vecrersccseceeees 
. canthogastra ...... 
» GTAMINEA ..cc.cesecceeee. |e 


cayand ...... 
CYANOLEME ....+.eeeeeeees see foes 
CAStANONOLA «2.40205 ances *'|pee 
PETUULAMA, -revevveeeeseesfeee [eee] eeelens 
AUD) | wwacentes adeshasvsiecsle 
CUCULIATA .eecsereeeveenee|* 
» CYANOPELETA ...se+.eeeeeeee 
L larvate \*. ects scn3' Nan 
Lunigera ......00.66 
Parzudakti......cccceves.{ee 
CRrYSOLIS.....000eceseeeone|es 
GYT OLA a. 02 bgectay elses osha 
. Desmaresti.........++ nis 
. gyroloides ......++6 
brasiliensis .....cseseeese|ees 
36. flaviventris...... 
37. boliviana 
38. tornata 
39. atrocerulea 
40, ruficervia  ...cccceceeceee |e 
41. atricapilla ........s.ce00.)e0 
42. argented ..........000 
43. nigro-viridis ... 
44, 
45. 
46. labradorides 
47. xanthocephala 
48. 


20 


5. On THe Genus Assiminia (LEacH). 
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., P.B.S. etc. 


In a list of some species of British shells at the end of an arrange- 
ment of Mollusca in the ‘London Medical Repository’ for 1821 (vol. xv. 
p-239), I noticed a new mollusk under the name of “ Nerita (Syncera) 
hepatica, n.s. The animal of this shell differs from all others of this 
order by the eyes appearing to be at the end of the tentacula, but I 
believe that they are placed on a peduncle as long as the tentacula, 
and the peduncle and tentacula are soldered together.” » 

Dr. Leach, when he examined the animal of this shell, formed it 
into a genus under the name of Assiminia, and named the species 
after myself as 4. Grayana, described under this name at the end of 
the genus Limnea, in Fleming’s ‘ British Animals,’ p. 275 (1828), 
who observes, “ Dr. Leach sent me several years ago a shell from 
Greenwich marshes, constituting a new freshwater genus, under the 
title Assiminia Grayana. The lip is thickened on the pillar and re- 
flected over the cavity, but is destitute of the oblique fold, and the 
lip does not extend over the body whorl. The colour is brown; 
whorls six in number, conical, regularly increasing in size, glossy, 
with minute lines of growth. Length about ,2,ths of an inch.” 

In my paper “On the Difficulty of distinguishing certain genera of 
Testaceous Mollusca by their Shells alone, and on the Anomalies in 
regard to Habitation observed in certain species,” published in the 
« Philosophical Transactions’ for 1835, p. 301, I observe: “ About 
fifteen years since I first observed in the marshes near the bank of 
the Thames, between Greenwich and Woolwich, in company with 
species of Valvata, Bithynia and Pisidium, a small univalve shell, 
agreeing with the smaller species of the littoral genus Littorina in 
every character both of shell and operculum. Yet this very pecu- 
liar and, apparently, local species has an animal which at once distin- 
guishes it from the animal of that genus and from all Ctenobranchous 
Mollusca. Its tentacula are very short and thick, and have the eyes 
placed at their tips, while the Littorine, and all the other animals 
of the order to which they belong, have their eyes placed on small 
tubercles on the outer side of the base of the tentacles, which are 
generally more or less elongated. The shell in question and its 
animal were described and figured by Dr. Leach in his hitherto un- 
published work on British Mollusca, under the name of Assiminia 
Grayana, and as this name has been referred to by Mr. Jeffreys and 
other conchologists, it may be regarded as established, and that of 
Syncera hepatica, proposed by myself in the ‘ Medical Repository,’ 
vol. x. p. 239, will take rank as a synonym. A second species of 
this genus has lately been made known by Mr. Benson, by whom it 
was found on the ponds in India. Its shell is banded like that of 
Littorina 4-fasciata and several other smaller Littorine, and has 
been figured in the Supplement to ‘ Wood’s Conchology,’ t. 6. f. 28, 
under the name of Turbo Francesie.” 

In my edition of ‘Turton’s Manual,’ 1840, p. 88, I characterize 
the genus thus:—Assiminia: Shell ovate, conical, solid ; mouth 


21 
ovate; tentacles very short, scarcely longer than the tubercles on 
which the eyes are placed, and united to their side, p. 78, f. 4, 5, 6, 
observing, “the animal differs from Littorina in the apparent posi- 
tion of the eyes, which is an anomaly among the water and Cteno- 
branchous Mollusca ;” and after quoting Mr. Berkeley’s description 
of the tentacula I observe,—‘ I am inclined to retain my former 
theory, for if the pedicel of the eye of this genus is minutely exa- 
mined, it will appear to be formed of two parts united by a suture.” 

In 1852, having obtained permission of the family, I printed 
Dr. Leach’s ‘ Molluscorum Britannize Synopsis’ above referred to, 
and he there described the genus—‘‘Asstmin1a. Testa conica, 
spira mediocris. Animal tentaculis duobus brevibus, apice paulo 
angustioribus obtusis, ad apicem oculigeris, instructum ; oculi parvi,. 
rotundi; operculum tenue.” 

“From the form of the shell this genus might be considered as 
belonging to the second stirps (testa conica, spira brevis), but the 
animal proves that it is more nearly allied to Sabanea than to any 
other of the British genera.” (p. 155. t. 9. f.4, 5.) 

Lately some doubt has been attempted to be thrown on the 
distinctness of the genus, which it has been proposed should be 
united to the genus 7'runcatella of Risso. 

Considering the very great similarity which often exists in the 
general appearance of the animals of very distinct genera of Mollusca, 
—a similarity so great, that if a person was to place before me, without 
the shell or operculum, the animal of the genera Murex, Triton, Pur- 
pura, Fasciolaria, Columbella, &c., I should not be able to distinguish 
one from the other without the examination of the teeth or the lin- 
gual membrane, and that would only enable me to separate Triton, 
Cassis and Fasciolaria from each other and from Murex, Purpura and 
Columbella, and not the three latter genera from each other; and it is 
the same with the animals of several other orders and families ;— 


Fig. 1. 


é tere 


) 


1. Truncatella truncatula B. 2. Assiminia Grayana. 
a. With foot extended, in the act of a. Under side of animal and shell. 
drawing up the shell. 6. Side view. 
4. Side view. e. Front of foot, showing how the 
c. Seen beneath as crawling up a lower lamina of the foot pro- 
glass, when the muzzle is ex- jects beyond the upper. : 
serted. 


yet the animals of the two genera Assiminia and Truncatella (see 
figs. 1 and 2) proposed to be united, are so unlike in general ap- 


22 


pearance, minute structure and habit, that it is extraordinary that 
any person should have made the proposal. 

I think the best way to show the distinction of these two genera 
will be to copy, in addition to the extract already given, the figures 
(see figs. 1 and 2) and descriptions of the animals given in different 
authors, commencing with Mr. Lowe, who has figured and described 
the animal of Truncatella in the fifth volume of the ‘ Zoological 
Journal,’ and Mr. Berkeley’s description and figure of the animal of 
Assiminia ; then the description of the animal of the Indian species 
of the latter genus, both printed in the volume above’ referred to ; 
and, lastly, some extracts of additional peculiarity of the genus 
Truncatella, observed by Mr. Clark, and published in his work on 
British Mollusca. 


“1, TRuNCATELLA. R.T. Lowe, Zool. Journ. v. 299. t.19. f. 4. 


‘* Tentacula (2 contractilia) cylindrico-conica, brevia, obtusa, basi 
distincta, proboscide separata; oculis sessilibus paullo supra basis 
angulum externum positis. Caput proboscidiforme exsertum. Os 
ad extremitatem proboscidis cylindrice, inter tentacula exserte, 
disciformem, supra emarginatam (sc. bilobam, ob buccas labiales in 
proboscidem ipsam coadunatas vel commutatas). Pallium collare 
siphone nullo; orificio ad dextrum corporis ut in Helice, Melam- 
pode, Pedipede, &c. Pes rotundatus vel ovalis, brevis, minimus, 
posticus. Operculum corneum simplex, i.e. non spirale, ovale, 
aperturam teste omnino claudens. Testa turrita; adulta cylin- 
drica, decollata vel truncato-obtusa ; anfractibus distinctis, vel 
levibus vel transverse costatis. Apertura ovalis, brevis ; peri- 
tremate continuo. Labrum simpler. Epidermis nulla. 

Animal littorale, amphibium, sed revera marinum et branchiis 
spirans. Ingredienti, discus terminalis proboscidis pro pedis parte 
antica servit; itaque modo fere larvarum Phalenidarum Geome- 
trarum gradibus alternis incedit. Testa junior, tereti-acuminata, 
e pluribus anfractibus quam adulta constat; prioribus in plerisque 
demum (ut in Hel. Bulimo decollato) defractis, truncata evadit. 


‘It is now nearly three years (1829) since the acquisition of a single 
live specimen of Cyclostoma truncatulum, Drap., and a long and 
continued observation of its animal, convinced me that it was entitled 
to rank as a distinct genus from any which were then constituted. 
I had accordingly designated it in my MSS. by the generic name of 
Herpetometra; derived from its peculiar manner of crawling. This 
appellation I had since purposed changing into Truncatella, the very 
name by which I find the self-same species designated by Risso in 
his ‘Histoire Nat. &c. de Europe Méridionale.’ In this work, 
however, the genus rests, like very many others of the same writer, 
on most unsubstantial ground, the animal being entirely neglected.” 


-“ AssrminiA. Berkeley, Zool. Journ. v. 429. t. 19. f. 4. 


“ Voluta denticulata, Mont. (Carychium Myosotis, Michaud, 
Compl. de Vhistoire de Drapard.), and Assiminia Grayana, Leach, 
abound under stones in the salt marshes by the Thames at Gravesend. 


23 


Having an opportunity of examining both’ in a living state in the 
summer of 1832, I was surprised to find manifest indications that 
both were pulmoniferous, which were confirmed on a minute inspec- 
tion of the internal structure, as far as perhaps could be expected in 
such.small animals. I was enabled in the former to trace distinctly 
the course of the vessels, and was decidedly of opinion that the lungs 
were constructed for the breathing of air unmixed with water. In 
the other case I was not so successful, though the utmost pains were 
taken; but as the animal is only half the size, the difficulty was much 
increased. I am enabled, however, to assert, that I could detect 
nothing like branchiz ; and what is more to the point, that the vault 
of the cavity of respiration was traversed by a multitude of minute 
vessels all tending one way towards a large vessel running down in 
the direction of the heart, which is exactly the structure in pulmo- 
niferous Mollusca. This, perhaps, will be esteemed as decisive when 
the external characters of the animal are taken into consideration.” 


«© ASSIMINIA GRAYANA. 


“ Foot broadly obovate, obtuse, composed evidently of two distinct 
laminze, the lower projecting beyond the upper, and separated from 
it by an accurately defined line; above fuscous, beneath olivaceous, 
shaded with cinereous. Tentacula very short and obtuse, fuscous ; 
eyes at the tips. Muzzle porrected, not truly proboscidiform, deeply 
notched in front, fuscous, strongly annulated; the edge of the lip 
paler; on each side is a groove running backwards from the base of 
the tentacula. Mantle open behind. Feces elliptical (as in Cyclo- 
stoma). Operculum corneous, ovate, spirally striated. The most 
remarkable circumstance in this animal is the position of the eyes, 
at the tips of the tentacula, as in Helix and its allies, and not at 
the base. It would appear as if there were in reality no tentacula, 
and only the tubercle common to many Mollusca at the base of the 
tentacula a little more developed than usual. The shell is so like 
that of some species of Rissoa, that it is quite surprising that in 
Dr, Fleming’s ‘ British Animals,’ and in Mr. Jeffreys’ paper in the 
‘Linnean Transactions,’ it should be placed in, or close to, the 
genus Limnea. Dr. Leach seems to have formed his conclusions from 
an actual inspection of the animal, and consequently made a distinct 
genus for its reception. In many points the animal resembles very 
much that of Cyclostoma, and is perhaps a step nearer than that and 
Helicina, which have the mantle open behind to the pectinifera. 
Its nearest ally, however, amongst the pectiniferous Mollusca 1 
should conceive not to be Rissoa. 

“ The animal and shell are figured in Forbes and Hanley’s ‘ British 
Mollusca,’ iii. 70, t. 71. f. 3, 4, and t. H.H. f. 6. 

“Mr. Benson, at page 463 of the same volume of the Zool. Journ., 
has given the following description of the animal of Assiminia fas- 
ciata (Turbo Francesii, Gray, in Wood’s Supplement, t. 6. f. 28) : 
—“ Animal: Head with only two short, thick, subcylindrical ten- 
tacula, with the percipient points placed at their summits. Snout, 
like that of Paludina, transversely corrugated and bilobed, or rather 


24 


emarginate at the centre of the extremity, the lobes rounded. Mantle 
free, and branchial cavity open. Foot witha spiral horny operculum, 
angular at the upper part.”’ 

I may add to these descriptions that Mr. Clark has lately stated that 
the tentacula of Truncatella Montagui are “‘short, flat, broad, triangu- 
lar, and diverge greatly, scarcely forming an angle of 25°. The eyes 
are large and black, and have white prominent pupils, which visibly 
dilate and contract. I have never observed such in any mollusk, 
though similar ones may have escaped notice; they are placed a 
little nearer to the base than the middle of their lower half, not on 
pedicles, but quite flat on the centre of semicircular expansions of 
the outer side of the tentacles, with an external tendency. The 
branchial plume is single, of an elongated, kidney-shaped figure, and 
has the usual constriction or sinus at the end nearest to the heart ; it 
can be detected with high powers in sunlight, through the body 
volution of pale, clear, thin shells.” 

The eyes of Truncatella littorea “are precisely those of 7. Mon- 
tagui, and a similar white pupil is a singular coincidence.” 


In conclusion, I may observe, that I regard the general form and 
organization of the animal and shell of Truncatella as so peculiar, that 
I have long considered it the type of a peculiar family, characterized 
by the form of the lips and feet, the mode of walking, the short, 
broad, diverging tentacles, the position of the eye and its peculiar 
form, and the truncation of the shell. 

On the other hand, the general form of the animal, the manner and 
habitation of the genus Assiminia are so like those of some of the 
smaller species of Littorina (which Dr. Leach named Sabanea), that 
if it was not for the peculiar position of the eye on its long pedicel, 
I should have been inclined to have considered it as a subdivision of 
that genus, with very short tentacles and elongated eye-peduncles. 
But Mr. Berkeley’s observations have set that at rest, as well as the 
distinction between it and Truncatella ; for he shows that Assiminia 
has lungs like Cyclostoma, or rather Helicina, while the Littorine 
and Truncatelle have well-developed gills for respiration, like the 
greater part of the marine genera; but the gills of Littorina and 
Truncatella are very unlike one another, the gills of the former being 
broad, short, laminar, and of the latter, single, ovate, and pectinate. 

P.S.—Messrs. H. and A. Adams, in the number of their work 
issued since this paper was read, are so impressed with the pecu- 
liarity of the combination of characters that the animal presents, viz. 
a pulmonary respiration, spiral operculum, and terminal eyes, that 
they have formed for the genus a suborder named Prosophthalma, and 
a particular family, Assiminiade: see Genera of Mollusca, 313. 


Proc 4.5, Aves .CXVUOL) 


Proc. Z.S, Aves. CXi& 


F.Wolf hth, M & N.Hanhart, mpg 


GONOPOPHAGA CUCULLATA, Sctlater 


- 


25 


February 26, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. ON SOME ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF BIRDS RECEIVED IN 
COLLECTIONS FROM BocGorta. 
By Puiuie Lutrvey Scuater, M.A., F.Z.S. 


(Aves, Pl. CXVI.—CXIX.) 


MM. Verreaux of Paris, knowing the interest I take in New 
Grenadian ornithology, have most kindly transmitted to me some 
specimens of birds from a collection lately received from Bogota, 
which did not appear to them to be included in my list, published in 
in this Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for last year. I have also myself 
noticed a few others, which I-had not previously remarked in collec- 
tions from that locality. From these sources I am enabled to lay 
before the Society a list of twenty-two species, which, added to those 
given in my former catalogue, raise the total number of birds now 
ascertained as belonging to this peculiar fauna to 457. 


1. NycraLe Harrist, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. (1849) iv. p. 157, 
et Journ. Ac. Sc. Phil. N.S. ii. p. 53, pl. 5. Ciecaba gisella, Bp. 
Consp. p. 44. Gisella harrisi, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1855, Oct. 22nd. 
‘ Nyctalitinus albipunctatus, Kaup,’ Gray, Cat. of Gen. of B., App. 

. 135. 
‘ Dr. Hartlaub writes me word that the Bremen Museum has a 
Bogota specimen of this peculiar Owl, and the example in the Norwich 
Museum named by Dr. Kaup Nyctalitinus albipunctatus was received, 
I believe, from the same locality. 


2. SYNALLAXIS ELEGANS, sp. nov. 


S. pallide murino-brunnea, infra medialiter albescentior, ventre medio 
candido, crisso et lateribus dorso concoloribus : pileo toto, nisi 
Sronte, alis extus et cauda rufis: loris albescentibus. 

Long. tota 6°4, alze 2:2, caudze 3°7. 

This Synallazis isverylike a common Brazilian species, S. ruficapilla, 
Vieill., which it resembles in having the head, wings and tail bright 
rufous. But in the present bird the rufous colour does not extend 
over the front, which is brown like the back, there are no yellowish 
supercilia, or at least the very faintest traces of them, and the under 
plumage is not cinereous, but brown like the upper, only paler, and 
medially passing into white, which colour is quite pure in the middle 
of the belly. The tail is longer, and the webs of the rectrices are 
not so broad as in the Brazilian bird. 

This species, like other true Synallaxes, has only eight large 
rectrices and an outer pair abnormally small. Other birds, often 
placed in this genus, have twelve, which is the number given by 


26 


Vieillot in his generic characters, but I consider this erroneous, and 
believe the former number to be the normal one. 

The present bird seems not uncommon in Bogota collections, but 
has probably been hitherto confounded with its several allied species. 


' 3. SYNALLAXIS MGSTA, Sp. Nov. 

S. olivascenti-brunnea, subtus paulo dilutior : alis intus nigris, extus 
castaneis: cauda rufa: loris et gutture albidioribus : tectricibus 
subalaribus pallide fulvis ; rostro valido, nigro; mandibula in- 
feriore basi albescente : pedibus pallidis. 

Long. tota 5°2, ale 2°5, caudze 2°5. 

The single specimen which I possess of this bird was received from 
MM. Verreaux. It is of a nearly uniform olive-brown, rather lighter 
below, particularly on the throat and sides of the head. The chestnut 
margin of the quills grows narrower towards their apices, leaving the 
dusky black apparent, but at their bases extends through both webs 
and shows itself underneath. The tail is pure rufous and very 
short, but I am not quite certain that it is of its normal length in my 
specimen, there being indications of a state of moult. The bill is 
rather stronger and more conical than in most species of the genus. 

Out of the six Synallaxes described by M. de Lafresnaye (Rev. 
Zool. 1843, p. 290) as from this country, I have as yet only met 
with three, namely, 8. gularis, cinnamomeus and unirufus, which I 
have been able to identify with certaity. I have, however, speci- 
mens of a Bogota bird of this genus which I think may possibly 
be his S. fuliginosus, and there are examples of the same species in 
the British Museum. If I am correct in my conjectures, I may 
remark, that the description he gives of this bird is hardly sufficiently 
accurate, and I can only refer my specimens doubtfully to his species 
with the following characters : 


4. SyNALLAXIS FULIGINOSA, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 290? 

S. supra rufescenti-brunnea, alis extus paulo clarioribus, cauda adhuc 
clariore, pure brunnescenti-rufa, scapis plumarum nigris : rectri- 
cibus decem, angustissimis et tenuissimis : loris et superciliis in- 
distincte albidis: infra obscure cinerea, mento summo et ventre 
albescentioribus: rostro nigro: basi mandibule inferioris albicante ; 
pedibus validissimis clare brunneis. 

Long. tota 6-5, alee 2°3, caudee 3°75. 

The tail of this bird is of a clearer and more reddish-brown than 
the back, with the shafts of the feathers black. The outer pair of 
rectrices are abnormally small, measuring only one inch in length, 
the next pair about double that length. The webs of al] are ex- 
ceedingly narrow, in particular the outer ones, and grow finer towards 
the extremities. 

This form of Synallaxis shows evident rapprochement towards 
Sylviorthorhynchus. 


5. ANABATES RUFICAUDATUS, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. 
de Zool. 1838, p. 15. 
I possess a Bogota skin, received from MM. Verreaux, which 


27 


M. de Lafresnaye has kindly identified for me as being of this 
species. 

The apical portion of the outer primaries in this bird is black, 
which colour gradually diminishes in extent in the succeeding feathers, 
and is reduced to a minimum in the secondaries, where it only forms 
a blotch at the ends. The first quill is nearly wholly black, and in 
those next succeeding the same colour advances far up the stems, being 
broadly margined outwardly with chestnut, and inwardly with paler 
cinnamomeous. 


6. ANABATES ERYTHROPTERUS, sp. noy.? 


A. supra pallide brunnescenti-cinereus ; alis extus et cauda tota rujis, 
remigum exteriorum parte apicali nigra: loris oculorum ambitu 
et gula cum tectricibus subalaribus cinnamomeis: corpore cetero 
subtus pallide cinnamomescenti-albido, lateribus olivaceo tinctis : 
rostro albido, culmine nigrescenti-plumbeo : pedibus pallidis. 

Long. tota 6-2, alz 3°6, caudee 3°1. 

The only Anabates I know of likely to resemble the present species 
is 4. guianensis (Pl. Enl. 686, fig. 2). T have never seen that bird, 
but if it has been correctly described, there is no doubt that this 
species is distinct. ; 


7. XENOPS RUTILANS, Temm. Pl. Col. 72, fig. 2. 


A Bogota skin received from MM. Verreaux seems referable to 
this bird, though there is rather more black in the tail than in my 
Brazilian specimens. 


8. MARGARORNIS BRUNNESCENS, sp. nov. (Plate CXVI.) 


M. umbrino-brunnea, capitis dorsique superi pennis obsolete et an- 
gustissime nigro marginulatis : infra pallide ochracescenti-albo 
guttulata, his guttulis nigro cinctis et deinde umbrino-brunneo 
terminatis: loris et gutture medio ochracescentibus, nigrescente 
paululum variegatis : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavido, 
pedibus clare brunneis. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°5, caudee 2°5. 

MM. Verreaux have transmitted me a single specimen of this bird, 
which forms a second ‘species of the genus Margarornis, instituted 
by Reichenbach for the Anabates squamiger, Lafr. & @Orb. M. 
de Lafresnaye has also coined the name Anabasitta for the same 
form, but I believe the first-mentioned term has a slight priority. 
The type of the genus is very common in collections from Bogota. 
The present bird may be distinguished from it at once by the want 
of the bright chestnut colouring on the back and tail. In form, 
however, there is not much difference. In M. brunnescens the beak 
is rather longer, and the first two primaries proportionately rather 
shorter. The elongation of the naked stems of the rectrices is carried 
to a greater extent in the present species than in the other. There 
are twelve tail-feathers, and they all terminate in a similar hair-like 
point. The plumage of the two species below shows much similarity, 
but in the “brunnescens” the tear-like spots are yellowish. 


28 


I may remark that Reichenbach has kept the Bogota and Bolivian 
Margarornithes apart, but M. de Lafresnaye, who knows both species, 
considers them identical. It is with Bogota specimens I have been 
comparing the present bird. 


ALECTRURINZE ? 


9. OcTHOECA FUMICOLOR, sp. nov. (Plate CXVII.) 


O. supra fumoso-brunnea, dorso imo rufescentiore : alis caudaque 
nigris : tectricibus alarum rufo bivittatis, et secondariis ultimis 
extus rufescente marginatis : superciliis latis et fronte ad nucham 
ochracescenti-albis: subtus brunnescenti-murina, ventre medio 
albescentiore, gula quasi dorso concolore, sed pallidiore : rostro et 
pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 6:0, alz 3°5, caudze 3:0. 

This bird appears to be naturally placed in Dr. Cabanis’ genus 
Octhoeca, of which the type is Octhoeca enanthoides (Fluvicola 
ananthoides, d’ Orb. Voy. pl. 38, fig. 2). 

Other species belonging to this same group are Octhoeca leucophrys 
(Fluv. leucophrys, d Orb. Voy. pl. 38, fig. 1), which the present 
bird most resembles in colouring ; Octhoeca rufipectoralis (ibidem, 
pl. 37, fig. 2); Octhoeca Lessoni, mihi (Tyrannulus rufipectus, Less. 
Descr. des Mamm. et Ois. p. 296) ; Octhoeca albidiema (Setophaga 
albidiema, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 8), and, perhaps, Setophaga cin- 
namomeiventris, Latr. R. Z. 1845, p.80. The three species figured 
by d’Orbigny are from Bolivia; the three latter, like the present, from 
Bogota. They all offer considerable similarity in colours, and pre- 
sent, so far as I am acquainted with them, the same structure. M. 
de Lafresnaye has indicated the existence and affinities of this group 
in his article in the ‘ Revue Zoologique,’ 1848, p.8. All d’Orbigny’s 
species inhabit his third zone of elevation, that is, above 11,000 feet 
above the sea-level, and it is probable, therefore, that the New 
Grenadian Octhoece are likewise from the higher regions of the 
Andes. 


10. EvscaARTHMUS AGILIS, sp. nov. (Plate CXVIII.) 


E. supra nigro et pallido brunneo miztus, pennis plerumque nigris 
brunneo marginatis : crista capitis totius medialiter nigra, late- 
raliter autem et subtus pallide brunnea: alis nigris, tectricibus 
rufescente terminatis, secondariis extus pallescentibus: cauda 
unicolore nigra rectricum mediarum apicibus et omnium margi- 
nibus exterioribus pallescentibus : subtus pallide fulvo-flavidus ; 
capitis lateribus et gutture toto albis nigro variegatis ; pec- 
tore longitudinaliter nigro flammulato: rostro nigro, mandibule 
inferioris basi alba: pedibus nigerrimis : tectricibus subalaribus 
pallide fulvis. 

Long. tota 4°6, alee 2°2, caudze 2°4. 

This bird much resembles Euscarthmus parulus and E. albicristatus 

in general appearance, and may, I think, be safely placed in the 


29 


same genus, though the bill is slightly broader, and the tail is propor- 
tionately rather longer, and has the rectrices more graduated. 

The only example I have seen of it was transmitted to me by 
MM. Verreaux. 

In the markings of the lower part of the body it is not unlike 
E. parulus, but the ground-colour is more yellowish, and the striz 
less distinct on the throat and more marked on the breast. Above 
these two species are easily distinguishable. The present has the 
back brown, mixed with black blotches, and not uniform cinereous- 
olive, and the crest is shorter and differently formed, the whole of 
the head-feathers being moderately lengthened, not a few of the 
centre feathers only, as in the elder species. 


Piprinz. 


11. PipRa CORACINA, Sp. nov. 

Pipra leucocilla, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 152. 

Pipra coracina, J. et E. Verreaux, MS. 

3 coracino-nigra: pileo nuchaque albis: rostro nigrescenti-plumbeo: 
pedibus nigris. 3 junr. viridescenti-cinereus, pene unicolor, alis 
caudaque intus nigris. 

Long. tota 3:5, alee 2°8, caudz 1-2. 

MM. Verreaux have transmitted to me an adult and young male, 
and their MS. description of this species of Manakin, which they 
consider distinct from the well-known Pipra leucocilla, and I am 
inclined to think they are right. The black colour is generally more 
intense in the present bird, the white extends further back down the 
head, the wings are longer, and the bill rather shorter. They remark 
that the Peruvian bird (which I have not yet seen) appears to he 
the same as this species.. 


FoRMICARIIN&. 


12. ConoPOPHAGA CUCULLATA, sp. nov. - (Plate CXIX.) 

C. supra brunnescenti-olivacea, alis caudaque nigricantibus brun- 
nescente marginatis : capite toto et cervice postica cum gula et 
tectricum alarum marginibus clare rufo-castaneis : plaga pectorali 
alba: abdomine dilute cinereo, ventre medio et hypochondriis roseo 
aut rufescente tinctis : tectricibus subalaribus flavicanti-brunneis : 
rostro flavo : pedibus pallidis. 

Long. tota 4°0, ale 2°7, caude 1°1. 

The single specimen sent to me by MM. Verreaux is the only 
example I have yet seen of this Conopophaga. It is not likely to 
be confounded with any other species of the genus that I am 
acquainted with, its bright chestnut head and throat and white 
pectoral patch rendering it eminently distinguishable. 


IcTERINZ. 


13, STURNELLA LUDOVICIANA (Linn.). 
A single bird transmitted by MM. Verreaux seems to belong to 


30 


this species. The yellow belly is rather brighter than in U.S. examples, 
but at present I can discover no essential difference. It is singular, 
if this is the North-American species, that the Mexican bird (Stur- 
nella hippocrepis, Wagl.) is usually considered distinct. 


EMBERIZINZ. 


14. Emperizoipes mMAcruRus (Gm.). Fringilla macroura, 
Gm. 8. N. i. 918. Tardivola macroura, Cab. M. H. p. 135 (note). 


A Bogota specimen of this bird which I have lately acquired agrees 
with the true EH. macrurus from Cayenne, and seems to be quite 
distinct from the Brazilian Z. marginalis (Temminck), with which it 
is generally made synonymous. 


TANAGRINZE. 


15. CHLOROSPINGUS XANTHOPHRYS, Sp. Nov. 

C. brunnescenti-olivaceus : loris nigricantibus: superciliis curtis a 
fronte ad oculum summum et corpore mediali subtus flavis: rostro 
nigro: pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°5, caudze 2°4. 

Obs. Similis C. superciliari, sed minor, et superciliis brevioribus 
et flavis, capite non cinerascente, lateribusque olivascentibus digno- 
scendus. 

I possess a single example of this bird, and have seen others. 


16. CuLtorospincus LicHTENSTEINI, sp. nov. Nemosia ver- 
ticalis, Licht. in Mus. Berol. (partim). 


C. supra cinereus, alis caudaque nigricantibus ; pileo atro: vitta 
mediali verticis ochracescenti-albida: subtus albidus: lateribus 
cinerascentibus. 

Obs. Similis C. verticali, sed major, gula ventre concolore, nec 

nigra. 

"There is a single example of this bird in the Berlin Museum, 

received from M. Boissoneau of Paris along with specimens of 
C. verticalis, and not distinguished from that species. 


CoLuMBz. 


17. CHLoR@NAsS BICOLOR (Vieill.). Col. bicolor, Vieill. N. D. 
@H. N. xxvi. 345. C. vinacea, Temm. Pig. t.41. Mus. Brit. 


18. ZeNAIDA RUFICAUDA, G. R. Gray, MS. Bp. Coup d’ceil 
sur ordre des Pigeons, p. 42. Mus. Bnit. et Paris. 


19. ZENAIDA PENTHERIA, Bp. Coup d’ceil, p. 42; et Consp. ii. 
p- 84. Mus. Brit. 


20. CHAMPELIA AMAzILIA, Bp. Coup d’ceil, p. 38, et Consp. ii. 
p-84. Mus. Brit. 


GALLIN&. 
21. Cuamapetes Goupoti (Less.). Ortalida Goudoti, Less. 


“a *, 


31 


Man. d’Orn. ii. 217; et Tr. d’?Orn.i. p.481. Chamepetes Goudoti, 
Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1227. 


GRALL&. 


22. GALLINAGO NOBILIS, sp. nov. 


G. supra nigro-cinereo et brunneo (sicut in plerisque hujus generis 
speciebus) variegata: pileo summo nigro, vitta mediali irregulariter 
cinnamomeo-brunnea : capitis lateribus et cervice postica pallide 
cinnamomeo-brunneis, minute nigro punctatis ; his punctis intra 
rictum et oculum lineam formantibus: scapularibus nigris cinna- 
momeo vittatis, plaga subterminal nigra preditis et extus iterum 
late ochracescenti-albo marginatis: remigibus omnibus pure et 
pallide nigricanti-cinereis, secondariorum et alule spurie apicibus 
extus pallescentibus ; tectricibus albido et cinereo variegatis : 
subtus, gutture albicante, pectore toto cinnamomescenti-brunneo, 
nigricante flammulato ; ventre toto albo, hypochondriis et tectri- 
cibus subalaribus albo nigroque regulariter transvittatis ; tectri- 
cibus subcaudalibus albis cinnamomeo tinctis et nigro obsolete 
transfasciatis : caude rectricibus sedecem; harum octo mediis nigris 
claro rufo late terminatis, hoc colore rufo iterum sub margine an- 
guste nigro vittato ; una utrinque proxima precedentibus assimili, 
sed colore nigro ochracescente maculato et terminatione rufa non 
@que lata; tribus autem utrinque extimis ochracescentibus nigro 
irregulariter transvittatis: rostro longissimo, brunnescente, apice 
nigra, basi pallidiore: pedibus nigro-fuscis. 

Long. tota 11-0, ale 5-7, caudze 2°2, rostri a rictu 3-7, tarsi 1°5. 

There is an example of this fine large species of Snipe in the 

British Museum, from Mr. S. Stevens’s Bogota collection, and 
MM. Verreaux have also lately transmitted a single specimen to me. 
It is of about the same size as Temminck’s Scolopax gigantea, but 
that species appears to have the wings banded. In the present bird 
the quills are uniform slaty black. The spurious wings and second- 
aries are edged with buffy white, and all the wing-coverts are termi- 
nated with the same colour, forming irregular barrings. 


23. RALLUS SEMIPLUMBEUS, sp. nov. ? 


R. supra brunnescenti-olivaceus, nigro flammulatus ; alis caudaque 
nigricanti-brunneis ; alarum tectricibus rufis: loris nigris : capi- 
tis lateribus et corpore toto subtus plumbeis; mento et gulari stria 
albis : tectricibus subcaudalibus albis nigro miztis: rostri cul- 
mine et apice nigris ; mandibula autem inferiore ruberrima : pedi- 
bus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 8°5, alee 4:4, caudze 1°8, rostri 1°7. 

This is a true Rallus—near R. virginianus of the U.S.—of which 
MM. Verreaux have sent me a single specimen. I have tried in vain 
to make it agree with any recognized species, and therefore provided 
it with a (temporary ?) name. 


32 


2. DescriIPTIONsS OF TWENTY-FIVE New Species oF LAND- 
SHELLS, FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cuming, Esa. 
By Dr. L. PFEIFFER. 


1, Hextx exserta, Pfr. H. testa vie perforata, conoideo-lenti- 
culari, tenui, oblique rugosula, pallide cornea; spira conoidea, 
acutiuscula ; anfr. 44 regulariter accrescentibus, superne tumidu- 
lis, ad suturam, carina rotundata, exserta marginatis, ultimo non 
descendente, basi convero; apertura obliqua, depresse angulato- 
lunari; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus remotis, columellari 
brevi, subverticali. 

Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 3 mill. 

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb). 


2. Hexix coacuata, Pfr. H. testa anguste perforata, conoideo- 
depressa, tenuiuscula, arcuatim striatula et ad peripheriam oblique 
malleato-rugosa, alabastrina, fascia 1 pellucida prope suturam 
ornata ; spira brevi, conoideo-convewa ; anfr. 5 vir convexiusculis, 
ultimo obsolete angulato, basi convezo, nitido ; apertura obliqua, 
rotundato-lunari, vir latiore quam alta; perist. simplice, recto, 
margine dextro declivi, columellari superne viz reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 30, min. 254, alt. 18 mill. 

Hab. Amboina. 


3. Heuix Harvest, Pfr. H. testa aperte perforata, depressa, 
tenui, sublevigata, diaphana, parum nitente, pallide cornea; spira 
brevissime conoidea, obtusa; sutura levi, submarginata; anfr. 7 
vir conveciusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo peripheria sub- 
angulato, basi convexiore, nitido ; apertura viz obliqua, depresse 
lunari; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus vix convergentibus, 
columellari declivi, vix incrassato. 

Diam. maj. 29. min. 25, alt. 12 mill. 

Hab. Siam. 


4. Heurx Sramensis, Pfr. H. testa perforata, depressiuscula, 
solida, superne arcuato-striata, striis spiralibus granulato-decus- 
sata, pallide cornea ; spira brevissime conoidea ; anfr. 6 lente ac- 
crescentibus, vir convexiusculis, ultimo latiore, infra peripheriam 
leviter radiato-striato, nitido, albido; apertura obliqua, lunari; 
perist. simplice, recto, marginibus vix convergentibus, columellari 
superne brevissime reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 25, min. 22, alt. 125 mill. 

Hab. Siam. 


5. Hewrx omissa, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, 
tenui, ruguloso-striata, diaphana, cerea; spira breviter turbi- 
nata, apice acutiuscula; anf. 4 convezis, ultimo non descendente, 
supra peripheriam subangulato, basi convexo ; umbilico } diametri 
fere equante ; apertura diagonali, lunato-rotundata ; perist. sim- 
plice, recto, marginibus approximatis, columellari subpatulo. 

Diam. maj. 4, min. 33, alt. 2 mill. 

Hab. Juan Fernandez (H. Cuming). 


33 


6. Hecix Micuenina, Pfr. H. testa angustissime umbilicata, 
depressa, tenui, striatula, pellucida, nitidissima, cornea, strigis 
distantibus fulvis radiata; spira parum elevata, convexa ; anfr. 
5} vix convexiusculis, ultimo latiore, non descendente, depresso- 
rotundato; apertura magna, fere diagonali, lunato-rotundata ; 
perist. simplice, recto, marginibus conniventibus, columellari ar- 
cuato, superne viv patente. 

Diam. maj. 11, min. 94, alt. 5 mill. 

Hab. San Miguel, Azores. 


7. HELIx voLUTELLA, Pfr. WH. testa umbilicata, subdiscoidea, 
tenui, siriatula, pallide cornea, lineis rufis subconfertis radiata ; 
spira plana; anfr. 5 vix convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ul- 
timo non descendente, peripheria rotundato ; umbilico aperto, + 
diametri subaquante; apertura parum obliqua, lunari; perist. 
simplice, recto, marginibus remotis, basali substricto, columellari 
viz patente. 

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 22 mill. 

Hab. San Miguel, Azores. 


8. Hextrx auata, Pfr. H. testa anguste umbilicata, depressa, 
membranacea, oblique irregulariter striata, oleoso-micante, pellu- 
cida, fusco-cornea; spira subplana; anfr. 3% celeriter accrescen- 
tibus, ultimo angulato, carina aleformi tenui decidua cincio, antice 
dilatato ; basi convexo; apertura perobliqua, securiformi ; perist. 
simplice, recto, margine basali perarcuato. 

Diam. maj. 84, min. 6, alt. 3 mill. 

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb). 


9. Hexix anee ica, Pfr. H. testa subaperte perforata, depressa, 
tenui, superne subconferte striata, pellucida, nitida, virenti-cornea, 
varicibus castaneis, flavo-marginatis, irregulariter notata ; spira 
parum elevata, vertice prominulo; sutura anguste albido-mar- 
ginata; anfr. 7 sensim accrescentibus, convewiusculis, ultimo 
latiore, peripheria rotundato, basi leviore; apertura fere diugo- 
nali, lunari ; perist. simplice, recto, castaneo-limbato, intus callo 
crassiusculo albo labiato. 

Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, alt. 13} mill. 

Hab. Thibet and Punjaub, India (Conway Shiplay, Esq.). 


10. Hexrx pinaria, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, lenticulari, arcua- 
tim obtuse costata et striis spiralibus obsolete decussata, cornea, 
JSusco maculose strigata; spira convexa, obtusula; sutura mar- 
ginata ; anfr. 53 conveviusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo non 
descendente, subacute carinato; umbilico pervio, ~ diametri sub- 
@quante ; apertura diagonali, rhombea, lamellis 2 acutis albis 
parietalibus, intrantibus, denticuloque obsoleto columellari coare- 
tata ; perist. simplice, recto. 

Diam. maj. 43, min. 4, alt. 2 mill. 

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb). 


11. Hexix ranuuus, Pfr. WH. testa umbilicata, turbiniformi, 
tenui, superne confertim oblique plicata, diaphana, cerea; spira 


No. CCCIII.— Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


34 


convexo-conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 4} convexiusculis, ultimo non 
descendente, subacute carinato, basi radiato-striato, circa umbili- 
cum angustum excavato ; apertura obliqua, subsecuriformi ; perist. 
simplice, recto, margine basali breviter reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 34, min. 3, alt. 25 mill. 

Hab. Port Natal. 

12. Hexix unpina, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, globoso-turbinata, 
tenui, levigata, nitida, albido-hyalina; spira convexo-conoidea ; 
anfr. 5 conveaiusculis, ultimo spira breviore, antice vir deflexo, 
peripheria obsolete angulato, basi planiusculo ; apertura perob- 
liqua, truncato-elliptica ; perist. tenui, marginibus subconniventi- 
bus, dextro expanso, columellari leviter arcuato, planato, appresso. 

Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, alt. 145 mill. 

Hab. 2 


13. Buximus Darnavuont, Pfr. B. testa compresse subumbilicata, 
conico-ovata, tenui, subdistanter costata, striis spiralibus sub lente 
obsolete decussata, virenti-fulva; spira conica, vertice obtuso ; 
anf. 53-6 convewxiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi 
subcompresso ; columella substricta, leviter procedente ; apertura 
vir obliqua, elliptico-ovali, basi subangulata ; perist. breviter ex- 
panso, tenuiter albo-labiato, margine columellari dilatato, sub- 
plano, patente. 

Long. 23, diam. 12 mill. 

Hab. Sennaar, interior of Africa (Mr. Darnaud). 

14. Butimus Corpovanus, Pfr. B. testa subrimata, fusiformi- 
turrita, solidula, confertim arcuato-costulata (costulis subdecus- 
satis, breviter pilosis), pallide fusco-cornea ; spira elongata, apice 
obtusa; anfr. 10, superis convewis, sequentibus sensim planioribus, 
ultimo antice soluto, descendente, dorso acute carinato, basi cristato 
et scrobiculato ; apertura integra, ovali, quinquedentata ; dentibus 
2 lamelleformibus in parte sinistra, 3 inequalibus in deztra; 
perist. continuo, expanso, albido. 

Long. 23, diam. 5 mill. 

Hab. Andes near Cordova. 


15. Buntimus cyatHostomvs, Pfr. B. testa oblique rimata, fusi- 
formi-cylindrica, solida, longitudinaliter confertim striata, albida; 
spira cylindraceo-turrita, apice acuta; sutura submarginata ; 
anfr. 7% planiusculis, ultimo + longitudinis vix attingente, latere 
dextro profunde bisulcato, basi subcristato ; apertura verticalt, 
cyathiformi, ringente ; columella profunde bidentata ; perist. con- 
tinuo, expanso, ad parietem aperturalem appresso et juxta mar- 
ginem dextrum laminam validam, securiformem immittente, mar- 
gine dextro superne sinuato, profunde et inequaliter trilamellato. 

Long. 203, diam. 7 mill. 

Hab. Old Calabar, West Africa. 

16. AcHaTINA SHUTTLEWORTHI, Pfr. A. testa ovato-conica, te- 
nuissima, submembranacea, confertissime chordato-plicata, sericea, 
cornea, maculis rufis ad suturam et ad peripheriam teniata, cete- 
rum pallide rufo strigata; spira conica, obtusa; anfr. 53 convex- 


35 


iusculis, ultimo spira paulo longiore ; columella substriata, com- 
pressa, basi oblique truncata; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovali ; 
perist. simplice, tenut. 

Long. 34, diam. 17 mill. 

Hab. Grand Bassam, Africa. 


17. ACHATINA CORROSULA, Pfr. A. testa turrita, solidula, sub- 
levigata, punctatim corrosula, pallide cornea; spira convexius- 
culo-turrita, apice acutiuscula ; sutura levi, subcrenulata; anfr. 
9 vix convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis vir equante, busi rotun- 
dato ; columella perarcuata, oblique distincte truncata ; apertura 
parum obliqua, sinuato-semiovali ; perist. simplice, tenut. 

Long. 15, diam. 63 mill. 

Hab. Neilgherries “(Conway Shiplay, Esq.). 


18. ACHATINA PALLENS, Pfr. A. testa turrita, tenuiuscula, sub- 
levigata (sub lente minutissime decussatim striatula), semidia- 
phana, pallide corneo-cerea; spira regulariter attenuata, apice 
acutiuscula; sutura levi, anguste marginata ; anfr. 9 vix convezis, 
ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi subattenuato ; columella 
parum arcuata, abrupte truncata; apertura parum obliqua, sinu- 
ato-ovali ; perist. simplice. 

Long. 16, diam. 42 mill. 

Hab. Moély, East Africa. 


19. Pupa Baciiuus, Pfr. P. testa profunde arcuato-rimata, sub- 
cylindrica, solida, peroblique costata, alabastrino-alba ; spira sen- 
sim in conum obtusulum attenuata ; sutura mediocri, costis excur- 
rentibus coronata; anfr. 9 convewiusculis, ultimo antice alte 
ascendente, basi subcompresso ; apertura verticali, truncato-ob- 
longa, dente intrante parietali prope angulum coarctata ; perist. 
breviter expanso, margine dextro intus crasse labiato, columellari 
simplice, patente. 

Long. 13, diam. vix 5 mill. 

Hab. Mauritius. 

20. Pura TERES, Pfr. P. testa breviter rimata, cylindracea, tenui- 
uscula, oblique plicata, diaphana, corneo-albida; spira cylindrica, 
in conum brevem, obtusum terminata ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 8 
vie convexis, ultimo non ascendente, basi obsolete gibbo ; apertura 
verticali, ovali; perist. tenui, expansiusculo, marginibus callo, 
dentem breviter intrantem emittente, a 

Long. 10, diam. 33 mill. 

Hab. Mauritius. 

21. Pupa Sennaariensis, Pfr. P. testa perforata, oblongo-tur- 
rita, tenui, levissime striatula, parum nitente, fusco-cornea ; spira 
subregulariter attenuata, apice obtusa ; anfr.7 convexis, ultimo % 
longitudinis subequante, circa perforationem imperviam com- 
presso ; apertura vir obliqua, truncato-oblonga, lamella unica 
parietali intrante, fere ad angulum marginis dextri posita, coarc- 
tata; perist. tenui viz patulo, intus sublabiato. 

Long. 4, diam. 13 mill. 

Hab. Sennaar, interior of Africa (Mr. Darnaud). 


P}, (GS 


36 


22. Tomicerus VENEZUELENSIS, Pfr. T. testa subflexuose ri- 
mata, compresse conica, tenui, striatula, pellucida, oleoso-micante, 
pallide cornea; spira conoidea, obtusa; sutura rufo-marginata ; 
anfr. 4 convezxis, ultimo inflato, latere aperture vir planiore, an- 
tice vie ascendente, profunde scrobiculato et arcuato-cristato ; 
apertura vix obliqua, subtrapeziformi, septemplicata ; lamellis 3 
in pariete aperturali (angulari maxima, intrante, mediana pro- 
funda, minima), 3 subequalibus in parte basali, 1 valida, angula- 
tim intrante in margine dextro ; perist. tenue, acutum, expansum, 
intus albido-labiatum, margine supero brevi, cum dextro angulum 
obtusum formante, basali stricto, declivi, longissimo. 

Diam. maj. 64, min. 44, alt. 5 mill. 

Hab. Veuezuela. 


23. CuaustLiA SENNAARIENSIS, Pfr. Cl. testa subrimata, fusi- 
formi, tenera, dense capillaceo-costulata, oleoso-micante, pellucida, 
cornea ; spira gracili, apice obtuse conica; sutura simplice ; anfr. 
8 vie convexiusculis, ultimo basi obtuse bicristato ; apertura sub- 
obliqua, oblonga ; lamellis convergentibus, infera valida, subra- 
mosa; lunella imperfecta, punctiformi vel rarius lineari ; plica 
palatali | supera, subcolumellari. inconspicua ; perist. continuo, 
breviter solute, expanso, albido, margine externo intus subincras- 
sato. 

Long. 10, diam. 22 mill. 

Hab. Sennaar, interior of Africa. 


24. MrGALOMASTOMA COMPLANATUM, Pfr. M. testa subobtecte 
umbilicaia, pupeformi, solida, oblique levissime striatula, sordide 
violacea, absque epidermide ; spira subcylindrica, apice attenuata, 
breviter truncata ; sutura impressa, pallida; anf. superst. 6, su- 
peris convexis, penultimo vix convexiusculo, ultimo angustiore, 
latere aperture subplanato, antice pallido, circa umbilicum crista 
pallida, circumscripta munito; apertura verticali, circulari, in 
fundo castanea; perist. albo, perincrassato, superne breviter ad- 
nato, margine dextro expanso et reflexo, sinistro dilatato, patente, 
superne subauriculato. Operc.? 

Long. 323, diam. 14 mill. 

Hab. Cuba. 


25. Ruaraautus Lorrarnt, Pfr. RA. testa perforata, gibboso- 
oblonga, solida, conferte striata, sub epidermide fulvida saturate vio- 
lacea ; spira irregulari, inflata, in conum brevem desinens ; anfr. 
5% convewis, penultimo gibbo, latere aperture subplanato, ultimo 
attenuato, antice subascendente ; apertura circulari, basi axin sub- 
excedente ; perist. calloso, albo, continuo, expanso et reflexiusculo, 
limbo interno cum eateriore connato ; foramine supero parvulo, 
oblique sursum spectante. Operc.? 

Long. 15, diam. 8 mill. 

Hab. Pulo Penang (Dr. Lorrain). 


37 


March 11, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. Notre on PSALTRIA FLAVICEPS, A THIRD AMERICAN SPECIES 
OF THE PARINE GENUS PSALTRIA. 
By Puitipe Lutiey Scrater, M.A., F.Z.S. 


In describing a new Conirostrum in these ‘ Proceedings’ for last 
year (P.Z.S. 1855, p. 74), and giving a list of all the species of 
that form with which I was acquainted, I took the opportunity of 
noticing some birds which had been referred to the same genus, 
which I had not then met with. Among these latter was the Coni- 
rostrum ornatum of Lawrence, described and figured in the Annals 
of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist. of New York for 1851. It is only lately 
that I have been successful in meeting with a specimen of this, I 
believe, rather rare species. As I had always supposed, I find it has 
nothing to do with the genus Conirostrum, but has been much more 
nearly rightly placed by Sundevall, who described it as Ayithalus 
flaviceps the year before Mr. Lawrence’s name appeared. In my 
opinion, however, this latter position is not perfectly satisfactory for 
it. This little bird in fact seems to me to form a very natural 
member of the Parine genus Psaltria,'of which some Asiatic species, 
including the type, are figured in the seventh Number of Mr. Gould’s 
great work on the Birds of that continent. 

Mr. Cassin, in a very useful Synopsis of the North-American 
Parine, given in his excellent volume on the Birds of California, 
Oregon, &c., p. 20, mentions two North-American species of this 
genus, Psaltria minima and P. melanotis, but says nothing of the 
present bird, with which he seems to have been unacquainted. Ex- 
amples of both the former species are contained in the British Museum, 
and upon comparison agree in every essential character with this bird. 
It is true that its yellow face and chestnut bend of the wing are quite 
different in cast of colouring from what we meet with in the other 
species of this group, and I have little doubt that some naturalists 
who are fond of coining new uames would consider this fact a sufti- 
cient excuse for making it the type of a new division. But I do 
myself think that generic characters ought only to be founded upon 
differences in structure ; and as in the present instance there appears 
to be none such, I think we shall be quite accurate in registering the 
present bird as a third American species of the Asiatico-American 
genus Psaltria under the title of 


PSALTRIA FLAVICEPS. 

Aigithalus flaviceps, Sund. Ofvers. af Vet. Ac. Forhand. vii. 
p- 129 note (1850). 

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. New York, 1851, 
p- 113, pl. 5. fig. 1. 


38 


P. fuscescenti-cinereus, subtus dilutior: pileo et gutture flaves- 
centibus: campteriis clare castaneis : alis caudaque intus nigri- 
canti-brunneis : rostro et pedibus nigris: tectricibus subalaribus 
albis. 

Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°1, caudee 1:9. 

Hab. Texas (Lawrence). 

Note.—Since writing the above, I have been enabled through Mr. 
Gould’s kindness to compare Psaltria flaviceps with the type of the 
genus, Psaltria evilis, from Java. It certainly offers a more pointed 
beak and wing not so rounded as the latter bird, and may be con- 
sidered as rather aberrant in form. Any naturalist, therefore, who 
is unwilling to class it with true Psaltria may use for it the generic 
term Psaltriparus, that name having been bestowed by Prince Bona- 
parte (Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxi. p. 478) on Psaltria mela- 
notis (Sandbach), with which species this bird agrees in every 
respect. 


2. ON A PECULIAR VARIETY OF Mus Muscuuvs. 
By Joun S. Gasxowy, F.L.S. 


(Mammalia, Pl. XLI.) 


Mus Muscutus. Var. Mus nudo-plicatas. 

I have thus designated this strange and novel form of the genus 
Mus, to give the more importance to the singularity. 

In the spring of 1854 a labourer in the employ of Mr. Webster, a 
tenant on the Taplow-court estate, observed several little white crea- 
tures running about a straw-rick in the wood at the back of the lodge 
near Taplow paper-mills, Maidenhead Bridge, and succeeded in 
securing two of them ;—the following day, on moving some of the 
straw in search of more, he disturbed two others, which he also cap- 
tured; and disposed of the four to Bond, the Maidenhead Bridge boat- 
man, for five shillmgs. Two died during the first night, probably from 
the rough usage they received when taken ; there remained, to use 
Bond’s expression, but ‘‘ the old buck and a doe big with kit.” In 
seven days she brought forth five young ones; and the next day 
removed from the nest two that were dead; the remainder were 
reared. One of the existing five was afterwards lost or killed. 
These little animals were readily recognized as a form of mouse, but 
of so extraordinary a conformation in their external structure as to 
attract the curiosity of the immediate neighbourhood, and obtained 
the not inappropriate name of the rhinoceros mice. The surmise 
of the people on the spot is, that they had escaped from one of the 
numerous barges which are constantly arriving at the paper-mills 
laden with rags, &c., principally of foreign importation. Bond 
having possessed them four months, offered them for sale to the Zoo- 
logical Society of London, and the purchase being declined, I bought 
them, lest so singular a form in natural history should be lost to 
science and pass into oblivion ; and it is to prevent this, that I now 


39 


beg to record their characters in the ‘ Proceedings” of this Society, 
They were shown at the meetings of this and the Linnean Societies. 
and to many other naturalists; and finally, were exhibited during 
four months in the small-quadruped house in the gardens of the 
Society, with the view of eliciting information respecting them, as to 
any similar conformation in the species or genus having before been 
observed ; and expressions of surprise at their novelty of form were 
in every instance the only remarks obtained. At the period named of 
their exhibition all had died (three of them are now shown in spirit). 
Unfortunately they did not breed, although three of them were born, 
in captivity. 

In size these animals somewhat exceeded the common mouse, 
measuring from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 4,?,ths 
inches ; they were totally destitute of hairs, excepting some two or 
three dark-coloured labial hairs, or whiskers; the external integument 
pinkish white, and formed into coarse prominent plicee, or duplica- 
tures of itself, transversely traversing the body in an undulated shape, 
and increasing in width and projection as they descended from the 
dorsum to the most depending line on either side of the thorax and 
abdomen, and there forming pendulous flaps, extending from the arm 
of the fore to the thighs of the hind legs ; so that all the legs being 
stretched asunder, as when on the wires of the cage, these flaps 
became expanded in the manner of the flying squirrel. The plicee 
or duplications of the skin were on the sides of the body in a degree 
symmetrical; and on the face and head, particularly so, as will be 
observed in the plate, which represents the old male animal, very 
faithfully delineated by Wolf, to elucidate this paper; the ears of a 
dark or blackish colour, the tail ash-coloured, and the eyes black, 
indicating they were not albinos of the species. It was curious to 
observe the quickness and dexterity with which their little paws 
opened along the furrows formed by the plicee or folds, to clean 
between them. So dissimilar, it will be observed, from the cha- 
racters given, is the external formation of these animals from that 
of the domestic mouse, that opinions were’ risked as to their con- 
stituting a different spegies, but on investigating the teeth of the 
first one that died, and they proving identical, it was inferred they 
are a lusus nature of that species ;—if such, however, be the fact, 
I believe this will prove the first instance on record in which the 
whole litter or brood of animals or birds, have all been in exactly 
the same state of abnormal condition, and that condition becoming 
permanent, and continued through successive generations ; of which 
we have here the example of two or more generations, and. have 
no knowledge whatever of when this abnormal state may have be- 
gun ;—for, as in this exemplification, ‘like begets like ’—“‘ similia 
similibus gignuntur,”’ it is fair to conclude that the two parents 
whose progeny resembled them, had also progenitors similar to 
themselves; especially as they in their breeding, like genuine species 
in the wild state, associated only with those of their own kind ; 
thus, if the race be not extinct, successions with the same peculiari- 
ties will be produced, and give rise to a remarkable example of the 


40 


origin of a new species, or variety of a species, in the genus. I have 
made inquiries about the locality where these animals were found, 
as to whether others had ever been observed there before they were 
discovered, or have been met with since, and find these to have been 
the only known instances of their occurrence. 

I am not aware that in the nests of the Rook, Corvus frugilegus, 
or the Black-bird, Merula vulgaris (which I mention as being those 
in whose productions /usus nature are the most frequently noticed), 
or in the nests of any other bird, more than one individual of a 
brood has been found, constituted in the healthy condition, and 
having the plumage white, and the red eye of the true albmo ; but 
variations in colour, &c., may occur in any number, as the results of 
physical impediments, and not natural production; however, with 
lucrease of strength and health, these generally obtain afterwards 
their proper-coloured plumage, and are not therefore true Jusus 
nature. 'To quadrupeds I believe the rule equally applies. 


In consequence of the interesting conversation which followed the 
reading of the foregoing paper, I think it proper to subjoin a few 
other observations. 

The excellent condition and clean appearance of the animals, and 
their well feeding, and activity, left no doubt as to their healthy 
state during the six months they were alive in my possession and 
during the four months they were in that of Bond. A member 
present stated, that while they were in the gardens he had mi- 
croscopically examined the lamelle or branny scales which are 
ever separating, in larger or smaller particles, from the epidermis of 
animals, and found them the natural and healthy production. My 
own examination of these exfoliations had led me to the same opinion. 
I had the opportunity, and carried my inquiry still further ; I care- 
fully examined the surface and sections of the dermoid covering with 
low and with high microscopic powers, and with transmitted light, 
and as opake objects, with a view to discover any hair follicles or 
glandular bulbs from which hairs might have emanated, but could 
not discover a single indication of either, nor any recognizable vestige 
of their obliteration ;—I1 therefore believe the organs for pilous pro- 
duction were absent, and ab initio. These little animals having been 
found in a straw-rick, I conclude, will sufficiently indicate their habits 
and general resideuce to be similar to those of the common mouse. 

Note.—Having recently heard that a specimen of the same variety 
of Mus that I have described is preserved in the Museum of the 
College of Surgeons, I compared it with the examples I possess, and 
found it precisely the same in every character; it was caught by 
the late Mr. Clift in the fire-place of a room in his house in London, 
and is entered in the Catalogue of Monsters—‘‘ No. 121. A common 
Mouse (Mus Musculus), full-grown, which, from its birth, had not 
the slightest appearance of hair on its skin, being perfectly naked. 
Presented by Mr. Clift, 1820.” 


—_~ 


41 


3. DescrIPTION OF THE ANIMALS AND TEETH OF TYLODINA AND 
OTHER GENERA OF GASTEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA. 
By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P.B.S. erc. 


In the following paper I forward the description of the animal 
and the teeth of several genera of Mollusca which have not yet been 
recorded. It is interesting to find that the examination of the teeth 
justifies the position which was theoretically assumed for the genera 
in the different families before their teeth were known. 


A. ProsposciDIFERA HAMIGLOSSA. 
Fam. Muricipz&. 


Fusus patuinus (“ F. turbinelloides= Pyrula lignaria, Reeve’’). 

The proboscis elongate, cylindrical, subclavate, entirely retractile ; 
the lingual membrane elongate, narrow, yellow; teeth in three 
longitudinal series, 1*1‘1, the central transparent, provided with a 
rounded front edge, armed with three rather elongate, conical, sub- 
equal denticles ; the lateral teeth yellow, versatile, straight, with two 
compressed arched processes, the terminal one largest, the basal 
rather smaller, and with a small tooth on its outer edge. The oper- 
culum is horny, thick, ovate, subtrigonal, annular, as large as the 
mouth of the shell; the apex blunt, rather worn ; the nucleus api- 
cal, scar large oblong, with a thick callous exterior margin. 


TYPHIS TETRAPTERUS. 


Operculum horny, ovate, blunt, laminar ; nucleus anterior apical, 
as large as the mouth of the shell, rather broader behind. 


PIsANIA ELEGANS. Panama. 


The animal pale brown (in spirits) ; the foot folded up and across 
behind, and together longitudinally in front, leaving a J-shaped 
groove; tentacles very small; proboscis elongate, thick, clavate, en- 
tirely retractile; lingual membrane elongate, thin; teeth in three 
longitudinal rows, 1°1°1, central far apart from each other, and the 
lateral teeth, lunate, with a slightly denticulated, nearly straight, 
front edge, and a rather strong concave tooth at each end ; lateral 
teeth versatile, large, with a nearly equal basal and apical, conical, 
curved process. Male organ slender, elongate, tapering, yellow, 
compressed. Operculum ovate, acute, thick, horny, annular, nucleus 
apical. 


TRIUMPHIS DISTORTA. Panama. 


Lingual membrane elongate ; teeth in three longitudinal series, 
1-1-1; central teeth very small, far apart ; lateral large, versatile, 
with two basal unequal, and one larger terminal curved process. 
Operculum ovate, acute, very thick. 


42 


Cycutore (NASsSA) NERITINEA. 


Nucleus prominent above the surface of the apex of the semi-adult 
shell, turrited, spiral, dextral, of three or four transversely sulcated 
flat whorls, with a blunt tip, at length deciduous, leaving a flat, spiral, 
rather callous scar. The whorls of the shell of the hatched animal 
suddenly enlarged, thick ; smooth,spotted, forming a sudden contrast 
to the whorls of the nucleus. 

Risso formed a genus, name Nanina, from the young state of the 
shell. 


Fam. BuccinipD&. 
CuMA SULCATA. 


Operculum horny, ovate, triangular, with a deep notch on the 
middle of the broad side, with a broad callous margin on the inner 
angular edge of the inner surface. Body and foot with a deep groove 
on the inner side, formed by the fold on the inner lip of the shell, 
like the notch in the operculum ; foot folded up behind and together 
in front, forming a J-shaped groove, with a cross groove in front ; 
tentacles close together at the base, diverging, short, compressed, 
sharp-edged, eyes on the outer side near the tips, which are more 
slender and acute above them; proboscis moderately elongate, cylindri- 
cal, subclavate, completely retractile ; lingual membrane very narrow 
and elongate, horny; teeth dark-coloured when adult, in three longi- 
tudinal series, 1:1°1,; the central teeth broad, transverse, about. 
half the width of the lingual membrane, with seven distant conical 
denticulations on the front edge, the central denticle forming a con- 
tinued central ridge, the lateral denticulations unequal, the central 
of the three larger, the outer one on the outer margin of the tooth ; 
the lateral teeth small, conical, curved, acute, versatile with a simple 
rather elongate base. 


B. OponToGLossa. 
Fam. FASCIOLARIADZ. 


FAsCIOLARIA SALMO. 


Operculum ovate, acute, smooth, slightly concentrically wrinkled ; 
apex of this individual reproduced and rather rounded. Animal bright 
red; foot, when contracted, folded together transversely behind and 
longitudinally in front ; tentacles small, compressed, subulate, united 
together at the base, forming a small veil; eyes on the outer side, 
rather above the base, with a conical tentacle only slightly produced 
above the eyes; proboscis very long, slender, entirely retractile; lingual 
membrane very long, slender, with three longitudinal series of teeth in 
cross lines, 1*1+1, the central teeth narrow, square, with three small, 
subequal, acute denticulations, the central one rather the longest ; 
the lateral teeth very broad, slightly arched, and more arched at the 
outer end, with a series of twenty-five or thirty equal, regular, 
elongate, subulate teeth, somewhat like the teeth of a coarse hair- 
comb; the central teeth are opposite the space between the lateral 


43 


teeth, that is, alternating with them. Male organ elongate, subcylin- 
- drical, compressed, of the same diameter the whole length, rounded 
at the end with a slight groove on its outer edges, which is not con- 
tinued up the body as in Malea. 


LEUCOZONIA ANGULATA. 


Animal red; the foot, when contracted, folded up across behind, 
and longitudinally in front, leaving a J-shaped groove ; tentacles 
close together at their base, diverging, flat, with the eyes on the 
outer side rather below the tip, which is narrower and acute; pro- 
boscis completely retractile, clavate; lingual membrane elongate, 
rather narrow; teeth in three longitudinal series, the central series 
rather narrower than the lateral ones, square, with a rather arched 
anterior edge, with elongate, conical, acute denticulations, the central 
denticulation being the largest and longest; the lateral teeth bandlike, 
rather oblique, front edge with several distinct, conical, acute den- 
ticulations, the one at the edge of the inner margins near the central 
tooth being much the largest and longest ; operculum ovate, acute, 
thick ; nucleus apical. . 


C. TNIOGLOSSA. 
Fam. Do.ipz. 


The proboscis of this family is very long, large, and more or less 
dilated, with an open rather trumpet-like mouth at the end. 


MALEA RINGENS. 


Animal like Dolium. Lingual membrane narrow, elongate, wider 
in front ; teeth in seven longitudinal series, dark red, in each cross 
series, 3°1°3; the central teeth broad, lunate, thin, with a central 
recurved apex, and sometimes a small denticle for each side, halfway 
between the tooth and the end; the lateral teeth subulate, curved, 
acute at the top; cervical collar of two ovate, horny plates, covered 
with crowded converging subulate teeth; foot short, truncated in 
front, rounded behind; proboscis cylindrical, large, retractile into a 
sheath under the tentacular veil; mouth open at the end; tentacles 
subulate ; eyes on short tubercles at the outer hinder side. Male 
organ very large, compressed, with marginal groove on the outer side, 
continued up the right side of the body by the side of the rectum, 
and with a‘slender filiform appendage near the tip. Operculum 
none. 


Fam. TRITONIADZ. 


The animals of this family are intermediate in character between 
the Proboscidifere and the Rostrifere. The proboscis is larger and 
thicker than in the other families of the Proboscidifere, is not so 
much retracted, and is contained in a more free sheath, and the end 
of the retracted trunk is often partly exposed beyond the margin of 
the sheath, giving the animal somewhat the external appearance of 
the Rostrifere, and explaining why some of the French figures of 


44 


the animals of Triton, Ranella, &c. are represented as if they be- 
longed to that division of the Gasteropods. 


RANELLA CZELATA. 


Tentacles lateral, separated by a short, rather broad, truncated 
tubular veil; eyes on the outer side rather above the base; proboscis 
short, very large and thick, retracted to the edge of the veil, leaving 
the two rounded pale processes of its apex exposed, forming with the 
yeil a rostrum-like projection, very unlike the elongate, slender, 
cylindrical retracted proboscis of Murex, Purpura, &c.; lingual 
membrane narrow, elongate; teeth in seven series, 3°1°3, close 
together, rather crowded, the central rather narrow, with a central 
prominent denticle, having a smaller one on each side of the base; 
the lateral teeth subulate, curved. 


ScuTIBRANCHIATA RHIPIDOGLOSSA. 
Fam. TurRBINID&. 


ImpeRATOR, nis.? Panama. 


Eye-pedicel thick ; tentacles elongate, slender, frontal lappets trun- 
cated, broad at the base, about 1 the width of the forehead; foot 
folded longitudinally behind and transversely in front; lateral fringe 
of the right side most distinct; muzzle produced, annulated ; lingual 
membrane elongate, rather narrow, linear, dark brown; central teeth 
5-15, the middle one broad, the side ones narrower, square, all with 
a recurved tip; the lateral teeth numerous, hairlike, the inner one 
wider. 


CALLOPOMA SAxosuM. Panama. 


Foot folded across in the middle; back with a hoodlike process 
covering the front part of the operculum, and depositing the external 
callosity of it; eyes on short thick pedicels ; tentacles linear, at the 
upper edge of the eye-pedicel; frontal lappet truncated, narrow at 
the base, at the imer side of the base of the tentacles ; lateral fringe 
on each side, with three beards on the middle of the edge; lingual 
membrane broad, elongate ; central series 5-1°5; the central broad, 
with a recurved tip, the lateral one more narrow, equal ; the lateral 
teeth numerous, hairlike. 


Fam. TRocHID. 


TEGULA PELLIS SERPENTIS. Panama. 


Operculum horny, thin, orbicular, of many narrow, gradually en- 
larging whorls ; foot folded together longitudinally when contracted ; 
eyes on thin elongated pedicels ; tentacles linear, sheathed at the 
base by the inner part of the base of the eye-pedicels ; frontal lappet 
none; lateral fringe of left side distinct, with three beards just be- 
neath it; lingual membrane elongate, broad; teeth in ten longi- 
tudinal series, in arched cross rows, elongate, with a rounded apex ; 
lateral teeth linear, crowded, arched at the end. 


45 


Order PLEUROBRANCHIATA. 


Fam. APLYSIADZ. 
ApLyst4 DEPILANS ? Genoa. 


The small, polished, subglobular spiral (sinistral?) nucleus or 
apex of the older shell is, with the subapical part of the shell, co- 
vered with a membranaceous reflection of the inner lip over its sur- 
face, which is only slightly adherent to the surface of the shell and 
nucleus, and easily removed from it, but which gradually become 
thicker ; the top of the shell appears to be absorbed, or more or less 
obliterated in the older specimens. 

According to Mr. Woodward, Mr. Hancock has observed in the 
adult specimen two or three shells one within the other, like the Lol- 
gines or Sea slaves. . 


Fam. TyLoDINAD&. 


TYLODINA PuNCTULATA=T', Rajfinesquii, Philippi. 


Lingual membrane very broad, brown ; teeth small, uniform, very 
numerous, in very numerous longitudinal lines, forming straight con- 
tinued uniform lines across the membrane, with an indistinct central 
line; the tentacles subulate, slit on the outer side; the lips are 
produced and acute on each side, and twisted, leaving a slight 
eavity on the outer side of the tip; the mantle is thin, free all 
round the edge and slightly thickened just within the margin, 
rather thicker and more free over the front of the back; the gill 
is single on the hinder part of the right side just under the mantle, 
attached the whole of its length on the inner side by a central ridge 
to the side of the body; the outer side is furnished with a rather 
thick, rather zigzag central vessel, giving out pinnated vascular 
branches, nearly alternating with each other on each side of the great 
vessel; the foot is larger than the mantle and shell, expanded, rounded 
behind, truncated in front and slightly emarginate in the centre 
under the mouth; the sexual aperture not visible in the specimen 
in spirits. Shell conic, patelloid, thin, slightly pearly within, with a 
thin, hard, horny periostraca, which is produced beyond the edge of 
the shell, and radiately coloured, in the dry state brittle, hard, and 

ontracted ; the apex’ (of the shell) subcentral, with a rather pro- 

uced polished top, nucleus subglobose, with a slightly convex spire 
of one and a half or two rapidly enlarging subconvolute whorls ; 
aperture ovate, rather irregular, slightly dilated on the right side; 
cavity simple ; muscular scar subannular, with an angular inflection 
rather behind the middle of the right side, the form of the scar is varia- 
ble, sometimes square, broad all round; in the larger more developed 
specimens the scar is rather horse-shoe shaped, being rather dilated 
at the front part of each side, and the front portion over the back of 
the head is narrow, linear, and transverse. 

The genus was first established by Rafinesque in 1814 ; Blainville, 
who only knew it from Rafinesque’s imperfect descriptions, referred 
it to the Patelloida, but Menke, Philippi and Cantraine properly con- 
sidered it allied to Pleurobranchus, and especially Umbrella, and very 


46 


lately Dr. Lovén stated that it was allied to Turbonella (Index Moll.. 
Scand. 19). The examination of the teeth shows it to belong to the 
typical Pleurobranchiata, and the form and position of the gill its 
affinity with the genera Pleurobranchus and Umbrella; indeed it 
chiefly differs from the former genus in having an external conic 
patelloid shell, and from the latter ia the head being produced and 
the mouth not sunken in a deep anterior pit. 

In the British Museum there are two species of this genus. 

1. T. punctulata, Rafin., T. Rafinesquii, Philippi, T. cttrina, 
Joannis, Guérin, Mag. Zool. i. t. 36. 

Shell thin, whitish; periostraca hard, opake, with dark brown 
rays. Mediterranean. 

2. T. atlantica= Umbrella Mediterranea? MacAndrew, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. 

Shell solid, bright yellow ; periostraca—? N. Atlantic, Madeira. 


Fam. UMBRELLAD. 


UMBRELLA MEDITERRANEA. 

The nucleus of this genus is very like that of 7'ylodina, subglobose, 
polished, sinistral, of one and a half or almost two subcylindrical, ra- 
pidly enlarging whorls ; the adult shell is irregular in the outline 
and rather expanded on the hinder part of the right side, over the 
gills; the muscular scar is annular, continued, and of nearly uniform 
breadth, but slightly interrupted in various parts. The chief dif- 
ference between the shell of Tylodina and Umbrella is, that the shell 
of the former is more elevated, very thin, covered with a hard, rather 
paleaceous periostraca, and the muscular scar is furnished with an 
angular inflation on the hinder parts of the right side; a sinistral 
nucleus is found on several others; shells as the genera of Pyra- 
midellide. 


Fam. PRosERPINID2. 

PROSERPINA. 

Respiratory cavity open; mantle free from the back of the neck, 
with a double edge, the outer one rather reflexed; foot moderate,” 
truncated in front, acute, and keeled above behind; muzzle short, 
truncated, annulated, with a triangular inferior mouth; tentacles 
2, lateral, far apart, tapering and acute ; eyes moderate, sessile, at the 
outer side of the base of the tentacles ; the front part of the back of 
the foot concave, surrounded by a continuation of the mantle, form- 
ing a fleshy submarginal fringe, which is fuller (when contracted in 
spirits), crumpled and folded on itself on the left side. Operculum 
none. 


47 


4. Descriptions or Tuirty-rouR New Species oF BIvaLve 
Motuvsca (Leva, Nucuta, aNp PyrHiNA) FROM THE Cvu- 
MINGIAN CotLecTion. By Artruur Apams, F.L.S. Etc. 


£.%. 1. Pyruarna arcuata, A. Adams. 

P. testa transversa, elongata, inequilaterali, triangulari, latere 
antico breviore, subtruncato, ad umbonibus angulato, postico lon- 
giore, rotundato; margine ventrali arcuato, in medio sinuato, 
irregulariter hiante ; alba concentrice striata, epidermide fusca 
radiatim striata induta. . 

Hab. Isle of Zebu, adhering to Lingula anatina at the upper 

edge, sandy mud, 3 fathoms. Mus. Cuming. 

This is an arcuated triangular species with the anterior side of the 

valves angulated, and the surface covered with a fuscous epidermis 
striated towards the ventral margin. 


[f.%,. 2 Pyrurna Cumrinen, A. Adams. 


P. testa tenui, elongato-transversa, subtrigonali, equilaterali, um- 
bonibus acutis medianis, epidermide tenui virido-fusca mduta, 
concentrice striata, radiatim sulcata, sulcis ad marginem ven- 
tralem distinctioribus, umbonibus levigatis, corrosulis, margine 
ventrali in medio sinuato, intus inciso-crenulato. 

Hab. Gindulman, Isle of Bohol, sandy mud, 8 fathoms ; Him- 

mamailan, Isle of Negros, sandy mud, 3 fathoms. Mus. Cuming. 

This is the largest species of Pythina yet known, the transverse 

diameter being about one inch. The shell is thin, nearly smooth, 
and covered with a brownish-green epidermis, and with the surface 
near the beak eroded. 


i) 3. Pyraina pauta, A. Adams. 


P. testa parva, transverso-elongata, trigonali, equilaterali, ad um- 
bones subangulata, latere postico angustiore, antico rotundato ; 
concentrice striata, albida, epidermide tenui fulvicante induta ; 
margine ventrali sinuato, in medio excavato. 

Hab. Raimes Island, Torres Straits (Capt. Ince). Mus. Cuming. 

This is a small whitish species angulated near the beak and covered 

with a thin, pale yellowish epidermis. 


Bet. 4. Pyruina PecuLiaris, A. Adams. 


P. testa parva, transverso-elongata, equilaterali, triangulari, 
flexuosa, alba, concentrice striata, umbonibus minutis, medianis 
acutis, latere postico plica angulata obliqua instructo, margine 
ventrali medio valde sinuato. 

Hab. Ceylon (£. L. Layard, Esq.). Mus. Cuming. 

This species is of a very remarkable form, being slightly twisted 

laterally, and so deeply sinuated in the ventral margin as to appear 
bent on itself. 


5. PyrHINna TRIANGULARIS, A. Adams. 
P. testa parva, equilaterali, trigonali, alba, in medio linea impressa 


oes > 
> 
3 


48 


divisa, concentrice striata; umbonibus perparvis medianis ; 
margine ventrali hiante, rectiusculo, medio subsinuato. 
Hab. Bay of Manilla, sandy mud, 5 fathoms. Mus. Cuming. 
This is a small white triangular shell with an impressed line in 
the centre of the valves, and with the ventral margin gaping and 
nearly rectilinear, although it is slightly notched in the middle. 


6. Lepa evecta, A. Adams. 


L. testa elongato-transversa, compressa, vie equilaterali, lactea, 
solidiuscula, utrinque hiante; latere antico acuminato, rotun- 
dato, postico attenuato, rostrato, oblique subtruncato ; concen- 
trice tenuissime plicato-lirata ; plicis postice evanidis, distan- 
tioribus, margine ventrali arcuato. 

Hab. Santos, Brazil (Capt. Martin). Mus. Cuming. 

This is a very beautiful milk-white Leda, partakg, in many 

particulars, of the character of F. crenifera and JL. costellata, 
Sowerby. 


7. Leva siLiqua, Reeve. 


L. testa ventricosa, solidiuscula, subequilaterali, epidermide nitida 
fusca induta, concentrice tenuissime sulcata ; umbonibus pro- 
minentibus, ldtere antico rotundato, postico subrostrato, oblique 
truncato; area postica angulata, et carina obtusa ab umbonibus 
ad marginem ventralem extendente. 

Hab. Arctic Seas (Sir E. Belcher). Mus. Cuming. 

This is a fine pod-like Arctic species, covered with a dark fuscous 
epidermis, with the hinder side angulated and obliquely truncate, 
and with an obtuse ridge extending from the beaks to the ventral 
margin. 


8. Lepa concrnna, A. Adams. 


L. testa tenuiuscula, compressa, lateribus hiante, pallide fusca, con- 
centrice lirata, liris angustis, regularibus, subdistantibus; latere 
antico breviore ae rotundo, postico longiore ae rostrato; rostro 
producto, tenui, subrecurvato, truncato ; area lanceolata, an- 
gusta, carina crenata utriusque instructa. 

Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming. 

A rather thin compressed species slightly gaping at both ends, of 

a light brown colour, concentrically lirate, and with a slender beak 
truncate at the end. 


9. Lepa rnornata, A. Adams. 


L. testa transversa, triangulari, ovata, gibbosula, fusca; umbonibus 
albidis, erosis; concentrice valide sulcata, latere antico breviore 
et rotundato, postico acuminato, subrostrato ; area lanceolata, 
lata ad lateribus angulata, margine ventrali regulariter arcuato. 

Hab. New Guinea. Mus. Cuming. 

This species is founded on a small, rather gibbose shell, covered 

with a fuscous epidermis, from New Guinea, coarsely sulcate and 
slightly beaked posteriorly. 


49 


eo 


10. Lepa rastrpiosa, A. Adams. 
B.fis ; ey a 
| L. testa transversim ovata sordido albido-fusca concentrice lirata 
fusca, nitida, concentrice tenuiter et regulariter sulcata ; latere 
antico subproducto ac rotundato, postico angulato ac rostrato, 
rostro acuminato, margine ventrali postice subsinuoso et in 
medio subproducto. 
Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming. 
A shining, pale fuscous, ventricose species, very gibbose in the 
middle, and beautifully grooved transversely; the beak slender, 
pointed and recurved. 


11. Lepa BeLuuLa, A. Adams. 


L. testa transversim ovata, sordide albido-fusca, concentrice lirata, 
liris elevatiuseulis subdistantibus, umbonibus prominentibus ; 
latere antico rotundato, postico rostrato; rostro acuto, atte- 
nuato, recurvo ; area lanceolata, valde impressa, liris confertis 
marginata. 

Hab. Australia (Mr. Strange). Mus. Cuming. 

- This is a dull dirty white or light brown shell, concentrically lirate, 

and with a somewhat curved and pointed rostrum; the lanceolate 

area is deeply impressed, and has a prominent ridge on each side. 


3.M, 


12. Lepa 1nconspicua, A. Adams. 


L. testa transversim ovata, ventricosula, nitida, fusca, concentrice 
subtilissime sulcata; latere antico breviore et rotundato, postico 
longiore, subacuminato ac oblique subtruncato ; area lanceolata, 
obscura, nymphis prominentibus, margine ventrali regulariter 
arcuato. 

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming. 

A shining light-brown species, rather ventricose concentrically, 

very finely sulcate, with the posterior side produced attenuated, and 
with the end obliquely truncate. 


13. Lepa tucusris, A. Adams. 


L. testa solida, subgibbosa, triangulari-ovata, nigro-fusca; latere 
antico declivo, lunula lanceolato-cordata,impressa; latere postico 
acuminato ac breviter rostrato; area lanceolata, lata, levi ; 
concentrice lirata, liris validis distantibus postice flexuosis ; 
margine ventrali simplict. 

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming. 

A dark, fuscous, solid shell, having very much the aspect of a 

Crassatella, with a broad impressed lunule and strong flexuous 
plice. 


14. Lepa Leprpa, A. Adams. 


L. testa transversim ovata, ventricosa, nitida, pallide fulva, con- 
centrice tenuiter sulcata ; latere antico breviore et rotundato, 


No. CCCIV.—ProceeEpiInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


50 


postico longiore, superne subangulato, inferne oblique rotundato; 
area lanceolata, utrinque carinata. 
Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming. 
This is a shining, pale fulvous, finely sulcate species, with the 
hinder side rather acutely angulated above and obliquely rounded 
below, and with the lanceolate area ridged on each side. 


15. Lepa pecora, A. Adams. 

L. testa transverso-oblonga, crassa, solida, utrinque subhiante, 
sordide alba, conferte et valde concentrice suleata; latere antico 
rotundato, postico rostrato; rostro recurvato et oblique subtrun- 
cato; area lanceolata, depressa, carina valida crenata utriusque 
instructa. 

Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming. 

A transversely elongate species, with a strong crenate keel on each 

side of the lozenge, and somewhat resembling in appearance the 
L. crenifera of Sowerby. 


16. Lepa ruLeipa, A. Adams. 


L. testa transversim ovata, levi, pallide fusca, micante, perventri- 
cosa; antice breviore et rotundata, postice acuminata et rostrata; 
rostro subrecurvo, margine ventrali regulariter arcuato. 

Hab. Port Essington. Mus. Cuming. 

This is a smooth, shining, pale-brown shell, very ventricose, 
rounded and short anteriorly and rostrate posteriorly, and with the 
rostrum rather recurved. 

17. Lepa semisuLceata, A. Adams. 

L. testa transversim oblonga, compressiuscula, lactea, nitida, con- 
centrice sulcata, sulcis ad partem posticam obsoletis ; umbonibus 
acutis, subcentralibus; latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico 
acuminato, non producto; nymphis prominentibus, oblique sul- 
catis ; margine ventrali regulariter arcuato. 

Hab. Borneo. Mus. Cuming. 

A shining, rather compressed, milk-white shell, with the sulci 

obsolete on the posterior half, and with the hind side acuminate but 
not produced. 


18. Lepa piicireRA, A. Adams. 


L. testa transverso-oblonga, alba, nitida, subventricosa, oblique 
suleata ; latere antico rotundato, plicis 3-4 validis radiantibus 
instructo, latere postico carina obliqua ab umbonibus ad mar- 
ginem ventralem extendente; area lanceolata, carina crenata 
duplici utrinque instructa; margine postico truncato et valde 
emarginato, margine valvarum simplict. 

Hab. China Seas. Mus. Cuming. 

Strongly notched at the hind margin, and with three or four plicee 

at the anterior part, and with a double crenate keel on each side of 
the lunule. 


19. Youpra LEPIDULA, A. Adams. 
Y. testa transversa, oblonga, utrinque hiante, tenui, inequilateralt; 


51 


latere antico breviore rotundato, postico longiore, subangulato; 
pallide fusca, nitida, tenuiter concentrice sulcata, margine 
ventrali regulariter arcuato. 
Hab. Coast of Borneo. Mus. Cuming. 
A thin pale-brown species, with the hind side rather angulated, but 
not distinctly rostrate. 


20. Nucuxa Bettotiu, A. Adams. 


N. testa oblique ovata, ventricosa, valde inequilaterali; latere 
antico breviore; lunula cordata, conspicua ; umbonibus erosis ; 
epidermide crassa, nitida, olivacea induta, concentrice plicata, 
plicis validioribus ad marginem ventralem; area postica et 
antica pallidis. 

Hab. Arctic Seas (Sir E. Belcher). Mus. Cuming. 

The beaks are much eroded, and the valves are strongly plicate 
towards the ventral margin. I have dedicated this fine Arctic species 
to the memory of the gallant Bellot, who unfortunately lost his life 
in the search after Sir John Franklin and his brave companions. 


Bw 21. Nucuxa nirrpuLa, A. Adams. 


N. testa perobliqua, gibbosa ; latere antico obiique subtruncato, 
postico rotundato, producto; nitida, obscure sulcata, sub lente 
radiatim striata; umbonibus subacutis; pallide fusca, margine 
valvarum tenuiter crenulata. 

Hab. New Zealand. 

A very oblique gibbose species, radiately striated under the lens, 

and produced and rounded posteriorly; it is obscurely concentrically 
sulcate. 


22. Nucuua Layarpu, A. Adams. 


N. testa transversim ovata, compressiuscula, nitida vix levi, ob- 
solete concentrice sulcata; umbonibus margaritaceis ; latere an- 
tico breviore exeavato, ad partem ventralem subproducto ; pal- 
lide viridi-fusca, margine valvarum simplict. 

Hab. Ceylon (£. L. Layard, Esq.). Mus. Cuming. 

A pale greenish-brown Nucula, with the anterior side short and 

excavated, and the surface obscurely sulcate. 


- 23. Nucuta MarGaRiITAceA, A. Adams. 

N. testa transversim ovata, sublevi, nacrea splendida tenuiter 
concentrice obsoletim striata; lunula et area lanceolata in 
medio prominentibus ; latere antico subangulato et producto, 
margine valvarum simplici. 

Hab. Malacca (Dr. Traill). Mus. Cuming. 

This is a rather smooth ovate species, glistening with a nacreous 

lustre, especially towards the beaks. 


24. Nucuua PayTENsIs, A. Adams. 


N. testa perobliqua, transversim ovata, gibbosa; latere antico 
brevissimo ; epidermide fusca induta ; lunula et area lanceolata, 


52 


valde transversim sulcatis, concentrice sulcata, decussatim stri- 
ata,umbonibus erosiusculis, margine ventrali tenuiter crenulata. 
Hab. Payta, Peru. Mus. Cuming. 
A very oblique, ovate, gibbose species, concentrically grooved and 
decussately striated. 


25. Nucuwa cipsa, A. Adams. 


N. testa perobliqua, solida, gibbosa, pallide fusca; latere antico ab- 
rupte truncato; lunula lata, cordata; area lanceolata, utrinque 
serie tuberculorum transversorum instructa; levi, nitida, obso- 
lete radiatim striata, margine valvarum valde crenulato. 

Hab. Australia (Mr. Strange). Mus. Cuming. 

This is a very oblique, solid, gibbose species, with a wide cordate 

lunule, and with a row of transverse tubercles on each side of the 
lanceolate area. 


26. NucuLa crENuLATA, A. Adams. 


N. testa perobliqua, transversim ovata, fusca; latere postico pro- 
ducto, rotundato ; area lanceolata, transversim valde sulcata ; 
concentrice valde sulcata, interstitiis striis radiantibus crenu- 
latis, pallide fusca; margine crenulato. 

Hab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Cuming. 


27. Nucuua simpLex, A. Adams. 


N. testa oblique ovata, tenui, compressa, pallide olivacea, viz levi, 
concentrice obsolete striata; lunula lanceolata; nymphis pro- 
minulis ; latere postico producto, rotundato, margine valvarum 
simplict. 

Hab. Sydney (Mr. Strange). Mus. Cuming, 

Like N. Strangei, but with the anterior side shorter and more 

truncate. 


28. Nucuua SrranGet, A. Adams. 


N. testa oblique ovata, inequilaterali, subcompressa ; epidermide 
nitida, aureo-viridi induta ; latere antico breviore, ad lunulam 
excavato, postico longiore rotundato ; area lanceolata, elevata, 
superficie obscure concentrice sulcata. 

Hab. New Zealand (Mr. Strange). Mus. Cuming. 


29. NucuLa PAULULA, A. Adams. 


N. testa perobliqua, gibbosula, latere antico declivi, umbonibus 
erosulis; fusca, concentrice irregulariter sulcata; latere postico 
rotundo et producto, margine ventrali crenulato. 

Hab. Japan. Mus. Cuming. 

A small brown, very inequivalve, solid, gibbose species. 


30. Nucuta striouata, A. Adams. 


N. testa compressiuscula, oblique ovata, umbonibus subacutis, 
pallide olivacea, obsolete concentrice sulcata, valde radiatim 
striata; margine ventrali crenulato. 

Hab. China Seas. Mus. Cuming. 


53 


31. Nucuwa suucata, A. Adams. 


N. testa valde convexa, oblique ovata, umbonibus prominulis, latere 
antico breviore rotundato; pallide olivacea, concentrice valde 
sulcata, radiatim striata, striis ad marginem valvarum validi- 
oribus ; margine valvarum crenulato. 


Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming. 


B-M. 32. Nucuua castanea, A. Adams. 


N. testa ovali, perobliqua, subcompressa, eastanea, latere antico 
breviore truncato, lunula in medio prominenti, latere postico 
declivi, rotundo; vix levi, obsolete concentrice suleata, obscure 
radiatim striata ; margine valvarum creberrime crenulato. 

Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming. 

An oval, very oblique, rather compressed Nucula, with the anterior 

side truncate and the lunule prominent in the middle, nearly smooth, 
but obsoletely striated, and with the margin very finely crenulated. 


33. Mactra Maria, A. Adams. 


M. testa ovato-transversa, compressiuscula, solida, inequilaterali, 
latere antico paulo breviore, epidermide olivaceo-fulvicante 
induta, maculis rotundatis conglomeratis et distinctis rufo-fuscis 
trregulariter picta, umbonibus albidis, transversim sulcata, 
sulcis postice corrugato-plicatis ; lunula areaque sulcatis; intus 
alba; pallii impressione margine inferiore remoto, sinu profundo, 
oblique triangulari. 

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming. 

This is a large and handsome species ef Mactra, ornamented with 

rounded, distinct, and oblong conglomerate spots, which are most 
numerous towards the beaks. 


34. ScRoBICULARIA SEYCHELLARUM, A. Adams. 


S. testa transversim ovata, inequilaterali, latere antico breviore 
rotundato, postico longiore declivi, subattenuato et rostrato, 
utrinque viz flecuoso, lactea, nitida, suleis concentricis posticis 
et obliquis anticis divaricatim sculpta ; cardine ligamento ex- 
terno, cartilagine interno in fossa obliqua prominenti posito ; 
sinu pallit impressionis valido et profundo. 

Hab. Seychelles (— Ricketts, Esq.). Mus. Cuming. 

This is a very peculiar shell, with the generic characters of Sero- 
bicularia, or rather those of the subgenus forming the Capsa of 
Bose, or Serobicularia b. of Schumacher, and which are usually re- 

- garded as Tellinas. 


5. OBSERVATIONS ON STRONGYLUS FILARIA AND BoTauRus 
STELLARIS. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D. 


Dr. Crisp exhibited specimens and drawings of Strongylus filaria, 
which he discovered had lately proved so destructive to lambs in 


54 


many parts of England. In several lambs examined by Dr. Crisp 
millions of these entozoa and their ova were found in the bronchial 
tubes and in the intestinal canal, and he believed that many of 
the ova of these worms had been mistaken for Cysticerci; but the 
various stages of development could be readily traced under the 
microscope. Dr. Crisp had tried many experiments on the living 
worms as to the effect of poisons and other agents, and he believed 
that salt or sulphur given with the food, and the inhalation of sul- 
phurous gas, under proper superintendence, would be the most 
likely means of destroying these parasites. 

Dr. Crisp also placed on the table some parts of the anatomy of 
the Common Bittern (Botaurus stellaris), two of which birds (now 
comparatively rare) had recently been shot on the eastern coast of 
Suffolk. The bird from which the specimens were taken was a fine 
male, measuring from the tip of each wing 4 feet 1 inch, and from 
the point of the beak (when extended) to the lower part of the 
tarsus 3 feet. Among the peculiarities alluded to, was the smallness 
of the sternum, which measured only 3 inches longitudinally ; the 
depth of keel only 3 of an inch, and the lateral margins the same. 
The trachea measured twelve inches in length, and consisted of 198 
imperfect rings; the bronchi of 20 semicircular elastic cartilages, 
readily approximated, and hence the production of the peculiar 
sound from which the bird takes its name. The stomach which was 
exhibited was large, and contained near its cardiac orifice a circle of 
gastric glands. A roach, weighing about four ounces, was digested 
at this part, but the tail, which was in the cesophagus, was intact. 
To show the voracity and capacity of swallow of this bird, Dr. Crisp 
said, that Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Yarrell had both taken a Water 
Rail from the stomach and cesophagus, and in Mr. Yarrell’s speci- 
men there were six small fish in addition. The pectinated claw was 
also exhibited, Dr. Crisp believing that it served for the purpose of 
cleaning the beak and mouth of the bird. 


April 8, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On Dryornis (Part VII.): conrainine a Descriprion oF 
THE BoNES OF THE LEG AND Foor or THE DINORNIS ELE- 
PHANTOPUS, Owen. By Pror. Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. 


Mr. Walter Mantell having, on his recent return from New Zea- 
land, provisionally deposited his very extensive collection of remains 
of Dinornithic and other birds in the British Museum, I have gladly 


al 


55 


acceded to the wishes of that successful: and enterprising collector, 
and of my friend the able Keeper of the Mineralogical Department 
of the Museum, to devote the leisure at my command to the exami- 
nation of this interesting and valuable collection. 

I had advanced as far as the determination of the bones of the leg, 
and their classification according to their species, when the distinctive 
characters of one series of these bones irresistibly brought a convic- 
tion that they belonged to a species of Dinornis that had not pre- 
viously come under my notice, and a species also which, for the 
massive strength of the limbs and the general proportions of breadth 
or bulk to height of body, must have been the most extraordinary 
of all the previously restored wingless birds of New Zealand, and 
unmatched, probably, by any known recent or extinct species of this 
class of birds. 

I was so much struck by the form and proportions of the meta- 
tarsal bone described in the memoir read to the Zoological Society, 
June 23, 1846, and figured in pl. 48, figs. 4 and 5, vol. iii. of the 
‘ Zoological Transactions,’ that I alluded to it as “‘ representing the 
pachydermal type and proportions in the feathered class*,”” and the 
bone unquestionably indicated at that period “the strongest and 
most robust of birds.’’ By the side of the metatarsus of the species 
which I have now to describe, and for which I propose the name of 
elephantopus, that of the Dinornis crassus, however, shrinks to 
moderate, if not slender dimensions. But the peculiarities of the 
elephant-footed Dinornis stand out still more conspicuously when 
the bones of its lower limbs are contrasted with those of the Dinornis 
giganteus. 

I propose, in the present memoir, to combine with the account of 
the leg- and foot-bones of the Dinornis elephantopus, that of the 
bones of the lower limb of the Dinornis crassus, which had not pre- 
viously been described, and to bring out their characteristics by 
comparison with the bones of other species, especially those of the 
Dinornis robustus. 

Commencing with the femur, I shall premise the following table 
of admeasurements of that bone in Dinornis :— 


Dimensions of the femur in ......... D. robustus. | D. elephantopus. | D. crassus. 
; In. Lines.| In. Lines. | In. Lines. 
SME byddwch secedssaeeebd. 2 te tes 14 2 13 0/11 10 
Transverse breadth of proximal end 6 0 5 10 4 5 
Fore-and-aft breadth of do...... 5 0 4 5 3 9 
Transverse breadth of distalend ... 6 0 5 11 4 7 
Fore-and-aft breadth of do......... 4 3 3 9 3 5 
Circumference, least, of shaft ...... 7 10 7 9 6 0 


The above comparative dimensions bring out the characteristic 
proportions of the femur of the Dinornis elephantopus, as shown b 
its greater thickness and strength. As compared with the femur of 
the Dinornis robustus, this character is remarkably exemplified on a 
comparison of their articular extremities. Had these parts alone 
of the Dinornis elephantopus been preserved and submitted to me, I 


* Ib. p. 325. 


56 


should have scarcely ventured upon a conclusion as to their specific 
distinction from the Dinornis giganteus or Dinornis robustus, the 
correspondence of configuration being so close, and the difference of 
size so slight. 

The articular surface is continued from the head upon the upper 
part of the neck, expanding as it approaches the great trochan- 
ter, along the summit of which it is terminated by a ridge. In 
both species the surface for attachment of the ligamentum teres is 
formed, as it were, by a portion of the inner and back part of the 
hemisphere having been cut off obliquely with a slight excavation. 
The corresponding ligamentous surface in the head of the femur of 
the Dinernis crassus is relatively smaller, less depressed and less 
defined. The upper and fore part of the trochanter is less produced 
relatively to the breadth of the supra-trochanterian articular surface 
in the Dinornis elephantopus. In this species the sub-circular rough 
surface for the attachment of the i/iacus internus muscle is relatively 
nearer to the head of the bone than in the Dinornis robustus ; the 
rugged and thick fore part of the great trochanter descends lower 
upon the shaft; indeed, the shortness of the entire bone seems to 
depend chiefly on the shaft being relatively shorter in the Dinornis 
elephantopus. The intermuscular ridge continued from the tro- 
chanterian one seems to bifurcate sooner in the Dinornis elephantopus. 
The depression behind the trochanterian ridge is less deep in the 
Dinornis elephantopus. The oblique rotular channel is relatively as 
wide and deep as in the Dinornis robustus, but the inner boundary 
formed by the fore part of the inner condyle is shorter. 

At the back part of the shaft the medullo-arterial foramen is 
relatively nearer the proximal end of the bone; the two tuberosities 
below this are closer together. The two sides of the fibular groove 
are at a more open angle, and the groove is less deep in the Dinornis 
elephantopus, the outer side being less produced. 

The antero-posterior breadth of the outer and inner condyles is 
equal in the Dinornis elephantopus as in the Dinornis robustus ; but 
in the Dinornis crassus that dimension of the outer condyle exceeds 
the same dimension in the inner one, and the fibular groove is more 
open or shallow than in the Dinornis elephantopus. 

The generic modifications of the femur are, however, very closely 
preserved in each species, being strictly of the type ascribed to the 
genus Dinornis in my original memoir, Zool. Trans, vol. iii. p. 247. 


Dimensions of the tibia in ......... D. robustus. | D.elephantopus.| D. crassus. 
Ft. In. Limes.| Ft. In. Lines. | Ft. In. a 
s tities | eal | 17 “6 
Pinning See ct PT a Yt ge f cae 
vi * 
Transverse breadth of proximal end (BT { 7 j 6 2 
* 
Fore-and-aft breadth of _ do....... 4 9 < : } Ame 
Least circumference of shaft......... 6 9 6.7. D 410 
ok 
_ Transverse breadth of distal end... 4 4 i a } 33 


* The extremes of size in a series of several bones are here given. 


57 


The characters of the upper end of the tibia of the Dinornis 
elephantopus closely accord with those of the Dinornis robustus, 
and the difference of size, as exemplified in the foregoing table, is so 
slight, that had this extremity only of the bone reached me, I should 
most probably have referred it to the Dinornis robustus. The 
almost flat articular surface for the inner condyle of the femur is 
somewhat less in its shorter diameter ; the epicnemial ridge is less 
extended transversely ; the ectocnemial ridge curves more strongly 
outwards ; but there are individual varieties in all these characters in 
the tibize before me. All the tibize, however, differ in the earlier sub- 
sidence of the ridge continued downwards from the procnemial plate, 
which ridge is continued in Dinornis robustus uninterrupted by that 
above the inner division of the distal trochlea. The space between 
the ecto- and pro-cnemial plates in the Dinornis crassus is relatively 
greater than im either of the above larger species ; the ridge con- 
tinued from the procnemial plate is interrupted as in the Dinornis 
elephantopus. The fore part of the tibia internal to the procnemial 
ridge is impressed by irregular vascular grooves. The fibular ridge 
is interrupted by a smooth tract, in or near which is the orifice of 
the canal for the obliquely descending medullary artery in all the 
‘species of Dinornis. The upper division of the ridge is shorter in 
the Dinornis elephantopus than in the Dinornis robustus, and rela- 
tively shorter than in the Dinornis crassus. The surface between 
the fibular ridge and the inner border of the shaft at the back part 
is concave transversely in Dinornis elephantopus, not merely flat as 
in Dinornis robustus and Dinornis crassus, and, as it descends, it 
continues longer a flat surface before it changes gradually to a convex 
one. The oblong rough insertional surface above the inner condyle 
is relatively shorter and better defined in the Dinornis elephantopus 
than in the Dinornis robustus. On the characteristic fore part of 
the lower end of the tibia, that bone in the Dinornis elephantopus 
repeats all the modifications ascribed to the Dinornis in my memoir 
on the Gastornis, or large fossil bird from the Paris eocene*. 

The tendinal canal inclines obliquely inwards parallel with the 
inner border of the expanding end, near which it is placed; the bony 
bridge spans across it from a flattened tubercle developed from the 
lower part of the outer pier. The outlet of the canal is as wide as 
in the Dinornis robustus ; its aspect is obliquely forwards and down- 
wards. External to the tubercle is an oblique rough depression, 
relatively narrower and better defined than in the Dinornis robustus. 
The inner condyle is relatively narrower and more produced forwards 
than in the Dinornis robustus, resembling more the proportions of 
that part in the Dinornis crassus. The general form and oblique 
direction of the wide distal trochlear articulation are closely repeated 
in all the species, the canal being rather more sharply defined behind 
in the Dinornis elephantopus than in the Dinornis robustus. The 
depression on the entocondyloid surface is less deep in the Dinornis 
elephantopus than in the Dinornis robustus. 

The above-specified differences, as well as all that I have noticed in 

* * Proceedings of the Geological Society.’ 


58 


the tibize of other species of Dinornis, are so inferior in degree to 
those which I have found in closely allied genera, and eyen in dif- 
ferent species of the same genus, of other large Jand- and wading- 
birds, as e.g. in species of Ciconia, and in the existing Struthious 
genera, as to leave a strong impression on my mind of the generic 
affinity of the species which I have referred to Dinornis and Pala- 
pteryz, and which species have been divided, with a more liberal 
imposition of terms, by Dr. Reichenbach into the nominal genera 
Anomalopteryx, Movia, Emeus, Syornis, &c., no additional facts or 
characters being given by that nomenclator than are to be found in 
the pages or plates of my own memoirs. 

The fibula of the Dinornis elephantopus remains, as in other 
Dinornithes, and as in the existing struthious genera, permanently 
distinct from the tibia; as a general rule in birds, it soon becomes 
anchylosed to that bone. In the species now defined it is a straight 
styliform bone, 14 inches 6 lines in length. The head is subcom- 
pressed and produced, as if slightly bent backwards; the upper arti- 
cular surface is convex from before backwards, almost fiat trans- 
versely. The head of the bone is flattened on the inner side, almost 
flat, but a little convex on the outer side. The fore-and-aft dimen- 
sion is 2 inches 9 lines, the transverse diameter 1 inch 3 lines. Be- 
low the head the bone assumes a trihedral form, with the sides 
convex, gradually tapering, and blending into a shape elliptic in 
transverse section, and ending in a point about 9 inches above the 
ankle-joint. The outer surface of the shaft of the fibula is impressed 
by two oblong rough surfaces for the insertion of muscles, the upper 
one 2 inches 9 lines in length; the inner part, which is ridge-like, 
dividing the fore from the back surface of the bone, presents a rough 
surface with a median interruption, for the ligamentous attachment 
to the fibular ridge of the tibia. 


Dimensions of the Metatarse of..... aH gigan- D.robustus, D.elephan- D. erassus. 
eus. 


topus. 
In. Lines.| In. Lines. In. Lines. In. Lines, 
iON Ets oesebcidawestne «ppupwisuraesessbueene 18 6 5 9 3 8 8 
Transverse breadth of proximalend ... 4 3 4 4 3 3.3 
Transverse breadth of distal end......... sd! 5 3 54 Set J 
Least breadth of shaft............600..0005 23 2°'0 2.5 Bug 
Fore-and-aft breadth of proximal end... 3 2 3 2 2 10 2 5 
Circumference of ditto............seeeeeees 12 0 12..9 en) 9 3 
Least circumference of shaft ...........- 6 3 aS: 6 6 4 6 
Breadth of middle trochlea............... 1 10 yi rps i pag 
Length of do. following the curve ...... i 5 4 5 3 4 0 


I had hitherto regarded the metatarse of the Dinornis crassus 
(Zoological Transactions, vol. iii. pl. 48, figs. 4 and 5), as presenting 
the most extraordinary form and proportions of all the restored 
species of huge wingless birds of New Zealand; but it is strikingly 
surpassed in robustness and in great relative breadth and thickness 
by the same bone of the present species, which chiefly on that 
account I have proposed to name elephantopus. Only in the great 
Maccaws and Penguins do I know of a metatarse with similar pro- 
portions to that of this most robust-legged of birds. But the Parrot 


anita 


Mi 


59 


tribe present those peculiar modifications of the distal trochlez, with 
the strong articulation for the back toe, which relate to the scan- 
sorial modifications of the bird’s foot; and the Penguins associate 
with their broad and short metatarse a characteristic retention of 
much of the primitive separation of the three constituent bones. In 
the Dinornis elephantopus these elements have become as completely 
coalesced as in any other species, and the general characters of both 
proximal and distal ends accord with those in previously described 
species. On a more special comparison of the metatarse of the 
Dinornis elephantopus with that of its nearest congener, the Dinornis 
erassus, the following differences present themselves :—The ento- 
condyloid depression is deeper, its fore-and-aft diameter is greater, 
and its transverse diameter less, than in the ectocondyloid one; but 
the breadth of the entocondyloid depression is relatively greater, and 
its depth somewhat less in the Dinornis elephantopus than in the 
Dinornis crassus. The transverse convexity dividing the two con- 
dyloid depressions is relatively broader in the Dinornis elephantopus ; 
and the rough surface external to the anterior intercondyloid pro- 
minence is more strongly marked. The two calcaneal ridges present 
an equal prominence in Dinornis elephantopus; the ectocalcaneal 
one is the more prominent in Dinornis crassus. The anterior surface 
of the metatarse differs chiefly in the proportions indicated in the 
table of admeasurements from that in the Dinornis crassus; like 
most of the metatarses of that species, one or more vascular foramina 
occur above the subcircular rough surface of insertion of the flexor 
pedis, which occupies the lower part of the shallow depression in 
the upper and fore part of the shaft. Along the lower half of the 
shaft, the median longitudinal, and progressively widening pro- 
minence, due to the middle of the coalesced metatarsal bones, is 
rather more marked than in Dinornis crassus. The imner side of 
the shaft is marked at its upper half by the oblique rough tract 
indicative of the insertion of the powerful aponeurosis of the gastro- 
cnemii muscles. At the back surface the upper part of the middle 
metatarsal is relatively less prominent than in Dinornis crassus. 
The two vascular foramina occupy corresponding relative positions. 
All other notable differences are those of size and proportion. 

From the metatarse of the Dinornis robustus that of the Dinornis 
elephantopus differs most strikingly in its proportions of length to 
breadth, being little more than half the length, but of nearly equal 
breadth ; the distant trochleze, however, being relatively less ex- 
panded than in the Dinornis robustus. 

The anterior vascular perforation is less than in the Dinornis ro- 
bustus; the insertional roughness for the tibialis anticus below the 
foramen is of equal size. ‘The upper half of the fore part of the 
metatarse of the Dinornis robustus is longitudinally channeled in the 
Dinornis robustus, not in the Dinornis elephantopus. The corre- 
sponding part of the back part of the shaft is much more prominent 
in the Dinornis robustus. The characteristics of the metatarse of 
the Dinornis elephantopus are more strongly manifested in the 
comparison with that of the Dinornis giganteus, of which bone 


60 


it has only half the length, other dimensions being equal or even 
greater. 

Of the depression, which is very faint, in the Dinornis robustus for 
the ligamentous attachment of the rudimental back toe there is no 
trace in the metatarse of the D. elephantopus. 

The bones of the foot I shali compare with those of the Dinornis 
robustus,* to which they make the nearest approach in size. Equal- 
ling, or nearly equalling, the phalanges of that bird in breadth and 
thickness, they differ chiefly in shortness, but in a less degree than 
the metatarsi differ. These proportional characters of the species are 
best and easiest given in the plates. A few minor differences, how- 
ever, may be noticed: the outer portion of the proximal end of the 
first phalanx of the inner toe is broader in proportion to its fore-and- 
aft diameter in Dinornis elephantopus. ‘The inner portion of the 
proximal end of the first phalanx of the outer toe presents the like 
difference: the general form of that articular surface is less triangu- 
lar and more oval in both the specified phalanges of the Dinornis 
elephantopus, one, the under side, being indented as usual in the 
proximal phalanges of the inner and outer toes. 

The modifications in the other phalanges, besides those of size and 
proportion, are not greater or other than might be expected in dif- 
terent species of the same genus. 

The first evidence of the Dinornis crassus reached me from a tur- 
bany deposit at Waikawaite, in the Middle Island ; it formed part of 
the collection there made by Mr. Earl. I have never received any 
evidence of the species from the North Island. 

In like manner the bones of the much larger bird, which I have 
called Dinornis robustus, and which I was formerly inclined to regard 
as a variety of the Dinornis giganteus, appear to be peculiar to the 
Middle Island; or at least have not hitherto been found in any 
locality of the North Island. 

The richer series of illustrations of both the Dinornis robustus and 
Dinornis crassus in the collection of Mr. Walter Mantell are from 
localities in the Middle Island; and the abundant illustrations of the 
Dinornis elephantopus are exclusively from one locality in that island ; 
they were obtained at Ruamoa, three miles south of Oamaru Point, 
or that called the ‘ Vast Rocky Head’ in the new Admiralty map. 
This fact might give rise to the idea that the original range or locality 
of the Dinornis elephantopus had been a restricted one, unless, at 
the period when the species flourished, the geographical extent of the 
Middle Island was widely different from what it now is. Yet Mr. 
W. Mantell has obtained strong, if not unequivocal evidence, that the 
Dinornis elephantopus and Dinornis crassus existed contempora- 
neously with Maori natives. The bones described in the foregoing 
pages are in a recent and most perfect condition. They retain the 
usual proportion of animal matter and have undergone no mineral 
change. 

From the sum of our present information respecting the localities of 
the several species of Dinornithide, we may infer that most, if not all, 


* See Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. pl. 1. 


61 


the species of the North Island were distinct from those of the South 
Island. To birds that could neither fly nor swim—at least swim well, 
—the channel called Cook’s Straits would prove an effectual bar to 
any migration from one island to another. With each successive 
addition of materials tor a complete history of this most remarkable 
family of birds, I feel, however, chiefly impressed with the con- 
viction of how little comparatively we still know respecting them, 
and how much more is likely, through the enlightened co-operation - 
of active, resolute, and accomplished explorers, like Mr. Walter 
Mantell, to be, hereafter, contributed towards a perfect history of the 
New Zealand wingless birds. 

Of the very remarkable species of Dinornis based upon the 
powerfully developed limbs, the bones of which are described in 
the foregoing pages, Mr. Mantell’s collection includes right and left 
femora, right and left tibie, right and left fibule, right and left 
metatarsi, and a considerable collection of toe-bones, from which, 
probably, other entire feet might be reconstructed, in addition to 
the one of the left foot now submitted to the Society. There are 
also the two femora and the two metatarsi of an immature bird, 
apparently, by their proportions, from one individual, to which may 
also belong the proximal end of a tibia, wanting the articular epi- 
physis. The femora, as in the other birds, retain the two articular 
ends, which are simply rougher than in the adult, having been 
covered by a thicker cartilage, but are not developed upon distinct 
osseous pieces, as in land mammals. The proximal epiphysis is 
wanting in both the immature metatarsi, exhibiting the separate ex- 
panded ends of the three constituent bones terminating in the three 
prominent trochleze below. The length of the femur of this young 
bird is 11 inches, that of the metatarse 7} inches. They already 
present the characteristic robustness of the adult bird*. 


2. On a NEW TuRKEY, MELEAGRIS MEXICANA. 
By J. Gouxp, Esa., F.R.S., &e. 


In the lapse of time the origin of several of the animals which man 
has subjected to his dominion, and which are of the greatest service 
to his necessities or his pleasures, has become involved in obscurity. 
As instances in point we may cite among quadrupeds the Camel, the 
Horse, the Dog, &c., and among birds the various Gallinacee, Ana- 
tide and Columbide, all of which were derived from Asia. ‘The pro- 
ductions of the New World have not yielded such ready obedience 
to his sway, since no one of its quadrupeds has yet been domesticated, 
and only one of its birds—the Turkey ; but a like fate, if I mistake 
not, has attended the origin of this solitary acquisition, which, 
although the bird has not been known to us more than 300 years, 
is equally wrapped in uncertainty.. 


* This paper will appear in the Transactions of the Society, illustrated with 
figures of the bones. 


62 


‘So involved in obscurity,” says Mr. Martin, “is the early 
history of the Turkey, and so ignorant do the writers of the six- 
teenth and seventeeth centuries appear to have been about it, that 
they have regarded it as a bird known to the ancients by the name 
of ‘ Meleagris,’ namely, the Guinea-fowl or Pintado, a mistake which 
was not cleared up until the middle of the eighteenth century. The 
appellation of Turkey which the bird bears in our country, arose, 
according to Willoughby, from a supposition that it came originally 
from the country so called. Mexico was first discovered by Grijalva 
in 1518. Oviedo speaks of the Turkey as a kind of peacock abound- 
ing in New Spain, which had already, in 1526, been transported in a 
domestic state to the islands and the Spanish Main, where it was 
kept by the Christian colonists. It is reported to have been intro- 
duced into England in 1524, and is enumerated as among the dainties 
of the table in 1541. In 1573 it had become the customary Christ- 
mas fare of the farmer.”” Every author who has written on the subject 
since the days of Linnzus has considered it to be derived from the 
well-known wild Turkey of North America, but on account of the great 
differences which are met with among our domestic Turkeys, and 
the circumstance of the wild Turkeys recently imported from North 
America not readily associating or pairing with them, I have for 
some years past entertamed a contrary opinion. This opinion may 
be met by some persons with the remark, that similar and even 
greater differences occur among our domestic poultry. True—but I 
believe that these differences are due to an admixture of two, three, 
or more species, and that in no case would the domestication of a 
single species produce characters so decided as those exhibited by 
the two birds now on the table. 

In Canada and the United States the Turkey is partially migra- 
tory, visiting those countries during the summer, for the purpose of 
breeding, and although some writers state that it is a native of 
Mexico, I can hardly think it likely that it ranges very far south in 
the latter country, for, from the southern boundary of Canada to 
Mexico is nearly 2000 miles, and it is unlikely, I think, that a bird 
of the cold regions of Canada should also be indigenous to the hotter 
country of Mexico, whence, and not from North America, the Turkey 
was originally introduced into Europe by the Spaniards early in the 
sixteenth century. 

Believing this bird to be distinct from the North American species, 
it becomes necessary that one of them should receive a new name, 
and a question then arises to which of the two should it be given. 
My opinion is, that it will be better to retain the term Gallopavo for 
the North American species, and to call the present one Mexicana, 
after the country of which it is a native. Linnzeus’ Meleagris Gallo- 
pavo is founded upon the Gallopavo sylvestris of Brisson’s ‘ Ornitho- 
logie,’ vol. i. p. 162,.and upon Ray’s New England Wild Turkey, both 
of which names appertain to the North American species; consequently 
the term Mezicana would be a fit appellation for the present bird. 
I may mention, that it is the only example of a Turkey I have ever 
seen from Mexico, and that it was brought to this country by the 


63 


late Mr. Floresi, a gentleman whose energy as a collector was only 
equalled by the honourable career of a moderately long life, during 
which he was connected with the Real del Monte Mines in Mexico. 
Mr. Floresi travelled himself, and kept collectors, who penetrated 
into the remotest parts of that country ; and many were the fine 
species he by this means communicated to the world of science. I 
may mention the splendid Picus imperialis, Calurus neoxenus, and 
many Humming Birds, as some of the species which but for his 
researches would have been unknown to us. 

In size this new Turkey exceeds that of the largest specimens of 
the North American species; but it has shorter legs, a considerably 
larger and more broadly expanded tail, conspicuously zoned with brown - 
and black, and terminated with white ; the tail coverts are very pro- 
fusely developed, largely tipped with white, and bounded posteriorly 
with a narrow line of black, their basal portions being rich metallic 
bronze. The same arrangement of colouring also prevails on the 
feathers of the lower part of the flanks ; and on the under tail coverts, 
where it is particularly fine; the centre of the back is black, with 
green, purplish and red reflexions ; the back of the neck, upper part 
of the back, and shoulders, are in some lights bronzy, in others the 
colour of fire ; the greater wing coverts are uniform bronzy brown, 
forming a conspicuous band across the wing; all the primaries are 
crossed by mottled bars of blackish brown and white, freckled with 
brown ; all the under surface is fiery copper, intensely brilliant in 
certain lights, and becoming darker towards the flanks. 

Total length 4 feet 4 inches; bill 25 inches, wing 213 inches, tail 
16 inches, and when spread about 24 inches across ; tarsi 6}. 

In the Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers 
by Captain L. Sitgreaves, lately published in America, the following 
passage occurs at p. 94, in reference to Wild Turkeys :— 

«‘They are also found in New Mexico, in the neighbourhood of 
the copper-mines. I am told by our officers that those found there 
are of enormous size. Mr. Leroux, our guide, informed me that the 
Turkeys of the Gila River were different from those found east of 
the Rio Grande, and that they have much white about them.” 

These are doubtless identical with the bird under consideration. 

Since the above remarks were in type, I have been informed by 
J. H. Gurney, Esq., M.P., that he some years since received the 
skin of a Wild Turkey from the neighbourhood of the Real de 
Monte mines in Mexico, which he considers to be the same as the 
bird above described; this specimen is now in the Museum at 
Norwich. 


64 


3. Synopsis Avium TANAGRINARUM. —A DESCRIPTIVE CaTa- 
LOGUE OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF TANAGERS. 
By Pariuie Luriey Sciater, M.A. F.Z.S., &e. 


Part I. containing the genera Pitylus, Orchesticus, Diucopis, Sal- 
tator, Psittospiza, Lamprospiza, Cissopis, Oreothraupis, Arremon, 
Phenicophilus, Buarremon and Chlorospingus. 


Genus I. Piryuus. 


Pitylus, Cuv. Regn. An. 1829, il. p. 413. 
Cissurus, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. pl. 77. 
Periporphyrus, Reich. 1. c. 
Caryothraustes, Reich. 1. ec. 


Rostrum mazimum, breve, altum, latum, quasi coccothraustinum; 
mandibule superioris marginibus fortiter sinuatis et mandibulam 
inferiorem tegentibus; culmine multum incurvo: ale modice, 
remigibus tertia, quarta et quinta longissimis : cauda plus minusve 
elongata, plerumque rotundata: tarsi robusti. 

The birds of this genus are the most finch-like of the Tanagers, 
and I have some doubts whether they are not as closely allied to 
Guiraca, Hedymeles, and other Coccothraustine forms, as to the pre- 
sent group. We want more information as to their habits and in- 
ternal structure before this point can be satisfactorily settled. 


a. Pitylus. 
1. PriryLus GROSSUS. 


Coccothraustes americana cerulea, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 89. 

Grosbec bleu d’ Amérique, Buff. Pl. Enl. 154. 

Loxia grossa, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 307. 

Pitylus grussus, Gray, Gen. p. 362; Schomb. Guian. ili. 677 ; 
Bp. Consp. p. 503; Cab. M. H. p. 143. 

White-throated Grosbeak, Lath. G. H. v. 268. 


Cano-cerulescenti-schistaceus ; facie, gutturis lateribus et cervice 
antica nigris ; gula media alba. $ minus caerulescens et nigro 
colore carens. 

Long. tota 7°2, ale 3°7, caudz 3:3. 

Hab. Cayenne; British Guiana (Schomb.); Bogota; Pebas, Upper 

Amazon (Castelnau et Deville). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Derbiano, &c. 


2. PiryLuUS FULIGINOSUS. 


Lozia fuliginosa, Daud. Orn. ii. 372 (1801). 

Coccothraustes cerulescens, Vieill. Nov. Dict. xiii. 546 (1817), et 
Enc. Meth. 1016. 

Fringilla gnatho, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 22; Max. Beit. iii. 552. 

Pitylus atrochalybeus, Jard. et Selb. Ill. Orn. i. pl. 3. 

Tanagra psittacina, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 44, pl. 57, fig. 2. 

Pitylus erythrorhynchus, Sw. Class. ii. p. 282. 

Pitylus gnatho, Gray’s Gen. ii. p. 362; Bp. Consp. p. 503. 


65 


Saltator psittacinus, Bp. Consp. p. 490 ; Gray’s Gen. ii. p, 363. 
Pitylus cerulescens, Cab. M. H. p. 143. 
Sooty Grosbeak, Lath. G. H. v. p. 269. 


Cerulescenti-niger, gutture et pectore antico intensioribus, nigris : 
rostro rubro. 2 unicolor, magis fusca, neque cerulescens. 

Long. tota 9:0, alee 4:1, caudze 4°3. 

Hab. South-east Brazil, Rio di Janeiro (Spix) ; Bahia (Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Derbiano. 


b. Periporphyrus. 
3. PiryLUS ERYTHROMELAS. 


Loxia erythromelas, Gm. 8S. N. ii. 859. 

Coccothraustes erythromelas, Vieill. N. D. d’H. N. xiii. 547; Ene. 
Meth. 1017; Gal. des Ois.i. p. 70, pl. 59. 

Pitylus erythromelas, Gray, Gen. p. 362. 

Periporphyrus erythromelas, Bp. Consp. p. 503. 

Black-headed Grosbeak, Lath. G. H. v. 237, pl. 88. 


Ruber, capite toto cum gutture nigris : rostro plumbeo. ? brunneo- 
flava capite (sicut maris) nigro. 

Long. tota 7°6, alee 4:0, caude 3°8. 

Hab. Cayenne; Para (Wallace). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


_4. PiryLus CELZNO. 


Fringilla celeno, Licht. Preis-Verz. d. S. u. V. no. 72 (1831). 

Pitylus atro-purpuratus, Lafr. R. Z. 1838, p. 224 (¢); Gray’s 
Gen. p. 362. 

Pitylus atro-olivaceus, Lafr. R. Z. 1838, p. 224 (2); Gray’s 
Gen. p. 362. 


Pyranga mexicana, Less. R. Z. 1839, p. 41; Gray’s Gen. p. 364 ; 
Bp. Consp. p. 241. 

Caryothraustes atro-olivaceus, Bp. Consp. p. 503. 

Periporphyrus atro-purpuratus, Bp. Consp. p. 503. 


Niger: torque cervicali postica cum lateribus pectoris et ventre 
rubris: tectricibus subalaribus roseis: rostro plumbeo. ¢ olivacea, 
subtus flavescentior ; pileo toto et gutture nigris. 

Long. tota 8°4, alee 4:0, caudze 3-5. 

Hab. South Mexico, Papantla (Deppe). 

Mus. Paris., Lugdunensi, Berolin. 


ec. Caryothraustes. 
5. Piry.us viripis. 
Coccothraustes canadensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 229. : 
Grosbec de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 152, fig. 2 (fig. pess.). 
a Lovia canadensis, Linn. S. N. i. 304; Gm. i. 856; Lath. Ind. 
Orn. i. 379 ; Daud. ii. 373 ; Shaw’s Zool. ix. 269. 
Pitylus canadensis, Gray, Gen. p. 362 ; Schomb. ti. 667. 


No. CCCV.—PrRocrEpInGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


66 


Coccothraustes viridis, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 1017. 

Caryothraustes viridis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 144; Sclater, Tan. Cat. 
Sp. p. 3. 

Caryothraustes cayanensis, Bp. Consp. p. 514 (partim). 

Pitylus personatus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p.42; Deser. d. Mamm. 
et Ois. p. 344. 

Canada Grosbeak, Lath. G. H.v. p. 382. 


Supra flavo-olivaceus, pileo flavescentiore; subtus flavus: loris et 
gula tota nigris. 

Long. tota 5:9, alee 3°5, cauda 2°5. 

Hab, Cayenne (Buff.) ; British Guiana (Schomb.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 


6. PiTyLUS BRASILIENSIS. 

Fringilla viridis, Max. Beit. iii. 555. 

Fringilla cayanensis, Licht. Verz. p. 22 (excl. Syn.). 

Caryothraustes brasiliensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 144. 

Similis Pitylo viridi, sed major, rostro fortiore et nigredine gularé 
magis extensa. 

Long. tota 6°8, alee 3°7, caudze 3°0. | 

Hab. South Brazil, prov. Bahia (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Berolin., &e. 


7. PITYLUS POLIOGASTER. 


Pitylus poliogaster, Dubus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xiv. pt. il. p. 105 
(1847); Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 245; Gray’s Gen. App. p. 16. 

Pitylus flavocinereus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. iv. p. 47 (1848). 

Fringilla episcopus, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Caryothraustes episcopus, Bp. Consp. p. 504. 

Canada Grosbeak, var. A. Lath. G. H.v. p. 282? 


Olivacescenti-flavus : tectricibus alarum dorso proximis, dorso pos- 
tico et abdomine cinereis : loris et gula nigris. 
Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°7, caudze 3:0. 
Hab. Mexico, Cosamaluapan (Deppe); vic. of Cordova (Sallé) ; 
Guatimala (Dubus). 
Mus. Berolin., Lugdunens., Philadelph. Academ. et Bruxell. 


Genus II. OrcueEsticus. 


Orchesticus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 143 (1851). 


Rostrum modicum, breve, altum, latum, tumidum ; mandibule supe- 
rioris marginibus non sinuatis, culmine incurvo; ale modice, 
remigibus secunda, tertia, quarta et quinta longissimis: cauda sub- 
rotundata. 


1, ORCHESTICUS ABEILLII. 

Pyrrhula abeillei, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 40. 
Tanagra occipitalis, Natt. in Mus. Berol. 
Orchesticus occipitalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 145. 


— 


67 


Diucopis leucophea, Bp. Consp. p. 491 (excel. syn.). 
Schistochlamys abeillei, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 4. 
Tangara roux, Less. Tr. d’Orng p. 464. 


Olivascenti-cinereus, pileo plumbescente, fronte, alis caudaque rufis : 
subtus dilutior, ochracescenti-rufus; lateribus obscurioribus : 
rostro plumbeo. 

Long. tota 7°4, alee 3°4, caudze 3:5. 

Had. South Brazil, Bahia (J. Verreauz). 

Mus. Paris., Brit., Berol., &c. 

This curious bird has long been common in European collections, 
being often transmitted from Bahia. From its appearance one would 
suppose it to be a female, but M. Jules Verreaux (who has himself 
shot it in the island of Itaparica) informs me that the natives con- 
sider it a distinct species. 

Lesson’s description of his Pyrrhula abeillet “ corpore isabellino : 
occipite, dorso et cauda supra brunneo-isabellinis : infra fronte et collo 
lete isabellinis: alarum pennis nigris extus rufis,” is, I think, suffi- 
ciently accurate to warrant us using his specific name for this bird. 


2. ORCHESTICUS CAPISTRATUS. 


Saltator ruficapillus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. 108; Ene. Méth. 
p- 793; Puch. Arch. Mus. Paris. vii. 355? 

Tanagra capistrata, P. Max. Reise n. Bras. ii. 500 (1821), et 
Beitr. iti. 500 ; Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 41, pl. 54, fig. 1. 

Pitylus capistratus, Sw. Class ii. p. 282. 

Tachyphonus ? capistratus, Gray’s Gen. p. 365. 

Diucopis capistrata, Bp. Consp. p. 491. 

Schistochlamys capistrata, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 4. 

Tanagra leucophea, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 32, 1823. 

Schistochlamys leucophea, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 141. 

“‘ Tanagra conspicillata, Mus. Paris.”’ Bp. Consp. p. 491. 


Schistaceus, pileo brunnescentiore: rostri cerulescentis ambitu nigro : 
subtus pallide ochraceo-rufus, ventre medio albescente, lateribus 
schistaceis. 

Long. tota 67, alz 3°3, caude 3°0. 

Hab. South-east Brazil, prov. Bahia, et Minas Geraes (P. Maz.); 

Rio (Spiz). 
Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


3. ORCHESTICUS ATER. 


Tangara 2 cravatte noire de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 714, fig. 2. 

Tanagra atra, Gm. 8. N. 898. 

Saltator ater, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 36; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. iii. 677. 

Nemosia atra, Bp. Consp. p. 236. 

Diucopis atra, Bp. Consp. p. 492. 

Schistochlamys atra, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 141; Sclater, Tan. Cat. 
Sp. p. 4, et P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 154. 

Tanagra melanopis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 422 ; Max. Beitr. iii. 504. 


68 


Saltator melanopis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. p. 103, et Enc. Meth. 
p- 790; dOrb. Voy. p. 291; Tsch. F. P. p. 210. 

Le Camail, Desm. Tan. pl. 42. « 

Black-faced Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 12. 


Cinereo-griseus, subtus dilutior : pileo antico et capitis lateribus cum 
gutture toto juguloque nigris. Junior ex cinereo olivascens unicolor, 
nigredine vix perspicua, 

Long. tota 6°2, alee 3°3, caude 2°9. 

Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.); Cayenne; Trinidad; New 
Grenada, Bogota; North-east Peru, wood-region (Tsch.) ; Bolivia, 
Moxos and Chiquitos (d’Orb.) ; Goyaz and Albuquerque, Rio Para- 
guay (Cast. et Dev.); South Brazil, prov. Rio and Espiritu S- 
(P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


Genus III. Drucopts. 


Diucopis, Bp. Consp. p. 491 (1850). 

Schistochlamys, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. pl. 77 (1850). 

Rostrum subexiguum, rectum, conicum ; ale brevissime, remige prime 
secundam subequante, hac cum tertia, quarta et quinta equalibus 
et longissimis: cauda modica, subquadrata. 


1. Drucopis FASCIATA. 


Tanagra fasciata, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 32; Max. Beit. ii. 
493; Bp. Consp. p. 238. 

Tanagra axillaris, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. 41, pl. 54, fig. 2. 

Tachyphonus avillaris, Gray, Gen. p. 365. 

Diucopis fasciata, Bp. Consp. p. 491. 

Schistochlamys fasciata, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 3. 


Schistacea, subtus albescentior : loris, regione oculari et tectricibus 
alarum nigris: gutture et ventre toto cum fascia alari albis. 

Long. tota 6°9, alee 2°9, caudze 2°6. 

Hab. South-east Brazil, prov. San Paolo (Licht.); Minas and 
Bahia (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Derbiano. 

This bird differs from the members of the genus Orchesticus, with 
which it has been lately associated, in the smaller straighter bill, very 
short wings, and more squared tail. 


2. Divucoris SPECULIGERA. 


Schistochlamys speculigera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 68, et Ann. 
N. H. xv. p. 345. ‘ 


Nigra: speculo alarum, tectricibus subalaribus et macula sub nuche 
pennis obtecta cum corpore subtus albis : lateribus et dorso postico 
schistaceis. 

Long. tota 6-7, ale 3:1, caudee 2°8. 

Hab. East Peru, river Ucayali (Hawawell). 

Mus. Brit. 


- hiatal ~ 


69 


Mr. Gould’s types are the only specimens I have seen of this 
peculiar bird. They were collected by Mr. Hawxwell in August 
1852 upon the Ucayali, and are marked “‘ Jrides red.” I rather 
doubt this being the true place of this species, but at present I am 
unable to indicate a better one. 


Genus IV. SALTATOR. 


Saltator, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 32 (1816). 


Rostrum forte, elongatum, incurvum, vic sinuatum sed apice den- 
tata: ale rotundate, remigibus tertia, quarta et quinta fere equa- 
libus et longissimis : cauda admodum longa et plerumque rotun- 
data: ptilosis olivacea, schistacea, fulva, brunnea : serus similes. 


1. SALTATOR ATRICEPS. 


Saltator atriceps, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 69; Gray, Gen. p. 363 ; 
Bp. Consp. p. 489; Cab. M. H. p. 142. 

Arremon giganteus, Bp. P. L. Z. 1837, p. 117; Gray, Gen. p. 361. 

Pyrrhula raptor, Cabot, Boston Journ. v. p. 90. 

Saltator raptor, Gray’s Gen. App. p. 16; Bp. Notes s. 1. coll. 
Delattre, p. 23. 


Flavo-olivaceus : capite toto cum mento et vitta cervicem anticam 
cingente nigris : superciliis a fronte curtis et plaga gulari media 
albis : abdomine cinereo, crisso ochraceo-rufo. . 

Long. tota 9°5, alee 4°7, caudze 4-7. 

Hab. South Mexico, Papantla (Deppe) ; vic. of Cordova (Saillé) ; 

Guatimala (Bp.) ; Escuintla (Mus. Brit.) ; Yucatan (Cabot). 

Mus. Brit., Parisiensi, &c. 

This is the largest and finest species of the genus. Prince Bona- 
parte (Notes Orn. s. 1. coll. Delattre, p. 25) seems to consider Dr. 
Cabot’s Pyrrhula raptor distinct, but Mr. Cassin, in his commu- 
nication on Dr. Cabot’s birds given in ‘ Jardine’s Contributions,’ 
1852, p. 96, states it to be identical with the present bird, and the 
description given by Prince Bonaparte is applicable in every respect 
to this species. 


2. SALTATOR MAGNOIDES. 


Saltator magnoides, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 41; Gray, Gen. App. 
p- 10; Bp. Consp. p. 489. 

Saltator gigantodes, Cab. M. H. p. 143. 

Supra olivaceus ; capite cinereo, pileo viridi mixto: subtus schis- 
taceus, mento albo, gutture et crisso ferrugineis : vitta lata gut- 
turem undique cingente nigra. 

Long. tota 7°5, ale 4:0, caudze 3°6. 

Hab. Mexico (Lafr.); vic. of Cordova (Sallé); Coban (Mus. 

Brit.) ; Chiriqui (Bridges). 

Mus. Brit. et Heimeano. 

The S. magnoides is very like the preceding species but much 

smaller in size, and with but slight supercilia. Besides, the chin is 


70 


white and the throat brown like the crissum. I have seen the type 
of S. gigantodes in Herr Heine’s museum, and consider it the same as 
magnoides. 


3. SALTATOR MAGNUS. 


Tangara des grands bois de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 205 (fig. pess.). 

Tanagra magna, Gm. 8. N. p. 890; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 422; 
Max. Beitr. ii. 525. 

Le griverd de Cayenne, Buffl. Pl. Enl. 616 (fig. pess.)? 

Coracias cayana, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. 

Coracias cayennensis, Gm. 8. N. p.381. 

Saltator virescens, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. 104, et Enc. Méth. 
p- 790? , 

Saltator olivascens, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. 108; Ene. Méth. 
p- 794, et Gal. des Ois. p. 103, pl. 77; Tsch. F. P. p. 209. 

Saltator cayennensis, d Orb. Voy. p. 290. 

Saltator magnus, Gray’s Gen. p. 363; Bp. Consp. p. 489; Cab. 
Mus. Hein. p. 142. 


Supra flavescenti-olivaceo-viridis, capitis lateribus cinereis, super- 
ciliis ante oculos curtis albis : subtus fulvescenti-cinereus: gula 
media alba, utrinque nigro-marginata, cervice antica crissoque 
pallide rufis: rostro nigro. 

Long. tota 8:0, ale 4°0, caudze 3°7. 

Hab. Cayenne (Poiteau in Mus. Paris.) ; British Guiana (Schomb.); 
Bogota (Mus. Brit.); East Peru, wood-region (Tsch.); Pintobamba 
(Cast. et Dev.); Bolivia, Yuracares (d’Orb.); Brazil, Rio (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 

This Saltator seems very widely distributed over the South Ame- 
rican continent, and is in that respect different from the rest of its 
congeners. It may be at once distinguished by its uniform bright 
olive-green upper plumage (not of so yellowish a tint as in Saltator 
atriceps), and the brownish blotch on the foreneck : from S. mag- 
noides it differs in the want of the black throat-band. 

The Brazilian skins are of rather larger dimensions than the 
Cayenne birds, but do not otherwise differ. 


4. SALTATOR ICTEROPYGIUS. 


Saltator icteropyga, Dubus, Esq. Orn. pl. 13; Gray, Gen. App. 
p- 16. 


Supra saturate cinerascenti-fuscus : superciliis, mento et gutture 
albis : pectore et epigastrio fulvescenti-cinereis: ventre dilute 
fulvo: hypochondriis cinereo-fulvis: crisso citrino: remigibus 
Fuscis, extus cinereo limbatis: rectricibus supra nigris viridi-eneo 
submicantibus cinereoque extus limbatis : lateralibus quatuor utrin- 
gue macula magna alba in medio pogonii interni notatis : rostro 
corneo : pedibus fuscescentibus, 

Hab. Mexico. 

The Vicomte Dubus has given the above description of this curious 

Saltator, of which there is a specimen in his collection. Prince 


71 


Bonaparte, in his ‘Conspectus,’ states, on the authority of Baron de 
Lafresnaye, that it is merely the common S. magnus supplied with 
the tail of a Péilogonys. But Dr. Hartlaub, who has lately inspected 
the bird, is quite convinced of its being a good and distinct species. 
(See Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 255.) 


5. SALTATOR SIMILIS. 


Tanagra superciliaris, Max. Beitr. iii. 518 ? 

Saltator similis, Lafr. et d@ Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 36; d’Orb. Voy. 
p- 290, pl. 28, fig. 2; Gray, Gen. p.363; Tsch. F. P. p.209? ; 
Bp. Consp. p. 489; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 143. 

Saltator gutturalis, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Supra cinereus; interscapulio et alarum marginibus olivaceo-vi- 
ridibus : superciliis longis albis: subtus albido-cinerascens, me- 
dialiter fulvo tinctus: gutture toto pure albo, utringue nigro 
marginato : crisso rufescente: rostri inferioris basi alba. 

Long. tota 9°0, alee 4°0, caudz 4:0. 

Hab. South Brazil, Corrientes (d’Orb.) ; Peru, wood-region and 

coast (Tsch.). 

Mus. Paris., Brit. 

This bird is common among the collections of Brazilian skins so 
frequently imported of late years. Comparing it with S. magnus, we 
find the olive colour, which there pervades the entire upper surface, 
confined in the present species to the middle of the back and edgings 
of the wings, the rest of the upper plumage being cinereous. The 
throat too is pure white, and wants the rufous blotch on the fore-neck. 


6. SALTATOR OLIVASCENS. 
Saltator olivascens, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iii. 676; Bp. Consp. 


p- 490; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 142. 
Saltator plumbeus, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 23. 


Fusco-cinereus unicolor ; superciliis ante oculos curtis et gutture 
albis, hoc utrinque nigro marginato: subtus albo-cinereus, pectore 
cinerascentiore ; ventre medio albescentiore, inferiore cum crisso 
pallide rufescenti-ochraceis: rostro nigro. 

Long. tota 8-0, alee.3°75, caudze 3-3. 

Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.) ; Cayenne (Mus. Paris.); Vene- 
zuela, Cumana (Mus. Eytoni); S. Martha (Bp.); Trinidad (Lord 
Harris). 

Mus. Bremensi; Eytoni; Berolin.; Heineano. Z 

There is no trace of green colour on the plumage of this Saltator, 
the upper surface being uniform blackish-cinereous, as in Saltator 
grandis, to which it is very closely allied. But the latter bird may 
be distinguished by the blacker sides of the head and ear-coverts, and 
the greater breadth of the stripes on each side of the throat, which 
leave only a narrow longitudinal white band in the middle of it. 
And in the Central American bird the ochraceous colour of the 
crissum extends all over the abdomen more or less, while in the 
present species the middle of the belly is nearly white. 


72 


I have Prince Bonaparte’s type of S. plumbeus in my possession, 
and consider it clearly the same as Dr. Cabanis’ species. 


7. SALTATOR GRANDIS. 


Tanagra grandis, Licht. Preis-Verz. no. 67 (1831). 

Saltator rufiventris, Vig. Beechey’s Voy. Pac. p. 19? 

Saltator vigorsi, Gray, Gen. p. 363?; Bp. Consp. p. 489; Cab. 
Mus. Hein. p. 143; Bp. Notes Orn. p. 23. 

Saltator icterophrys, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 40; Gray’s Gen. 
App. p. 16; Bp. Consp. p. 490 (juv. ?)?? 

Saltator grandis, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Saltator nigrigenis, Sclater, MS. 

Supra nigrescenti-cinereus, lateribus capitis nigris: superciliis 
albis : gutturis stria mediali alba, utrinque late nigro marginata : 
abdomine cinereo fulvo tincto : ventre imo et crisso rufescentibus. 
Junior (S. 1cTeRoPpHRyS, Lafr.?). Supra olivaceo indutus, 
superciliis et campterio flavidis : ventre rufescentiore. 

Long. tota 7°75, alee 4:0, caudze 4-0. 

Hab. South Mexico, Jalapa (Mus. Berol.); Orizaba (Boteri) ; 

vic. of Cordova (Sallé); Guatimala (Constancia). 

I have already stated the characters which distinguish this species 
from the preceding, which is its representative in the more northern 
portions of the South American continent, while S. azare seems to 
take its place in Bolivia. 

I am glad to be able to adopt Lichtenstein’s name for the present 
bird, because I can only very doubtfully refer the other synonyms to 
this species, and in this state of uncertainty have occasionally applied 
to it the MS. name nigrigenis. But since I have seen the types of 
S. grandis at Berlin, and have ascertained that they are really the 
same as my nigrigenis, I have adopted Lichtenstein’s name, which 
was published, although with rather insufficient specific characters, 
in 1831. 


8. SALTATOR MUTUS. 

Tanagra superciliaris, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. 44, pl. 57? 
Saltator superciliaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 142, certe. 
Saltator cerulescens, Tsch. F. P. p. 209? (teste Cab.). 
Tanagra muta, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 


Supra nigricanti-cinereus unicolor; subtus albescenti-cinereus : 
superciliis ante oculos curtis et gutture medio albis, hoc nigro 
marginato: ventre medio albescentiore, crisso pallide rufescente : 
rostro nigro. 

Long. tota 8-5, alee 4°3, caude 4:0. 

Hab. North Brazil, Lower Amazon, island of Mexiana (Wallace). 

Mus. Berol. 

The description and figure given by Spix of his S. superciliaris are 
as applicable to this species as any other; but without examining the 
type (which I vainly sought for the last time I was at Munich), it is 
impossible to be sure of being right in using his name for the present 


73 


bird, and I have therefore adopted for it Lichtenstein’s term mutus, 
by which it is known in the Berlin museum. In fact, the names 
superciliaris and cerulescens have been applied to so many of this 
group of species, and the original descriptions upon which these 
terms rest are so indefinite, that it only produces further confusion 
to continue to employ them. 

The Saltator mutus is rare in collections. Besides the example at 
Berlin I have only seen the specimens collected by Mr. Wallace in 
the neighbourhood of Para, from one of which my characters are 
taken. It is distinguished from all its allies by the uniform blackish- 
gray colouring of the plumage, the same below as above, only much 
lighter and more white, without any tinge of green, brown or rufous, 
except on the crissum. The supercilia only extend to the top of 
the eye. The bill is deep black and more elongated than in its 
congeners. 


9. SALTATOR AZARZ. 
Saltator azare, d’ Orb. Voy. p. 287: Bp. Consp. p. 490. 


Supra nigricanti-cinereus, dorso virescente tincto: alis nigricantibus 
cinereo limbatis: superciliis curtis et gutture medio albis, hoc 
anguste nigro marginato: abdomine summo albescente, cinereo et 
ochraceo tincto, imo autem cinnamomescenti-ochraceo. 

Long. tota 9-0, alz 4-3, caudz 4:3. 

Hab, Bolivia, prov. Moxos and 8. Cruz de la Sierra (d’Ord.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 

The closest allies of this bird are certainly S. grandis and oli- 
vascens, particularly the latter ; but it is larger than either of them. 
From 5S. olivascens it may be also known by its cinereous back, 
having rather a greenish than a brownish tinge, and a deeper cin- 
namomeous colouring extending from the vent up to the middle of 
the belly, which in the S. olivascens is nearly white. From 
S. grandis it differs in its shorter bill and narrow throat-stripes, be- 
sides its superior size. 


10. SALTATOR CHRULESCENS. 


Habia ceja blanca, Azara, Pax. i. p. 344. 

Saltator cerulescens, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. 105, et Enc. Méth. 
p- 791; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6; d’Orb. Voy. p. 287. 

“ Saltator superciliaris, Spix,’”’ d’Orb. ib. 

Fusco-brunneus, virescente paululum tinctus, alis extus olivaceo 
marginatis : subtus cinerascenti-albus: gutture medio albo, utrin- 
que nigro marginato: ventre et crisso rufescente indutis, crisso 
saturatiore : superciliis a fronte ad nucham albis. 

Hab. Paraguay (Azara); Corrientes in rep. Arg. (d’Orb.). 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

I have only seen one specimen of this species, which is in the 
Paris Museum, and was brought by d’Orbigny from Corrientes. It 
is certainly very closely allied to the Bolivian ‘azare.’ But the bill 
is shorter and thicker, and there is a greenish colouring on the back 


74 


and wings, of which there are no traces in the other bird, though I 
have some doubt whether this may not be due to the individual not 
being fully adult. 


11. SALTATOR GULARIS. 


Lozia gularis, Less. Tr. d’Orn. i. p. 448. 

“© Saltator cerulescens, Vieill.,”’ Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 142. 

Saltator superciliaris, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Saltator gularis, Lafr. in Mus. suo. 

Supra nigrescenti-plumbeus, superciliis longis a fronte ad imam 
cervicem albis: subtus fulvescens, gutture utrinque nigro mar- 
ginato ; pectore et cervicis lateribus cinerascentibus : ventre medio 
albescentiore: rostro brevissimo, crassissimo, nigro, apice uncinata: 
mandibula superiore juxta nares aurantia. 

Long. tota 8°5, ale 4:0, caudze 4:0. 

Hab. Monte Video (Cad.). 


12. SALTATOR MAXILLOSUS. 

Saltator mazillosus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 142 (note). 

Similis S. gulari, sed rostro adhuc majore, subtus minus ferrugineus, 
et alis olivaceo perfusis: a S. muto autem gula non alba sed 
sordide flavescenti-grisea et crisso clarius ferrugineo, necnon rostro 
forti dignoscendus. (Cab. 1. c.) 

Hab. Monte Video (Cad.). 

Mus. Berol. 

I examined the type of this species when at Berlin, and was rather 
doubtful about its real distinctness from the preceding. I possess a 
specimen very much resembling it, as far as I can recollect and can 
gather from Cabanis’ description. The bill of this example is not 
thicker than in one specimen of S. gularis, but is uniform black, and 
the back and wings are olive-green as in that in the Berlin Museum. 
But I think it is probable that this may be an immature stage of 
S. gularis. 


13. SALTATOR RUFIVENTRIS. 

Saltator rufiventris, Lafr. et d@Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p.35; d’Orb. Voy. p.289, pl. 28, fig. 1; Gray’s Gen. p. 363; 
Bp. Consp. p. 489. 

Saturate plumbeus : superciliis elongatis albis: abdomine castaneo. 

Long. tota 9-0, alee 4-4, caudze 4:0. 

Hab. Bolivia (d’Orb. et Bridges). 

Mus. Brit. et Paris. 

M. d’Orbigny found this species very common in the environs of 
Enquisivi, in the province of Sicasica, and near Palea, in the province 
of Ayupaya in Bolivia. Mr. Bridges’ specimens in the British 
Museum are also from Bolivia. It is a well-marked bird, and not 
likely to be confounded with any of its congeners. 


14. SALTATOR AURANTIIROSTRIS. 
' Habia pico naranjado, Azara, Pax. i. p. 349. 


75 


Saltator aurantiorostris, Vieill. N. D. d’H. N. xiv. p. 103, et Enc. 
Méth. p. 789; d’Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 35; d’Orb. Voy. p. 288; Gray, Gen. p. 363; Bp. Consp. p. 490. 


Supra cinereus, pileo obscuriore: capitis lateribus, vitta subguttu- 
rali conjunctis, nigris: superciliis postice dilatatis et gutture 
albis : abdomine ochracescenti-albido: cauda nigra, rectricibus 
lateralibus albo terminatis : rostro aurantio. 

Long. tota 8°5, ale 4:0, caude 3°75. 

Hab. Paraguay (Azara) ; Corrientes, La Plata (d’Orb.); Bolivia, 
Sicasica, Mizque, Valle-grande, Ayupaya, Cochabamba and La Paz 
(d@’Orb.); Peru, Echarate (Cast. et Dev.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. &c. 

This species, which may be always recognized by its bright orange 
bill, seems rather variable in some respects. There is a fine series 
of specimens of it in the Paris Museum, collected by d’Orbigny and 
‘Castelnau and Deville. In what seem to be the fully adults, the 
front sides of the head, throat and breast, are all deep black, a 
post-superciliary stripe and middle of the throat only being white. 
Others, which I suppose are immature, have the white space on the 
throat much larger, the black guttural band being confined to a 
amere ring, which in some specimens is hardly apparent. 


15. SALTATOR ALBICOLLIS. 


Saltator albicollis, Vieill. N.D. @H.N. xiv. 107, et Enc. Méth. 
p.793; Gray, Gen. p. 363; Bp. Consp. p. 489. 

Fusco-olivaceus ; subtus albo-subvirescens fusco maculatus: super- 

cilits gulaque albidis. (Bp.) 

I have examined the type-specimen at Paris upon which Vieillot 
‘founded this species, and from which Prince Bonaparte took the 
short characters above given. It seems to be an immature bird, and 
T think the locality, Cayenne, is most likely wrong. I suspect it was 
probably from Trinidad, in which island there is a Saltator belonging 
‘to this section with the flammulated under-plumage. Of this I 
possess an example which may be described as follows :— 

“* Above greenish-olive ; head darker, uropygium more cinereous; 
small yellowish supercilia before the eye ; wings bordered with bright 
olive-green ; tail brown like the wing-feathers inside, rectrices edged 
basally with cinereous ; under-surface white, regularly flammulated 
with olive-green, middle of the throat and belly nearly all white, 
just the shafts of the feathers only being olive; under wing-coverts 
Nice bill black, with the apex yellow. Whole length 7-5; wing 3°5, 
tail 3-3.” 

There is a peculiar twist in the commissure in this bird which 
seems to agree with what Vieillot says of his S. albicollis; and I 
think it very probable that it is this Trinidad species that ought to 
bear that name. 

But until an accurate comparison can be made between a series of 
individuals of each of the five members of this section of the genus, 
I think it almost hopeless to determine the species satisfactorily. 


76 


16. SALTATOR STRIATIPECTUS. 


Saltator striatipectus, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 73; Gray, Gen. App. 
p- 16; Bp. Consp. p. 489. 

Supra olivaceus: uropygio caudaque cinereis: linea a naribus ad 
oculos, palpebrisque pallide sulphureis: subtus albus, pectore 
parum ochraceo tincto et striis fusco-olivaceis flammulato: gula, 
ventre et ano albis : gutturis albedine lateraliter vitta fusca mar- 
ginata: rostro nigro-corneo, apice pallescente. 

Long. tota 7:4. 

Hab. Caly in New Grenada (Lafr.). 

Mus. Lafresnayano. 


17. SALTATOR MACULIPECTUS. 


Saltator maculipectus, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 73; Gray, Gen. App. 
p- 16; Bp. Consp. p. 489. 

Supra fusco-griseus, dorso supremo parum olivaceo tincto : remigibus 
fuscis olivaceo marginatis: macula ante oculos, palpebrisque vir 
conspicue albescentibus: subtus albus; collo antico pectoreque 
maculis sordide griseis, que supra ventrem et hypochondria in 
strias angustas mutantur, variegatis. 

Long. tota 6°8. 

Hab. New Grenada (Lafr.). 

Mus. Lafresnayano. 

M. de Lafresnaye says of this species, that it differs from the pre- 
ceding by its smaller size, grey and not olive tinge on the head and 
neck, belly white and not washed with olive, and beak shorter and 
yellow at the point. 


18. SALTATOR GUADALUPENSIS. 


Saltator guadalupensis, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 167; Gray, Gen. App. 
p- 16; Bp. Consp. p. 489. 

Supra olivaceus ; uropygio caudaque sordide griseis ; vitta super- 
ciliari angusta a naribus ad occiput ducta albido-virescente: subtus 
griseo-rufescens ; hypochondriis griseo-obscurioribus ; ano pallide 
rufescente ; pectore et ventre flammulis obscurioribus parum con- 
spicuis variegatis: gutture colloque antico albis, utrinque vitta 
nigra marginatis : rostro basali et medio brunneo-nigris, apicali 
albido-flavo. 

Long. tota 7°9. 

Hab. Island of Guadaloupe (Ricord). 

Mus. Parisiensi. 


* 19, SALTATOR MARTINICENSIS. 


Saltator martinicensis, Bp. Consp. p. 489. 


Similis 8. guadalupensi, sed rostro minus robusto (!). (Bp.) 

Hab. Island of Martinique. 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

There are six specimens of this Sa/tator from the island of Mar- 


; 
: 


77 


tinique in the museum of the Jardin des Plantes, presented by 
M. Alexander Rousseau in April 1842. I cannot see any specific 
difference between them and the Guadaloupe bird. 


20. SALTATOR ORENOCENSIS. 


Saltator orenocensis, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 275; Gray, Gen. App. 
p. 16; Bp. Consp. p. 490; Cab. M. H. p. 143. 
Saltator genalis, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 


Supra griseo-plumbeus ; alis caudaque nigris, remigibus primariis 
strictissime secondariis et tertiariis late cinereo terminatis : tec- 
tricibus omnibus ejusdem coloris : rectricibus supra basi et extus 
griseo quasi vittatis, infra grisescentibus : vitta lata superciliari, 
gutture, collo antico, maculaque parva ad mandibule basin niveis: 
genis cum capitis, colli et pectoris lateribus atris : subtus pallide 
ochraceus, hypochondriis et subcaudalibus ferrugineis : rostro 
nigro aut nigro-plumbeo: pedibus fuscis. 

Long. tota 6°8. 

Hab. Venezuela, Angostura (Mus. Bremensi) ; Trinidad (Mus. 

H. E.S.). e 

Mus. Berolinensi, Heineano. 


21. SALTATOR ATRICOLLIS. 


Habia gola negra, Azara, Pax. i. p. 348. 

Saltator atricollis, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xiv. 104, et Enc. Méth. 
p- 790; Less. Deser. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 344; d’Orb. Voy. p. 288; 
Gray’s Gen. ii. p. 363; Bp. Consp. p. 490. 

Tanagra atricollis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 43, pl. 56, fig. 2. 

Habia robustona, Azara, Pax. i. p. 350. 

Saltator validus, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xiv. 106; Lafr. et d’Orb. 
Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 35. 

Tanagra jugularis, Licht. Doubl. p. 31. 

Fringilla jugularis, Max. Beitr. p. 558. 

“ Lovia capsicum, Val.,”” Less. Tr. d’Orn. i. 448. 

Saltator sordidus, Less. Echo d. M. 8. 1845, p. 295. 


Fusco-rufescens : alis caudaque et pilei pennis subtus nigricantibus: 
capite laterali et gutture toto nigris: abdomine albo-rufescente, 
ventre saturatiore: rostro aurantio, culmine nigro. 

Long. tota 8-0, alze 3°75, caudee 3°75. 

Hab. Eastern Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes (Spiz); San Paolo 

(Licht.) ; Rio; Bolivia, Chiquitos (d’ Orb.) ; Paraguay (Azara). 

Mus. Brit., Berol., Paris. &c. 


Genus V. PsirTospiza. 


Psittospiza, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 424 (1850). 
Chlorornis, Reichb. Ay. 8. N. pl. 77 (1850). 


Rostrum rectiusculum, elongatum, culmine incurvo, gonyde ascen- 
dente, dente finali distinctissimo: ale elongate, remigibus secunda, 
tertia et quarta longissimis: cauda quadrata: ptilosis nitide viridis. 


78 


1. Psirrosp1zA RIEFFERI. 


Tanagra riefferi, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 4. 

Saltator riefferi, Gray, Gen. p. 363, pl. 89 ; Tsch. F. P. p. 210. 

Tanagra prasina, Less. Echo d. M.S. 1843, p. 947. 

Psittospiza prasina, Bp. Consp. p. 492. 

Chlorornis prasina, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 141. 

Saltator elegans, Tsch. Wiegm. Archiv, 1844, p. 288. 

Letissime viridis, lateribus capitis et gula summa cum ventre imo 
castaneis : rostro aurantio: pedibus flavis. 

Long. tota 7°2, alee 4°5, caudze 3°5. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador, forests of the Andes near 
Quito (Jameson) ; wood-region of East Peru (Tsch.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris, &c. 


Genus VI. LAMPROSPIZA. 


Lamprospiza, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 246. 
Rostrum Saltatoris, sed debilius: ale elongate, remigibus quatuor 
primis fere equalibus : cauda modica, quadrata. 


1. LAMPROSPIZA MELANOLEUCA. 
Saltator melanoleucus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xiv. 105, et Enc. Méth. 
aval. 
i Divaricated Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 40. 
Tanagra duplicata, Lath. in Mus. Derb. 
Psaris habia, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 186, pl.59. 
Tityra habia, Gray, Gen. p. 253. 
Lamprospiza habia, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 246 ; Bp. Consp. 
492 


Tangara double croissant, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 379. 

Lamprospiza melanoleuca, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 4. 

Supra eneo-niger ; subtus albus ; gutture toto et vitta utrinque 
a medio pectore ad latera transeunte cum tibiis et cauda tota 
nigris, dorso concoloribus: rostro rubro.  dorso toto pallide 
cinereo. 

Long. tota 6°0, alze 3-6, caudee 2°5. 

Hab. Cayenne. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Derbiano. 


Genus VII. Cissorts. 


Cissopis, Vieill. Analyse, p. 40 (1816). 

Bethylus, Cuv. Regn. An. (1817). 

Rostrum altum, compressiusculum ; culmine mulium incurvo ; dente 
finali indistincto: ale modice, remigibus tertia, quarta et quinta 
longissimis: cauda longissima et multum rotundata, rectricibus 
gradatim crescentibus : ptilosis albo-nigra: seus similes. 


1. CissOPIS LEVERIANA. 
Magpie Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 192. 


79 


Lanius leverianus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 302. 

Lanius picatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 73. 

Corvus leverianus, Shaw, Mus. Lever. p. 241. 

Le pie piegrieche, Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afr. ii. p. 33. pl. 60. 
Corvus collurio, Daud. Orn. ii. p. 246. 

Cissopis leverianus, Gray, Gen. p. 362. 

Bethylus leverianus, Bp. Consp. p. 491. 


Albus, capite toto undique cum collo ad medium dorsum triangu- 
lariter descendente et pectore simili modo triangulariter termi- 
nante splendenti-violaceo-nigris : alis caudaque nigris :.tectricibus 
alarum minoribus albis, majoribus autem et secondariis albo extus 
limbatis ; rectricibus omnibus albo terminatis: rostro et pedibus 
nigris. 

Long. tota 10°5, alee 4°3, caude 6:0. 

Hab. South East Brazil. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


2. CissoPiIs MEDIA. 


Cissopis bicolor, Vieill. N. D. d’H. N. xxvi. 417, et Enc. Méth. 
p- 750 (partim) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. p. 226. pl. 140 ? 

Cissopis minor, Cab. Schomb. Reis. iii. 677. 

Bethylus medius, Bp. Consp. p. 491. 

Cissopis media, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 5. 


Medius : dorso dimidiato albo: rostro crasso incurvo. (Bp.) 

Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.). 

Mus. Paris. 

The Guiana Cissopis is rather smaller than the common Brazilian 
species, and. the steel-black colour does not extend so far down the 
back. The Paris Museum specimen of this bird seems to want the 
white wing-spots. I am not confident as to the correctness of sepa- 
rating this and the Brazilian bird. 


3. CIssOPIS MINOR. 


Saltator bicolor, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 36? 

Bethylus picatus, d’Orb. Voy. p. 269?; Tsch. Wiegm, Archiv, 
1844, p. 288. 

Cissopis minor, Tsch. Faun. Per., p. 211. 


Minor : dorso omnino albo: rostro minus valido, brevi, rectius- 

culo. 

Long. tota 9°5, alee 4°2, caudee 5:2. 

Hab. Bolivia, Yuracares (d’Orb.) ; Eastern wood-region of Peru 
(Tsch.) ; New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 

The Bogota Cissopis seems distinct from the Brazilian, having 
merely the upper neck steel-black, and the back all white. I am 
not quite certain whether d’Orbigny’s Bolivian examples are best 
referable here. They seem to come pretty near the Cayenne bird. 


80 


Genus VIII. OrroTHRAUPIS. 


Rostrum validum, tomiis mandibule superioris medio turgidis et 
mandibulam inferiorem tegentibus, sicut in genere Lanione, sed 
brevius, altius, lutius et medio minus uncinatum: ale breves, ro- 
tundate : cauda sicut in genere Arremone. 


1]. OREOTHRAUPIS ARREMONOPS. 


Saltator arremonops, Jard. Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1855, ii. p. 119; 
Selater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 84. pl. xcii. 


Rufo-brunneus, olivaceo parum tinctus; pectore multo clariore et 
rubescentiore : capite toto mentoque nigris ; vitta mediali verticis 
et superciliari utringue postice elongatis cum medio ventre cine- 
reis : alis intus et cauda nigricantibus : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 7°25, alee 3-2, caudze 3°5. 

Hab. Andes in the vicinity of Quito (Jumeson). 

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Baronetti. 

This peculiar Tanager in style of plumage and general habit cor- 
responds most closely with the members of the genus Arremon, but 
the bill is altogether abnormal, the upper mandible swelling in the 
middle and overlapping the under, as in the genus Lanio, though 
not developed into a decided hook: but it is much shorter, broader 
and deeper than in the last-named genus, and has more general re- 
semblance to that of some of the Saltatores. 


Genus [X. ArREMON. 


Arremon, Vieill. Analyse (1816), p. 32. 


Rostrum rectum, altum, breve, conicum, apice vix dentata: ale 
breves, remigibus quarta, quinta et sexta longissimis: cauda 
breviuscula, rotundata. 


1. ARREMON SILENS. 


Le Tangara de la Guyane, Buff. Pl. Enl. 742. 

Tanagra silens, Bodd. Table de Pl. Enl. ; Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 432; 
Max. Beit. ii. 507. 

Arremon torquatus, Enc. Méth. p. 794, et Vieill. Gal. Ois. p. 105. 

1. 78. 

4 Arremon silens, Gray, Gen. p. 361; Bp. Consp. p. 487. 

L’ oiseau silentieux, Desm. Tan. t. 38, 39, 40. 

Silent Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 22. 


Olivaceus: capite et vitta pectorali nigris : tenia verticali cinerea : 
superciliis a fronte ad nucham, cum gutture albis: abdomine 
albido, lateribus cinerascentibus : campterio flavo: rostro nigro. 
-9 Supra mari similis: subtus fulvo tincta nec cinerascens: torque 
gutturali vix apparente. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°8, caudze 2:4. 

Hab. Cayenne ; North Brazil, Capin river (Wallace) ; South East 

Brazil (P. Maz.). 
Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 


Se = er 


81 


The Brazilian specimens of this bird are slightly larger in size 
than those from Cayenne, and of rather a more yellowish green on 
the back. This species may he distinguished from all its nearest 
allies by its black bill. 


2. ARREMON D’ORBIGNII, Sp. nov. 


Embernagra silens, Lafr. et d’ Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 34 (partim). 

Arremon silens, d’ Orb. Voy. p. 281 (partim). 

Supra olivascens: tenia verticali cinerea: superciltis a fronte in- 
cipientibus cum corpore subtus albis ; hoc nigro torquato : rostro 
flavo ; mandibule superioris parte culminali nigra. 

Hab. Bolivia, prov. Yungas (d’Ord.). 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

This Bolivian species comes nearest to A. flavirostris, but there is 

more black on the upper mandible, and the superciliary stripes begin 
from the front, as in A. silens. 


3. ARREMON FLAVIROSTRIS. 


Tordo de bosque torgiiato, Azara, i. p. 331? 

Arremon silens, Hartl. Ind. Az. p.5? 

Arremon flavirostris, Sw. An.in Men. p. 347; Gray, Gen. p. 361; 

Bp. Consp. p. 487. 

Supra olivascens : tenia verticali cinerea: superciliis ab oculo in- 
cipientibus et corpore subtus albis; hoc nigro torquato: lateribus 
cinerascentibus: rostro flavo: ipso culmine tantum nigro. 

Hab. Brazil, Cameta (Mus. Berol.). 

Mus. Berol., Derbiano. 


4. ARREMON DEVILLII, Sp. nov. 
Arremon devillii, Bp. in Mus. Paris. 


A. schistaceus, olivaceo paululum tinctus : tenia verticali dorso con- 
colore: superciliis ab oculo incipientibus et corpore subtus albis, 
hoc nigro torquato: tectricibus alarum supertoribus olivaceis : 
rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo. 

Long. tota 6-0, alee 2-2, caudze 2:1. 

Hab. prov. Goyaz in Brazil (Cast. et Dev.). 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

This bird is intermediate between A. flavirostris and A. polionotus. 
Unlike the latter, it has the whole upper mandible black and the 
back tinged with olive, and is besides of smaller size, and possesses 
a vertical band. From the former it appears distinguishable by its 
differently coloured bill and less olivaceous back. 


5. ARREMON POLIONOTUS. 
Arremon polionotus, Bp. Consp. p. 488 


Supra plumbeus : capite et torque angusta pectorali nigris : super- 
ciliis postocularibus et corpore subtus albis ; lateribus cinerascen- 


No. CCCVI.—PrRoceEpDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


82 


tibus : tectricibus alarum olivaceis, ipsa flerura flava: rostro 
albo, mandibule superioris culmine nigro. 
Long. tota 6:0, alze 2:9, caudze 2-7. 
Hab. Corrientes, La Plata (Bp.); Brazil, Cuyaba (Nutt.). 
Mus. Paris. et Vindob. 
This species may be distinguished from the A. silens by its cine- 
reous back, narrower throat-band and differently coloured bill. 


6. ARREMON ABEILLII. 


Arremon abeillei, Less. R.Z. 1844, p.435; Gray, Gen. App. 

. 16. 
; Schistaceus ; capite toto et torque guiturali nigris: superciliis et 

corpore subtus albis: rostro nigro ; pedibus luteis. 

Hab. Guyaquil (Less.). 

Mus. Baronis de Lafresnaye et Princ. Car. Bonaparte. 

I have seen specimens of this species in the collections of the 
Baron de la Fresnaye and Prince Charles Bonaparte. It appears 
very like the preceding, but has the bill black. 


7. ARREMON SEMITORQUATUS. 


Arremon semitorquatus, Sw. An. in Men. p.257; Gray, Gen. 
p- 361; Bp. Consp. p. 488. 


Supra olivaceus: capite et plaga utrinque cervicali (quasi semi- 
torquem formante) nigris : vitta mediali verticis et cervice postica 
cum lateribus corporis et crisso cinereis: superciliis elongatis, 
gutture et abdomine medio albis: tectricibus alarum dorso conco- 
loribus : mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore flava. 

Long. tota 6:0, alee 2°9, caudze 2°9. 

Hab. South Brazil. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


8. ARREMON AXILLARIS. 


Arremon axillaris, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1854, p. 97, et Tan. Cat. Sp. 
wt5. 

Supra olivaceo-viridis ; capite atro; superciliis productis albis ; 
vitta verticali et cervice postica cinereis: subtus niveus, lateribus 
cinerascentibus ; plaga utrinque cervicali (vittam quasi imper- 
Sectam formante) mentoque summo atris ; remigibus rectricibusque 
nigricantibus : tectricibus alarum majoribus flavo-olivaceis, mino- 
ribus et campterio lete flavis: mandibula superiore nigra, in- 
feriore flava: pedibus clare brunneis. 

Long. tota 3:8, alee 2-2, caudze 174. 

Hab. New Grenadian Andes, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. et Paris. 

This species very much resembles 4. semitorquatus, but has the 
bend of the wing bright yellow, instead of olive-green. I have only 
seen it in collections from Bogota. 


9. ARREMON SPECTABILIS. 
Arremon speciabilis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 114. pl. 67. 


 —————— -_  --” 


et 


83 


Supra aurescenti-olivaceus ; capite nigro, vitta verticali cinerea: 
superciliis albis: avillis letissime croceis: subtus albus ; mento 
summo et torque gutturali nigris, lateribus cinerascentibus: rostro 

avo. 

Long. tota 5°8, alee 2°8, caudee 2°5. 

Hab. Province of Quixos in Cisandean Ecuador. 

Mus. Britannico; Gul. Jardine. 

This beautiful species is from the Upper Rio Napo, where it tra- 
verses the province of Quixos on the eastern slope of the great 
Andean range. Specimens in Sir William Jardine’s collection are 
labelled as having been prepared by M. Villavicencio, a Spanish 
naturalist resident in that locality. 


10. ARREMON ERYTHRORHYNCHUS. 
Arremon erythrorhynchus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 83. pl. 89. 


Olivaceus ; capite nigro ; vitta mediali verticis, nucha cervicisque 
lateribus cinereis : superciliis et corpore subtus albis : torque gut- 
turalt angusta nigra: lateribus cinerascentibus : campterio flavo : 
pedibus albis : rostro elongatiore, incurviore, rubro. 

Long. tota 5:8, alee 3-0, caudze 2:7. 

Hab. New Grenadian Andes, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 

This Arremon, of which I have only yet seen one example—a 
Bogota skin, formerly in Mr. Gould’s collection—may be distinguished 
from the preceding species by its more lengthened, incurved and 
brilliant orange-red bill, and the yellow bend of the wing. 


11. ARREMON AURANTIIROSTRIS. 


Arremon aurantiirostris, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p-72; Des Murs, Icon. 
Orn. pl. 55; Gray, Gen. App. p.16; Bp. Consp. p- 488. 
Brunnescenti-olivaceus ; capite et vitta lata pectorali nigris : vitta 
mediali verticis dorso concolore: superciliis elongatis cum gutture 
toto et ventre medio albis: campterio flavo : rostro albescenti-au- 
rantio. 
Long. tota 6°5, alee 2:9, caudee 2°5. 
Hab. Isthmus of Panama (Delattre). 
Mus. Brit. ; Derbiano; Acad. Philadelph. 
This bird may be distinguished from its congeners by the broad- 
ness of the pectoral band, and its large wholly yellow bill. 


12. ARREMON SCHLEGELI. 


Arremon schlegeli, Lafr. M.S. ; Bp. Consp. p. 488 . 


Supra cinereus, dorso et tectricibus alarum superioribus flavescenti- 
olivascentibus : capite toto et plaga utringue gutturali (quasi 
semitorquem formante) nigris: carpo flavo: subtus albus, latera- 
liter cinerascens : rostro flavo, culmine viz nigro. 

Long. tota 5:7, alee 2-8, caudee 2°3. 

Hab. Littoral of New Grenada, S. Martha (Verreaux) ; Cartagena 

and Caraccas (Mus. Paris). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Lugdunensi. 


84 


This fine Arremon is at once recognizable by its black head, which 
is without the usual supercilia or medial band. 


Genus X. PuHa@nicorHiILus. 


Phenicophilus, Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 104. 


Rostrum Buarremonis, sed elongatius- ale elongate, remigibus tertia, 
quarta et quinta longissimis: cauda breviuscula, quadrata, rectri- 
cibus inter se equalibus. 


1. PHa@NICOPHILUS PALMARUM. 


Le palmiste, Briss. Orn. ii. p.301. ( 2.) 

Le palmiste a téte noire, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 303. (¢). 

Turdus palmarum, Linn. 8. N. i. 295; Vieill. Ois. de Am. Mer. 
il. p. 16. pl. 69 3 70 ?. 

Le palmiste de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 539. fig. 1. 

Tachyphonus palmarum, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. 359, et Enc. 
Méth. p. 803. 

Arremon palmarum, Gray, Gen. Suppl. p. 16. 

Phenicophilus palmarum, Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 104. 

Dulus palmarum, Bp. R. Z.1851, p. 78, et Notes. 1. Tang. p. 29. 

Dulus poliocephalus, Bp. R. et M. de Zool. 1851, p. 78, et Note 
Bod. Tang..p..29... (9..) 

Phenicophilus poliocephalus, Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 104 (¢ ). 


3 flavescenti-olivaceus : cervice postica et corpore subtus cinereis : 
gutture toto et abdomine medio albis: pileo nigerrimo ; maculis 
utringue, alia in fronte, alia supra oculum et alia sub oculo, niveis : 
rostro nigro. . pileo plumbeo; gutture fere omnino cinereo. 

Long. tota 7:5, alee 3°7, caude 3:0. 

Hab. Island of S. Domingo. 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


Genus XI. BuarreMon. 


Buarremon, Bp. Consp. p. 483. 

Chrysopoga, Bp. Consp. p. 480. 

Pipilopsis, Bp. Consp. P- 485. 

Rostrum rectum, plus minusve elongatum, conicum ; apice vir dentata : 
ale longiores, remigibus quarta, quinta et sexta longissimis : cauda 
elongata et multum rotundata : ptilosis olivascens: sexus similes. 


a. Buarremon. 
1. BuaARREMON TORQUATUS. 


Embernagra torquata, Lafr. et d’ Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 34. 
Arremon affinis, Orb. Voy. p. 282. 
Buarremon torquata, Bp. Consp. p. 483. 
Clare olivascens: capite nigro, tenia verticali et cervicis lateribus 
cinereis : superciliis ab oculo incipientibus et corpore subtus albis : 


85 


pectore nigro torquato: lateribus et crisso viridescenti-olivacets ; 
cauda cinerea, viridescenti-olivaceo limbata: rostro nigro : pedibus 
clare brunneis. * 

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3-1, caudze 2°9. 

Hab. Bolivia, prov. Yungas (d’Orb.). 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

This bird is very like the B. assimilis so common in Bogota col- 

lections, but distinguishable by its black collar and white supercilia. 


2. BUARREMON PHZOPLEURUS, Sp. nov. 


Clare olivascens : capite nigro, tenia verticali et lateribus cervicis 
cinereis : supercilits a fronte incipientibus et corpore subtus albis : 
hoc nigro torquato: ventris lateribus et crisso brunnescentibus : 
cauda brunnea, olivaceo tincta: rostro nigro: pedibus clare brun- 
neis. 

Long. tota 7:2, alee 3-2, caudze 2°8. 

Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud). 

Mus. Paris. 

I have had a specimen of this bird in my possession for some 
time, but only lately discovered its distinctness from the preceding 
species, on comparing them together at the Jardin des Plantes. The 
Venezuelan form may be distinguished by the brown colour on the 
flanks and crissum, the brownish olive tail, and the commencement 
of the supercilia from the front. The examples of this Buarremon 
at Paris were sent to the Museum from Caraccas by M. Levraud. 


3. BuUARREMON ASSIMILIS. 


Tanagra assimilis, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 67. 
Arremon assimilis, Gray, Gen. p. 361. : 
Buarremon assimilis, Bp. Consp. p. 484. 


Olivaceus ; pileo nigro : capitis vittis tribus cum cervice postica et 
laterali cinereis : subtus albus, lateribus et ventre imo crissoque 
cinerascenti-olivaceis: rostro nigro: pedibus brunneis. 

Long. tota 7-0, alee 3-3, caudze 3°3. 

Hab. Bogota ; Western declivity of Andes near Quito (Jameson). 

Mus. Paris., Brit. . 


4. BUARREMON VIRENTICEPS. 


Fringilla quadrivittata, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Buarremon virenticeps, Bp. Compt. Rend. Oct. 22, 1855. 

Similis Buarremoni assimili sed capitis striis et cervice tota olivas- 
centibus, dorso concoloribus: rostro nigro: subdtus magis cine- 
reus. 

Hab. Mexico. 

Mus. Berol. 


5. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS. 


Embernagra brunneinucha, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p. 97; Boiss. R. Z. 
1840, p. 68; Gray, Gen. p. 361. 


86 


Arremon frontalis, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p.239 et F. P. 
p. 213. 

Buarremon brunneinucha, Bp. Consp. p. 484. * 

Buarremon xanthogenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 141. 


Olivaceus: alis caudaque brunnescentioribus: pileo postico et nucha 
castaneis, striga utrinque cinnamomea : fronte et lateribus capitis 
nigris, illa albo trimaculata: subtus albus, nigro torquatus : 
lateribus et ventre imo cinereis, olivaceo indutis : rostro nigro. 

Long. tota 7-0, alze 3-2, caude 3:2. 

Hab. Mexico (Lafr.); Guatimala; Bogota; East Peru (Tsch.) ; 
Venezuela, Caraccas. 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 

I have seen the type of B. xanthogenys in Herr Heine’s beautiful 
collection of birds at Halberstadt. I think it is only an accidental 
variety of the B. brunneinuchus, because other examples from the 
same locality—Caraccas—seem perfectly identical with New Gre- 
nadian specimens. 


b. Chrysopoga. 
6. BUARREMON CHRYSOPOGON. 


Zonotrichia ? aureigula, Bp. M.S. 

Atlapetes chrysopogon, Bp. in Mus. Paris. 

Chrysopoga typica, Bp. Consp. p. 480. 

Brunnescenti-griseus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio cinereo-albescen- 
tiore : capite nigro, vitta mediali alba: gutture flavo: rostro nigro, 
pedibus brunneis. 

Hab. California ? 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

This bird, of which I have only seen the specimen in the Paris 

Museum, resembles the better known C. albinuchus, but has only the 
throat, and not the whole under-surface, yellow. 


7. BUARREMON ALBINUCHUS. 


Lmbernagra albinucha, @ Orb. et Lafr. R. Z. 1838, p. 165; Gray, 
Gen. p. 361. 

Buarremon albinucha, Bp. Consp. p. 484. 

Atlapetes albinucha, Cab. M. H. p. 140. 

Embernagra mevicana, Less. R. Z. 1849, p. 42? 


Supra cinerascenti-olivaceus; capite nigro, vitta mediali alba: subtus 
flava, lateribus et crisso olivascentibus : rostro nigro. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3-0, caudee 3°2. 

Hab. Cartagena (Candé). 

Mus. Paris. 


8. BuARREMON GUTTURALIS. 


Arremon gutturalis, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p.97; Gray, Gen. p. 361. 
Buarremon gutturalis, Bp. Consp. p. 484. 


87 


Olivascenti-fuscus : capite nigro, vitta mediali flavescenti-alba : sub- 
tus grisescenti-alba, gutture flavo : rostro nigro. 
Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:1, caudee 3°4. 
Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 
Mus. Lafresnayano. 
c. Carenochrous. 


9. BUARREMON LATINUCHUS. 

Arremon rufinucha, Tsch. Consp. Av. in Wiegm. Arch, 1844, 
p. 289; Tsch. F. P. p. 212? 

Buarremon latinuchus, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxii. p. 154. 

Schistaceus : pileo toto et cervice postica castaneis : lateribus capitis 

nigris : subtus flavus, lateribus et crisso cinerascentibus. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°1, caudee 3°3. 

Hab. Vicinity of Quito (Jameson) ; Eastern wood-region of Peru 
(Tsch.). 

Mus. Jard. 

M. DuBus considers this bird, which has been generally con- 
sidered as the same as the Bolivian rufinuchus, distinct from that 
species. The principal difference apparent from d’Orbigny’s figure 
seems to be the want of the lateral gular stripes, but I have seen 
indications of these in some Quitian specimens. 


10. BuARREMON RUFINUCHUS. 

Embernagra rufinucha, Lafr. et d@’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1839, p.35; Arremon rufinucha, d Orb. Voy. p. 283. pl.27. fig. 2; 
Gray, Gen. p.361; Buarremon rufinucha, Bp. Consp. p.484 (partim). 

Supra nigra ; subtus flava, lateribus et crisso olivascentibus: macula 

ante oculos sulfurascente: pileo et nucha cinnomomeo-rufis : 
lateribus capitis et vitta angusta utringue ad latera gutturis nigris: — 
rostro nigro. 

Long. tota 6°3, alee 3:0, caude 30 (d’Oré.). 

Hab. Bolivia, (d’ Orb. et Bridges). 

Mus. Brit., Parisiensi. 


11. BuARREMON LEUCOPTERUS. 

Arremon leucopterus, Jard. Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n.s. iii. p. 92. 

Buarremon. leucopterus, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 214, pl. 109. 

Schistacescenti-niger, alis caudaque obscurioribus : capitis lateribus 
nigris : pileo ochraceo-rufo : macula utringue ante-oculari et spe- 
culo alari cum corpore toto subtus albis, lateribus in cinereum 
trahentibus : tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis : rostro pedi- 
busque nigris. 

Long. tota 6°2, alee 2°8, caudz 2°7. 

Hab. Western slope of the Andes near Quito (Jameson). 

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Baronetti. 


12. BUARREMON PALLIDINUCHUS. 


Arremon pallidinucha, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 69; Gray, Gen. p-361; 
Bp. Consp. p. 484; Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 351. 
Buarremon pallidinucha, Bp. Consp. p. 484. 


88 


Atlapetes pallidinucha, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 140. 

Olivascenti-fuscus, alis caudaque nigricantibus : capite nigro : villa 
lata a fronte ad nucham antice latiore cinnamomea, postice an- 
gustiore albescente : subtus flavus, lateribus et crisso olivascen- 
tibus. 

Long. 6°3, alee 3:2, caudze 3:1. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 


13. BUARREMON ALBIFRENATUS. 


Arremon albifrenatus, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p.68 ; Gray, Gen, p.361. 

Buarremon albifrenatus, Bp. Consp. p. 484. 

Arremon mystacalis, Sclater, R. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 8; Cont. 

Orn. 1852, pl. 99, p. 131. 

Olivaceus : pileo castaneo : fronte et lateribus capitis nigris : subtus 
flavus : gutture et mystace utrinque ab hoc linea nigra divisa 
albis : rostro nigro: pedibus rubellis. 

Long. tota 6°3, alze 3:0, caudz 3°0. 

Hab, Bogota. 

Mus. Paris., Brit. 


14. BUARREMON SCHISTACEUS. 


Tanagra (Arremon) schistaceus, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 69. 
Arremon schistaceus, Gray, Gen. p. 361. 

Buarremon schistaceus, Bp. Consp. p. 484. 

Atlapetes schistaceus, Cab. M. H. p. 140. 


Nigricanti-schistaceus, subtus pallidior, albescentior ; alis caudaque 
nigris, speculo alari albo : pileo intense castaneo : gutture albido ; 
capitis lateribus et stria utrinque gutturali nigris. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:0, caudze 3°1. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 

d. Pipilopsis. 


15. BUARREMON SEMIRUFUS. 


Tanagra ( Arremon) semirufus, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 69. 

Arremon semirufus, Gray, Gen. p. 361. 

Pipilopsis semirufus, Bp. Consp. p. 485; Cab. M. H. p. 139. 

Olivaceus ; capite et collo undique toto cum pectore cinnamomeis : 
abdomine flavo : lateribus olivascentibus : rostro plumbeo : pe- 
dibus rubellis. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°0, caudze 3:2. 

Hab. Bogota; Cumana (Dyson). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


16. BUARREMON FULVICEPS. x 


Emberiza fulviceps, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 77; d Orb. Voy. p. 362. pl. 46. fig. 2. 
Pipilopsis fulviceps, Bp. Consp. p. 485; Cab. Mus. Hem. p. 138. 


89 


Olivaceo-viridis : capite et stria laterali gutturis castaneis : macula 
utringue ante-oculari et corpore subtus ad medium ventrem flavis : 
lateribus olivaceo-viridibus. 

Hab. Bolivia, prov. Mizque (d’Ord.). 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

This bird very closely resembles the B. semirufus in colour, but 
has the lores, middle of the throat, rictal strize and breast yellow, the 
chestnut occupying the sides of the throat and dividing it from the 
strie. The bill is rather more finch-like than in the former species. 

17. BuaRREMON PERSONATUS. 

Arremon personatus, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iil. 678. 

Pipilopsis personatus, Bp. Consp. p. 489. 

Pyrrhocoma personata, Cab. M. H. p. 138. 

Fusco-cinereus : dorso subolivascente: subtus flavus : pileo, gula 
collique lateribus rujis. 

Hab. British Guiana, Roraima Mountains (Schomb.). 

Mus. Berolinensi. 


Genus XII. CHLoRosrineus. 


Chlorospingus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 139. 
Hemispingus, Cab. 1. c. 


Rostrum Buarremonis sed tenuius, debilius, dente finali pene obso- 
leto: ale longiuscule, remigibus tertia, quarta et quinta equalibus : 
cauda elongata et rotundata: ptilosis olivacea et schistacea: sexus 
similes. 

This group forms a series, the first members of which are closely 
allied to the Buarremones, and have the bill nearly as strong, and of 
the same form as in that genus. But they grow gradually more 
tenuirostral, and ultimately show striking affinities towards Trichas 
and other forms of the Mniotiltine, with which they might at first 
sight be easily confounded. 


a. Chlorospingus. 
1. CHLOROSPINGUS OPHTHALMICUS. 


Arremon ophthalmicus, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xiv. pt. 2. p. 107 
(1847) ; R. Z. 1848, p. 247; Gray’s Gen. iii. Supp. p. 16. 

Chlorospingus leucophrys, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 139. 

Pipilopsis albitemporalis, Bp. Consp. p. 485 (partim), 

Supra brunnescenti-olivaceus, pileo et lateribus capitis obscure nigri- 
canti-brunneis : palpebris et macula postoculari albis : loris, guia et 
abdomine medio albis : pectore, hypochondriis et crisso flavescenti- 
olivaceis. 

Long. tota 5°25, alee 2°75, caude 2°25. 

Hab. Mexico, vic. of Jalapa (Cab.) ; Cordova (Sallé). 

Mus. Bruxell., Berolin., H. E. Strickland. 


2. CHLOROSPINGUS ALBITEMPORALIS. 


Tachyphonus albitemporalis, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p.12; Gray, Gen. 
Supp. p. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 237. 


90 


Chlorospingus ophthalmicus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 139 (note). 
Chlorospingus albitemporalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155; List 
of Bog. B. p. 27. 
Supra lete olivaceus : pileo et lateribus capitis nigricanti-brunneis - 
loris subobsolete fulvescentibus: pennulis oculum postice tangenti- 
bus albis : gutture pallide fulvescenti-albido, striis minutis nigris 


asperso: pectore aureo, fulvo tincto : abdomine medio pure albo ; 


lateribus et crisso viridescenti-flavis. 

Long. tota 5°2, alee 2°75, caudze 2°25. 

Hab. Bogota (Lafr.) ; Venezuela (Levraud) ; Bolivia ( Bridges.). 

Mus. Britannico. 

This South American species may be distinguished from the 
Mexican C. ophthalmicus by its rather brighter olive colour above, its 
lores and throat tinged with fulvous-brown (in the other bird these 
parts are nearly pure white), and the fulvous-yellow breast, which in 
C. ophthalmicus is greenish yellow like the sides. 


3. CHLOROSPINGUS FLAVIPECTUS. 

Arremon flavipectus, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 227 ; Gray, Gen. p. 361. 

Tachyphonus flavipectus, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p.11; Bp. Consp-. 

p- 237. 

Pipilopsis flavipectus, Bp. Consp. p. 485. 

Chlorospingus flavipectus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 139. 

Olivaceus ; pileo et cervice postica nigrescenti-cinereis, lateribus 
capitis saturatioribus, loris pallidioribus : gula albida, fulvescente 
tincta: abdomine viridescenti-flavo ; ventre medio albo. 

Long. tota 5:4, ale 2°7, caudze 2°6. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 

This is a very common species in Bogota collections. 


4, CHLOROSPINGUS CANIGULARIS. 

Tachyphonus canigularis, Lafr. R.Z. 1848, p. 11; Bp. Consp. 
p- 237; Gray, Gen. App. p. 17. 

Pipilopsis canigularis, Bp. Consp. p. 485. 

Chlorospingus canigularis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 139. 

Hemispingus Veneris, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 22. 

Similis C. flavipectori, sed rostro breviore, mazilla alba nec nigra, 

gula cinereo-alba nec brunnescenti-alba, capite nigrescentiore. 

Long. alz 2-9. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Paris. 

Prince Bonaparte’s Hemispingus veneris, of which the type is in 
the Paris Museum, seems to me to be the same as this bird. It is 
certainly very closely allied to the common C. flavipectus, but I have 
no doubt it is really a distinct species. 


5. CHLOROSPINGUS OLIVACEUS. 


Poospiza ! olivacea, Bp. Consp. Av. p. 473. 
Chlorospingus olivaceus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 6. 


91 


Brunnescenti-olivaceus ; capite nigricante ; vertice et nucha palli- 
dioribus, cinerascentibus ; macula postoculari candida; loris et 
lateribus cervicis griseis: subtus pallide flavus, gutture et ventre 
medio grisescenti-albis. 

Hab. Ceniral America ? 

Mus. Paris. 

This bird is of exactly the same cast of plumage as C. flavipectus 
and canigularis, but may be distinguished by the colouring of its 
head, which has a broad longitudinal paler band, and is darker, 
almost black, over the eyes and again beneath them, and by the 
white postocular spot. A specimen in my possession seems to be of 
Delattre’s preparation, and agrees with that in the Paris Museum, 
upon which Prince Bonaparte established his Poospiza olivacea. 


6. CHLOROSPINGUS FLAVIVENTRIS, sp. Nov. 


Olivaceus ; capite cinereo, viridi paulum apparente ; gila albescenti- 
cinerea: abdomine toto flavo: rostro nigro, mandibule inferioris 
basi albescente. 

Long. tota 55, alee 2°5, caudze 2°25. 

Hab. Trinidad (Mus. Jard.) ; Bolivia? (Mus. H. E. S.). 

I have seen two specimens of this apparently unrecognized Chlo- 
rospingus, which agrees in form with the preceding species, but is 
distinguished by its wholly yellow abdomen. One of these speci- 
mens is in Sir William Jardine’s possession, the other in the collec- 
tion of the late Mr. H. E. Strickland. 


7. CHLOROSPINGUS SPODOCEPHALUS. 


Chlorospingus spodocephalus, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 22. 


Flavo-olivaceus, subtus aurantius: capite toto cinereo, gula dilutiore : 
rostro nigro: pedibus rubellis. ( Bp.) 

Hab. Nicaragua (Delatire). 

Mus. 2 


8. CHLOROSPINGUS FLAVIGULARIS. 


Pipilopsis flavigularis, Sclat. R. Z. 1852, p.8; Cont. Orn. 1852, 
p. 131, pl. 98. é 
Olivaceus : gutture flavo : abdomine et mento cinereis ; ventre medio 
albescentiore ; crisso flavescente : rostro plumbeo, basi albo notata ; 
pedibus plumbeis. 
Long. tota 5°5, alee 3°25. 
Hab. Bogota. 
Mus. Parisiensi. 
I have never seen any specimen of this bird except the type in the 
Paris Museum. The bill resembles that of C. flavipectus, but is 
rather stronger. 


b. Hemispingus. 
9. CHLOROSPINGUS ATRIPILEUS. 
Arremon atripileus, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 335; Gray, Gen. p. 361. 


92 


Pipilopsis atripileus, Bp. Consp. p. 485. 

Chlorospingus atripileus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p- 6. 

Olivaceus ; pileo nigro ; superciliis longis a fronte ad nucham antice 
flavidis, postice albis: subtus dilutior ; gutture, pectore et ventre 
medio sordide flavis. 

Long. tota 59, alze 2°8, caudze 3:0. 

Hab. Bogota; vicinity of Quito (Prof. Jameson). 

Mus. Brit., Jardinii, &c. 


10. CHLOROSPINGUS MELANOTIS. 


Chlorospingus melanotis, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1854, p. 158. pl. 68; 
1855, p. 155. 


Supra nigro-plumbeus, dorso imo brunnescentiore: alis caudaque 
brunnescentibus, illis penitus nigricantibus : loris et capitis lateri- 
bus cumeregione auriculari nigris : subtus pallide ochraceo-rufus : 
mento summo nigricante ; ventre medio dilutiore : rostro nigro : 
pedibus pallidis. 

Long. tota 5°25, alee 2°5, caudee 2°25. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 

This little species, of which there are two examples in the British 
Museum, both apparently Bogota skins, differs from all its congeners 
in the colouring of the lower surface of the body, which is of a pale 
reddish buff, growing much whiter in the middle of the belly. Above 
the plumage is lead-coloured, with a greenish tinge superinduced 
towards the lower part of the back. The wings and tail are brown, 
with slight greenish edgings ; the ear-coverts and whole side of the 
face are black. In the second specimen, apparently not so mature, 
there is a light-coloured spot on the front, just above the nostrils. 
The bill of this species agrees with that of Chlorospingus atripileus 
in size, but is rather straighter in form, as in C. verticalis. 


11. CHLOROSPINGUS RUBRIROSTRIS. 


Arremon rubrirostris, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p.227; Gray, Gen. p.361. 
Nemosia rubrirostris, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 11. 

Pipilopsis rubrirostris, Bp. Consp. p. 485. 

Hemispingus rubrirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 138. 

Chlorospingus rubrirostris, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 159. 


Olivaceus, capite cinerascentiore : gutture toto pallide cinereo: ab- 
domine flavo, lateribus olivascentibus : rostro rubro : pedibus pal- 
lidis. 

Long. tota 5°7, ale 3°1, caudze 2°7. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


12. CHLOROSPINGUS SUPERCILIARIS. 


Arremon superciliaris, Lafr. R.Z. 1840, p. 227; Gray, Gen. p.361. 
Nemosia superciliaris, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 227. 
Pipilopsis superciliaris, Bp. Consp. p. 485. 


93 


Hemispingus superciliaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 138. 
Chlorospingus superciliaris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155. 
Hylophilus leucophrys, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 227. 


Olivaceus : pileo antico cinereo: fronte et superciliis cum macula 
suboculari albidis : subtus flavus: rostro plumbescente: pedibus 
pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 5-2, ale 2°7, caude 2°5. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


13. CHLOROSPINGUS XANTHOPHRYS. 
Chlorospingus xanthophrys, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 30. 


Brunnescenti-olivaceus : loris nigricantibus: superciliis curtis a 
Fronte ad oculum summum et corpore mediali subtus flavis : rostro 
nigro: pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 4-7, alee 2°5, caudee 2°4. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. P. L.S. 

I possess a single example of this small Chlorospingus. It is 
closely allied to C. superciliaris, but is inferior in size, has short 
yellow instead of longer whitish supercilia, and the body beneath only 
yellow quite in the middle, the sides being olive. Its olive plumage 
is also of a more brownish tinge, and the feet are pale brown or flesh- 
coloured, not plumbeous. 


14. CHLOROSPINGUS VERTICALIS. 


Nemosia verticalis, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 227; Bp. Consp. p. 236 ; 
Gray, Gen. p. 366. 
Chlorospingus verticalis, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 155. 


Cinereus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio albo: alis caudaque nigri- 
cantibus : capite toto cum gula nigris ; vitta lata a fronte ad nu- 
cham fumoso-brunnea : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5-0, alz 2°8, caude 2°8. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Berol. 


15. CHLOROSPINGUS LICHTENSTEINI. 


Nemosia verticalis, Licht. in Mus. Berol (partim). 
Chlorospingus lichtensteini, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 30. 


Supra cinereus, alis caudaque nigricantibus : pileo atro, vitta me- 
diali_ verticis ochracescenti-albida: subtus albidus, lateribus 
cinerascentibus. 

Long. tota 6°3, alee 3:0, caudze 3:1. 

Hab. New Grenada. 

Mus. Berolinensi. 

One specimen of this bird, which I observed in the Berlin Mu- 
seum, was marked as having been received from M. Boissoneau of 
Paris, along with examples of the preceding species, from which it 
appeared not to have been distinguished. It is closely allied to that 


94 


bird, but may be recognized by its rather larger size, and the black 
colouring of the head not extending round to the throat, as in C. ver- 
ticalis, but the whole under surface being cinereous, growing white 
in the middle. ; 


April 22, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 
The following papers were read :— 


1. On Two New Species or Brrps (NEsToR NOTABILIS AND 
SPATULA VARIEGATA) FROM THE COLLECTION OF WALTER 
Manret, Esa. By Joun Gouxp, F.RS. 


Mr. Gould brought before the notice of the meeting two species 
of birds from the New Zealand group of islands which he conceived 
to be new to science; one, a magnificent Parrot, pertaining to the 
genus Nestor; the other, an equally interesting species of Duck, 
belonging to the genus Spatula. Both these birds had been placed 
in his hands for the purpose of describing, by Walter Mantell, Esq. 

The Nestor, which is called “‘ Keé”’ by the natives, is by far the 
largest of the three species of the form now known, and is certainly 
one of the most interesting of the ornithological novelties lately 
discovered. It not only differs from its near allies N. hypopolius 
and NV. productus in its greater size, but in the greater uniformity of 
its colouring, in the yellow toothed markings of the inner webs of 
the primaries and secondaries, and in the orange toothed markings 
of the inner webs of the tail feathers ; the yellow colouring of the 
under mandible is another of the peculiarities by which it may be 
distinguished. 

Mr. Mantell informed Mr. Gould that he first heard of the exist- 
ence of the Ked about eight years ago from some old natives whom 
he was questioning as to the birds of the Middle Island. They said 
the Keé somewhat resembled the Kaka (Nestor hypopolius), but 
that, unlike that bird, it was green, and added, that it used formerly 
to come to the coast in severe winters, but that they had not seen it 
lately. Mr. Mantell has only obtained the two specimens exhibited 
of this fine bird ; they were shot in the Murihiku country, and for 
one of them he was indebted to Mr. John Lemon of Murihiku. 

The following is a description of this new species, for which Mr. 
Gould proposes the name of 


NESTOR NOTABILIS. 


General hue olive-green ; each feather tipped in a crescentic form 
with brown, and having a fine line of the same colour down the 
shaft ; feathers of the lower part of the back and the upper tail- 
coverts washed near the tip with fiery orange-red ; primaries brown, 


95 


margined at the base with greenish-blue; tail dull green; inner 
webs of the lateral feathers brown toothed on their basal two-thirds 
with orange-yellow; all the tail-feathers crossed near the extremity 
with an indistinct band of brown, and tipped with olive-brown ; 
feathers of the axillze fine scarlet; under wing-coverts scarlet tipped 
with brown, the greater ones banded with brown and with yellow 
stained with scarlet ; basal portion of the primaries and secondaries 
largely toothed with fine yellow, which is not perceptible on the 
upper surface unless the wings are very widely spread; upper man- 
dible dark horn colour; under mandible yellow, becoming richer 
towards the point ; feet nearly yellowish-olive. 

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 23; wing, 125; tail, 72; tarsi, 15. 

Hab. The Middle Island, New Zealand. 

The Shoveller forms the fifth species known of the genus Spatula, 
and is distinguished from the other members by the dark crescentic 
markings which decorate the feathers of the breast, sides of the neck 
and scapularies. The species of this well-defined form previously 
described are Spatula clypeata, which inhabits Europe, North 
America, India and China; 8. rhynchotis, which is found through- 
out Australia; S. maculatus, the habitat of which is Chili, and pro- 
bably the neighbouring countries of Peru and Bolivia; and S. ca- 
pensis of South Africa, For the fifth, or New Zealand species, Mr. 
Gould proposes the name of 


SPATULA VARIEGATA. 


Crown of the head and space surrounding the base of the bill 
brownish-black ; on either side of the face between the bill and the 
eye a lunar-shaped streak of white, bounded posteriorly with speckles 
of black ; cheeks, sides and back of the neck dark grey with greenish 
reflexions ; front of the neck dark brown, each feather narrowly 
fringed with white; back brownish-black, the feathers of the upper 
part margined with greyish-brown ; feathers of the breast, sides of 
lower part of the neck, the mantle and scapularies white, with a 
crescent of blackish-brown near the tip ; under surface dark chestnut 
blotched with black ; flanks lighter chestnut barred with black ; 
lesser wing-coverts dull greenish-blue; greater wing-coverts dark 
brown, fringed at the tip with white ; first elongated scapularies blue- 
grey, with a conspicuous line of white on the outer web next the 
shaft, bounded posteriorly with black ; the next blue-grey, margined 
on the inner web with white ; the remainder greenish-black, with a 
lengthened lanceolate mark of dull or brownish-white down the centre 
of the apical half; speculum deep green ; primaries dark brown with 
lighter shafts ; under surface of the shoulder white ; on each side of 
the vent a patch of white freckled with black; under tail-coverts 
black, tinged with shining green; tail dark brown; irides bright 
yellow; bill dark purplish-black, the under mandible clouded with 
. yellow; legs and feet yellow. 

Total length, 163 inches; bill, 3; wing, 94; tail, 43; tarsi, 14. 
Hab. New Zealand. ; 
Remark.—This is by far the handsomest species of the genus. 


96 


2. Descriptions or Two New SPECIES OF TRUE CuCKOOS 
(Genus CuCULUS AS RESTRICTED). 
By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S. 


CucuLus stRENUvUS, Gould. 


Crown of the head, back of the neck, cheeks and chin dark grey; 
all the upper surface, including the upper tail-coverts, olive-brown, 
with shining purplish reflexions; tail olive-brown, crossed by four 
bands of darker brown, and tipped with buffy white ; throat white, 
passing into the chestnut, which forms a band across the lower part 
of the chest, each feather also has a double mark of black and chest- 
nut down the centre; breast and upper part of the abdomen white, 
crossed by semicrescentic bands of very dark brown bordered with 
pale chestnut-red ; edge of the shoulder, lower part of the abdomen, 
vent and under tail-coverts white; upper mandible olive; lower 
mandible yellow; irides and feet rich yellow. 

Total length, 153 inches; bill, 14; wing, 93; tail, 9. 

Hab. Manilla. 

Remark.—In outward appearance this species so nearly resembles 
the Cuculus sparverioides, that one description would nearly serve 
for both; but in size it so far exceeds that bird, as well as every 
other true Cuckoo I have yet seen, that I have no doubt of its being 
distinct, and I have therefore assigned it a separate specific appel- 
lation, and have selected the term strenuus, as indicative of its great 
size and strength. 

The specimen from which the above description was taken now 
forms part of the collection at the British Museum. 


CucuULUS HYPERYTHRUS, Gould. 


Crown of the head, all the upper surface and wings dark slate- 
grey ; spurious wings white; lores, ear-coverts, moustache, and a 
spot on the chin black ; throat white, with a fine line of brown down 
the shaft of each feather; under surface dull rusty-red; tail grey, 
crossed by two narrow irregular bands of black bordered with brown, 
and by a very broad band of black near the extremity, the tip being 
reddish-brown ; upper mandible black ; lower mandible and feet ~ 
yellow. 

Total length, 114 inches; bill, 13; wing, 8; tail, 62. 

Hab. China. 

Remark.—In size this species is rather less than the Cuculus 
canorus of Europe, and is altogether less elegant in its general con- 
tour. The rufous colouring of the breast and under surface, and the 
black marks on the cheeks and throat, characters seldom seen among 
the Cuculide, are the features by which it may be distinguished. 

The specimen described, like the preceding, is deposited in the 
National Collection. 


97 


3. Note on BuGLopyYTES ALBICILIUS, Bp. 
By Purire Lutiey Sciater. 


Prince Bonaparte, in his “‘ Notes Ornithologiques sur les collec- 
tions rapportées par M. A. Delattre,’ read before the French 
Academy in 1853, has instituted a new genus, Buglodytes, allied to 
Campylorhynchus, Spix, and described but one species as belonging 
to it under the title of B. albicilius. 

Having had an opportunity of examining this type (which is now 
in the British Museum), I have to state, that I believe that it 
is the same bird as was long ago named by Mr. Swainson “ Fur- 
narius griseus,” and is the type of Cabanis’ genus Heleodytes. It 
has, however, nothing to do with Furnarius, and seems, as Prince 
Bonaparte has remarked, intermediate between Campylorhynchus 
and Donacobius. These forms appear to connect the American 
Mimine very closely with the Wrens, and to render the position of 
the former group among the true Thrushes rather doubtful. The 
synonymy of Buglodytes albicilius will stand as follows -— 

Furnarius griseus, Sw. An. in Men. p. 325. 

Campylorhynchus griseus, Schomb. Reise in Brit. Guian. iii. 

. 674. 
y Heleodytes griseus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 80; G. R. Gray, List of 
Gen. and Subgen. p. 26, no. 404. 

Buglodytes albicilius, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 26; G. R. Gray, List 
of Gen. and Subgen. p. 32, no. 499. 

My specimen of this bird is from Trinidad. Schomburgk’s were 
collected in British Guiana. The examples upon which the name 
Buglodytes albicilius was founded were obtained by MM. Verreaux’s 
collector in the vicinity of Santa Martha, on the north coast of New 
Grenada. 

From Trinidad also I possess a bird which seems to be the 
Heleodytes minor of Cabanis. It is so similar to Heleodytes griseus 
in every respect except in size, that I question whether it may not 


~- be a variety of age or sex of that species. 


4, On some New or IMPERFECTLY-KNOWN SPECIES OF 
Synauuaxis. By Puivie LutTury ScLater. 


1. SYNALLAXIS RUFICAPILLA. 


Synallawis ruficapilla, Vieill. N. D. d’H. N. xxxii. p. 810; Ene. 
Méth. p. 622; Gal. Ois. pl. 174. 

Sphenura ruficeps, Licht. Doubl. p. 42. 

Synallaxis cinereus, Max. Beitr. iii. 685. 

Synallazis olivascens, Eyton, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 150. 


Olivascenti-brunnea, pileo toto cum nucha, alis extus et cauda 
rufis: striga superciliari flavida: loris et regione auriculari 


No. CCCVII.—Procrepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


98 


nigricanti-cinereis : subtus albicanti-cinerea, hypochondriis et 
crisso brunnescentibus, ventre medio albicantiore cinereo. 
Long. tota 6:0, alze 2°1, caudze 3-0. 
Hab. Brazil. 


2. SyNALLAxis SPrxI, sp. nov. 


Parulus ruficeps, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pl. 86, p. 85 (¢.). 

Synallaxis ruficapilla, Reich. Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 158. 

Supra olivaceo-brunnea, pileo et alis extus rufis, cauda dorso con- 
colore sed minus olivascente: capitis lateribus et corpore subtus 
cinereis: gutturis pennis intus nigris, extus argentescenti- 
albis: ventre medio albo: lateribus et crisso brunnescente 
tinctis. 

Long. tota 6°5, ale 2-1, caude 3:5. 

Hab. Brazil. 

These two Synallazves, which appear to me to be very distinct 
birds, have always hitherto been confounded together. Specimens 
of S. Spizi are rather the most abundant in collections, and are 
usually marked ruficapilla or ruficeps, names both originally applied 
to the former species. 

The S. Spizi may be distinguished by its brown tail, nearly the 
same colour as the back, not rufous like the head, as is the case in 
S. ruficapilla; by having no traces of yellowish supercilia, the 
whole sides of the head being uniform grey like the breast, and by 
its smaller and shorter bill, and longer, narrower and more pointed 
tail-feathers. The throat-feathers are black, finely edged with silvery 
white, which gives an appearance of a black patch on the throat when 
the plumage is slightly raised. In S. ruficapilla the throat and 
breast are uniform cineraceous white, and there is more olive-brown 
on the flanks than in the other species. 

Another bird, very closely allied to these two, is S. elegans, which 
I have lately described in these Proceedings*, from Bogota. S. pal- 
lida, Max., is also very similar to S. ruficapilla, but has conspicuous 
white supercilia, and the under parts pale brown. S. albescens, 
Temminck, (which has been also united to S. ruficapilla by Prince 
Bonaparte and other writers) is likewise different, and more closely 
resembles S. Spi, from which, however, it is to be distinguished by 
having only the back part of the head rufous. A sixth nearly allied 
species is the Bolivian S. Azare, d’Orb. 


3. SYNALLAXIS CANICEPS, Sp. Nov. 


S. dorso, alis caudaque cinnamomeo-rufis: capite toto cervice- . 


que grisescentibus, pileo albescentiore : subtus lactescenti-alba : 
rostro et pedibus pallidis: remigibus intus nigricantibus: rostro 
elongato, parum incurvo, flavicante : pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°3, caudze 2°1. 

Hab. Brazil. 

Mr. Eyton was obliging enough to send me his specimens of 


* P.Z.S, 1856, p. 25. 


99 


Synallazes for examination a short time since, and most liberally 
offered to allow me to describe any I might think new. A single 
example of the present species which was in the collection seems 
different from any previously named. I have therefore taken advan- 
tage of Mr. Eyton’s kindness to give characters to it under the 
specific title of S.caniceps. There is no other member of the genus 
that I am acquainted with that much resembles it in colouring. The 
rectrices are ten in number. 

Mr. Eyton’s S. modesta, described in ‘Contributions to Ornitho- 
logy’ (1851, p. 159), of which the types are in his collection, is one 
of a small group of species from Bolivia, Chili and Patagonia, con- 
sisting of S. favigularis, Gould, S. sordida, Less. and 8. brunnea, 
Gould ; but I am doubtful whether all the four are really specifically 
distinct. 

Professor Reichenbach, in his ‘ Handbuch der Speciellen Ornitho- 
logie,’ has chopped up the genus Synallavis into seven or eight 
different sections. Some of these ought no doubt to be adopted, 
but the Professor has unfortunately referred some of the most closely 
allied species to different sections, and I think it better therefore to 
continue the employment of the old name for the whole of them, 
until a more accurate revision and arrangement of the whole of the 
species can be made, . 


5. On THE Position or THE GENUS PROSERPINA IN THE 
System, anp A Description oF 1TS DENTITION. 
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., P.B.S., erc. 


In the Synopsis of the British Museum for 1840 (p. 129), I 
mention amongst the genera of Helicide which have a thin edge to 
the mouth of the shell a genus named Proserpina. It is peculiar 
amongst land shells for having a series of laminz revolving in the 
throat, and the outer surface of the shell polished. This genus has 
been adopted by Sowerby, Pfeiffer, Jonas, and most other authors. 

Mr. Duclos referréd the species to the genus Carocolla; Adams, 
Pfeiffer, and Jonas in some of their earlier works having considered 
them as species of the extended genus Heliz. 

M. d’Orbigny in his work on the Mollusca of Cuba, renamed the 
genus Odostoma, and referred it with doubt to the family Cyelo- 
stomide. 

Though the shell is far from uncommon in the West Indies, Cuba, 
and some parts of the American continent, the animal escaped the 
researches of Guilding, Adams, Chitty, d’Orbigny and other observers. 
In 1854, when in Berne, my friend, Dr. Shuttleworth, informed me 
it had two subulate tentacles, with the eyes sessile on the outer side 
of their base ; and Mr. Bland has mentioned that the animal has no 
operculum, and absorbs the septa between the upper whorls of the 
spire, like some species of the genera Neritina, Auricula, Helicina, 
Stomastoma, and a few Helices. 


100 


These observations induced me to place the family in my most 
modern arrangement near Oligyrade. 

Mr. Cuming has kindly brought to me a specimen of the genus, 
with its animal, which Mr. Salle diacovered under leaves in the moun- 
tains of Mexico, some distance from the sea. 

The species is allied to Proserpina eolina, but differs in the spire 
being much more convex ; I hence propose to call it P. Salleana. 
Like P. eolina, it differs from all the others I am acquainted with in 
the upper surface of the whorls being rugose, and only smooth on 
the lower surface, as is the case with many Nanine, showing, if the 
smoothness and polish of the surface depend on the extension of the 
mantle of the animal, the extension in this kind is confined to the 
under surface of the shell, as is proved by the examination of the 
animal itself. 

This being the case, I am inclined to form this shell and P. eolina 
into a new genus under the name of Ceres, characterized by the 
roughness of the upper surface and the non-dilatation of the front 
edge of the mantle, which is believed to be dilated in all the other 
species of the true Proserpine. 

It will be seen that most authors have placed these Mollusca either 
with Helices or Oligyre, and I was much inclined to follow their 
example, even after a cursory examination of the animal itself. It 
has much the external appearance of the animals of the lateral family, 
having ashort, broad, annulated muzzle with a triangular mouth, two 
subulate lateral tentacles, with the eyes sessile on the outer side of 
their base; a moderately short foot, truncated in front, acute and 
keeled above-behind, without any appearance of beards or any mem- 
branous ridge on the sides; the shell is slightly sunk into a cavity 
in the front of the upper keeled part of the foot, as if it possessed 
an operculum; the edge of the mantle is free from the back of the 
neck, producing an open nuchal respiratory cavity like Cyclostoma 
and Oligyra, and other operculated and unisexual land shells. 

When the animal is more closely examined, it is found that there 
is no operculum, the concavity on the front part of the foot into 
which the under surface of the shell fits is furnished with a con- 
tinuation of the mantle, having a raised crumpled edge evidently 
capable of being expanded over the under surface of the shell, and 
explaining the polished surface of this part of the shell ;—a structure 
I have not observed in any other Mollusca. This extension of the 
mantle might be mistaken for the mantle of the operculum, which, 
as far as I know, is always quite distinct and separate from the 
mantle of the shell, but in this animal the fringed edge of the con- 
cavity is in direct continuity with the true or shell-forming mantle, 
both at the columnar and the outer external angle of the mouth of 
the shell. 

The teeth of the lingual membrane are unlike those of Cyclostoma 
and Helicina, which agree with those of Littorina and other marine 
Rostriferous univalves. The teeth resemble those of the typical 
Riphidoglosse, as in the families Neritinide, Turbonide, Trochidea, 
Roliolide, &c. All the Mollusca hitherto known belonging to these 


ere 


101 


families are aquatic, and all but the genera Neritina and Navicellus 
are truly marine. They all have well-developed gills, and the 
greater part have a more or less developed lateral membrane on each 
side of the body, furnished with three or more beards on its lower 
surface, and almost all have the eyes placed on a more or less distinct 
peduncle at the outer side of the base of the tentacles, all characters 
absent in Proserpina. But notwithstanding all these peculiarities, 
I am inclined to arrange the family Proserpinide (including Proser- 
pina and Ceres) in the order Scutibranchia, section Raphidoglossa, 
and to form a suborder for it under the name Pseudobranchia, in 
the same manner as the families Cyclophoride and Helicinide form 
the suborder Phaneropneumona of the order Rostrifere. 

It may be thus characterized :— 

Pseudobranchia. Gills vascular, branched on the inner surface 
of the mantle ; body and shell spiral ; eyes sessile ; operculum none. 

The open respiratory cavity, the separate sexes and the form 
of the teeth, preclude its bemg arranged with the Pulmonobran- 
chiata, with which it has been hitherto placed on account of its 
terrestrial mode of life; but as our knowledge of the structure of 
Mollusca extends, it is found that some Pulmonobranchiata are 
marine, as Siphonariade and Amphibolide, in the same manner as 
the terrestrial Cyclophoride and Oligyrade are properly arranged 
in the marine and fluviatile Rostrifera. The Proserpinade might 
be arranged with the latter families, as was proposed before the 
teeth were known; but there can be little doubt that the animals 
which have the very numerous rows of such peculiar-formed teeth 
as the Raphidoglossa, must have very different habits and modes of 
life from those which have only seven rows of nearly uniform teeth, 
of the Tenioglossa or Rostriferous Mollusca. 

And though the animal of the Proserpinade differs from the 
more typical Raphidoglosse, yet all the peculiarities, except the 
vascular organs of respiration and terrestrial mode of life, are found 
in some of the genera of the suborder. Thus the eyes of Fissurella 
are sessile on the outer side of the base of the tentacle; the whole 
family of Neritinide and some of the genera of Fissurellad@ are 
destitute of any lateral fringe or beards ; so that though these organs 
are the usual characteristic of these animals, their absence is no 
proof that the family does not belong to the group, especially when 
we consider that the teeth have all the peculiarities, indeed, are per- 
fectly typical in form with this well-marked and very peculiar tribe, 
and very probably it may prove that many terrestrial Mollusca may 
properly belong to the order. 

The lingual membrane elongate, broad, with numerous longi- 
tudinal series of close-set teeth ; the central teeth in 11 longitudinal 
series, 5. 1. 5. the two outer teeth on each side being large and irre- 
gular; the lateral teeth are numerous, crowded, compressed, linear, 
nearly equal, transparent, with recurved tip. 

In Ceres Salleana the lingual membrane is broad, elongate, with 
close-set teeth. Teeth .00. 5. 1.5.00. in numerous longitudmal 
series ; the central tooth is oblong, with a smooth recurved tip, the 


102 


lst and 2nd lateral teeth rather broader than the central, with three- 
toothed recurved tip, the 3rd narrow, elongate, with a slight recurved 
end, the 4th and 5th much larger, oblong and irregular shaped, the 
4th about half the width of the 5th, with 3 or 4 denticles on the 
inner side of the upper edge; the 5th very large, broad, with a 
large subcentral reflexed lobe ; the lateral teeth are very numerous, 
subequal, compressed, transparent, with a recurved tip, which in the 
inner teeth of the series is bifid. 


Gj 
4 
V4 
2 


BEETLES 


Dis 
ys 
Sak PA 


Teeth of Ceres Salleana. 


1. Ceres SALLEANA, Gray. 


Shell yellow, upper surface conical, convex, rugulose, with nu- 
merous close, parallel, granular concentric striz ; lower surface 
smooth, polished; keel acute, expanded. 

Hab. Cordera, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, in dense woods, under 
dead leaves (M. A. Sallé). 


2. Ceres E0LINA. Proserpina eolina, Duclos, Mag. Zool. 


The shell orange; upper surface flat, rugulose, with numerous 
short, parallel, diverging, narrow, sharp ridges ; keel very acute, bent 
up; lower surface convex, subhemispherical, polished, orange ; axial 
callosity thin, semitransparent, whitish. 


6. Remarks on NikA EDULIs, Risso. 
By Wiii1am THompPson. 


The possession of a healthy specimen of Nika edulis has enabled 
me to offer the following remarks, which, I trust, may add some- 
thing new to what is already known of this species. 

The first specimen I obtained by dredging on the 2nd July, 1853. 
I find by my notes, which were made at the time, that it was a 
female, and in spawn; the ova were darkish green, the animal itself 
was of a cream colour, and spotted with red dots ; the spots were 
of different sizes, perfectly round, and rather thickly and regularly 
placed. This specimen was dead before I examined it, and this will 
account for the difference of colour as contrasted with the specimen, 
the more immediate subject of the present paper. I had previously 
obtained one specimen, and a third specimen, also in spawn, was 


103 


brought to me on the 20th July, 1855; the ova were bright green, 
and the animal of a cream colour. This specimen was dead when 
examined. 

The subject of the present paper was brought to me alive by my 
dredger on the 21st February in this year, and lived three weeks, 
It was dredged in Weymouth Bay, near the mouth of the harbour. 
The colour in this living specimen was very different from that of 
the dead specimens I had previously obtained. When first brought to 
me, the whole animal was a light greenish-drab, irregularly and thinly 
sprinkled with pure white stars; the carapace and covering of the 
abdomen were alike transparent, and the intestines could be easily 
seen beneath. I could also detect the breathing apparatus placed on 
each side at the back of the mouth; the movement was similar to 
that of a long rope when gently waved at oneend. After a few days’ 
confinement it changed colour, five or six broadish bands of a lovely 
rose colour appeared, the bands of colour being restricted to the back 
portion of each segment of the body; the tail also changed to the 
same rosy hue, in the course of two or three days the animal again 
assumed its original colour. I have noticed this change of colour in 
many of the Palemonide and Crangonidea, and I believe it to arise 
from the transparency of the cuticle enabling any change in the body 
itself to be seen through it, and that the change of colouring of the 
body is occasioned by fear or some instinct. In all the specimens of 
Nika I have obtained the shell is soft as in a new-moulted Prawn, and 
in piercing them with a fine pin for preserving, the shell bends before 
it. Is this of any value as a generic character? M. Milne-Edwards 
says they resemble Athanas ‘‘in possessing but a small rostrum ;” 
they also resemble them in their mode of locomotion, as they then 
carry the external pedipalps and first pair of feet extended before 
them in a line with their body ; their movements are also slow and 
deliberate, and they appear to progress by walking and not by 
swimming; when alarmed they shoot backwards by striking forward 
with their tail, as is the habit of all the long-tailed Crustaceans. 

I now proceed to lay before you the information I have obtained 
as to its habits. 

I may assert that Nika is essentially a burrowing genus. I was 
not prepared to find it so, as I considered its slender limbs and its 
prominent eyes but ill-adapted for the purpose ; however, we live 
and learn, and I have learned that practice is far better than theory ; 
had I relied on the latter I should have insisted that Nika edulis was 
not a burrower. 

In accordance with a plan which I have formed of attempting to 
study the habits of any of our rarer marine animals I may have the 
good fortune to meet with, I placed my prisoner in a vase with a 
few weeds and some pebbles, that being the nature of the ground on 
which it was dredged; I left it in this vessel for two days, and found 
out it was not at home, and, in fact, that a pebbly bottom was not 
its choice. I therefore removed it to a large earthenware pan in 
which I had previously placed a few weeds, having filled it also to 
the depth of three inches with coarse gravel; I then left it for an 


104 


hour, and on examining the vessel I could not find my friend ; I 
searched on the table, thinking it might have thrown itself out, but 
it was without success ; I turned over the stones and weeds, and with 
the like result. I then commenced turning over the gravel, and at 
last found that Nika edulis was a burrowing Crustacean. I accord- 
ingly transferred it for facility of observation to a vase, and placing 
in it the same material, namely, the coarse gravel and weeds, in this 
gravel it buried itself three several times. Burrowing in this loose 
material was evidently a difficult matter; it required great patience 
and perseverance to overcome the difficulty occasioned by the loose 
gravel constantly falling in on the excavator; it took the animal ten 
minutes to burrow to about the depth of three parts of its length. 
I afterwards transferred it to a vase with sand to the depth of three 
or four inches at the bottom; in this it quickly disappeared, three 
minutes sufficing to completely cover itself. In this vase it was that 
I made the following observations on it. 

Its mode of mining is extraordinary: lying at the bottom of the 
vase, it commenced proceedings by probing the sand around with its 
third pair of feet, and inserting them to some depth in it; when it 
found a spot suited for the purpose, that is, free from any large 
stones, it at once commenced excavating. These operations were 


earried out by the external pedipalps, which are very long and 


strong, and also by the first, third and fourth pairs of legs; the 
second pair of legs, as may be supposed, are for this purpose per- 
fectly useless: they are as much as possible placed out of the way, 
being bent up snugly with the hand turned backwards: the only 
motion I could detect was a nervous action in the moveable finger, 
constantly attempting to clutch objects, but not seizing anything. 
The fifth pair of feet have a simple though useful office assigned 
them: it is to support the body in the proper position until the 
burrowing has progressed sufficiently to enable the burrower to do 
without their support; they are then immediately called into more 
active employment, and assist in the work of excavation. The spot 
for burrowing having been selected, the little animal steadies its 
body by means of its fifth pair of legs, and this allows the greatest 
freedom of action to the body. The pedipalps perform a prominent 
part in the burrowing; the nail on the last joint is curved slightly 
forward, and the advantage of this is clearly seen, as in digging, the 
pedipalps are forced into the sand or shingle, and are thus forced 
forward and outwards, and they prevent the side of the burrow from 
falling in; the third and fourth pairs of feet are in constant motion, 
probing the sand and loosening it, thus lightening the labour for the 
pedipalps ; all these movements take place very regularly and at the 
same time. A small hollow having been made, the animal raises its 
body by means of its fifth pair of legs to nearly a right angle with 
the bottom; its eyes, which are very large and carried at right angles 
with the body, are thus suddenly thrown forward with a spring in a 
line with the rostrum, and the hollow is surveyed; should it not be 
of a sufficient depth the body is again lowered and the burrowing 
continues, the eyes resuming their original position ; when the hole 


— 


105 


is sufficiently deepened, the eyes are again brought forward, the 
antennze are thrown back in a line with the body, and the animal 
ferces its head in the hole it has made; this is facilitated by the 
body being gradually raised by means of the fifth pair of legs; the 
head being inserted, the burrowing continues with increased energy, 
and the animal assumes the position as in photograph No. 2; this 
view shows the sand which has been thrown up accumulated in a 
heap under the body. 

I have occasionally found it continue in this position, but gene- 
rally it burrows perpendicularly, until only the tips of the antennz 
are visible. 

I placed my captive in a glass vase, and he having selected the side 
of the glass for burrowing (probably from the glass forming one firm 
side to the work), enabled me to watch every movement; the sand 
appeared to be passed to the mouth of the hole by the legs and false 
legs, when it filled round the body and filled in as the animal passed 
downwards. The antenne are delicately sensitive. I believe this 
sensitiveness depends on the sense of touch: the slightest contact 
with them sets the animal im motion (and this when it is buried 
some depth), using every exertion to burrow deeper. It is evidently 
a night-feeding genus, as it remained buried and inactive during the 
day, but the state of the sand in the tank in the morning proved 
that it had not been idle during the night. 

From these facts I am justified in stating that Nika edulis is a 
burrowing species (if not of a burrowing genus), and that its bur- 
rowing is only by day to hide itself from its enemies, and not to 
procure food. 

The description I have given of the colouring of this species will 
be found to be different from that given by Risso, as stated by Mr. 
Milne-Edwards. I should have great diffidence in differing from 
these eminent naturalists had I not imagined that their descriptions 
might have been taken from cabinet specimens. Had I waited to 
describe my specimen until after its death, I must have described it 
as it now is, namely, flesh-red; I find all the thinner-shelled Crus- 
tacea change more or less of a flesh-red, with the exception of the 
Crangonide. 

The different plans of burrowing in the different genera are very 
interesting, and may probably be given in another paper. 

The photographs to illustrate these notes represent 

No. 1 and No. la.—WNika edulis (natural size) taken from a 
living specimen (on a collodion plate) in two different positions. 

No. 2.—The same (natural size) when partially buried. This 


view shows the sand accumulated under the body of the animal. 


No. 3.—A view of a portion of Weymouth Bay, taken by a col- 
lodion negative. The camera being sunk in two fathoms of water, 
the line of demarcation between the water and air is here plainly 
visible. 

No. 4.—A photograph of Aphrodita aculeata taken (in two dif- 
ferent positions) from a living specimen two-thirds of its natural 
size. 


106 


Dr. Crisp placed before the Society drawings of the viscera, of the 
size of life, of a large Pike (Hsox lucius). The subjoined are the 
dimensions of the fish and the weight of the body and of the 
viscera :— 

Weight of body, 28 lbs.; length, 3 feet 7 inches ; largest cireum- 
ference, 23 inches. Weight of heart, 160 grains; of liver, 10 oz. ; 
of kidney, 1 0z.; of spleen, 171 grains; of brain, 75 grains. The 
diameter of the eye was 13 lines, and the largest tooth (maxillary) 
was 7 lines in length, 

Alimentary canal.—@sophagus, 6 inches; stomach, 9 inches ; 
intestines, 3 feet 3 inches. Total, 4 feet 6 inches. 

The kidney, which was very thin, measured 19 inches in length ; 
the air-bladder, 18 inches. 

The gall-bladder, seated at the upper part of the unlobed liver, of 
a pyramidal shape; it contained about 3 drachms of bile. 

Portions of a carp were found in the stomach, which, judging from 
the scales and some of the cranial bones, must have been of large 
size; probably 2 or 3lbs. The most interesting fact, however, that 
presented itself was the large size of the oviducts. These weighed 

-7lbs., and measured 22 inches in length. As near as could be 
computed, the number of ova amounted to about 700,000. The 
fish was taken in Holland about the 8th of the present month, April, 
and the ova appeared to be matured. 

The diameter of the blood-corpuscle of this fish was the same as 
that of the blood-corpuscle of smaller specimens. 

Dr. Crisp had not been able to find any account of the dissection 
of a large Pike, and for this reason he had placed an outline of the 
visceral anatomy before the Society. 

Dr. Crisp exhibited the drawing of a hairless Mouse, with the skin 
corrugated in the same manner as in those exhibited by Mr. Gaskoin 
at a recent meeting of the Society. The specimen, No. 120, is in 
the Museum of the College of Surgeons ; it was found alive in the 
kitchen of the late Mr. Clift, and is thus described in the College 
Catalogue under the head Monstrosities:—‘‘ A common Mouse, 
which from its birth had not the slightest appearance of hair upon 
its skin, being perfectly naked.” 


107 


May 13, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. DeEscrirpTion or A New TrRoGoN AND A New OpDONTOPHORUS. 
By Joun Gou tp, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. 


TROGON AURANTIIVENTRIS, Gould. 


Male: Forehead, face and chin dull black; head, sides of the 
neck, breast, back and upper tail-coverts golden-green ; wings slaty- 
black, the coverts and secondaries finely freckled, and the primaries 
margined at the base with white; two centre tail-feathers bronzy- 
green, narrowly tipped with black ; the two next on each side bronzy- 
green on their outer webs, the inner webs and the tips black; three 
outer tail-feathers on each side black, crossed by numerous narrow 
bars of, and narrowly tipped with, white ; under surface rich orange, 
separated from the green of the chest by a semilunar mark of white ; 
thighs black ; bill orange ; feet dark grey. 

Total length, 10 inches ; bill, $; wing, 53; tail, 6. 

Female: Head, all the upper surface and breast orange-brown ; 
wing-coverts brown, minutely freckled with brownish-black ; abdo- 
men pale orange ; two central tail-feathers reddish-brown, narrowly 
tipped with black ; the two next on each side brown on their outer 
webs, the interior webs and tips black ; three lateral feathers black 
at the base, their outer webs and apical portions white, minutely 
freckled with black, and a narrow irregular band of black near the 
tip. 

Pnab. near David, Veragua. 

Remark.—This species is very closely allied to Trogon puella: 
being precisely similar in every character, except that of the colour- 
ing of the breast, which is orange instead of scarlet ; both these 
species are remarkable for the regularity of the markings of their 
tail-feathers, and for the markings extending to the tip. 


ODONTOPHORUS VERAGUENSIS, Gould. 


Male. Crown of the head and crest dark rust-red ; throat black, 
with a line of white down the centre of each feather; back reddish- 
brown, freckled with black, and a faint lme of white down the centre 
of each feather ; wings brown, mottled and freckled with black, and 
with a small indistinct spot of buff near the tip of each of the coverts ; 
scapularies brown, with a light stripe down the centre, and with a 
large blotch of brownish-black near the apex of the inner web ; ramp 
pale brown, obscurely spotted with black ; under surface light cho- 
colate-brown, with a spot of white more or less encircled with black 
near the tip of each feather. 

Female: Differs in having the forehead and upper feathers of the 


108 


crest slaty-brown ; and the spots on the breast smaller and less con- 
gspicuous. 

Total length, 10 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 53; tail, 23; tarsi, 13. 

Hab. Veragua. 

Remark.—This species is nearly allied to Odontophorus guttatus, 
but differs in the lighter colouring of the breast and the redder hue 
of the crest. Specimens were procured by Dr. Seemann at Panama, 
and by Mr. Bridges from near David in Veragua. 


2. Synopsis Avium TANAGRINARUM.—A DESCRIPTIVE CaATA- 
LOGUE OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF TANAGERS. 
By Puitie Lurviey Scuater, M.A., F.Z.S., &e. 


Part II.—containing the genera Pyrrhocoma, Nemosia, Cyps- 
nagra, Tachyphonus, Trichothraupis, Eucometis, Lanio, Pheenico- 
thraupis, Lamprotes, Orthogonys, Pyranga and Ramphocelus. 


Genus XIII. Pyrruocoma. 


Pyrrhocoma, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 138 (1851). 


Rostrum breviusculum, incurvum, dente finali subobsoleto, mandi- 
bula superiore tumida: ale subbreves, rotundate, remigibus 
quarta et quinta tertiam superantibus et longissimis: cauda 
modica. 


1. PyRRHOCOMA RUFICEPS. 


Tachyphonus ruficeps, Strickl. Ann. N. H. 1840, p.419; Gray, 
Gen. p. 365; Bp. Consp. p. 237. 

Pipilopsis ruficeps, Bp. Consp. p. 485. 

Pyrrhocoma ruficeps, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 138. 

Schistaceus, capite toto et gutture castaneis: fronte, loris et 

mento summo nigris. 

Long. tota 5-6, alze 2°6, caudze 2°5. 

Hab. Brazil; S. Paolo (Sw. in Mus. Cantab.); Paraguay (Nat- 
terer); Ypanema (Von Olfers). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Berol., &c. 


Genus XIV. Nemosia. 


Nemosia, Vieill. Analyse, p. 32 (1816). 

Hemithraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 21 (1851). 

Thiypopsis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 138 (1851). 

Rostrum tenue, elongatum, incurvum, acutum, dente finali fere 
nullo: ale elongate, remige prima longa, tribus proximis 
paulo longioribus, equalibus et longissimis ; cauda modica, sub- 
quadrata: sexus dissimiles. 


109 


a. Nemosia. 


1. NEMOSIA PILEATA. 


Tangara & coiffe noire de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 720. fig. 2. 
Tanagra pileata, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl.; Gm. 8. N. 898. 
Nemosia pileata, Vieill. N. D. ? H.N. xxii. p.490; Enc. Méth. 
p- 787; Lafr. et dOrb. Syn. Av. in Mag. dé Zool. 1837, p. 28; 
d’Orb. Voy. p. 261; Gray, Gen. p. 366 ; Bp. Consp. p. 236. 
Hylophilus cyanoleucus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 734 (¢ ). 

Hylophilus ceruleus, ib. p. 731 (2). 

Tangara & coiffe noire, Desm. Tan. pl. 41. 

Hooded Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 13. 

Pico de punzon negro azul y blanco, Azara, no. 105 (2). 

P.d.p. azul y blanco, id. no. 110 (2). 

Plumbescenti-cerulea, pileo supero cum capite et cervice late- 
rali nigris: striga preoculari et corpore subtus albis: rostro 
nigro: pedibus flavidis.—? supra minus cerulescens et nigro 
colore omnino carens ; subtus minus pure alba. 

Long. tota 47, alee 2°8, caude 1°8. 

Hab. Cayenne; Brazil, Para (Wallace), Mexicana (Wallace), Ba- 

hia (P. Maz.) ; Nauta (Cast. et Dev.) ; Bolivia, Chiquitos (d’ Ord.) ; 

Paraguay (4Azara) ; Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud). 

. Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


b. Hemithraupis. 
2. NEMOSIA GUIRA. 


Sylvia brasiliensis viridis, Briss. Orn. iti. 533. 

Motacilla guira, Linn. i. p. 335. 

Tang. olive a gorge noire de Cayenne, Buff. Pi. Enl. 720. fig. 1. 

Tanagra nigrigula, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. 

Tanagra nigricollis, Gm. 8. N. p. 894. 

Hylophilus guira, Max. Beitr. ui. p. 736. 

Nemosia nigricollis, Vieill. N.D.@H.N. xxii. p. 491; Ene. 

Méth. p.788; Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 

p- 28; d’Orb. Voy. p.261?; Hartl. Ind. Az. p.7; Gray’s Gen. 
. 366. 

Nemosia guira, Gray’s Gen. App. p.17; Bp. Consp. p. 236. 

Hemithraupis guira, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 21 ; Bp. Consp. p. 312. 

Pico de punzon amarillo barba negra, Azar. Pax. no. 102. 

Guira Warbler, Lath. G. H. vii. p. 193. 


Flavescenti-olivacea ; superciliis longis et vitta gutturem nigrum 
undique cingente flavis : pectore et dorso postico cinnamomeis : 
ventre cinerascenti-fiavido, crisso saturatiore. ¢ flavicanti- 
olivacea, uropygio clariore: subtus valde dilutior. 

Long. tota 5-0, alz 2°6, caude 2°0. 

Hab. Cayenne ; Brazil, ed provinces (P. Maz.) ; Bo- 

livia (d’ Ord. ?). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 

There are slight variations in colouring between the Brazilian and 


110 


Cayenne: examples of this species, but not sufficient to lead me to 
consider them distinct. 


3. NEMOSIA GUIRINA, Sp. nov. 

Nemosia guira, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 155. 

Flavescenti-olivacea, superciliis longis cum plaga cervicali utrin- 

que conjunctis flavis : gutture et capitis lateribus nigris : dorso 
postico cinnamomeo, pectore item cinnamomeo sed saturatiore et 
magis castaneo : abdomine cinerascenti-flavido, crisso flavicante. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°9, caudee 2-0. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; East Peru. 

Three specimens of what would at first sight appear to be NV. guira, 
in my possession, two of which are from New Grenada and the third 
from Peru, offer such a marked difference in the length of the wing 
on comparison with specimens from the eastern coast, that I cannot 
avoid separating them specifically. They are also distinguishable, as 
the yellow colour is more developed on the sides of the neck, but 
does not form a band between the breast and black throat, as in 
N.guira. And in the N. guirina the breast has more of a deep chest- 
nut tinge, which extends quite up to the black throat. 

Perhaps d’Orbigny’s Bolivian N. guira may be rather referable to 
this species than to the previous bird. 


4. NEMOSIA FLAVICOLLIS. ‘ 

Nemosia flavicollis, Vieili. N. D. dH. N. xxii. 491; Enc. Méth. 
p- 788; Gal. Ois. p. 99. pl. 75; Gray, Gen. p. 366; Bp. Consp. 
p- 236. 

Tanagra speculifera, Temm. Pl. Col. 36. fig. 1. ¢. 2.2. 

Sylvia melanoxantha, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 34. 

Hylophilus melanoxanthus, Max. Beitr. iii. 736. 

Hemithraupis flavicollis, Bp. Consp. p. 312. 

Hemithraupis melanoxantha, Cab. M. H. p. 21. 


Nigra, dorso postico flavo: speculo alari et corpore subtus albis : 
gutture aureo: crisso flavo, dorso concolore. ? supra brun- 
nescenti-olivacea : subtus flavida, medialiter elarior : alarum 
marginibus flavicantibus. 

Long. tota 5-1, alee 2°7, caudze 2:1. 

Hab. Brazil (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


5, NEMOSIA INSIGNIS, Sp. nov. 

Nigra, brunnescente tincta: speculo alari et corpore subtus 
albis : interscapulio et dorso inferiore cum gutture et crisso 
flavis. @ brunnescenti-olivacea, alarum et caude marginibus 
flavescentibus : subtus flavida, lateribus obscurioribus. 

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2:9, caude 2°1. 

Hab. South Brazil. 

Obs. Similis N. flavicolli, sed crassitie majore, dorso flavo altius 
ascendente et gutture pallidius flavo, dorso fere concolore, 
distinguenda. 


lait alain 


111 


‘I possess three specimens of this Nemosia, male, female and young 
male, out of a collection formed, I believe, in the southern part of 
Brazil. They are certainly larger in all their dimensions than the 
N. flavicollis, besides showing the other differences above noted, and 
I think can hardly be passed over as merely a local variety of that 
species. 

6. NEMOSIA AURICOLLIS, sp. nov. 

Nemosia flavicollis ex Cayenna, auct. 

Saturate nigricanti-brunnea ; speculo alari parvo albo: dorso 

postico, gutture et crisso aureo-flavis, abdomine albido. 

Long. tota 4°6, alee 2°7, caudee 1°9. 

Hab. Cayenne; East Peru, river Ucayali (Hawzwell). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 

Obs. N. flavicolli simillima, sed colore brunneo, et dorso postico 

aurescentiore flavo, necnon speculo alari magis celato, distin- 
guenda. 


7. NEMOSIA PERUANA. 
Hemithraupis peruana, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 173; Note s. 1. Tang. 
24. 


Nemosia peruana, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. a 


Nigra, brunnescente tincta ; speculo alari albo: dorso postico 
toto, gutture, crisso et maculis in tectricibus alarum aureo-flavis : 
abdomine albo: pectore paululum nigro variegato. 2 olivas- 
centi-brunnea, uropygio et alarum caudeque marginibus flavi- 
cantioribus; subtus flavida, ventre dilutiore, crisso saturatiore. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2:6, caudee 2°0. 

Hab. East Peru. 

_ Mus. P.L.S. 
Obs. Species maculis alaribus aureis inter affines dignoscenda. 


8. NEMOSIA ALBIGULARIS. 
Nemosia albigularis, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 109. pl. xcix. et 
p- 155. 

Nigra: dorso postico et crisso cum. macula collari utrinque et 
plumis narium quibusdam aureo-flavis: speculo alari albo: 
subtus alba, pectoris et laterum plumis nigro variegatis. 

Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°5, caude 1°8. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Joh. Gould, &c. 


9. NEMOSIA RUFICAPILLA. 


Nemosia ruficapilla, Vieill. N.D. @H.N. xxii. p-493 ; Enc. Méth. 
p. 788; Gray, Gen. p. 366; Bp. Consp. p. 236. 


ia ruficapilla, Vieill. Gal. Ois. Suppl. pl. 3. 
ilus ruficeps, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 729 5 Gray, Gen. p. 200. 
Hemihraupis ruficeps, Cab. Mus. Hein. p.21 ; Bp. Consp. p.311. 
Olivaceo-viridis ; capite et gutture undique castaneis: pectore 


112 


et dorso postico cinnamomets : macula cervicali utrinque aurea : 
abdomine cineraceo, medialiter flavo-virescente, crisso flavicante. 
Long. tota 5°0, alee 2°6, caude 2°1. 
Hab. Brazil, Rio; Bahia (P. Maz.). 
Mus. Brit., &c. 


c. Thlypopsis. 
10. NEMOSIA SORDIDA. 


Nemosia sordida, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p. 28; d’Orb. Voy. p. 261. pl. 18. fig. 2; Gray, Gen. p. 366; Bp. 
Consp. p. 237. 

Nemosia fulvescens, Strickl. Ann. N. H. (1844), p. 420; Gray, 
Gen. p. 366; Bp. Consp. p. 236. 

Thlypopsis fulvescens, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 138. 

Nemosia blanda, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Brunnescenti-cinerea ; pileo cinnamomescenti-castaneo : capitis 
lateribus et gula flavis : abdomine dilute brunnescenti-ochraceo, 
medialiter albescentiore. 

Long. tota 5°0, alee 3°7, caudee 3°1. 

Hab. Bolivia, Yuracares (d’ Orb.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Berolin. 

I have compared a specimen of this bird, which is in my own pos- 
session, with d’Orbigny’s type in the Paris Museum and the example 
of NV. fulvescens which is in Mr. Strickland’s collection. It seems to 
agree with both of these nearly enough to induce me to regard the 
several appellations given by these writers as probably synonymous. 


11. NeMosIA RUFICEPS. 

Tachyphonus ruficeps, Lafr. R. Z. 1848, p. 173. 

Thlypopsis fulviceps, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 138. 

Cinereus, capite toto cum gutture undique castaneis, gula dilu- 
tiore : abdomine medio albescente. 

Long. tota 5-0, ale 2°5, caudse 2°0. 

Hab. Caraccas in Venezuela (Lafr.). 

Mus. Parisiensi, Heineano. 


Genus XV. CyPpsNAGRA. 


Cypsnagra, Less. Man. d’Orn. p. 460 (1831). 

Leucopygia, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. p. 285 (1837). 

Rostrum tenue, arcuatum, acutum, dente finali obsoleto ; gonyde 
vir ascendente : ale modice, remigibus secunda et tertia longis- 
simis: cauda modica rotundata: pedes robusti, unguibus acutis. 


1. CypSNAGRA RUFICOLLIS. 

Tanagra ruficollis, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 30. 

Tanagra hirundinacea, Less. Tr. d’ Orn. p. 460. 

Leucopygia ruficollis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 312; Cab. Mus. Hein. 
p- 137. 


TL lle 


113 


Tachyphonus ruficollis, Orb. Voy. p. 277. 

Cypsnagra ruficollis, Gray, Gen. p. 167; Bp. Consp. p. 232. 

Tanagra fumigata, Temm. in Mus. Lugd. 

Supra niger, uropygio, speculo alari cum primariarum mediarum 
marginibus et tectricibus alarum maporibus (vittam formantibus ) 
albis: subtus albus vix ochracescens, gutture ferrugineo. 

Long. tota, 6°2, alee 3°2, caudee 2°5. 

Hab. 8. Brazil, Bahia (Sw.); Rio; S. Paolo (Licht.); Bolivia, 

Chiquitos (d Ord.). 


Genus XVI. TacuyrHonus. 


Tachyphonus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 33 age 

Pyrrota, Vieill. ibid. p. 45. 

Comarophagus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974. 

Rostrum subconicum, compressum ; apice incurva, acuta et dentata ; 
commissura plus minusve sinuata et loba mediali interdum in- 
structa: ale modice, paulum rotundate, remigibus tertia, 
quarta et quinta longissimis ; secunda breviore quam quinta : 
cauda elongata, rotundata : sexus dissimiles : ptilosis marium 
nigra, faminarum brunnea. 


1. TACHYPHONUS MELALEUCUS. 


Oriolus melaleucus, Sparm. Mus. Carls. pl. 31 (1787). 

Tanagra noir d Amérique, Buff. Pl. En). 179. fig. 2 (¢)-. 

Tanagra roux de Cayenne, ib. pl. 711 (¢). 

Tanagra nigerrima, Gm. 8. N. p. 899; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 534. 

Tanagra rufa, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. (¢)-. 

- Oriolus leucopterus, Gm. 8. N. p. 392. 

Tachyphonus leucopterus, Vieill. N. D. d’H. N. xxxii. p. 358; 
Enc. Méth. p. 803; Gal. Ois. pl.82, p.113; d’Orb. Voy. p. 277; 
Gray, Gen. p. 365. 

Pyrrota leucoptera, Bp. Consp. p. 238. 

Tachyphonus nigerrimus, Sw. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1826, p. 62; 
Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 29; Schomb. 
Guian. iii. p. 669. 

Tordo de bosque negro cobijas blancas, Azara, Pax. no. 76. 

Tangara noir, Desm. Tan. pl. 45 (3) et 46 (¢). 

White-winged Oriole, Lath. G. H. i. p. 125, pl. 42. 

ne beauperthuyi, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. (1851), 

p- 82? 

Bc aden: tectricibus alarum summis et tectricibus inferi- 

oribus albis.  rufescenti-brunnea; subtus paulo dilutior. 

Long. tota 7:0, alee 3°4, caudze 3:0. 

Hab. Cayenne; Guiana (Schomb.); Venezuela; Trinidad; To- 
bago (Kirk.); Bogota (Lewy in Mus. Paris); Pintobamba in Peru 
et Goyaz in Brazil (Cast. et Dev.) ; Brazil; Pernambuco (Sw.) ; 
_ Bahia (P. Maz.) ; Rio Grande do Sul (Plant.) ; Paraguay (dzara); 
Corrientes (@ Orb.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


No. DECK. --Puccuenercs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


114 


This seems one of the most common and widely distributed species 
of birds in Cisandean South America. There is some variation in 
the length and thickness of the bill, and amount of white on the 
wings. Prince Bonaparte has named a Venezuelan bird exhibiting 
some differences in these respects, Tachyphonus beauperthuii, but I 
have not recognized that species as distinct, because I have observed 
such differences in specimens brought from the same locality. 


2. TACHYPHONUS VALERII. 
Pyrrota valeryi, J. et E. Verr. R. Z. 1855, p. 351. 


Unicolor ater : campteriis item nigris. 
Long. tota 2:1, ale 4:1, caudz 3°9. 
Hab. Central America. 

Mus. Paris. 

I have not seen this species. 


3. TACHYPHONUS LUCTUOSUS. 


Tachyphonus luctuosus, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Ay. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 29. 

Pyranga luctuosa, @ Orb. Voy. p. 263, pl. 20. fig. 1 ¢.2 9. 

Tachyphonus tenuirostris, Gray, Gen. p. 365 ; Bp. Consp. p. 240. 

Lanio tenuirostris, Gray, Gen. App. p. 16. 


Ater: tectricibus alarum minoribus mediisque et tectricibus 
subalaribus albis. & supra virescens, uropygio flavescentiore, 
pileo cinerascentiore : subtus flavescens, gula pallide grisea. 

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°5, caudze 2°1. 

Hab. Bolivia (d’ Orb.) ; Eastern Peru ; prov. Quixos in Ecuador ; 

Bogota; S. Martha; Trinidad ; Tobago (Kirt.). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


4, TACHYPHONUS CORONATUS. 


Tordo de bosque coronado y negro, Azara, Pax. no. 77. 

Agelaius coronatus, Vieill. N. D.d’H. N. xxxiv. p. 535, et Enc. 
Méth. p. 711 (1818). 

Tanagra corypheus, Licht. Verz. p. 31 (1824). 

Tachyphonus corypheus, Gray, Gen. p. 365 ; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 5. 

Pyrrota corypheus, Bp. Consp. p. 238. 

Tachyphonus vigorsi, Sw. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1826, p.63; Jard. 
Ill. Orn. pl. 36. fig. 1. 

Tachyphonus coronatus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 7. 


Ater : vertice medio ruberrimo : tectricibus alarum summis et tec- 
tricibus inferioribus albis. ? rufescenti-brunnea ; capite magis 
fusco : subtus paulo dilutior. 

Long. tota 7:0, alz 3-2, caudze 3-0. 

Hab. Paraguay (Azara) ; South Brazil (Sw.). 

Mus. Brit., Berol. 


5. TACHYPHONUS SURINAMUS. 
Merula surinamensis, Briss. Orn. Suppl. vi. p. 46. 


a 


115 


Turdus surinamus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 297. 

Tachyphonus surinamensis, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 202 ; Bp. Compt. 
Rend. xxxii. p. 81. 

Tanagra cristata, Gm. 8. N. p. 898 (partim). 

Tachyphonus cristatus, Vieill. N. D. 7H. N. xxxii. p.356, et Enc. 
Méth. p. 802 (partim). 

Tanagra martialis, Temm. Analyse, p. Lxv. 

Tanagra desmaresti, Sw. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1826, p. 67. 

Tachyphonus ochropygos, Cab. Schomb. Reis. iii. p. 668. 

Lanio cristata, Bp. Consp. 241 (partim). 

Tangara huppé de la Guyane, Buff. Pl. Enl. 301. fig. 2. 

Le Houpette, adulte, Desm. Tan. pl. 47. 

Surinam Thrush, Lath. G. H. v. p. 150. 


Sericeo-ater : tectricibus alarum minoribus et tectricibus sub- 
alaribus albis: fronte nigra: pileo medio cristato aurescenti- 
fulvo : dorso postico dilutiore fulvo : hypochondriis imis casta- 
neis. @ supra olivacea; capite cinereo : pileo medio olivaceo : 
ciliis et regione oculari flavis: subtus pallide fulva, crisso 
flavescentiore. 

Long. tota 6-0, alee 3°5, caudz 3°2. 

Hab. Cayenne ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.) ; Guia on the Rio Negro 

(Wallace). 
Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


6. TACHYPHONUS CRISTATUS. 


Tangara hupe de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 7. fig. 2. 

Tangara Cayennensis nigra cristata, Briss. Orn. Supp. p. 65. 

Tanagra cristata, Gm. S. N. p. 898; Max. Beitr. iil. 474. 

Tachyphonus cristatus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxxii. p. 356, et Enc. 
Méth. p. 802 (partim) ; Sw. Quart. Journ. Se. 1826, p.66; Schomb. 
Guian. iii. 668; Gray’s Gen. p. 365. 

Lanio cristatus, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. 1846, p. 203; Enc. Méth. 
p- 740; Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 203. sp. 2et 5; Gray, Gen. p. 364; 
Bp. Consp. p. 240 (partim). 

Tanagra brunnea, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 37. pl. 49. fig. 2 (¢). 

Tanagra gubernatrix, Temm. Tab. Meth. p. 30. 

Lanio vieillotii, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 204. 

Houpette, jeune dge, Desm. Tan. pl. 48. 

Crested Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 11. 


Ater: pileo toto ecristato ruberrimo: gula et dorso postico 
pallide fulvis : tectricibus alarum minoribus et tectricibus infe- 
rioribus albis. 2 cinnamomescenti-brunnea, subtus dilutior. 

Long. tota 6-5, ale 3°1, caudz 3-0. 

Hab. Cayenne ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.); Brazil; New Grenada, 

Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &ce. 


7. TACHYPHONUS RUFIVENTER. 
Tanagra rufiventer, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 37. pl. 50. fig. 1. 


116 


Tachyphonus rufiventer, Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 49. pl. 50. 

Tachyphonus serrirostris, Strickl. MS. 

Ater : pileo medio et uropygio flavescenti-brunneis : gulari stria 
et abdomine toto pallide brunneis, hoc medialiter in castaneum 
transeunte: tectricibus alarum superioribus et inferioribus 
albis. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudze 2°75. 

Hab. Eastern provinces of Peru, Sarayacu (Cast. et Dev.) ; Cha- 

micurros (Hawawell). 


8. TACHYPHONUS DELATTRII. 


Tachyphonus delattrii, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p.72; Gray’s Gen. 
App. p.17; Bp. Consp. p. 237. 

Fusco-niger : crista verticali nitide fulvo-aurantia. 

Long. tota 5°8, alee 2°8, caudz 2°5. 

Hab. North-western coast of New Grenada, S. Bonaventura (De- 
lattre), Gorgona (Capt. Kellett). 

Mus. Brit. et Acad. Philadelph. 


9. TACHYPHONUS PHG@NICEUS. 


Tachyphonus pheniceus, Sw. An. in Men. p. 311; Gray’s Gen. 
p- 365; Bp. Consp. p. 237. 

Tachyphonus saucius, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. 419. 

Tanagra leucocampter. Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Chalybeo-niger: tectricibus alarum superioribus albis, rubro mar- 
ginatis, inferioribus omnino albis. ¢ supra nigrescenti-brun- 
nea, subtus clarior, cinerascens. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°9, caudee 2°6. 

Hab. Interior of Brazil, Borba (Natterer). 

Mus. Berolinensi et Vindobiensi. 


10. TACHYPHONUS XANTHOPYGIUS. 


Tachyphonus xanthopygius, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 158. pl. 69 
(¢), et 1855, p. 83. pl. 90 (¢). 

Lanio auritus, DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxii. p. 153 (1855). 

Niger : tergo flavo: fascicula post-superciliari coccinea : carpo 
summo dilute flavo: tectricibus subalaribus albis. ? nigro- 
cinerea, subtus dilutior, tergo flavo: carpo summo et tectri- 
cibus subalaribus albis. 

Long. tota 6°1, alee 3°5, caudee 2°5. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 


Genus XVII. TricHOTHRAUPIS. 


Trichothraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 23 (1851). 


Rostrum Tachyphoni sed haud sinuatum, basi dilatatd, dente 
finali minus distineto ; rictu setoso: ale modice, rotundate, 


117 


remigibus tertia et quarta longissimis, secunda autem quintam 
superante : cauda modica, rotundata. 


1. TRICHOTHRAUPIS QUADRICOLOR. 
Tachyphonus quadricolor, Vieill. N. D. @H. N. xxxii. p. 359; 


~ Ene. Méth p. 803; Gray, Gen. p. 365; Bp. Consp. p. 237. 


Lindo pardo copete amarillo, Azara, no. 101 (unde). 

Muscicapa melanops, Vieill. N.D.d@?H.N. xxi. p. 452, et Ene. 
Méth. p. 827. 

Tanagra auricapilla, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 52. fig. 1 (3), 2(2), 
p-39; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 538. 

Muscicapa galeata, Licht. Doubl. p. 56. 

Tachyphonus suchii, Sw. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1826, p. 66. 

Trichothraupis quadricolor, Cab. M. H. p. 23. 


Supra brunnescenti-olivacea, pileo cristato medialiter flavo : 
fronte, oculorum ambitu et alis caudaque nigris: vitta alart 
interna rectricum basin transeunte et tectricibus subalaribus 
albis: subtus pallide rufescenti-fulua. ? mari similis, sed 
erista flava et facie nigra carens. 

Long. tota 6°2; alee 3:2, caudee 2°9. 

Hab. Brazil, Bahia (Maz.); Rio (Spiz) ; San Paolo (Licht.); 

Paraguay (Azar.). 
Mus. Brit., Paris., Berol., &c. 


Genus XVIII. Evcomertis. 


Comarophagus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 81 (nec Boié). 


Rostrum Tachyphoni sed commissura vie sinuata : ale elongate, 
remigibus tertia, quarta et quinta longissimis : cauda elongata, 
rotundata : ptilosis olivacea : sexus similes. 


1. EUCOMETIS PENICILLATA. 


Tanagra penicillata, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 36. pl. 49. fig. 1. 

Tachyphonus penicillatus, Gray, Gen. p. 365 ; Bp. Consp. p. 237. 

Flavo-brunnescenti-olivacea, uropygio clariore : capite toto cine- 
rascente, crista elongata, alba, cinerascente marginuta ; subtus 
saturate aurantio-flava ; gutture albo, cinereo lavato : rostro 
pallide corneo : pedibus brunneis. 

Long. tota 7:0, alze 3°5, caudee 31. 

Hab. Brazil (?) (Spix) ; Cayenne; Surinam (Mus. Senckenb.). 

Mus. Senckenb. et P. L.S. 

This seems to be the species of this curious form which has the 
crest most developed, and from its locality the most likely to be what 
Spix intended by his Tanagra penicillata. 

I have seen several examples of it, which I have no doubt from 
their preparation were Cayenne skins. 


2. EUCOMETIS ALBICOLLIS. 
Pyranga albicollis, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 


118 


p.33; d’Orb. Voy. p. 265. pl. 26. fig. 2; Gray, Gen. p. 264; Bp. 
Consp. p. 241. 
Trichothraupis albicollis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 23 (note). 


Olivacea, uropygio flavescente: capite et collo sordide griseis : 
gutture albo: abdomine flavo: mandibula pallida: mawilla 
cornea. 

Hab. Bolivia, Chiquitos (d’ Oré.). 

Mus. Paris. 


3. EUCOMETIS CRISTATA. 


Pipilopsis cristata, DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxxii. p. 154 (1855). 

Trichothraupis penicillata, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 156. 

Flavo-brunnescenti-olivacea, uropygio clariore: capite cristato 
toto cum gutture cineraceis, sed gula dilutiore : abdomine au- 
rantio-flavo : rostro nigricanti-corneo, pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 7°0, alee 3°5, caudz 3:0. 

Hab. New Grenada, S. Martha (Verreaux); Cartagena et Carac- 
cas (Mus. Paris.) ; Nicaragua (Delattre). 

Mus. Paris. 

This bird seems to differ from the one I have called penicillata 
in its shorter crest, which is not white at the base, darker cinereous 
throat, rather more yellowish belly and blacker bill. In my list of 
Bogota birds I called it penicillata, not having then noticed its 
apparent distinctness. 


Genus XIX. Lanio. 


Lanio, Vieill. Analyse, p. 40 (1816). 
Pogonothraupis, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 669 (1848). 


Rostrum rectum, compressum; mandibula superiore dentata, forti- 
ter uncinata et loba mediali instructa: ale elongate, remigibus 
tertia et quarta longissimis: cauda elongata, rotundata : ptilosis 
marium aurantiaca et nigra, feminarum brunnea. 


1. LANIO ATRICAPILLUS. 


Tang. jaune a téte noire, Buff. Pl. Enl. 809. fig. 2. 

Tanagra atricapilla, Gm. 8. N. p. 898. 

Lanius aurantius, Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. p. 79? 

Lanio atricapillus, Vieill. N. D. @H.N. xxii. p.305; Vieill. Enc. 
Méth. p. 741; Gal. Ois. pl. 138. p.223; Gray, Gen. p. 364; Bp. 
Consp. Av. p. 240. ' 

Pogonothraupis atricapilla, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. iii. p. 669. 


Ferruginolento-flavus, pectore in castaneum transeunte: capite 
toto et cervice undique cum alis caudaque nigris: tectricibus 
alarum minoribus et tectricibus subalaribus albis. 92 fusco- 
brunnea unicolor ; subtus paulo dilutior. 

Long. tota 6°8, alee 2°7, caudee 2°1. 

Hab. Cayenne ; British Guiana (Schomb.) ; New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


119 


2. LANIO VERSICOLOR. 
Tachyphonus versicolor, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 28. 
Pyranga versicolor, @ Orb. Voy. p. 262. pl. 19. fig. 1. 
Lanio versicolor, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 203; Gray, Gen. p. 364 ; 
Bp. Consp. p. 240. 
Flavus, dorso brunnescentiore: capite toto et gula cum alis 
caudaque nigris: tectricibus alarum superioribus omnino albis. 
2 flavo-brunnea unicolor, cauda rufescente : ventre flavescente. 
Hab. Bolivia, Yuracares (d’ Ord.). 
Mus. Paris., Lafresnayano. 
Obs. Afinis Lanioni atricapillo sed statura minore, dorso imo et 
colli lateribus flavescentibus, tectricibus alarum omnino albis, et 
corpore subtus flavescentiore distinguendus. 


3. LANIO AURANTIUS. 


Lanio aurantius, Lafr. R.Z. 1846, p.204; Gray, Gen. App. p.16; 
Bp. Consp. p. 240. 

Flavissimus: capite toto cum gula et alis caudaque nigris: tectri- 
cibus alarum minoribus albis: plaga magna pectorali ferruginea. 
? supra brunnea, uropygio flavicante: capite et collo postico 
ochracescentibus : gula fusca: abdomine fiavo ; crisso brunnes- 
centiore: tectricibus subalaribus griseis. 

Long. tota 8°0, alee 3:9, caudz 3°5. 

Hab. Honduras (Dyson) ; S. Mexico, Orizaba (Sal/é). 

Mus. Brit., Lafresnayano. 


Genus XX. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS. 
Phenicothraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 24 (1851). 


Rostrum forte, elongatum, rectum, subconicum, compressum, com- 
missura non sinuata; dente finali distincto : ale longe, remi- 
gibus tertia, quarta et quinta longissimis, sexta secundam supe- 
rante: cauda longa, rotundata : ptilosis marium rubra, foemi- 
narum brunnea. 


1. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBICA. 


Habia roziza, Azara, no. 85. 

Saltator rubicus, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xiv. p. 107; Enc. Meth. 
p-792; Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 36; 
Gray, Gen. p. 363; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6. 

Tanagra flammiceps, Temm. Pl. Col. 177 ; Max. Beitr. iii. 597. 

Tanagra porphyrio, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p.31. 

Pyranga rubica, d Orb. Voy. p. 265. 

Phenicothraupis rubiea, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 24: Sclater, Ann. 
N. H. xiv. p. 24. 

Fusco-rubescens fere unicolor: cauda elariore: pileo cristato 
medialiter coccineo: capitis lateribus obscurioribus: rostro 
nigrescenti-plumbeo : pedibus pallidis. (°) pallide fusco-brun- 
nea unicolor ; subtus dilutior. 

Long. tota 7°2, alee 3:9, caudee 3°7. 


120 


Hab. South-east Brazil (P. Mazx.); Paraguay (dzara); Bolivia, 
Guarayos and Yuracares (d’Ord.). 
Mus. Brit., &e. 


2. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBRA. 


Tachyphonus ruber, Vieill. N. D. @H.N. xxxii. p.359; Ene. 
Méth. p. 804. 
Phen. rubica ex ins. Trinit., Sclater, Ann. N. H. xiv., p. 24. 


Fusco-rubescens ; subtus clarior; abdomine et cauda roseo in- 
dutis : crista mediali coccinea : rostro fusco-plumbeo : pedibus 
pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 6°8, alee 3°7, caudee 3°0. 

Hab. Trinidad. 

Mus. P. L. S. 

This bird is rather smaller than the South Brazilian species, and 
may be distinguished from it by its brighter and more rosy colouring 
below, shorter tail and paler feet. I have only seen specimens from 
the island of Trinidad. 


3. PH@NICOTHRAUPIS RUBICOIDES. 


Saltator rubicoides, Lafr. R. Z. 1844, p. 41. 

Phenicothraupis rubicoides, Cab. M. H. p. 24; Sclater, Ann. 
N.H. xiv.j peda. 

Pyranga ignicapilla, Licht. in Mus. Berol. (2). 

Pyranga quajacina, Licht. in Mus. Berol. (2). 


Supra fusco-rubescens, cauda dorso concolore: subtus pectore 
toto multo clariore, ruberrimo: crista mediali verticis coccinea: 
rostro nigro-plumbeo: pedibus pallide brunneis. 3 pallide 
Susco-brunnea, subtus dilutior, gutture pallidiore. ; 

Long. tota 7°5, ale 4:0, caudze 3°75. 

Hab. S. Mexico, Papantla (Mus. Berol.); Cordova (Sallé) ; 

Guatimala (Mus. H.E.S.); 8. Martha (Verr.). 

Mus. Brit., Berol., Lafresnayano, H.E.S. 

This bird may be recognized by its tail being of the same colour 
as the back, not brighter, as in the Brazilian species, and the scarlet 
breast. My examples were collected by Signor Constancia in the 
vicinity of Guatimala. Specimens received by MM. Verreaux from 
S. Martha, New Grenada, to which I have seen the MS. name 
“ P, erythrolaimus, Bp.” attached, appear hardly different from the 
Mexican bird. 


4, PH@NICOTHRAUPIS GUTTURALIS. 


Phenicothraupis gutturalis, Sclater, Ann. N. H. xiv. (1854), 
p. 25.2 PZ. 8. 1895, p. 156: 


Niger: vertice cristato cum gutture medio coccineis : rostro pedi- 
busque nigris. 

Long. tota 7°25, ale 3°8, caudee 3:2. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


121 


Since describing this species, I have seen several other specimens 
of it in the Paris Museum, transmitted from Bogota by M. Fon- 
tanier in 1853. 


Genus XXI. Lamprores. 


Lamprotes, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. 283 (1837). 

Sericossypha, Less. Echo d. M. 8. 1844, p. 382. 

Rostrum Orthogonydis sed paulo fortius: ale elongate, remige 
prima longa et viv breviore quam sequentibus: cauda brevius- 
cula, rotundata : tarsi breves et sicut pedes robustissimi ; 
ungues acutissimi: ptilosis aureo-nitens, marium rubro varie- 
gata, feeminarum unicolor. 


a. Lamprotes. 
1. LAMPROTES LORICATUS. 


Tanagra loricata, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 31 (1823), (?); Bp. 
Consp. p. 237. 

Saltator niger, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 794 (jun. ’). 

Tanagra rubricollis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 43. 

Tanagra rubrigularis, Spix, ib. p. 43. 

Lamprotes rubrigularis, Sw. Class. ii. 283. 

Lamprotes rujicollis, Gray, Gen. p. 362. 

Tachyphonus loricatus, Gray, |. c. 

Tanagra bonariensis, Max. Beitr. iii. 530. 

Lamprotes loricatus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 8. 

Fulgenti-ater, gutture et jugulo medialiter rubris. ? unicolor 
atra, gutture concolore. 

Long. tota 8°5, ale 4-6, caudze 3-0. 

Hab. South-east Brazil, Bahia (Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


b. Sericossypha. 
2. LAMPROTES ALBICRISTATUS. 


Lamprotes albocristatus, Lafr. R.Z. 1843, p. 132; Lafr.. Mag. 
de Zool. 1844, pl.50; Gray, Gen. p. 362. 

Sericossypha sumptuosa, Less. Echo d. M. 8. 1844, p. 382; Less. 
Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 354. 


Velutino-ater: alis caudaque eneo fulgentibus: pileo niveo : 
gutture et jugulo sanguinolente purpureis. 

Long. tota 9°3, alee 5:5, caudee 4:0. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota (Lewy) ; S. Martha (Fontanier). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 

Some examples of this splendid bird have the throat much more 
red, almost scarlet. I have not yet seen the female, which would 
probably have the throat black. 


Genus XXII. Orruoconys. 
Orthogonys, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. (1844), p. 421. 


122 


Cyanicterus, Bp. Consp. p. 240 (1850). 

Rostrum elongatum, compressiusculum, culmine obtuse carinato et 
regulariter curvato; gonyde rectissima nec ascendente: ale 
modice, remigibus secunda, tertia et quarta fere equalibus, 
prima breviore quam quinta : cauda rotundata: tarsi breves. 


1. ORTHOGONYS VIRIDIS. 


Tanagra viridis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 48, fig. 2. 

Orthogonys viridis, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 421; Bp. Consp. 
p. 531. 

Lamprotes viridis, Gray, Gen. p. 362. 

Tanagra vegeta, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 


(3 et 2 ?) Supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavus, lateraliter olivas- 
centior : rostro nigro, pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 8°0, alee 3°7, caudee 3°5. 

Hab. South Brazil, Rio (Spiz). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 

I have seen many examples of this bird, all similar, from Brazilian 
collections, and therefore conclude the sexes are alike, although the 
colouring is what one would suppose to be that of a female bird. 


2. ORTHOGONYS CYANICTERUS. 

Pyranga cyanictera, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxviii. p. 290 (¢ jun.) ; 
Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 798; Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 81. p.112; Gray, 
Gen. p. 364. 

Pyranga icteropus, Vieill. N. D. d’H. N. xxviii. p. 291; Vieill. 
Enc. Méth. p. 799; Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 356. 

Tachyphonus chloricterus, Vieill. N. D. @H. N. xxxii. p. 360 
(2); et Enc. Méth. p.804?? Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 379. 

Tachyphone a épaulettes bleues, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 463 (2); 
Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 378. pl. xxii. 

Cyanicterus venustus, Bp. Consp. p. 240. 

Orthogonys cyanicterus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 8. 


Supra lete ceruleus: infra gutture toto ad medium pectus 
ceruleo, abdomine flavo: rostro nigro, pedibus flavis. (2 ) supra 
viridis ceruleo tincta: corpore subtus cum loris et oculorum 
ambitu flavis : rostro pallido : pedibus flavis. 

Long. tota 7°75, alz 3-5. 

Hab. Cayenne (Poiteau, 1822, Mus. Par.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Lugdunensi, Lafresnayano. 

There are pairs of this singular Tanager (marked ¢ and ?) in the 
Paris, British, and Leyden Musuems, but I have rarely met with it 
elsewhere. I consider it certainly congeneric with the Brazilian 
O. viridis. The only question is, whether that may not be the 
female of a corresponding brightly-coloured species. I may observe, 
that if the birds had not been marked as pairs in the collections 
above-cited, I should probably have considered the female as speci- 
fically distinct. 


: 


123 


Genus XXIII. Pyranea. 


Pyranga, Vieill. Analyse, p. 32 (1816). 

Pheenisoma, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. p. 284 (1837). 

Rostrum subrectum, subconicum, cylindricum, culmine modice in- 
curvo, apice dentata, maxilla loba mediali plerumque instructa : 
ale elongate, remigibus quatuor primis fere equalibus, sed 
secunda et tertia paulo longioribus : cauda modica, subquadrata : 
ptilosis marium coccinea, feeminarum flava aut flavo-virens. 


1. PyRANGA RUBRA. 


Tanagra rubra, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 314; Wils. Am. Orn. i. pl. 11. 
fig. 3,4; Aud. Or. Biogr. iv. p. 388. et Am. Orn. pl. 354. 
fig.3 6,4 ¢. 

Pyranga rubra, Sw. North. Zool. ii. p. 273; Aud. Syn. p. 136; 
Jard. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 192; Aud. 8vo. ed. iii. p. 226. pl. 209; 
Gray, Gen. p. 364; Bp. Consp. p. 241; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, 

. 156. 
" Pyranga erythromelas, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxviii. p. 293. et 
Enc. Méth. p. 800. 

Phenisoma rubra, Sw. Class. i. p. 284. 

Tangara du Mewique, Buff. Pl. Enl. 127. fig. 1 (¢). 

Tangara du Canada, Buff. Pl. Enl. 156. fig. 1 (3); Desm. Tan. 

1:34. 
F Red Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 5. 


Coccinea, alis caudaque nigris. $ olivacea, subtus flavescens, 

alis caudaque fuscis. 

Long. tota 6°7, alze 3°8, caudze 2°8. 

Hab. North America from Texas to Lake Huron, summer migrant 
(Aud., Wils., &e.); Texas (Sitgreaves); Mexico (Bullock); Antilles, 
Cuba (@ Orb.) (Poey) ; Jamaica (Gosse) ; New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 


2. PYRANGA ZSTIVA. 


Muscicapa rubra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 326? 

Tanagra estiva, Gm. 8. N. 889; Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 6. fig. 3; 
Aud. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 232. et Am. Orn. pl. 44. 3 et 2. 

Lovia virginica, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 849 (2). 

Tanagra variegata, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 421 (¢ juv.). 

Tanagra mississipiensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 889. 

Pyranga estiva, Vieill, N. D. @H. N. xxviii. p. 291. et Enc. 
Méth. p. 799; Aud. Syn. p.136; Jard. Wils. Orn. i. p. 95; Aud. 
8vo. ed. iii. p. 222. pl. 268; Bp. P. Z.S. 1837, p. 117; Gray, Gen. 
p- 364; Bp. Consp. p. 241; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 156. 

Pheenisoma estiva, Sw. Class. ii. p. 284. 

Tangara de Mississippi, Buff. Pl. Enl. 741; Desm. Tan. pl. 32 
et 33. 

Summer Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 8. 


Rosaceo-coccinea, dorso toto paulo obscuriore; rostro pallide 


124 


corneo, tomiis et apice pallescentibus. $ olivacea, subtus flaves- 
centior. 

Long. tota 6°5, alze 3°8, caudze 2°8. 

Hab. North America, from Texas to Massachussetts, and in the 
interior to Canada (Aud., &c.); Texas (Sitgreaves) ; Mexico, Cor- 
dova (Sallé) ; Guatimala (Constancia), (Bp.); Antilles, Cuba (de la 
Sagra), (Poey) ; Jamaica (Gosse) ; Chiriqui (Bridges); New Gre- 
nada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


3. PyRANGA SAIRA. 

Habia punzé, Azara, Pax. no. 88 (unde), 

Saltator ruber, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 793 (2). 

Habia amarilia, Azara, Pax. no. 87 (unde), 

Saltator flavus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 791 (?). 

Tanagra mississipiensis, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p.30; P. Max. 
Beitr. iii. p. 521. 

Tanagra saira, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 48. fig. 1. 

Pyranga mississipiensis, Lafr. et d Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 31. _ 

Pyranga azare, @Orb. Voy. p. 264; Bp. Consp. p. 241; Gray, 
Gen. p. 364. 

Pheenisoma azare, Tsch. F. P. p. 206; Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 668 ; 
Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 25. 

Rubro-coccinea, dorso toto et cauda obscurioribus : rostro eyanes- 
centi-plumbeo, tomiis pallidioribus : pedibus nigris. $ flaves- 
centi-olivacea : superciliis et corpore subtus flavis. 

Long. tota 8°0, alze 3-9, caudze 2°9. 

Hab. British Guiana (Schomé.); Brazil; Rio; Bahia and Minas 
(Maz.) ; 8. Paolo (Licht.) ; Paraguay (Azar.); Bolivia (d Orb.) ; 
Buenos Ayres (¢ Orb.) ; East Peru (Tsch.). 

Mus. Berol., Brit., &c. 

This bird is clearly distinct from the North American P. estiva 
upon an accurate comparison. It is of quite a different red, being 
much brighter; the bill is larger and of a dark plumbeous, not horn 
colour, and the feet are nearly black. 

As I find that Spix’s 7. saira, of which I have seen the type at 
Munich, is the female of this bird, I have thought it right to use that 
name for it, as first given, instead of the usually adopted azare. 


4. PyRANGA HEPATICA. 

Pyranga hepatica, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 438. 

Phenisoma hepaticum, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 25. 

Pyranga dentata, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 

Pyranga azarae, Sitgreaves’ Rep. Exp. p. 82? 

Supra cinerascenti-rubra; capite summo et corpore subtus coc- 
cineis, lateribus cinerascentibus: rostro nigro-plumbeo, pedibus 
nigro-brunneis. ? olivacea: pileo flavescentiore : subtus flava, 
lateraliter olivascens. 

Long. tota 8°0, ale 4:1, caude 3-0. 

Hab. Mexico, Real del Monte (Bullock) ; Orizaba (Botteri). 


125 


This Mexican species is quite different from the saira and estiva, 
being larger in size and greyish-red above. I have never observed it 
except in collections from Mexico. I think the P. azare, noticed in 
Sitgreaves’ ‘Report of the Zuni and Colorado Rivers Expedition,’ is 
very likely to be this bird, as the saira (azare) does not range nearly 
so far north. 


5. PyRANGA LUDOVICIANA. 


Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 20. fig. 1; Aud. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 385. et v. p. 90; Am. Orn, pl. 354. fig. 1. 2 (¢), et 
400. fig. 4 (2). 

Pyranga ludoviciana, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 117; Aud. Syn. p. 137. 
et Am. Orn. 8vo. ed. iii. pl. 210. p. 231; Gray, Gen. p. 364; Bp. 
Consp. p. 241. 

Tanagra columbiana, Jard. Wils. i. p. 317. 

Pyranga erythropis, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxviii. p. 291. et Ene. 
Méth. 799. 


Flava, interseapulio, alis et cauda nigris: alis flavo et flavicanti- 
albo bivittatis: capite et gutture undique coccineo indutis. 
? olivacea, subtus flava, alarum vittis et secundariorum margine 
externa apicali albis. 

Long. tota 6°7, ale 3-9, caudee 2°9. 

Hab. North America, Platte river and Columbia river (4ud.) ; 
Mexico, Orizaba (Botteri); Guatimala (Constancia) (Bp.); San 
Blas (Kellett). 

Mus. Brit., Derbiano. 


6. PyRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA. 


Spermagra erythrocephala, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 437. 
Pyranga cucullata, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xiv. pt. 2. p- 105 
(1847); R. Z. 1848, p. 245; Bp. Consp. p. 241; Gray, Gen. App. 
EtG. 
: Pyranga erythrocephala, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 178. et Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 29. 
Olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescens: capite toto et gula coccineis: 
maxilla medialiter non dentata. 
Long. tota 6:0, ale 3:0, caudee 2°7. 
Hab. Mexico, Temiscaltipec (Bullock). 
_Mus. Derbiano. 


7. PyYRANGA RUBRICEPS. 

Pyranga rubriceps, Gray, Gen. p. 364. pl. 89; Bp. R. Z. 1851, 
p- 178. et Note s. 1. Tang. p. 29; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 156. 

Pyranga erythrocephala, Gray, Gen. App. p. 16 (err.); Bp. Consp. 
p- 241. 

Pyranga pyrrhocephala, Massena, MS. 


Supra olivacea; alis caudaque nigris, cauda et secundariis 


126 


olivaceo limbatis: tectricibus superioribus flavis : capite toto 
cum cervice undique et pectore coccineis: abdomine flavo. 
Long. tota 6°7, ale 3°7, caudze 3-0. 
Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 
Mus. Brit., Paris. 


8. PyRANGA ERYTHROMELANA. 


Tanagra erythromelas, Licht. Preis-Verz. d. Saiig. u. Vog. no. 69 
(1831). 

Pyranga leucoptera, Trudeau, Journ. Phil. viii. 160. 1837; Bp. 
Consp. p. 241. 

Pyranga bivittata, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p.70; Gray, Gen. p. 364. 


Coccinea : fronte et lateribus capitis cum mento summo alis 
caudaque nigris : interscapulio partim nigro: alis albo bivit- 
tatis. § flavo-olivascens, subtus flava, alis et cauda nigris : 

 ulis albo bwittatis. 

Long. tota 5°7, alee 2°9, caudee 2:2. 

Hab. South Mexico, Lagunas (Deppe, in Mus. Berol.) ; Orizaba 

( Botteri, in Mus. Brit.) ; Xalapa (Cab.) ; Cordova (Sallé) ; Guati- 
mala (Constancia, in Mus. H. E. S.). 
Mus. Brit. Berolinensi. 


9. PyRANGA ARDENS. 


Pheenisoma ardens, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 207. 
Phenisoma bivittatum, Tsch. F. P. p. 207; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 24. 
Pyranga erythromelas, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 156. 


Coccineus: loris, alis et cauda nigris: alis albo bivittatis. 
? flavo-olivascens, subtus flava: alis (albo bivittatis) et eauda 
nigris. 

Long. tota 5-7, alee 3°0, caudee 2°4. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Venezuela, Cariana near Cariaca 
(Dyson) ; north-east wood-region of Peru (Tsch.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Derbiano, &c. 

This South American bird has not the black front and chin of the 
Mexican P. erythromelana, with which it is generally united, and has 
less appearances of black between the wings. If these differences 
are constant, as they appear to be in all the specimens which I have 
access to at present, the two species may be rightly regarded as 
distinct. 

Lafresnaye gives no locality for his P. divittata, but his descrip- 
tion is rather more applicable to the Mexican bird, and Tschudi’s 
‘ ardens’ seems the only term left for the South American form. 


10. PyRANGA BIDENTATA. 


Pyranga bidentata, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 428; Gray, Gen. 
p- 364; Bp. Consp. p. 241. 

Pyranga sanguinolenta, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p.97; Gray, Gen. 
p- 364; Bp. Consp. p. 241. 

Pheenisoma bidentatum, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 24. 


————— 


127 


Dilute coccinea : interscapulio pallide flavescenti-brunneo, nigro 
variegato : secundariorum et tectricum alarium apicibus albo 
maculatis, his maculis sanguineo tinctis. 

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3°75, caudee 3°25. 

Hab. Mexico, Temiscaltepee (Bullock) ; Xalapa (Mus. Berol.). 

Mus. Berol., Eytoni. 


Genus XXIV. Rampuoce.uvs. 


Ramphocelus, Desm. Tang. et Man. p. 5 (1805). 

Ramphopis, Vieill. Analyse, p. 32 (1816). 

Jacapa, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 178. 

Rostrum subbreve, mandibule inferioris basi dilatata et quasi 
quadriformi: ale breves, remigibus tertia, quarta et quinta 
longissimis: cauda rotundata: ptilosis marium velutino-coccinea 
aut purpurea, feeminarum brunnea, aut olivaceo-flava. 


a. Ramphocelus. 
1. RaMPHOCELUS BRASILIUsS. 


Tanagra brasilia, Linn. S. N. i. p- 314; Max. Beitr. ii. 515-; Du 
Bois, Orn. Gal. pl. 124. 
Ramphocelus coccineus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 796. et Gal. Ois. 
1: 79. : 
; Ramphopis coccinea, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 18 (3). 9 (2). 
‘ Ramphopis brasilia, Gray, Gen. p. 363. 
Ramphocelus brasilius, Bp. Consp. p. 242. 
Tangara du Mexique appellée Cardinal, Buff. Pl. Enl. 127. tig. 1. 
3 (fig. pess.). 
Ramphocele searlatte, Desm. Tan. pl. 28 (3). 29 (¢). 
Brazilian Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p.3. 


Velutino-coccineus ; alis, caudaque et tibiis nigris ; rostro nigro- 
plumbeo, mandibule inferioris basi alba. 2 fusco-brunnea ; 
uropygio et abdomine erubescenti-brunneis. 

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3-2, caude 3:2. 

Hab. South-east Brazil; Rio; Bahia, common (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 


2. RAMPHOCELUS DORSALIS. 


Ramphocelus dorsalis, Bp. MS. ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p- 97. 


Coceineus: dorso inter alas obscuriore : alis caudaque nigris : 
tibiis brunneis: rostro nigro-plumbeo, mandibule inferioris basi 
alba. $ fusco-brunnea: uropygio et abdomine erubescenti- 
brunneis. 

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3°2, caudee 3-2. 

Hab. South-east Brazil, Rio and Pernambuco (J. V. erreaua). 

The characters that separate this species from the last are cer- 


tainly slight, but I think it is very possible that they may be really 
distinct. 


128 


3. RAMPHOCELUS NIGRIGULARIS. 


Tanagra nigrogularis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 47. p. 35. 

Tanagra ignescens, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 24. 

Ramphopis nigrigularis, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 17; Gray, Gen. p. 363. 

Ramphocelus nigrigularis, Bp. P. Z.S. 1837, p. 121; Bp. Consp. 

p- 242. 

Coccineus : regione oculari cum gula summa, interscapulio, alis 
caudaque, et ventre medio cum crissi dimidio inferiore sericeo- 
aterrimis: rostro nigro-plumbeo, mandibule inferioris basi 
alba. ? mari similis sed valde obscurior et colore nigro 
brunnescente. 

Long. tota 6°7, alee 3-2, caudze 3:0. 

Hab. Upper Amazon (Spiz); Barra do Rio Negro (Wallace) ; 

Sarayacgu on the Ucayali (Hawzwell). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


b. Jacapa. 

4. RaAMPHOCELUS JACAPA. 

Tanagra jacapa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 313. 

Le.bec d argent, Buff. H. N. iv. p. 259. 

Tang. pourpré de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 128. fig. 1 et 2. 

Tanagra albirostris, Bodd. Tabl. d. Pl. Enl. 

Ramphocelus purpureus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 796. 

Ramphopis atrococeineus, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 20; Schomb. Reise, 

iii. 668. 

Ramphocelus jacapa, Less. R. Z. 1840, p. 132; Bp. Consp. p. 241. 

Ramphopis jacapa, Gray, Gen. p. 363. sp. 1. 

Ramphocele bee d argent, Desm. Tan. pl. 30 (2). 31 (2). 

Red-breasted Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p.2; Edwards, Glean. 

pl. 267. 

Sericeo-ater, capite toto et corpore subtus sanguinolente pur- 
purascentibus: dorso eodem colore tincto: ventre crissoque 
obscurioribus: alis caudaque nigerrimis brunneo tinctis : rostro 
et pedibus nigris: mandibule inferioris basi argentescenti- 
plumbea. ? fusco-brunnea, alis caudaque obscurioribus : uro- 
pygio et corpore subtus erubescentibus: rostro toto brunnes- 
centi-corneo. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3-1, caudze 2°9. 

Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.); Lower Amazon (Wallace) ; 

Cayenne. 
Mus. Brit., &e. 


5. RAMPHOCELUS UNICOLOR, sp. nov. 


Sanguinolente purpurascens fere unicolor: alis caudaque nigris 
brunneo tinctis : rostro nigro, mandibule inferioris basi plum- 
bea: pedibus nigerrimis. 

Long. tota 6-0, alz 3:1, caudz 2:9. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. & P. L. S. 


129 


I have two Bogota skins of this bird. It comes very close to 
R. jacapa, of which it is doubtless the New Grenadian represen- 
tative. But it is of the same dark sanguineous purple above as 
below, while R. jacapa has the back almost black, just glossed with 
that colour. Its bill is of the same size as in the jacapa, but the 
base of the lower mandible is not so bright. 


6. RAMPHOCELUS MAGNIROSTRIS. 


Ramphocelus magnirostris, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, p. 243. 

Similis R. jacapze, sed crassitie paulo majore, rostro majore, 
longiore, et colore pectoris clariore differt. 

Hab. Trinidad. 


Mus. Brit. 

I have seen many examples of this bird from the island of Trinidad. 
It certainly seems to have the beak always larger than the Cayenne 
bird, but this feature varies a little, some individuals being particu- 
larly remarkable for the size of the beak. The breast is also rather 
brighter than in R. jacapa. 


7. RAMPHOCELUS VENEZUELENSIS. 
Ramphocelus venezuelensis, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, p. 243. 


Valde affinis R. jacape, sed pileo, collo, dorso uropygioque totis 
nigro-granatinis, et subtus rubedine paulo intensiore : media 
parte abdominis nigra: mandibula inferiore breviore, retro 
minus producta: nigredine alarum et caude intensiore. 

Hab. Venezuela (Lafr.). 

Mus. Lafresnayano. 

I have not yet seen any bird answering to this description of 

M. de Lafresnaye. 


8. RAMPHOCELUS DIMIDIATUS. 


Ramphocelus dimidiatus, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, pl. 81; Bp. 
Consp. p. 242; Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 156. 

Ramphopis melanogaster, Sw. Am. in Men. p. 359. 

Ramphopis dimidiatus, Gray, Gen. p. 363. 

Corpore supra ad dorsum medium et gutture cerviceque antica 
obscure coccineis, pennis subtus nigricantibus: dorso imo et 
abdomine coccineis, dorso clariore; ventre medio tibiisque 
nigris : alis caudaque nigricantibus: rostro nigricanti-plumbeo, 
sed basi argentescenti-alba. $ obscurior, capite toto et gut- 
ture nigricanti-fuscis, interscapulio erubescente : tergo et ab- 

_ _ domine brunnescenti-coccineis : alis caudaque fuscis. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:2, caudee 3:0. 

Hab. Carthagena (Mus. Paris); New Grenada, S. Martha (Fon- 

tanier) ; Bogota; Chiriqui (Bridges) ; Nicaragua (Delattre). 

Mus. Brit. 

No. CCCIX.—Proceepinés or THE Zooxocicat Socrery. 


130 


9. RAMPHOCELUS LUCIANI. 


Ramphocelus luciani, Lafr. R. Z. 1838, p. 54; Mag. de Zool. 
1839, pl. 2; Bp. Consp. p. 242. 
Ramphopis luciani, Gray, Gen. p. 363. 


Similis R. dimidiato, sed dorso superiore atro: capite purpuras- 
centiore nigro. 
Hab. Carthagena (Lafr.). 
Mus. Lafresnayano. 
I am not well acquainted with this bird, having seen only one 
example, and that several years ago, in the collection of Baron de 
Lafresnaye. 


10. RAMPHOCELUS UROPYGIALIS. 


Ramphocelus affinis, Less. R. Z. 1840, p. 1 et 1332; Bp. Consp. 
p- 242. 

Ramphopis affinis, Gray, Gen. p. 363. sp. 4. 

Ramphocelus uropygialis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 178; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 29. 


Velutino-niger, dorso medio coccineo tincto: cervice et pectore 
antico obscure coccineis, pennis subtus nigris : uropyyio, abdo- 
mine laterali et crisso vivide coccineis, ventre medio et tibiis 
nigerrimis: alis caudaque fusco-nigris; rostro nigro, basi 
argentescenti-plumbea: pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 6°8, alee 3-3, caudz 3°1. 

Hab. Guatimala. 

I have in my care at present the type of R. uropygialis. Itis the 
property of Mr. Edward Wilson, and will eventually, I believe, go 
to the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. 
I have never seen a second specimen. 


11. RAMPHOCELUS ATRISERICEUS. 


Ramphocelus atrisericeus, Lafr. et d’Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 34; d’Orb. Voy. p. 280. pl. 26. fig. 1; Tsch. F. P. p. 206; Bp. 
Consp. p. 242. 

Ramphopis atrisericeus, Gray, Gen. p. 363. 

Ramphocelus aterrimus, Latr. R. Z. 1853, p. 244 (avis junr.). 

Sericeo-aterrimus : capite supra ad nucham et lateribus obscure 

purpureis: mento, gula et pectore antico coccineis. Junr. 
nigerrimus unicolor. 

Long. tota 6:5, alee 3°1, caude 3-0. 

Hab. Bolivia (d’ Ord.) ; East Peru (Tsch.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 

I have seen several specimens, clearly showing by their intermediate 
plumage that Lafresnaye’s R. aterrimus is nothing more than the 
present bird in its immature state. 


12. RAMPHOCELUS PASSERINII. 


Ramphocelus passerinii, Bp. L’Antologia, 1831, no. 130; Less. 
R. Z. 1840, p. 133 (exel. syn.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 242. 


—— 


131 


Ramphopis passerinii, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 52. 
Ramphopis fammigerus, Baird, Stansbury’s Exp. to Gt. Salt Lake, 
App. p. 36? ; 

Velutino-niger: dorso postico toto rubro-coccineo. ¢ flavo- 
brunneo-olivascens ; dorso postico brunnescenti-flavo: capite 
toto et gula fuscis: alis intus et cauda nigricantibus. 

Long. tota 6:3, alee 3°1, caudee 2°7. 

Hab. Colombia river, Oregon (Baird); Mexico, Guatimala, 

Nicaragua (Delattre) ; Chiriqui (Bridges). 

Mus. Paris. 

This species may be at once distinguished from R. fammigerus, 

with which it has been generally confounded, by its smaller size. 


13. RAMPHOCELUS FLAMMIGERUS. 


Ramphopis fammigerus, Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn. pl. 131; Sclater, 
Pid 8.005, 7p. 156. 
Ramphocelus varians, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 216 (partim). 


Velutino-niger : dorso postico toto ruberrimo. 
Hab. New Grenada, Caly (Delattre) ; Bogota. 


14. RAMPHOCELUS CHRYSONOTUS. 


Ramphocelus varians, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 216 (partim). 

Ramphocelus chrysonotus, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, p. 246; Sclater, 
P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 156. 

Ramphocelus aurinotus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 9 (err.). 


Velutino-niger : dorso postico toto aurantiaco-flavo. 

Hab. New Grenada, Juntas (Delattre). 

Mus. Acad. Philadelph. : 

This orange-rumped bird is scarcer than the other two species, 
R. flammigerus and icteronotus, which it so closely resembles ; and I 
have some doubts as to its real distinctness from the former. 


15. RAMPHOCELUS ICTERONOTUS. 


Ramphocelus icteronotus, Bp. R. Z. 1838, p.8; P. Z. S. 1837, 
p- 121; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 156. 

Ramphopis icteronotus, Gray, Gen. p. 363; Dubus, Esq. Orn. 
pl. 15. 3 & &. 

Ramphocelus varians, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 216 (partim). 


Velutino-niger : dorso postico toto flavissimo.  pileo, cervice, 
interscapulio, campteriis et alarum tectricibus minoribus 
Sflavo-olivaceis: alis caudaque obscure fuscis, illarum tectricibus 
mediis et secundariis flavo-olivascente marginatis : rostri am- 
bitu sordide fuscescenti-flavo : corpore subtus flavo. 

Long. tota 6°8, ale 3°6, caude 3-0. 

Hab. New Grenada, western coast, S. Bonaventura (Delattre), 
Choco Bay (Capt. Kelleté) ; Guyaquil (Duéus) ; Ecuador, western 
slope of the Andes, near Quito (Jameson). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


132 


16. RAMPHOCELUS SANGUINOLENTUS. 
Tanagra (Tachyphonus) sanguinolentus, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 107. 
1. 39. 
z Tachyphonus sanguinolentus, Gray, Gen. p. 365. 

Ramphocelus sanguinolentus, Bp. Consp. p. 242. 

Velutino-ater : pileo postico, nucha cum cervice laterali et pectore 
conjunctis necnon tectricibus subalaribus et uropygio crissoque 
coccineis ; rostro albo: pedibus nigris. 2 mari similis, sed 
coloribus obscuribus. r 

Long. tota 7:5, ale 3°7, caude 3°3. 

Hab. South Mexico, Valle Real (Deppe in Mus. Berol.) ; Cordova 
(Sallé) ; Coban (Delattre, in Mus. Derb.) ; Honduras, Camalacan 
river, near Truxillo (Dyson). 

Mus. Brit., Derbiano. 


3. SomME REMARKS ON CRUSTACEA OF THE GENUS LITHODES, 
WITH A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES APPARENTLY 
HITHERTO UNRECORDED. By Apam Wuire. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XLII.) 


Having laid before the Society a description of the interesting L- 
thodes (Echidnocerus) cibarius, of which a very excellent figure is 
published in the Proceedings for 1848, drawn by the late W. Wing, 
F.L.S., I conceive that a brief account of another very curious 
Lithodes, of which a notice was given at a meeting of the Linnean 
Society, may not be without interest to some of the members. 

The group Lithodes, founded by Latreille upon our well-known, 
though not very common, spine-covered, empty-bodied Lithodes 
Maia, begins now to become better known. Of the excellent figure 
of this type of the genus, published by Dr. Leach in his ‘ Malacostraca 
Britannica,’ it is sufficient to say that it was drawn and engraved by 
the late James Sowerby, F.L.S., and coloured from his pattern. 

A very young specimen, procured by R. M°Andrew, Esq., F.R.S., 
during his late Norwegian cruise, shows that in the young state the 
asperities are rather sharper, and the carapace is decidedly longer in 
comparison with its breadth, than in the adult state; the arrested 
development of the pieces forming the tail is characteristic in the 
adult as it is in the young specimen, | inch long, dredged by Mr. 
Barrett, and presented by Mr. M*Andrew to the Museum. 

Seba (vol. iii. pl. 22. f. 1) has figured a specimen with longer and 
more divergent terminal horns to the rostrum. As a bad specimen 
exists of this variety in the Paris Museum, Prof. Milne-Edwards 
fancies, and with good reason too, that it may prove a distinct species; 
he has provisionally named it Lithode douteuse (Crust. ii. 186) ; 
at all events, it is a variety which research may find in this country, 
for different specimens differ in their degrees of divergence in the 
horns of the rostrum. 

Haan, in his ‘ Fauna Japonica,’ 217. t. 47, has figured the male 


Proc. 7.5 Annulosa,PLXLIE 


- aia: 


Ford iWest,lmp. C.W.W. heh. 


LITHODES (PE TAL.OCE RUS)BELLIAN WS: 
White 


133 


of Lithodes Camschatica, a species first described as Maia Cams- 
chatica by Tilesius in the ‘St. Petersburg Memoirs,’ v. p. 336. pl. 5. 
& 6, the female (1812). This species is named by the Chinese 
Sima-gani—that is, the Insular Crab. 

Tilesius tells us that it is found on the shore of Kamschatka, 
among the rocks, where it conceals itself and keeps sedentary, living 
upon cuttle fish (Sepia octopodia), and snaring Starfishes and 
Mollusca. He records that this Lithodes fixes itself so firmly and 
resolutely in a hole of a rock, that you could not draw it out without 
breaking its shell. He compares the tenacity with which the Lithodes 
is held in the hollow of the rock to the fixedness of the Eehinus 
mammillaris. 

The same learned naturalist has figured another large species from 
Japan (218. t.48) as the Lithodes hystriz ; it is one which Siebold, in 
his ‘ Spicilegia,’ p. 15, had only ventured to regard as the common 
L. Maia (Lithodes arctica, Lam., Sieb.). The L. hystrix, Haan, is 
a beautifully distinct species very thickly covered with sharp spines, 
named by the Japanese, Jeara-gani, the prickly crab, or Aka-onigani, 
the Devil’s red-crab. 

This list completed the number of the group found in the northern 
hemisphere, up to the publication of L. (Echidnocerus) cibarius, 
before alluded to. The species to be described in this paper was 
found by Mr. Lobb cast ashore after a violent storm on the coast 
of California; and as it has some peculiarities of structure in its 
legs, antenne, carapace and abdomen, distinguishing it from any 
other, it may be named Lithodes (Petalocerus), from the beautiful 
petal-like lobes of the antennse. Before describing it, it may be well 
to review the species of Lithodes found in the southern hemisphere. 

Messrs. Hombron and Jacquinot, on D’Urville’s ‘Voyage au 
Pole Sud,’ discovered a fine species which they named Lithodes an- 
tarctica, pl. 7-8. f. 9, jun. Dana, too, has described and figured 
this in the ‘ Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedition,’ i. 
427. pl. 26. f. 15.9. He found it at Nassau Bay in Fuegia, where 
he tells us it grows to a very large size ; the exuvize of one, obtained 
by Mr. Dana, were 8 inches long, and the longest legs were 15 inches 
in length. He describes the species as abundant in water 6 or 7 feet 
deep, “‘ where it is observed to creep along the bottom with sluggish 
motion; they have no legs or appendages fitted forswimming. Co- 
lour, dark cherry-red, the carapace with a slight purplish tinge. The 
long spines that cover the carapace and legs are longest proportionally 
in small individuals; the right hand is much the stoutest, the 
second basal joint of outer antenne with a single longish spine on 
the outer side”’ (oc. cit. i. p. 428). . 

We hope that Mr. Despard and his noble band, who are now, or 
will shortly be, in these seas, will find this and the other, and perhaps 
new, Fuegian species. Specimens of the young are sometimes found 
in the stomachs of fishes, as in the case of the half-digested Li- 
thodes Maia sent to Dr. Leach by the late Dr. Patrick Neill, and 
now in the British Museum. It would be well to keep some spe- 
cimens like this. 


. 


134 


Gay in his ‘ Chili’ mentions it (ili. 182) as a native of Chili. 

The Lithodes granulosa, Hombron and Jacquinot, ‘ Voy. au Pole 
Sud,’ pl. 8. f. 15, has the beak scarcely projecting at all beyond the 
extra-orbital angle, the carapace and upper parts of its legs are 
thickly invested, as in some of the Cancerida, with close strawberry- 
surfaced granules, closely pressed together. It is a small species, 
evidently very distinct from Lithodes and more allied to Lomis—it 
may be called Paralomis granulosa. We have it in the British 
Museum. The figure in the ‘ Voyage au Pole Sud,’ is extremely 
bad, not at all giving correctly the surface of the carapace and legs, 
which are closely matted with the warts. 

Messrs. Edwards and Lucas have published the description of a 
fine species, said to come from the Southern Pacific, in the Archives 
du Museum, ii. 465. pl. 24-27, and given ample details of it. It 
is named, from its short legs, Lithodes brevipes; its beak is short. 
In the British Museum we have a specimen. 

The Lithodes verrucosa, Dana (pl. 26. f. 16. vol. i. pl. 428), was 
found by that able and active naturalist in Fuegia. The carapace 
is verrucose throughout. 

The Lomis hirta of M. Edwards, founded on the Porcellana hirta 
of Lamarck (Anim. s. vert. v. 229), is an interesting generic form, 
to which Lichtenstein, in one of his catalogues, had applied the 
name Thylacurus. De Haan, who quotes this, has figured a second 
species in his ‘Fauna Japonica’ (219. t. 48. f. 2. & t. Q), under 
the name Lomis dentata :—“ tota tomentosa, setis brevibus densis ; 
thoracis margine medio 8-spinoso, pedibus secundis, tertiis et quartis 
margine antico 15-spinosis, spinis cristam subcontinuam formanti- 
bus.” 

Lomis hirta is abundant on the coast of Tasmania. 


Lirnoves (Peratocervs) Bextuianus. (PI. XLII.) 


The first feature of the curious crab here figured is the straw- 
berry-like surface of its carapace, and of the blunt spines with which 
its legs are covered ; the next feature is the subequilateral triangular 
figure of that carapace; this part is produced above the eyes into a 
notched projection, with two slight prominences down the middle ; 
this covers up the front part of the head, and conceals a wart-covered 
spine above the base of the pedicels of the eye, which pedicels are 
spiny above. The carapace has 3 spines on each side, and 2 tuber- 
cles ; the first spine is directed forwards, and has one or two indi- 
stinct spinelets at its base, the second and third are separated from 
the first by a considerable sinus, and are near each other; they are 
directed laterally, but slightly inclined forwards like the other two, 
and indeed like the whole of the carapace and the spines on the legs ; 
they are covered with the close warting so characteristic of this 
species ; the two tubercles on the lateral border, but at its end are 

_ united at the base ; the anterior is the larger ; the hind part of cara- 
pace is straight, bending round towards these tubercles and _thick- 
ened on the edges, one of its monticuli being conneeted with the 
hindmost lateral tubercle; the stomach, genital, and cardiac regions 


135 


are covered by a projecting portion occupying a considerable part of 
the back of the carapace and raised above it; this projecting part is 
environed by a somewhat lyre-shaped wall, pinched in front on the 
sides and somewhat notched behind with two deep fosse placed 
transversely and connected by a short canal, the base of which is 
smooth with only a few groups of warts. 

The abdomen is very regular and complete for the group, and when 
additional specimens will admit of its being dissected, its structure 
promises to be curious ; the various parts of it are hardly perceptible 
in the individual examined; a tolerably regular series of strange, close- 
placed appendages on its edges, seem, on cursory observation, very 
curious : there are about 12 deepish fossee over it, the 2 deepest in 
the basal portion close to back part of carapace, and almost at right 
angles to the rest of abdomen, 3 on each side diverging into smaller 
fossulee towards the edges, and four down the centre. The figures, 
drawn by Mr. Westwood from the specimen, before it came into 
Mr. Bell’s possession, show as much as can be shown without injuring 
the rare example. r 

I exhibited a drawing of this crab at a meeting of the’ Linnean 
Society some two years ago, and not having the specimen by 
me, concluded, as Mr. Westwood’s drawing showed it, that there 
were no visible traces of the imperfectly developed leg-appendages, 
so prominent in some species of Lithodes. A subsequent examina- 
tion of the specimen kindly sent me by Prof. Bell has shown me I 
was mistaken ; and on removing the carapace, which Mr. Westwood 
did, they are to be seen concealed as represented in the figure. There 
is, however, no outward opening. : 

This fine species is named Lithodes (Petalocerus) Bellianus in com- 
pliment to the ablest of our British carcinologists, the learned and 
scientific President of the Linnean Society, Professor Thomas Bell ; 
in whose fine collection it is preserved. It is to him I am indebted 
for the loan of the specimen. 

The plate represents— 

1. Lithodes (Petalocerus) Bellianus, of the natural size, viewed 
from above. 

. The same from beneath, showing the pitted abdomen. 
. Rough sketch of carapace in profile. 

. Profile view of rostrum, with eyes, antenne, &c. 

. Outer antennz with petaloid processes. 

. Inner anteune. 

. Hind pair of legs, concealed under the carapace. 

. Jaw feet. 


CrriAorb Oo bo 


May 27, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


Mr. Gould brought under the notice of the Meeting a portion of 
the Birds collected by Mr. John MacGillivray, the naturalist at- 


136 


tached to H.M. Surveying ship Rattlesnake, and lately sent home 
by Capt. Denham, the Commander of the Expedition. They were ~ 
obtained on the Fijis, San Cristoval, Isle of Pines, and other islands. 
Perhaps the most remarkable of these birds is a species of Cen- 
fropus, which exceeds in size every other member of the genus Mr. 
Gould has yet seen. The single specimen sent home is not fully 
adult, as is evidenced by’ some freshly moulted feathers of the tail 
and wings differing in colour from the older ones. On account of 
its large and robust form, Mr. Gould proposes to call this species 


Crentropvus Mito. 


Head, neck, mantle and breast tawny-white, remainder of the 
plumage mottled brown and green ; some of the feathers being brown 
indistinctly banded with green, while others are entirely green, the 
mottled hue being that of immaturity, and the green the adult 
livery : bill black. 

Total length, 263 inches ; bill, 23 inches long by 14 deep at the 
base ; wing, 103; tail, 144; tarsi, 3. 

Hab. Guadalcanar Island. 

Remark.—The specimen is a male. Unlike the other members 
of the genus, this species has bare orbits, with the colouring of which 
Mr. Gould is not acquainted. 

For a fine species of Fruit-eating Pigeon from the Isle of Pines, 
Mr. Gould proposed the name of 


IANTH@NAS HYP@NOCHROA. 


Head, neck, breast, and under surface vinaceous brown, with 
glossy purple reflexions on the back of the neck, and a slight gloss 
of the same hue on the sides of the neck and breast ; chin, sides of 
the face and throat white ; all the upper surface, wings and tail dark 
slate grey, the margins of the wing-coverts and the feathers of the 
back and upper tail-coverts glossed with bronzy green ; bill scarlet 
at the base, yellow at the tip; orbits naked and scarlet ; feet red- 
dish flesh colour. 

Total length, 16 inches ; bill, 14; wing, 9}; tail, 7; tarsi, 1. 

Hab. Isle of Pines. 

Remark.—This is a fine species, about the size of the common 
Pigeon of Europe. It pertains to the subgenus Ianthenas, the mem- 
bers of which are very nearly allied to the birds constituting the 
genus Carpophaga. 

Another pigeon from the same locality was named 


TURACGNA CRASSIROSTRIS. 


Head, all the upper surface, wings and tail dark slaty black, 
the feathers of the back margined with a deeper black; a broad 
band of grey across the lateral tail feathers near the base, and the 
outer feather on each side tipped with darker grey; throat greyish 
white ; under surface sooty, washed with grey on the sides of the | 
neck, the breast and centre of the abdomen. 


137 


Total length, 144 inches ; bill, 14; wing, 72; tail, 7}; tarsi, 1. 

Hab. Guadalcanar Island.” 

Remark.—This is a smaller bird than the Australian Macropygia 
phasianella, has a much thicker bill, and a shorter tail, which organ 
is moreover of .a graduated form. 

A fine Lory from San Cristoval was named 


Lorivus CHLOROCERCUS. 


Head, nape, and a patch on each side the neck black; plumage 
of the whole of the body fine scarlet, with a broad crescentic mark 
of rich yellow across the breast; tip of the shoulder silvery blue ; 
wing-coverts yellowish green ; outer webs of the primaries and se- 
condaries dark grass-green; inner webs dull black, with a broad 
oblong mark of scarlet along their basal portions; basal half of the 
tail scarlet, the remainder grass-green; under wing-coverts and 
thighs fine blue; bill orange; feet dark brown. 

Total length, 10 inches ; bill, 2; wing, 63; tail, 43; tarsi, 3. 

Hab, San Cristoval. 

Remark.—This is one of the most beautiful species of the genus, 
and differs from all its congeners in having the apical half of the tail 
green. 

A new Hirundo from Moala, one of the Feejee Islands, was cha- 
racterized as 


Hirunbo SUBFUSCA. 


Forehead, chin and throat rufous; crown of the head, all the 
upper surface, wing- and tail-coverts steel black ; wings and tail dark 
brown ; under surface of the body and under wing-coverts dark fus- 
cous ; under tail-coverts steel black, margined with light brown. 

Total length, 5 inches; bill, $; wing, 43; tail, 2; tarsi, 3. 

Remark.—This is a very remarkable Swallow, resembling in the 
colouring of its back, throat and forehead the common Swallow of 
Europe ; it is also very similar in size, while it has a much larger 
bill and a very diminutive and but slightly forked tail, the outer 
feathers not being produced as in the European bird. 

The five birds above described are now deposited in the collection 
at the British Museum. 


Mr. Gould also described a new and very beautiful Pigeon from 
the Solomon Islands as 


IoTRERON EUGENLA. - 


Crown of the head, cheeks, upper part of the throat and ear- 
coverts white ; centre of the throat and chest of the richest crimson ; 
upper surface and wings green washed with orange; along the 
shoulder a mark of light grey, and a large spot of grey near the tip 
of each of the tertiaries; primaries dark slate grey tipped with 
orange-brown ; secondaries slate grey bordered with orange-brown, 
and with a very narrow edge of yellow along the apical portion of 


138 


the external web ; under surface of the body greyish green; under 
surface of the wings grey ; vent washed with yellow. 

Total length, about 8 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 4}; tarsi, 2. 

Hab. The Solomon Islands. 

Remark.—The only specimen I have ever seen, and which is un- 
fortunately imperfect, being destitute of tail, was sent to me by Mr. 
Webster, who had visited the above islands. This beautiful little 
Pigeon, certainly the most brilliantly coloured of the entire group, 
has been named in honour of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress 
of the French. 


2. List or MAMMALS AND Brirps COLLECTED BY Mr. BRIDGES 
IN THE VICINITY OF THE Town oF DAVID IN THE PRO- 
VINCE OF CHIRIQUI IN THE STATE OF PANAMA. By PHILIP 
Lutiey Scuater, M,A. 


The town of David lies in a beautiful plain on the left bank of the 
river of the same name, about twenty-five miles above its exit into 
the Pacific at Boca Chica. On the west of the town rises the extinct 
voleano of Chiriqui, a peak 9000 feet in altitude, and on the north 
the Sierra de Chorcha, a flat table-mountain, which here forms the 
watershed between the two oceans. 

Mr. Bridges arrived at David in the month of January in the pre- 
sent year, and stayed there until the middle of the following March. 
He was principally engaged in collecting the magnificent Orchids of 
that country, of which he succeeded in obtaining a considerable 
series. During his leisure moments, however, he procured about 
fifty species of Mammalia and birds, of which a list is subjoined. 
These were principally collected near the town on the banks of the 
river, or between that and the ‘ Boqueti,—an elevated savannah of 
about 4000 feet above the sea-level, lying on the western slope of 
the volcano of Chiriqui. 

This locality is very interesting to naturalists, being a stage in the 
passage between North American and South American zoology, which 
has not, as far as I am aware, been hitherto much explored. M. 
Warszewiz, the well-known Polish collector, was resident in David 
some time in 1849, but did not turn his attention much to birds 
except Trochilide, of which he discovered the six very interesting 
new species which were described by Mr. Gould before this Society 
in 1850. 

Mr. Bridges has very greatly added to the value of my list by sup- 
plying me with notes upon the exact spot in which he found each 
species and upon what he recollected of their habits. 

The nearest Bird-fauna to the present of which any detailed 
accounts have been published are those of Nicaragua, as given by 
Prince Bonaparte in his catalogue of the Birds, brought from that 
country by Delattre in the Comptes Rendus of the Academy of Paris 
for 1854, and of the interior of New Granada, as shown by my List 


139 


of Birds received in collections from Bogota read before this Society 
last year. To both of these papers I have frequently referred in the 
following list in order to show the geographic range of the species, 
and to avoid the repetition of synonymy already given. 


MAMMALIA. 


1. Sarmaris scrurea (Linn.)? 


Forests near David. A skeleton only of an animal probably of 
this species. 


2. Scrurnus ———— ? 

A black species, difficult to distinguish. Mr. Bridges states that 
it is common in the immediate vicinity of the town of David, and 
between that and the port of Boca Chica. 


3. Scrurus astuans, Linn. 

This seems to agree with Bogota specimens so marked in the 
British Museum. It is from the Boqueti at the base of the volcano 
of Chiriqui. 

4. CycLoTHuRvs pipacty us (Linn.). 


From the vicinity of David. Also seen near Panama. A strictly 
nocturnal animal. 


5. CHOLZPUS DIDACTYLUS. 
From the forests near David. I believe neither this Sloth nor the 
Little Anteater has been hitherto observed so far north. 


AVES. 


1. PHAROMACRUS MOCINNO, De la Llave!—Trogon resplendens, 
Gould, Mon. Trog. pl. 21. 


From the dense forest on the Boqueti; only three specimens seen. 


2. TROGON AURANTIIVENTRIS, Gould, sp. nov. See antea, 
p- 107. } J 

Inhabits the same locality as the preceding, and is more common. 
Also found farther down towards David. 


3. Momorvs tessont, Lesson, Icon. Orn. pl. 62. 

Agrees with Guatimala specimens. From the vicinity of David in 
the thickets. Stops during the day in the shady underwood, and 
seeks its food towards evening in the open spaces on the banks of 
the river. : 


4. CERYLE AMERICANA (Gm.)—P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 136. 

On the banks of the river David. Its habits are the same as 
those of our Kingfisher. Mr. Bridges also observed a large species 
more common than this, probably C. torquata. 


5. GALBULA MELANOGENIA, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1852, p: 61 et 
93, pl. 90. 


140 


On the banks of the river David, rather uncommon, only three 
or four times observed. 


6. CAMPYLOPTERUS CUVIERI.—Trochilus cuvieri, Delattre et 
Boure. R. Z. 1846, p. 310. 


7. HeLiomasTER LonGrrostnis (Vieill.).—Gould, Mon. Troch. 
pt. 5, pl. 9. 


8. LAMPORNIS VERAGUENSIS, Gould. 

These three Humming-birds are found in the outskirts of the town 
of David, feeding among the flowers of a large arborescent species of 
Erythrina. 


9. AMAZILIUS RIEFFERI (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 103. 
Found feeding on a malvaceous plant near the Boqueti, at an ele- 
vation of 4000 feet. 


10. SAUCEROTTIA NIVEIVENTRIS (Gould), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 164. 
11. SauceRorria ATALA (Less.).—Bp. Consp. p. 77. 


12. Hytocuaris (?) czRuLEIGULARIs (Gould), P. Z. S. 1850, 
. 163. 

: All these three short-billed species are found in the very town of 
David feeding on the Tamarindus indicus and orange-trees. They 
are very pugnacious and constantly fighting together. Besides the 
seven Humming-birds here given, Mr. Bridges observed three others 
of which he did not obtain specimens. One of these (probably 
Heliomaster constantii) was feeding on a beautiful blue species of 
Salvia on the Boqueti. 


13. CHmrepa cyanea (Linn.). 

Already noticed as far north as Nicaragua (Bp. Notes s. 1. Ois. 
Coll. Delattre, p. 50), and lately brought by M. Sallé from the vici- 
nity of Cordova m Mexico. 


14. PicoLapTEs ? 
Vicinity of the town of David on the large forest-trees, with the 
habits of our Creepers. 


15. THRYOTHORUS RUFALBUS, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 337; P. Z.S. 
1855, p. 143. 
In the dense jungle near David. 


16. Ruopinocicuua rosea (Less.), P. Z. S. 1855, p. 141. 

Mr. Bridges only procured one specimen of this singular bird—a 
male. It was hopping about in the thicket close to the ground in 
the flat land between the rivers David and Chiriqui, uttering a very 
peculiar note, by which his attention was called to it. 


17. Mniorivra varia (Linn.). 
A North American species, ranging as far south as Bogota (P.Z.S. 
1855, p. 143). Mr. Bridges says it has the habits of our Creeper, 


ey 


14] 


running up the trunks of the trees and searching for insects in the 
bark. He found it in the town of David. 


18, Ruimamrnus astivus (L.), juv. 


Mr. Bridges found this bird not uncommon in the town of David 
in the fruit-trees and Erythrine. 


19. Tyrannus MELANCHOLICUs, Vieill. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 150. 
Margins of the plains near David, very common. 


20. MitvuLus TYRANNUS (Linn.).—* Tijerita.” 
Ranges from the Southern United States as far south as Bogota 
(P. Z. S. 1855, p. 150). Very common in the plains near David. 


21. ToprRosTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.). 
See my remarks on the range of this species, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 148. 
Mr. Bridges found it amongst the trees in the vicinity of David. 


22. TyRANNULUS ELATUS (Spix),—P. Z. S. 1855, p- 150. 
On the trees in the vicinity of David. 


23. TiryRA MEXICANA (Less.).—Psaris mexicana, Less. R. Z. 
1839, p. 41, et P. tityroides, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 41. 

I consider this bird probably distinct from Tityra semifasciata of 
Bolivia and East Peru, to which it is generally united. It has all 
the rectrices banded across with black ; while the other, speaking from 
the specimens I have seen of it, has the inner web of the outer pair of 
tail-feathers white. Delattre procured this bird in Nicaragua (Bp. 
Notes Orn. p. 88) ; M. Sallé has lately brought specimens from Cor- 
dova in Mexico; Mr. Bridges’ examples are from the forests on the 
Boqueti. : 


24, CHIROXIPHIA MELANOCEPHALA (Vieill.). See P. Z. S. 1855, 
p. 151. 


In the bushes on the margins of the rivers near David. 
25. THAMNOPHILUS DoLIATUS? 


26. THAMNOPHILUS BRIDGESI, sp. nov. 

T. fumoso-brunneus : capite nigro, plumarum rachidibus albis : 
alarum tectricibus nigris maculis apicalibus rotundis albis: re-- 
migibus et rectricibus fumoso-nigricantibus, harum trium utrin- 
que extimarum apicibus nigro marginatis ; illarum marginibus 
externis brunnescentibus: gula et pectore toto ad summum 
ventrem nigricantibus, longitudinaliter albo striatis : tectrici- 
bus subalaribus albis. 

Long. tota 6°7, alee 2-8, caudse 2°5. 

This is a typical Thamnophilus not very closely allied to any 
described species, but to be placed near nigrocinereus, maculipennis, 
&e. (vide Edinb. Phil. Journ. n. s. 1855, i. Pp. 226 et seq.). Mr. 
Bridges found these two Bushshrikes in the thick bush on the mar. 
gins of the river David. The first species was very common, but of 
the present only one individual was seen. 


142 


27. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould? 
A female specimen, probably referable to the New Grenadian 
species. 


28. SruRNELLA LuDovictiana (Linn.) ? 
“* Paxaro Savanero.” Amongst the grass on the plain near David. 
Very tame, and when disturbed does not fly far, but runs much. 


29. YPHANTES BALTIMORENSIS (Linn.).-—Bp. Consp. p. 432. 

Already noticed as far south as Real del Monte in Mexico by Bul- 
lock (Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 436), and Guatimala by Prince Bona- 
parte (P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 116). 


30. SALTATOR MAGNOIDES, Lafr. 


31. Rampuoce us pimip1ATUvs,-Lafr. Mag. de Zool. Ois. pl. 81 
(1837). 


32. RAMPHOCELUS PASSERINII, Bp. 

Both these Ramphoceli are tolerably common, and generally met 
with together in the bushy underwood on the margins of the rivers. 
They feed on the fruit of a small species of Ficus. They are always 
seen near the water. 


33. Pyranea azstiva (Linn.), P. Z. S. 1855, p. 156. 
‘* Sangue del Toro.” Not uncommonly met with near the Bo- 
queti on the tops of the trees. 


34. TANAGRA DIACONUS, Less. 
** Azulejo.’ The commonest bird in the country. Very abun- 
dant in the town of David. ‘ 


35. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES (Lafr.). 

This is a wide-ranging species, extending hence to the head-waters 
of the Amazon in Bolivia, where specimens were obtained by d’Or- 
bigny, that is, from 8! north latitude to 18’ south latitude. 

Mr. Bridges says it was not common at David. It is found on 
the high trees near the town, and feeds on the fruit of the small- 
fruited Ficus. 


36. CaLuisTe FRANCISCE (Lafr.).— Aglaia fanny (!!), Lafr. R. 
Z. 1847, p. 72; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 56, fig. 1. 

This species appears distinct from Calliste larvata of Du Bus, to 
which it is usually united. The general colouring is pretty much 
the same, but the tints are still brighter in the present bird, and the 
head in particular is paler. 

Mr. Bridges obtained a single specimen only of this beautiful Ta- 
nager, from the tops of the high trees on the banks of the river 
David. ; : 


37. Eusp1zA AMERICANA (Linn.). 

Already noticed as far south as Nicaragua, and lately received by 
MM. Verreaux of Paris from S. Martha on the north coast of New 
Granada. Found in small flocks near David. 


143 


38. EMBERNAGRA CONIROsTRIS (Bp.).—Arremon! conirostris, 
Bp. Consp. p. 488. — Embernagra striaticeps, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, 
p. 62; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154. 

I consider M. de Lafresnaye is quite right in placing this bird in 
the genus Embernagra. It is, at least, certainly no Arremon. It 
is found, like the last bird, in small flocks near David, feeding on the 
grass-seeds in the savannahs. 


39. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUs (Sw.). 


Agrees with Mexican specimens. Not rare in the forests of the 
‘ Boqueti,’ found on the evergreen Quercus. 


40. CeNTURUS SUBELEGANS, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 109; Consp. 
p- 121; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 162. 


Seems to agree with Bogota and Venezuelan specimens. 


41. CHLORONERPES Cecrutt (Malherbe) ? 

Both these Woodpeckers are found on the trees in the outskirts 
of the town of David. The first is the more common, only one pair 
of the latter having been observed. 


42. GEOTRYGON CHIRIQUENSIS, sp. nov. 


G. pure castanescenti-brunneus: dorso medio purpurascente : 
pileo cerulescenti-griseo : subtus dilutior, abdomine albescen- 
tiore: mento gulaque lactescenti-albis, rufescente tinctis: re- 
migibus et rectricibus nigricanti-schistaceis : caude apice brun- 
nescentiore : rostro nigro: pedibus rubris. 

Long. tota 11-0, ale 5:9, caudze 3°5. 

Both Prince Bonaparte and Mr. G. R. Gray, who have lately paid 
great attention to the Columba, consider this species as new to 
science, and it is upon their authority rather than my own that I 
have ventured to name it as undescribed. 


43. CHLOR@NAS RUFINA (Temm.).—Bp. Consp. ii. p. 52. 
From the dense forests of the Boqueti at the base of the volcano. 


44. ODONTOPHORUS VERAGUENSIS, Gould, antea, p. 107. 
From the Boqueti, where it is found in coveys running on the 
ground in the forests. The males have a peculiar call-cry. 


45. ARAMIDES CAyENNENSIS (Gm.) (Pl. Enl. 352). 
In the bush on the banks of the river David. 


46. Parra HYPOMELANA, G. R. Gray, juv. ? 

Found in the shallow waters running amongst the stones. 

A young bird, white underneath, probably of P. hypomelena, but 
it would be hazardous to decide positively without seeing adult spe- 
cimens from the same locality. 


144 


3. NoTE ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE ISLAND oF ASCENSION. 
By Parure Lutyiry Scriater, M.A. 


Dr. Acland, of Oxford, having lately placed in my hands, for 
naming, a small collection of birds from the Island of Ascension, I 
think it will be useful to record a list of them, although none of 
them are of great rarity, in order to make some contribution, how- 
ever small, towards a more accurate knowledge of the geographic 
range of species. 

Mr. Darwin (Zool. Beagle, p. 133) tells us that there are no abo- 
riginal land-birds on this island. The only bird he mentions, which 
might claim that name, is a Porphyrio (P. simplex, Gould), which 
however, we are informed, was evidently a straggler not long arrived. 

But recollecting the beautiful Thrush (Nesocichla eremita) lately 
described by Mr. Gould from the Island of Tristan d’Acunha, there 
is certainly no primd facte reason why the Island of Ascension should 
not also possess peculiar land birds. 

The specimens in Dr. Acland’s collection are all Natatores, be- 
longing to the following species. 


1. ONYCHOPRION FULIGINOSUS (Gm.). 

Latham (G. H. x. 102) has recorded the existence of this Tern 
upon the island in “prodigious numbers.’’ It is found also on the 
American coasts from Texas to the Floridas. 


2. PHAETHON &THEREUS, Linn. (Pl. Enl. 998). 

Visits Tobago, whence Sir William Jardine received the eggs of 
this species from his correspondent Mr. Kirk. See Cont. to Orn. 
1852, p. 351, pl. 84, where the eggs of all three species of Phaethon 
are figured. , 


3. PHarTHon FLAvirostris, Brandt (Pl. Enl. 369). P. ethe- 
veus, Audub. nec Linn. 

Mr. G. R. Gray has rejected Brandt’s excellent appellation for 
this species in favour of Brisson’s candidus. But Brisson was no 
binomalist, and has no claim to bestow specific names in a binominal 
system. 'This Phaethon breeds on the Bermudas (Cont. Orn. /. c.), 
and visits the coast of Florida (Audubon). 

Professor Brandt has written a good Monograph of the Phaéthon- 
tine in the Transactions of the St. Petersburgh Academy. These 
two species, and the P. phanicurus from the Indian Ocean, appear 
to be the only.three well-distinguished birds of the genus. 


4, TACHYPETES AQuILA (L.). 

This name ought, I think, to be retained for the Atlantic bird. 
Mr. Gould has described and figured a smaller species from Australia; 
but he has also a larger bird from the coasts of that country, which 
‘appears different from the present. 


5. Suza Fusca, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 277; Gould, B. Aust. vii. 
pl. 78. 


145 


6, Suna piscarrix (L.); Gould, B. Aust. vii. pl. 79. 

Besides these two Gannets I am acquainted with five other ap- 
parently well-distinguished species, viz. 8. Lassana of Europe, S. ca- 
pensis of S. Africa, S. australis and S. cyanops of the Australian 
seas, and S. variegata of the Pacific coast of S. America. 


4. Nore sur un Nouveau Genre Des O1sEAvUx DE Prox. 
Par Jutes VeRREAvX. 


Genre Urvusrrornis, Verreaux. 


Bec beaucoup plus haut que large ; trés comprimé ; légérement 
sinueux sur le bord, qui est un peu rentré vers la base; 4 courbure 
trés sensible et 4 pointe longue et acérée; angle du bec atteignant 4 
peine le niveau de la partie antérieure de l’ceil : cire large et lisse, a 
narines rondes et percées en avant ; face en partie denudée et garnie 
ga et 14 de poils noirs: tarses assez longs, robustes, et fortement 
reticulés, excepté sur la partie postérieure ow se trouvent des larges 
plaques au nombre de neuf; quatre A cing scutelles sur les doigts, 
dont P’interne est le plus fort, le médian plus long que l’externe qui 
est le plus court de tous; le pouce également robuste et armé d’un 
ongle aumoins aussi fort que l’interne. 

Ailes longues, amples, dépassant la queue de plus d’un pouce, a 
3° et 4™° rémiges les plus longues ; toutes les primaires échancrées 
sur leurs barbes internes. Queue moyenne, carrée et légtérement 
échancrée au centre, compos¢ée de 12 rectrices, barrée transversale- 
ment comme dans les vrais Urubitinge. 

Dans son ensemble, le genre tient des derniers par la coloration et 
par la bande transversale de la queue, mais il s’en distingue sous 
d’autres rapports indiqués ci-dessus. Les tarses surtout ne permet- 
tront jamais de le confondre. Sa taille est aussi beaucoup plus 
forte. Il semble tenir le milieu entre le genre Harpyhaliaétus et 
Urubitinga. 

A ne considérer que le plumage du jeune de cet oiseau, on le 
prendrait pour celui du Geronoaétus aguia, tout il y a de rapport, 
voire méme dans la queue qui ne laisse voir aucune trace de bande 
transversale, mais qui a la méme motelare comme dans les jeunes 
des Urubitingas. 

Nous ne sommes done pas ¢tonnés que Tschudi ait fait de cet oiseau 
un Circaétus en égard A ces tarses, et que d’autres auteurs en aient 
fait un Urubitinga en ne considérant que la couleur. Nous pensons 
done que la place que nous lui assignons est plus naturelle en ce 
qu'elle lie les deux genres qui ont tant de similitude entre eux. 


Sp. typ. et unica UruBIToRNIS SOLITARIA. 
Circaétus solitarius, Tsch. Av. Consp. no. 14; Faun. Per. p- 94, 
t. 11.—Gray’s Gen. p. 13, sp. 6.—Lafr. R. Z. 1849, p. 101. 


$ adulte. Couleur générale, noir-plombé, exeepté sur la téte, 
Pextrémité des rémiges et les rectrices, qui sont d’un noir plus décidé ; 
une large bande blanche traverse la queue, qui est également ter- 

No. CCCX.—Procrrpines oF THE ZooLoGicar Soctery. 


146 


minée d’un ruban étroit de méme couleur ; on remarque sur les cou- 
vertures, tant supérieurs qu’inférieurs, des traces de bandes blanches 
au centre de quelques plumes, ainsi que quelques bordures vers leur 
extrémité. Les barbes des rémiges primaires et secondaires ont 
comme des raies mal accusées d’une teinte plus noire, et qui parais- 
sent d’avantage en écartant les plumes : elles sont chinées et laissent 
voir ¢a et la, quelques teintes brun-roussatre de la livrée précédente. 
Longueur totale 70 cent. 


2 d'une année plus jeune. La coloration noire plus lavée de 
brun que de plombé, laissant voir ci et 14 quelques parties fauves, 
surtout sur le cou; la bande médiane de la queue chinée de cendré, et 
la petite qui la termine plus ¢troite et d’un blanc moins pur que dans 
le précédent ; taille un peu moindre. 

Tschudi dit que Viris est d’un brun trés foncé; que la cire, la 
peau nue de la face et les tarses sont jaunes, le bee d’un brun- 
noiratre, et les ongles d’un brun-grisitre sombre. 


J eune ? dans sa 3"° année. Partie supérieure brune, plus ou moins 
parsemée de plumes plus foneées et bordées de roussatre ; téte et cou 
d'un roussatre plus ou moins fauve ; dessus et occiput 4 plumes brun- 
noiratre trés légérement bordées de roussatre ; des lignes longitudi- 
nales plus ou moins larges sur le cou et ses cdtes; une bande brune 
prenant du dessus de 1’ceil, passant en arriére et descendant sur les 
parties latérales du cou: gorge et joues d’un fauve clair avec des 
lignes ¢troites et brunes au centre des plumes, devenant plus larges 
sur le haut du cou ; poitrine brun-noiratre, les plumes plus ou moins 
bordées de roussAtre et toutes de cette couleur a leur base, reste des 
parties inférieures d’un roussatre plus ou moins vif avec des taches 
plus ou moius larges, sur les parties latérales surtout. Cuisses brunes 
avec des bordures rousses peu visibles a l’extrémité des plumes, mais 
comme rayées de fauve sur la partie cachée de chaque plume. Cou- 
vertures sous- caudales comme la poitrine avec des raies s plus ou moins 
bien mar quées de brun-noiratre ; les supérieures de méme, mais plus 
brunes. Queue brune avec une légére teinte grise et chinée comme 
dans le jeune aguia, dune teinte blanchatre en dessous avec les 
taches brunes plus multipliées; ailes brunes, les plus grandes cou- 
vertures chinées de fauve. Rémiges brunes, les primaires noires sur 
la majeure partie de leur longeur, quelques unes de ces derniéres 
les plus courtes terminées de blanchatre ; couvertures inférieures 
roussatres varices de brun-noiratre ; dessous des rémiges fauve a partir 
de leur base j jusqu’au trois quart de leur longueur, tachées ¢a et 14 
de brun et chinées sur le reste. Méme grandeur que les précédents. 

Nous avons recus cet oiseau de S** Marthe, Nouvelle Grenade, en 
1843. Notre voyageur marque qu’il fréquente les grand bois, ov il 
chasse les moyens mammiferes et les oiseaux, voire méme les Hoccos. 
Son naturel est farouche et d’une méfiance extréme. 

“Mr. Bridges que j’ai vu il y a peu de jours m’a affirmé avoir 
rencontré ce méme oiseau (Urubitornis solitarius) en Bolivie dans la 
province de Moxos par les 20° Sud le long de la riviére Urumose. 
C’est done une localité nouvelle 4 ajouter 4 habitat de cet oiseau.”’ 


= 


Erocs Lo Mollusca. 


HALIOTIS ALBICANS. Var 


i a dail heel 


147 


5. On tHe Nucxievs or THE OpercuLum or CycLosToMA 
ELEGANS. By JoHN Epwarp Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S. 


In my various physiological papers I have attempted to establish 
the fact that the opercula of shells are analogous to the second 
valve of a bivalve shell, and are in fact a counterpart of the other 
valve. I have shown that they are formed at the same time on the 
body of the Mollusca; that they have a peculiar mantle, similar to 
the mantle of the spiral shell, and that they are increased in size in 
the same manner. 

On lately examining the operculum of Cyclostoma elegans, I was 
struck with the fact (which might have been foreseen when the first 
formation is considered) that they have a somewhat irregular nucleus 
or first-formed part, like the nucleus to be observed on the apex of 
the spire of most univalve shells, as shown in the accompanying 
figure, drawn and engraved by Miss Jessie Dunlop. 


7 


I may further observe, that the operculum of this shell is formed 
of two shelly plates, separated from each other by arched laminz 
concentric with the outer edge of the last whorl, placed under the 
concentric grooves of growth on the outer and inner surface, leaving a 
series of pores on the circumference in the groove between the two 
plates. 


6. On A Monstrosity or Hatroris (ALBIcans?). 
By Joun Epwarp Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S., P.B.S., erc. 


(Mollusca, Pl. XXXIV.) 


Mr. Cuming kindly showed to me a series of four specimens of 
Ear-shells, which he procured in Paris, and of which he has some 
other examples. 

The four specimens are all peculiar for having an elongated con- 
tinued slit occupying the place where the series of perforations are 
usually situated,—this slit extending more than one-third of the 
length of the spiral ridges on the outer or left side of the whorls ; 


148 


but it does not extend to the margin of the shell, and there is 
generally a more or less deep pit on the inner surface, in front of 
its extremity. 

When I first saw the shell, I was inclined to regard it as a mon- 
strosity ; but when I considered the uniformity of the peculiarity 
in the specimens which I possess, and in those which Mr. Cuming 
had seen, I thought that it might be the type of a new form, for 
which Schismotis excisa would be a good name. 

But a comparison of the shell with the specimens of Haliotis al- 
bicans in the British Museum from Van Diemen’s Land, has induced 
me to believe that they are only varieties of that or some very nearly 
allied species, and that the peculiarity of their structure is produced 
by the locality they inhabit, the absence of the shelly matter on the 
branchial ridge being probably produced by the continued abrasions 
to which the shells have evidently been exposed, either by some che- 
mical peculiarities in the water or the attack of parasitic animals. 

All the specimens are in avery eroded condition, and two of them 
are very much pierced with a minute worm, and they all have the 
under valve of a Hipponyz attached on the left side near the cireum- 
ference of the shell; one of these shells (which is generally the 
largest of the series) being placed in front of the slit between its 
termination and the front margin of the shell, covering the space 
which in the normal shell would be the place of one or two perfora- 
tions. 

If the exterior surface of a good specimen of Haliotis albicans is 
examined, it will be found that there exists a distinct narrow straight 
groove continued from one perforation to the other, and to the margins 
of the outer lip, which I have not seen so distinctly marked in any 
other species of the genus, indicating probably the suture between 
the overlapping of the two sides of the slit in the mantle of the animal, 
and this suture is marked but by a slight line on the inner surface 
of the shell. The same suture is to be observed in most other 
Haliotide, but they are generally not so distinct as in H. albicans, 
and much more sinuous. 

I am inclined to believe that the slit in the specimens is to be 
considered as the imperfect filling-up of the shelly matter between 
the usual perforations, caused by the eroded and evidently diseased 
state of the specimens. 

The interior of the shells is marked with a very rough tubercular 
muscular scar, which is not to be observed in perfect specimens of Ha- 
liotis albicans ; but this will be found to be uniformly the case with 
most specimens of Ear-shells which have an eroded or worm-eaten 
outer surface, even in species which have a searcely marked scar in 
their perfect or normal condition ; so that this difference, like the 
slit, appears to depend on the state of the shells and the animal 
which formed it. 

The interior of the shell presents a further peculiarity, but this is 
evidently caused by the same effects as the roughness of the muscu- 
lar scar and slit on the branchial ridge, viz. there is a more or less 
deep broad groove on the inner surface between the slit and the sub- 


149 


central muscular scar, which is more or less marked with regular 
cross grooves, and they are evidently impressions of the outer surface 
of the two branches of the gills. 

Only one of the specimens I have seen shows any indications of 
the outer surface of the shell, and in that it only forms a band about 
one-fourth of an inch wide on the edge of the outer lip ; it is pale, 
greyish, and concentrically striated, like the surface of the normal 
specimen of Haliotis albicans. 

This kind of monstrosity was to be expected, as the mantle of the 
animal is slit under the perforations on the shell; and we have in 
- Seissurella and in several fossil genera the perforations replaced 
by a more or less continued slit over the mantle ; but I have never 
before seen an Ear-shell with more than two holes united into a short 
slit by the absence of the shelly matter between them ; but when we 
examine the Haliotis albicans, the existence of the more distant ex- 
terior groove renders it the species in which one should more readily 
expect such an abnormal formation to occur. 

I have seen two specimens of two species of Haliotis, which ex- 
hibited just the converse deformity, that is, being without any appear- 
ance of the series of perforations, the place of the holes being occupied 
by a continued convex spiral rib, like the second rib in Padollus. 
Most probably in this individual the mantle of the animal was without 
any slit, and hence the malformation, the water being admitted to 
the gills by the slight notch in front of the ribs, as in some Emar- 
ginule or Scuta. 


Dr. Crisp exhibited the brain and a sketch of the head of a mon- 
oculous Lamb. It weighed 42 lbs., and was born alive at the full 
period of gestation. There was one large eye in the centre of the 
forehead, and the nostrils were absent. - 

The orbit was formed by the os frontis above, by the malar bones 
on each side, and below by the superior maxillary bone, the lachry- 
mal, nasal, turbinated bones and part of the os frontis being absent. 
The greater part of the interior of the cerebrum was absent, the cavity 
being occupied by serous fluid. The thalami, corpora striata and 
corpus callosum were deficient. No olfactory nerves existed. The right 
optic nerve only was present, and this entered the eye in the usual 
situation ; the other pairs of nerves were in their normal positions, 
but those to the muscles of the eye could not be clearly traced. 

The humours of the eye were apparently natural, but the cornea 
was rather opaque ; the diameter of the organ was 14 lines; the 
weight of the humours 40 grs.; the crystalline lens large and well 
formed. 

Tn Vrolik’s ‘ Tabule ad illustrandum Embryogenesin Hominis et 
Mammalium,’ a case is related and drawings given of a somewhat 
similar monstrosity inalamb. In this instance, also, “the greater part 
of the cerebrum was wanting, and no olfactory nerves were present ; 


150 


the two optic nerves appeared to unite without decussation ; the eye 
was large, and two pupils existed ; the nostrils were absent.” 

Dr. Crisp remarked, that although the Cyclops variety of mon- 
strosity was not very rare, but few cases were on record of the dis- 
section of the brain. 


June 10, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


1. On two New Sprrcises or Hummine BIRDS BELONGING TO 
THE GENUS AMAZzILIUsS. By Joun Gou_p, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., 
ETC. 


AMAZILIUS CERVINIVENTRIS, Gould. 


Head, all the upper surface and wing- and upper tail-coverts 
bronzy-green ; wings purplish-brown; tail dark chestnut-red, each 
feather narrowly bordered and tipped with a bronzy lustre, which is 
of greatest extent and most conspicuous on the two centre tail- 
feathers; throat and chest luminous green; under surface of the 
shoulder and flanks dull green ; abdomen and under tail-coverts fawn- 
colour ; thighs white ; upper mandible yellow at the base, merging 
into brown and tipped with black ; under mandible pale yellow, ex- 
cept at the tip, which is black. 

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 15; wing, 21; tail, 15. 

Hab. Cordova, in Mexico. Collected by M. Sallé. 

Remark.—This species is about the size of 4, Riefferi; but its 
bill is less robust; the wings, as in that species, are uniform pur- 
plish-brown; the chestnut colouring of the tail-feathers and the 
under tail-coverts is of a somewhat lighter hue. 


AMAZILIUS CASTANEIVENTRIS, Gould. 


Crown of the head, upper part of the back and shoulders reddish- 
bronze ; rump and upper tail-coverts greyish, with a bronzy;lustre ; 
wings purplish-brown, with the exception of the basal portion of the 
primaries and secondaries, which are rufous; tail dark chestnut, 
tipped with a bronzy lustre, of greatest extent and most conspicuous 
on the centre feathers; throat, fore part of the neck, breast, and 
upper part of the abdomen shining golden-green ; under surface of 
the shoulders, lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts fine 
chestnut-red ; thighs white ; upper mandible brownish-black ; under 
mandible fleshy-yellow, except at the tip, which is brownish-black. 

Total length, 3} inches; bill, 2; wing, 2; tail, 14. 

Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota. From the Collection of Mr. Mark. 

Remark.—This species differs from 4. cerviniventris in the much 
greater depth of the chestnut colouring of the abdomen, under tail- 


151 


coverts and tail; in size it is considerably less than that species, 
being even smaller than 4. Arsinoé, to which it offers an alliance in 
the colouring of its wings, but from which it differs in the colouring 
of its abdomen; the white feathers of the thighs are much developed 
and very conspicuous. 


+ 


2. On some DeFEcTs IN THE GROWTH OF THE ANTLERS, AND 
SOME RESULTS OF CASTRATION, IN THE CERVIDE. 
By Joun S. Gasxorn, F.L.S. etc. 


The imperfect growth of one antler, or horn, in any species of the 
Deer tribe, the other being fully developed according with the age of 
the animal, I find has been, from time immemorial, popularly attri- 
buted to some disease or ailment of the testicle, or kidney, or even of 
a limb, of the side on which the defective antler may exist ; so that 
to doubt its truth now would, to the uninquiring, seem to be mock- 
ing experience. Some time ago, a member of this Society exhibited 
at one of the scientific meetings the head of a Fallow Deer (Cervus 
Dama), which had been killed in Richmond Park, for the table, and 
selected, of course, from its mature age and fine condition ; one antler 
of which was of ample growth for an eight years old animal, while 
the other consisted simply of the brow tine or antler and a short beam, 
each about eight or ten inches in length; and the park-keeper had 
ascribed this deficient development to disease of the kidney of the 
same side. No light was thrown on tbe subject at the time, and 
members, to whom the opportunity might occur, were invited to in- 
quire into the correctness or otherwise of the attributed cause in 
other instances. It was the first occasion on which I had heard the 
question mooted. The deduction given, as to cause and effect, was 
obviously at variance with sound physiology. That the growth of a 
horn on one side should be impeded, and not that on the other also, 
when disease of a kidney, a testis, &c. is the cause of arrested pro- 
duction, must be from some accidental circumstance, and cannot be 
incidental to any such derangement; for organic disease of the viscera 
named, or of any other viscus, always deteriorates more or less, 
according to its severity and duration, the general constitutional 
health, and not that of a particular part only of the animal economy ; 
—and moreover, the disease of no organ in a more remarkable manner 
influences by depressing the powers of the system, nor tends more 
surely to a fatal termination, than organic disease of the kidney ;— 
whereas, in the case adduced as having arisen from such a disease, 
the animal was, on the contrary, in excellent health and admirable case. 
A paradox so apparent induced me to desire to investigate the subject, 
with the view of setting aside a popular error, if such, and substi- 
tuting a rational deduction from facts; and having communicated 
my wish to Colonel Francis H. Seymour, deputy-ranger of Windsor 
Great Park, in which a larger stock of deer is kept than perhaps in * 
any other in the kingdom, he most readily bid me furnish him with 
a written list of what I might require to prosecute my intention. It 
enumerated,——the head, with the antlers attached, of any buck that 


152 


might be shot, having one horn only, of defective development ; the 
kidneys, and the testes with their appendages, of the same animal ; 
denoting the side from which each organ had been taken. This he 
very kindly immediately forwarded to John Cole, the head-keeper, 
with orders to carry out my wish on any opportunity occurring ; and 
during the autumn of 1853 I received three cases, each containing 
all I had solicited, and the several parts duly labeled, as I had re- 
quested *. The antlers attached to the skulls of two are now on the 
table, and the other pair of antlers, which were detached. All these 
bucks were over eight years of age. I carefully examined the several 
organs belonging to each individual, having the advantage of the 
assistance of my friend Dr. Crisp in the first and the third examples; 
and I claim credit from the Society, on the part of both Dr. Crisp 
and myself, for knowledge of the difference of healthy from diseased 
structure. We found that every organ examined of each of the three 
animals was perfectly healthy, normal, and in every respect fully 
developed, as were all the animals from which they had been taken 
in most unexceptional health and in high condition; in testimony 
of which they had been killed for the table. 

I will now give the measurements of the antlers, and the weights 
of the testes and kidneys, of all the three animals, designating the 
side from which each had been taken respectively. 


Measurements of the Antlers. 


Developed Antler. ; Defective Antler. 
in. in. 
No. 1. Beam, to the anterior A simple bifurcation. 
point of the palm .. 223 | ame Rare 
Brow tine, or antler .. 8 Brow tine, or antler .. 7 
Bis tine, or antler .... 4& 
Vide fig. 1. 


No. 2. Beam, to the anterior 
point of the palm .. 214 Bifurcate. 


Brow tine, or antler .. 63 GaN ces te ae oe ee 103 
Bis tine, or antler .... 54 Brow antler ........ 10 
No. 3. Beam, to the anterior : 
point of the palm .. 22 Bifurcate. 
Brow tine, or antler .. 63 BGAN . CaS sys ore 
Bis tine, or antler .... 38 Brow’ antler 2)... 8 
Vide fig. 2. 
Weights of the Testes. 
Side of the developed Antler. Side of the defective Antler. 
No. 1. 2 ounces 210 grains. 2 ounces 160 grains. 
No. 2. 2 ounces 140 grains. 2 ounces 155 grains. 
No. 3. 2 ounces 128 grains. 2 ounces 138 grains. 


* I must here offer to Cole my thanks for the intelligent care with which he 
fulfilled the directions, and for the interest he took, and is still taking, in assist- 
ing me in these inquiries. 


153 


The spermatozoa of each exhibited, when magnified 250 diameters, 
perfect similarity and full and healthy development. 


Weights of the Kidneys. 


Side of the developed Antler. Side of the defective Antler. 
No. 1. 4 ounces. 4 ounces 65 grains. 
No. 2. 4 ounces 30 grains. 4 ounces 10 grains. 
No. 3. 4 ounces 63 grains. 4 ounces 32 grains. 


Such a similarity of results, from the investigation of two bucks 
only, might have occurred as a mere coincidence ; but a third, when 
all had been selected for another purpose, having no reference what- 
ever to this inquiry, and having been taken consecutively, will esta- 
blish, I think, the fact, that defective growth of one antler only, 
in the same buck, is not caused by an unhealthy state of kidney, of 
testicle, nor of any other organ, nor ailment of the animal. That a 
defective horn and a diseased organ may be coexistent, and even on 
the same side, there can be no question; but that would be a mere 
casualty, a “non sequitur.” Arriving at this obvious conclusion, I 
declined imposing further on the kindness I had received, and the 
trouble I had given, by requiring other examples of the sort for in- 
vestigation. 

I have, however, placed on the table three other pairs of antlers 
attached to their respective skulls, in which the disparity of each 
antler with its fellow (vide figs. 3 & 4) is scarcely less remarkable 
than those I have just described; and the bucks which produced 
them were in every respect in equally perfect health and excellent 
condition, and were, in consequence, chosen for the Royal larder. 


154 


I could place before the Society parallel instances without end, but 
I have considered it unnecessary to offer more. 


There can be no doubt that the growth of doth antlers may be 
simultaneously impeded, by a state of general ill-health of an animal, 
from whatever cause it may have arisen, a diseased organ, or other 
ailment; it remains to be accounted for, how oze horn only should 
so frequently be affected in animals possessing perfect constitutional 
health. No one, I imagine, can have observed the herds of deer in 
parks, without noticing always several among each, having one more 
or less incomplete antler, and sometimes both; and if these were 
caused by any disease, the circumstance would indicate an unwhole- 
some condition of the stocks of all parks in the kingdom. From 
the conversations and correspondence I have had with most expe- 
rienced park-keepers, and others well versed in knowledge of deer, 
and from my own observations, I have no doubt that the occurrence 
is almost invariably from external injury to the horn itself during 
the time of its formation, or to the hairy vascular integument, or 
“yelvet,’’ by which it is invested during that period. An instance 
illustrative of this opinion I witnessed in our Gardens some two years 
ago. An Axis Deer (Cervus Axis), whose antlers were about half 
produced, was required to be caught, and in making resistance, it 
sprang up, and being in a small pen, struck one horn against the 
roof, by which it was fractured, about three inches from its extremity, 
without rupturing or injuring the velvet covering; and the brow- 


eee = 


155 


antler, at the same time, had a considerable portion of the integu- 
ment forced off, so that it bled profusely, and I stopped the hemor- 
rhage by tying the part with twine. The fractured part swelled, and 
although not displaced from its natural position, it did not reunite, 
and in ten days separated ; and in about the same period the portion 
beyond the ligature became dead and also fell off, or more probably 
they were rubbed off instinctively by the animal ;—from neither of 
these points did any increase of growth afterwards occur. Thus the 
fracture of the horn in the one instance, and the destruction of the 
“velvet? in the other, equally incapacitated Nature to repair the in- 
jury, or to continue the growth. I may observe that the horns of 
the Cervide during their formation are to a certain degree flexible, 
and may be broken as short and as easily as a raw carrot. Accidents 
similar in result to those I have now described, from the pugnacious 
disposition of bucks towards each other, are frequently occurring ; 
and although, during the time of the production of the horns, they 
will not use them either for attack or defence, they are not the more 
peacefully disposed on that account; but their attacks and defence 
are then carried on by their teeth, or by the employment of their 
sharp, wedge-shaped hoofs ; striking sometimes with one, or by rear- 
ing the body, greater force is given and both are brought into action ; 
—and the head being the part usually aimed at, the soft horns are 
liable to be fractured, or the investing vascular integument to be 
torn; in the former case it never again unites, and the extreme part 
falls; and in the latter it may be such as to destroy the capability 
of further production, and that especially if the injury be at the 
points of the growing antler. Of the power and precision with 
which the Cervide are able to strike with their hoofs, Gilbert White 
relates a remarkable example in a hind, which, to protect its fawn 
from an approaching lurcher, “rushed out of the brake, and taking 
a vast spring with all her feet close together, pitched on the neck 
of the dog and broke it short in two.” That the popular error I 
have endeavoured to refute should have arisen cannot be surprising, 
when we reflect how common was the custom, in the “olden time,” 
to emasculate bucks to become “hevers,”’ or “ heaviers,”’ that the 
board of the epicure might teem with “good fat venison ”’ all the 
year through ; and the modes too, or rather degrees of completeness, 
and the age of the animals when the operation may be performed, 
being followed by different, and by almost uniform results in each 
instance, were so likely to impress on the minds of those witnessing 
them a notion of some marvellous relation of the horns with the 
testes. 

I will conclude this paper by cursorily stating the effects of perfect 
and imperfect castration at different ages of the animals. Sir Philip 
de Grey Egerton, Bart., informed me by letter that, ‘‘ In order to test 
the accuracy of a vulgar notion, that a relation subsisted between the 
testicle and the horn, and that an injury to one of the former caused 
a corresponding deficiency in one of the latter, I had two buck 
fawns deprived, one of the right, the other of the left testicle. The 
result was that they nevertheless put up horns, and, as far as I could 


156 


judge, without any discrepancy between the right and the left horns.” 
Fawns, when cut prior to the formation of any horn, that is within 
a week or so after birth, both testes being wholly removed, with a 
portion of the cord (vas deferens) also, will never bear horns, how- 
ever long they may live; but if the bodies of the testes only be taken 
away, the “‘knob”’ (epididymis) being left attached to the cord, the 
animal will have horns, and renew them annually; the shedding 
being always rather later in the season, and the velvet covering re- 
maining for a somewhat longer period on their surface than with the 
entire buck; and further, they will be more slender in the beam, 
and more porous in their internal structure. These semi-castrated, 
if I may so style them, animals will go into rut, but not to the 
degree which produces emaciation; nor does the great thickening 
of the neck occur, which is so characteristic in the perfect animal 
during that peculiar season; nor are they capable of procreation. 
When the adult buck is castrated, the horns are shed shortly after- 
wards, and renewed; but the persistent periosteum, or “ velvet,” 
never separates from their surface, and the horns do not again fall, 
but remain attached during any period the animal may survive. 
These permanent antlers are often more developed than those pro- 
duced by entire bucks of equivalent age, which I think may be well 
accounted for from the fattened state, and the longer influence from 
the continued adherence of the vascular integument by which the 
horns are formed. I may here observe, that circulation continues in 
the bone or horn after the periosteum has separated, and that, di- 
minishing by degrees, first from the points, the vessels become obli- 
terated, and vitality therefore ceasing, it is cast off. Redi, im his 
‘ Experimenta Naturalia,’ on the castration of deer, says, ‘‘ Si cervus 
juvenis castretur, nondum emissis cornubus, cornua nunquam emittit; 
si castretur jam emissis cornubus, cornua nunquam mutat ; sed que 
dum castretur habet, castratus semper retinet. Et hac in re verior 
est Aristotelis, Plinii, et Solini, quam Oppiani sententia, libro se- 
cundo, de venatione versu.” (1675, 12mo. p. 162.) Redi is right 
enough in his first proposition, but, with his ancient authorities, sadly 
out in the two latter. Nature seems to employ different modes to 
cause the shedding of the antlers in the entire and in the gelded buck 
(I am alluding principally to the Fallow and to the Red Deer) ; the 
former being by secretion, the latter by absorption mainly. In the 
perfect animal the base of the horn is separated from its circular 
adhesion by a secretion from the conjoined surface of the cranium 
of a thin brownish fluid, which will even exude below the burr; and 
which is, in fact, the humid incipient process set up to form the 
succeeding antler; and the former bony union being thus detached, 
the horn falls. In the castrati the horn is divided from its attach- 
ment by absorption of the base of the antler, sometimes only hori- 
zontally (vide fig. 5), at others forming a concavity, or even a deep 
and irregular excavation (fig. 6); and occasionally the burr will be 
partially and sometimes entirely absorbed before the antler is shed 
(fig. 7). The rapidity of this process is the more remarkable after 
castration of adult bucks, it being in proportion as the operation is 


157 


performed nearer the natural time of detachment of the semi-dead 
bone; thus, if it be about the end of March or so, the horns are cast 
in a fortnight ; but if done shortly after the “ velvet’? has separated 
from the newly perfected antlers, in the month of September or 
thereabouts, they are shed in a month afterwards. Specimens of 
these absorptions, and also examples of the bases of the horns shed 
by the entire animal, are here for the examination of the Society *. 


I have purposely avoided citing authors, and have sought to relate 
facts only ; my sole object in pursuing the inquiry I have detailed, 
being to endeavour thereby to expose the fallacy of some of the tra- 
ditional vulgar errors respecting deer, and especially that of lateral- 
ity, whether the influence be inferred to be exercised from the one 
side or the other, which have been handed down from, and are only 
worthy of, the remote ages whence they emanated. 

P.S.—Within a few days, and since my having written theforegoing, 
a paper has been published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnean So- 
ciety,’ “On the influence of the Sexual Organs in modifying External 
Character,’ by my friend Mr. Yarrell, from whom I am extremely 
sorry to be obliged to differ as to some of the conclusions he has 


* Figures 5, 6 and 7 are from specimens, Nos. 
‘©3558. Shed antler of a Fallow Deer, from which half of each testicle 
had been removed soon after birth, 
3563. Shed antler of a castrated Fallow Deer, 
3565. Shed antler of a castrated Fallow Deer,” 
in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. 


158 


drawn from circumstances he has related, but which, nevertheless, 
I must not allow to pass unnoticed as they bear upon the immediate 
object of my paper. The author states, that “a red hind in the 
forest of the Duke of Gordon was observed to carry a single horn on 
one side of her head,—such a horn as the male red deer bears in his 
third year.”” She was shot. ‘‘ And on internal examination by two 
competent persons, she was found to have a scirrhous ovary on the 
opposite side to that on which she bore the horn.’ Here we have 
a lusus nature, and an organic disease, coexisting in the same ani- 
mal; and there can be no physiological reason why such might not 
be the case, and certainly there can be none that they should. The 
author proceeds :—‘‘A red hind, in the park at Holkham, was ob- 
served to carry one horn of some length...... To add to the 
interest in this case, this hind dropped a calf; we may therefore 
suppose, the cornua and ovaries being double, that one side was 
healthy and perfect, and the other side probably diseased.” 

I think, however, it would be more within the range of pro- 
bability, and more natural, to suppose, as this hind had borne a 
calf (malgré the horn), that both her ovaries were sound, since the 
healthy exercise of the sexual functions, and also the fecundating 
powers of the ovaries were perfectly undisturbed. The deduction, 
that because a diseased ovary was once found to exist in a hind bear- 
ing a horn, that therefore all hinds bearing a horn must necessarily 
have a diseased ovary, cannot rest on the slightest validity ; and all 
general conclusions, drawn from individual instances, must ever be 
the causes of error; and they are but too frequently errors in them- 
selves. There are freaks of nature (/usus nature) which cannot 
physiologically be accounted for. ‘“ Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere 
cansas.”” Hinds may be furnished with a horn, and entire stags be 
destitute of antlers, &c.* Colonel M‘Doual, late of the 2nd Life 
Guards, related to me, that while deer-stalking on his grounds, and 
being concealed from a herd that had gently approached him,—with 
hinds only, as he believed, —within range of his rifle, his keeper urged 
him to shoot one among them which was larger than the rest. He 
would not, however, do so, and when too late, he was assured that 
the animal had been long known to the keepers as a polled stag; of 
which he too was presently satisfied, by observing him advance 
towards some other stags, attack them, and drive them to some 
distance, and then return to herd again with the hinds. The author 
relates also a similar experiment, excepting the difference of age, to 
that given in a former part of this paper, of the removal of a testis 
from each of two bucks, Cervus Dama (four years old), the one from 
the left, the other from the right side; and observes: ‘ Neither 


* The human hands are sometimes bestrewed with warts; the human frame 
totally denuded of hair, pubescent and other; and the hair becomes more or less 
suddenly perfectly white ; but no diminution of wonted health, moral, physical, 
or sexual, precedes, accompanies or follows these states; although often during 
future existence, not a vestige of the pilous covering recurs, nor is the colour of 
the hair restored. Two instances of such albinism have occurred in our gardens 
in Barbary Mice (Mus Barbarus, Linn.), where one may still be seen. 


159 


of these bucks cast either horn, nor was any lateral influence ob- 
servable. They shed their horns as usual in the following spring, 
the new horns coming in due course; but in the autumn, when the 
horns had ceased to grow, and [had] become hard, all four horns were 
those of the third year, and not those of the fifth year: no lateral 
influence was observable, but it was plainly shown that the dimi- 
nished sexual power, consequent upon the operation, had produced 
a corresponding diminution in the size of the horns in both cases.” 
That any “diminished sexual power’’ existed per se, as the cause 
of the deficient size of the horns in these instances, is, as in the case 
of the hind which dropped a calf having a diseased ovary, quite con- 
jectural ; but the horns not being fully developed, according with 
the age of the animals, after such an operation as the removal of a 
testicle, I conceive may be satisfactorily explained on more likely 
and on reasonable grounds, viz. the consequent deterioration of the 
-general health which ordinarily would follow such a shock to the 
system, which in the adult animal is often severe, and the local dis- 
turbance very great. During ill-health and debility, secretion is im- 
peded and absorption increased, the body becoming lean and the 
muscles losing their volume, and the secretion of horny (bony) sub- 
stance, in common with that of all other solid secretions, would partake 
of the lessened action of the producing quality of the blood. It is 
from few facts that sexual power can be estimated ; and I believe the 
. loss of one testicle no more impairs that power than the loss of one 
eye impairs the vision of the other ;—of course I speak of animals 
in perfect health. In the human race I know two examples, where 
marriage, after extirpation of one testis, was followed by a fine, and 
a resembling progeny to the male parent. It is much to be re- 
gretted that the further observation of these two bucks was prevented 
by the sale of the Society’s stock at the farm at Kingston, as, on the 
recovery of their health and strength, I believe the horns afterwards 
produced would have borne testimony of the increase of their age. 


3. Description oF New Species oF SHELLS COLLECTED BY 
Mr. T. BripGEs IN THE Bay or PANAMA AND ITS VICINITY, 
IN THE COLLECTION OF HuGu Cuming, Ese. By Puruire P. 
CARPENTER. 


Note.—Mr. Cuming, knowing that I am now engaged in working 
out the shells of the West Coast of North America for a Report: at 
the forthcoming meeting of the British Association, has most kindly 
sent me all the shells lately collected by Mr. Bridges which he 
regards as new, with a request that I should describe them for him; 
at the same time enclosing the published species which he regarded 
as being the most allied forms. I trust to his well-known accuracy 
for the fact of their not being as yet described. Unfortunately 
many of the specimens had gone through the acid process, which has 
destroyed much of the microscopic markings which often furnish the 
best guide for the discrimination of species. 

Warrington, June 9th, 1856. 


160 


1. Srrigitya DissuNCTA, n.s. S. testa satis magna, alba, tenut, 
planata ; inequilaterali, postice producta; marginibus dor- 
salibus subrectis, ad angulam 120°, aliis bene arcuatis ; lineis 
incrementi vix monstrantibus ; lineis undulatis exillimis, antice 
concentricis, umbones versus ascendentibus, sinu angustiore ; 
dein ad marginem ventralem rapide descendentibus ; dein subito, 
angulo acuto, circiter 20° postice rursus ascendentibus ; lineis 
angularum in valva utraque haud convenientibus; margine 
postico sinuato, sculptura postea fortiore; margine antico 
quoque sinuato; lunula distincta, sinuata ; ligamento sub- 
elongato; dent. card. valva altera uno parvo et uno magno 
bifido ; altera uno parvo bifido; dent. lat. acutioribus, haud 
distantibus. 

Long. 1°35, lat. 1°54, alt. *54 poll. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi ; legit 7. Bridges. (Mus. Cuming. sp. 

duo. 

Hae to S. sincera, Hanl. ; remarkable for its large size and very 
fine markings, and named from the lines of markings in the two 
valves not agreeing at the edges. 


2. Tevurna Desnayest, n.s. T. testa “T. exili”’ simili, sed 
multo magis inequilaterali ; ligamento solido ; postice vix ros- 
trata. 

Long. °56, lat. °9, alt. +26 poll. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit T. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 

Cuming. 


3. ?ScROBICULARIA VIRIDO-TINCTA, 1. 8s. 2S. festa “?S. pro- 
ductee”’ simili; sed latiore, ovali, tenuiore, magis planata, 
antice haud producta, alba ; umbonibus viridi tinctis. 

Long. 1°42, lat. 2°05, alt. -65 poll. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi, una cum ? 8. producta ; legit T. Bridges. 

Sp. un. in Mus. Cuming. 

Another of the species intermediate between Te/lina and Scrobi- 

cularia proper, and apparently nearer to the former genus. 


4. SEMELE PLANATA, n. s. S. testa subtriangulari, margine 
ventrali valde excurvato ; cinereo-albida, circa lunulam mini- 
mam et aream ligamenti roseo eleganter penicillata, intus flavido 
tincta ; rugis concentricis subdistantibus, irregularibus, parum 
elevatis ; striulis creberrimis radiantibus, valde irregularibus, 
rugulosis sculpta; postice maxime sinuata; valva una magis 


quam altera planata; fossa ligamenti recta, angusta; sinu 
pallii modico, lato. 


Long. 1°4, lat. 1°56, alt. -47 poll. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. un. m Mus. 
Cuming. 

Differs from S. punctata, Sow., in the absence of punctures, in the 
triangular dorsal margins, unequal flattening of the valves, straight 
narrow hinge-pit, and the much smaller size of the pallial sinus. 


161 


5. Macrra (Macrretra) vacinata, n.s. M. testa parva, te- 
nuissima, cinerea, ventricosa ; postice angulata, carina modica, 
Jimbriata ; leviori, concentrice vix undulata, rugulis epider- 
midis tenuis subdistantibus ornata ; subequilaterali, umbonibus 
prominentibus ; dent. card. parvis, lat. acutis, haud distanti- 
bus ; sinu pallii parvo, subangulato. 

Long. °56, lat. -69, alt. -4 poll. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Mus. Cuming, sp. 

tria. 

Has a general similarity to M. angulata and kindred species. Re- 

markable for the epidermal fringe on the keel and regular concentric 
wrinkles, 


6. CycLina propvcta, n.s. C. testa tenut, ventricosiore, alba, 
ventraliter producta ; concentrice tenuissime striata 3 margini- 
bus subregulariter arcuatis ; umbonibus eleganter incurvatis ; 
lunula nulla, linea cordiformi vix monstrante; area ligamenti 
elongata; dent. card. valva altera postico bifido, anticis ii., 
contiguis ; altera posticis ii. acutis, elongatis, antico acuto ; 
sinu pallit subangulato, umbones versus Sere dimidium ascen- 
dente. 
Long. 1°62, lat. 1°58, alt. 1°05 poll. 
Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming. 

In shape something like Cyrena maritima, C. B. Ad., but in 
habit resembling Cyclina subquadrata, Haul. (= Artemis saccata, 
Gould). 


7. Mevamrus Brincesn, n.s. M. testa parva, ovali, nigro- 
Jusca, nitida; anfr. viii., sutura haud impressa, in spiram 
tenue spiraliter striulata ; marginibus spire regulariter excur- 
vatis ; apertura pyriformi, labro acuto, nec calloso nec dentato £ 
columella triplicata; plicis, antica spirali, obliqua; media 
acuta, transversa, subparietali ; postica parictali, parva. 

Long. *28, long. spir. -08, lat. -12 poll., div. utraque parte vari- 

ante. 

Hab. Ad ora Sinus Panamensis; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. tria in 

Mus. Cuming. 

Has the general appearance of M. Adamsianus, Pfr., from N, 

Ireland, but is much more slender, with a simple labrum. 


8. UmBreLwa ovatis, n.s. U. testa “U. Indice’ simili 5 sed 
margine haud undulato, regulariter ovali ; apice spirali, sub- 
prominente, minus inequilaterali; epidermide tenui, haud 
nitente ; adulta intus aurantia. 

Test. jun. long. 1-93, lat. 1-58 poll. 

Hab. Ad ostia fluminis Chiriqui, in Sinn Panamensi ; legit 7. 

Bridges. Sp. duo in Mus. Cuming. 

Concerning this remarkable shell, hitherto only found in the old 
world, and, in spite of the bulk of its animal, not observed by either 
Mr. Cuming, Prof. Adams, or Mr. Hinds, Mr. Cuming writes that 

No. CCCXI.—Procrrpines or THE Zoo.oGicat Soctety. 


ee 


162 


it was not only brought by Mr. Bridges, but also by a gentleman 
in Paris, who collected it exactly in the same place. Two specimens 
are in Mr. Cuming’s collection, of which one, very much thickened, 
appears to have formed part of a much larger shell. 


9. PyrGuLa quapricostaTa, n.s. P. testa ovali, alba, spira 
haud acuminata, marginibus excurvatis ; -carinis iv. acutis 
cincta, quarum ii. in spira extant, tertia vie supra suturam 
impressam apparet, quarta circa basin; aperturam versus, 
costulis incrementi decussata ; apertura lata; labro tenui a 
plica quarta parietal: interrupta. 

Long. ‘28, long. spir. *16, lat. *15, div. 40°. 

Hab. In? flumina Sinus Panamensis ; ; legit T. Bridges. Sp. un. 

in Mus. Cuming. 

This pretty little shell is the Pacific analogue of the Swiss species 
for which the genus was constituted; differing, however, in form 
and number of keels. The specimen has been tenanted by a hermit 
crab, and has Bryozoa near the mouth. 


10. Erato ? Mavuceriza, var. Panamensis. FE. testa “ E. 
Maugerie”’ simillima, sed majore, vix graciliore, apice minore, 
spira plerumque extantiore. 

Long. *28, long. spir. 03, lat. -18, div. 130°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit T. Bridges. Sp. tria in Mus. 

Cuming. 

The differences are so very trifling between the specimens exa- 
mined from the Pacific and West Indies as not to justify (without 
further knowledge) a specific separation. They do not appear con- 
stant in either type. The first whorl in the Pacific shells is some- 
what smaller, while the shell is larger. 


11. ? CrrHara stnvuaTa, u.s. C. testa trapezoidea, spira sub- 
elevata, marginibus excurvatis ; albida, rufo-fusco varie tincta ; 
anfr. ix., subrotundatis, sutura parum impressa, quarum iii. 
nucleosi, diaphani, leaves, dein liris spiralibus et radiantibus 
fortiter cancellatis ; normaliter lirulis radiantibus et striulis 
spiralibus tenue sculptis, in anfr. ult. subobsoletis ; apertura 
lineata, canali anteriore haud profundo, curtissimo; labro 
acuto, ad dorsum calloso, sinu antico parvo, postico angusto, 
profundo, intus haud denticulato ; labio parietali haud calloso. 

Long. *43, long. spir. 18, lat. *17, div. 43°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit T. Bridges. Sp. tria in Mus. 
Cuming. 

Closely related to Piuricaan concinna, C. B. Adams, Pan. Shells, 
No. 167, from the description of which it differs in the whorls not 
being angular, and the sculpture on the spire being coarser, instead 
of finer, than the rest. 


12. MANGELIA AcuTiIcosTaTA, n.s. WM. testa parva, turrita, 
albida, rufo-fusco tincta ; marginibus spire excurvatis ; anfr. 
vii. subtumentibus, superne obtuse angulatis, sutura impressa ; 


163 


costis radiantibus acutis, angustis, circiter ix. subobliquis ; in- 
terstitiis latis, confertissime et minutissime spiraliter striulatis; 
apertura subelongata; labro acuto, simplici, sinu rotundato, 
aperto ; ad dorsum varice acuto, extante; labro tenui. 


Long. *32, long. spir. +16, lat. :12, div. 30°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming. 

Intermediate between M. rigida, Hinds, and M. striosa, C. B. 
Adams. 


13. Maneeria ? riema, var. FuscoticatTa. M. testa “M. 


rigide”’ simili; sed graciliore, costis acutioribus, lineis spi- 
ralibus minus expressis, fascia rufo-fusca super suturam plus 
minusve conspicua. 


Long. *27, long. spir. °15, lat. -08, div. 28°. 

Variat t. plus minusve elevata, seu latiore. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit T. Bridges. Mus. Cuming. 

As far as can be judged from a comparison of nine specimens 
brought by Mr. Bridges with two of M. rigida, Hinds, this is a 
very variable species, differing in colour, strength of sculpture, 
solidity, or spiral elevation. M. neglecta, C. B. Ad., four specimens 
of which were found to vary, may also prove a brown variety of the 
same species. 


/ 14, Derrancia INTERCALARIS, 0. s. D. testa graciliore, pal- 


a J} 


lide castanea, fascia circa peripheriam pallidiore, spira elevata, 
marginibus rectis ; anfr. x. rotundatis, suturis parum impressis ; 
costis radiantibus supra circiter xi. rotundatis, interstitiis 
latis ; infra aliis intercalantibus ; lirulis spiralibus, subdis- 
tantibus, in spira plerumque iii., ad basin erebrioribus ; rugulis 
radiantibus minutissimis tota superficie sub lente confertissime 
ornata ; apertura ovali, canali brevi; labro margine acuto, vix 
serrato, intus denticulato, ad dorsum varice prominente, latera- 
liter compresso ; sinu postico rotundato, aperto, sutura vix 
attingente, callositate parietali parva. 


Long. -64, long. spir. *35, lat. :24, div. 25°. 
Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit T. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming. 
With some of the characters of Drillia, and a loose resemblance 
___ to Pleurotoma gracillima, this shell seems to have most affinity with 
_ Defrancia rava, Hinds. 


5. DEPRANCIA SERRATA, n. 8. D. testa parva, turrita, mar- 


ginibus spire excurvatis; albida, rufo-fusco fasciata ; fascia 
aream sinus inplente, dein circa basin continua; anfr. viii. 
convexis, costis rotundatis xii., circa basin obsoletis, et lirulis 
spiralibus costarum apices serrantibus, iii. in spiram monstran- 
tibus, eleganter instructis ; apertura subquadrata; labro ad 
marginem serrato, intus tuberculis v., ad dorsum varice valde 
prominente, ornato ; sinu rotundato, lato ; labio subrugoso. 


Long. 3, long. spir. -18, lat. *12, div. 28°. 


164 


Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7'. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming. 

Has the general aspect of Mangelia rigida, var. fuscoligata; and 
also resembles D. rava, Hinds. 


16. Drintia PUNCTATOSTRIATA, n. 8. D. testa intense pur- 
pureo-fusca, gracili, spira acuminata, marginibus excurvatis ; 
anfr. x. satis rotundatis, suturis haud impressis ; lirulis spt- 
ralibus acutis, distantibus, quarum ill.—v. in spira monstrantur, 
supra costis radiantibus inconspicuis circiter xx. obliquis, no- 
dosis ; juata suturam carina haud extante; area sinus lineis 
incrementi costis convenientibus vie decussata ; apertura elon- 
gata, intus haud denticulata, canali minimo ; labro margine 
acuto, haud serrato, ad dorsum tumente ; sinu antico minore, 
postico rotundato, profundo, faucibus coarctatis ; labio haud 
calloso ; tota superficie sub lente minutissime et confertim 
punctato-striata. 

Long. ‘75, long. spir. ‘4, lat. +26, div. 27°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 

Cuming. 


17. ? PrevroroMa GRACILLIMA, n. s. 2? P. testa gracillima, 
pallide castanea, spira acuta, elevata, marginibus rectis ; anfr. 
xii. rotundatis, sutura impressa; costibus radiantibus sub- 
declivibus xviii., ad jugum acutis, interstitus parvis; lrulis 
spiralibus acutis, quarum ili. sive iv. in spiram monstrantur, ad 
intersectiones nodulosis; carina infrasuturali haud extante ; 
area sinus latiore, sublevi; tota superficie minutissime spi- 
raliter striulata, in spira radiatim ecorrugulata; apertura 
ovali, canali subelongato ; labro margine acuto, vix serrato, ad 
dorsum valde calloso; sinu antico parvo, postico rotundato, 
aperto, suture contiguo, haud attingente ; callositate parietali 
vix monstrante. 
Long. ‘83, long. spir. *49, lat. *24, div. 20°. 
Hab. In Sinu Panamensi ; legit 7’. Bridges. Sp. unicum in Mus, 
Cuming. 
Has many of the characters of Drillia and Defrancia; but the 
canal appears long enough to give it a place among the true Plew- 
rotome. 


Bary 18. SCALARIA REGULARIS, n. s. S. testa parva, turrita, alba ; 
anfr. ix. parum attingentibus ; costis x.—xii. validioribus, ex- 
tantibus, lineis subspiralibus apicem versus continyis ; striulis 
spiralibus subobsoletis ; umbilico nullo. 

Long. *27, long. spir. *19, lat. -13, div. 32°. 
Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. tria in Mus. 

Cuming. 

The ribs are stronger, more projecting, and the spiral sculpture 
fainter than in S. Mindorensis. 


mm 19. Scavarta TIARA, n. 8s. S. testa obesa, levi, albida ; anfr. 
vii. parum attingentibus, rapide augentibus ; costis xii. acutis, 


165 


valde extantibus, infra suturam parum alatis, attingentibus, 
lineis rectis ad apicem continuis ; umbilico nullo. 
Long. *27, long. spir. -16, lat. *16, div. 48°. 
Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7 Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming. 
Distinguished from S. obesa, Sow., by the small size of the cor- 
responding whorls, slightly winged shoulders, and want of umbilicus. 


20. ScaLaRIA SUBNODOSA, n. 8. S. éesta turrita, alba, gracili, 
levi, anfr. xii. haud separatis; costis xiv.-xvi. plerumque 
acutis, huc et illuc latis, subdeclivibus, superne vix alatis ; um- 
bilico nullo. 

Long. 1:4, long. spir. 1-06, lat. *5, div. 23°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi ; legit 7’. Bridges. Sp.un. in Mus. 

Cuming. ; 


21. Scatarra Cumineur, n.s. S. testa “8S. mitrseformi” si- ¢ 


mili, sed paullum graciliore ; anfr. x. quarum iii. primi leves ; 
costis paucioribus, viii.-ix., minus coronatis, haud acutissimis, 
haud reflexis, striulis incrementi minutissime sculptis ; anfr. 
valde separatis. 
Long. °35, long. spir. +25, lat. +14, div. 30°. 
_ Hab. In Sinu Panamensi ;- legit T. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming. 
The lines ‘of growth on the varices show that the coronations were 
never so sharp and elevated as in S. mitreformis. 


22. Scavaria Hinnsu, n.s. S. testa “S. Cumingii” simili, 
sed magis elongata, majore, anfr. x. haud profunde separatis ; 
varicibus acutis vill., acutius coronatis, liners regularibus, ad 
marginem alteram spire parallelis, ascendentibus. 

Long. 1°04, long. spir. -79, lat. -4, div. 25°. 

‘Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming *. 


23. Narica excavata, n.s. N. testa “N. Broderipiane ”’ si- 
mili ; sed callositate parietali maxime elongata ; regione spt- 
rali umbilicari valde excavata ; albida, rufo-castanea lineis 
irregularibus radiantibus penicillata ; striulis radiantibus cre- 
brioribus. 
Long. 1-45, long. spir. +3, lat. 1°5, div. 130°. 
Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit T. Bridges. 2 sp. in Mus. 
Cuming.—S.W. Mexico, P. P. C. 

This shell resembles NV. lineata (Philippines) in colouring ; but 
that shell is smooth, while the Panama shell has distinct, though not 
deep, radiating furrows, ending in a circum-umbilical line. 


24, ? TRITON CREBRISTRIATUS, n. s. ? 7. testa “T. picto”’ 


__* The above species are published with doubt, as Scalarie are seldom seen in 
sufficient numbers to ascertain the limits of specific variation. Species described 
from one or two specimens must always be regarded simply as “ provisionally 
registered.” 


mw 


“p 


BA. 


— 
: 
ae 


166 


plerumque simulante ; sed striis crebris spiralibus cincta ; al- 
bida, rufo-castaneo dense maculata; apertura vix varicosa, 
intus simplict. 

Long. *58, long. spir. *34, lat. -24, div. 30°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit T. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 
Cuming. 

Is destitute of the expressed spiral ribs of 7’. pictus (s. g. Epi- 
dromus, H. & A. Ad. Gen. i. 103). The only specimen seen has no 
teeth in the aperture. It may be only on the verge of maturity, or 
it may belong to a Buccinoid genus. 


25. Puos sipiicatus, n.s. Ph. testa subelevata, anfr. viii. 
parum rotundatis ; costis radiantibus circiter xi. rotundatis, 
interstitiis concavis ; liris spiralibus extantibus acutis, supra 
costas castaneo tinctis, quarum iv. in anfr. penult. videntur ; 
apertura contracta ; labro intus dense lirato, labio interdum 
rugoso ; columella plica acuta, canalem definiente, altera ob- 
tusa, vie bifida, superante ; canali acuto, recurvato, ad dorsum 
nodoso et infra carina acuta ornato; colore albido, purpureo- 
Susco tincto. 

Long. 1°05, long. spir. *6, lat. -64, div. 50°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 

Curing. 


26. Laryrus Tumens,n.s. JL. testa “ L. gracili”’ simillima, 
sed costis maxime tumentibus, attingentibus, sulcis spiralibus 
crebris ornata ; plicis columellaribus ii. quarta obsoleta. 

Long. 2°78, long. spir. 1°57, lat. 1-44, div. 50°. 

Hab. In Sinu Panamensi; legit 7. Bridges. Sp. un. in Mus. 

Cuming. 

In L. gracilis the spiral lines are few and raised ; in this species 

numerous and impressed. 


4, Description or New SpEcIES AND VARIETIES OF CALyp- 
TREIDZ, TROCHIDZ, AND PyYRAMIDELLID, PRINCIPALLY 
IN THE COLLECTION oF HuGa Cumine, Ese. By Purp 
P. CarPENTER*. 


1. CrucIBULUM VIOLASCENS?, n.s. Cr.t. solidiore, conica, albida, 
fusco maculata, intus violascente ; vertice nucleoso conspicuo, 
adunco, anfr. ii. subtumentibus, apice planato ; superficie rugis 


* Mr. Cuming, having most obligingly lent me (for comparison with Mazatlan 
species) his type-specimens of various genera that cannot well be identified 
merely by descriptions, has asked me at the same time to describe certain forms 
which appeared to have escaped the notice of previous writers. Of the group 
here named Chrysallida, the Vitrinelloid forms allied to Cyclostrema, and the West 
American species of Calyptreide, details will be found in the Catalogue of the 
British Museum Collection of Mazatlan Shells, now in the press. 


Warrington, June 9th, 1856. 


167 


plurimis parum irregularibus instructa, haud magnis, rotundatis, 
marginem huc et illuc pectinante ; interstitiis variantibus. 

Long. *94, lat. «78, alt. *48 poll. 

Hab. Ceylon ; legit Capt. Templeman. Sp. unic. in Mus. Cuming. 

Comp. Calyphea maculata, Quoy (non Brod.), Lam. An. s. Vert. 
ed. Desh. p. 628: 

The cup is unfortunately broken in the solitary specimen; but 
the attachment continues for 2rds of the height of the shell, with a 
very strong muscular scar at its side. It is distinguished by the 
close rounded ribs of the exterior and the rich violet of the inner 
surface. 


2. CRUCIBULUM SPINOSUM, Var. COMPRESSO-CONICUM. Cr. spi- 
nosum abnormale, testa valde irregulari, conica, apicem aduncum 
versus lateraliter compressa, postea tumente; superficie hayd 
spinosa, albo-fusca, fusca varie maculata. 

Long. °9, lat. 95, alt. -75 poll. 

Div. apicem versus, longitudinaliter 90°, transversim 40°; postea 
100°; in adulta 15°. 

Hab. California. In Mus. Cuming. 

This most abnormal specimen by itself would never be taken for 
Cr. spinosum; nevertheless the intermediate forms in the British 
Museum Mazatlan Collection, between this and the flat and spiny 
states, are so gradual and numerous, that I feel compelled to affiliate 
it to that most variable species. 


3. CrucisuLUM ??ImBRICcATUM, var. CuminGiI. Cr. t. conica, 

tenui, albo-fusca, rubro-fusco varie maculata seu lineata ; vertice 

.. 1, satis adunco ; costis numerosis, sepe intercalantibus, usque 

ad xl., haud valde expressis, haud acutis, interstitiis tenue cor- 

rugatis ; margine acuto, sepe a costis palmato; cyatho albo, per 
duos trientes affizo, ad marginem interiorem subplanato. 

Long. 1°95, lat. 1°7, alt. 1:05 poll. 

Hab. In Sinu Callaoensi, ad Peruviam ; idem, Valparaiso. Mus. 
Cuming. 

The shell differs from the non-pitted forms of Cr. imbricatum, 
Sow. (described as C. dentatum by Mke), in being very much thinner, 
with the ribs much finer and more numerous. The cup also is not 
fixed quite so far. 


4. Cr. ?Cumineu, var. CARIBBEENSE. Testa tenuissima, super- 
jicie ?haud corrugata, cyatho fusco tincto. 

Long. 11, lat. -95, alt. -5. 

Hab. Jn insula “St. Thomas” dicta, in Mari Caribbeensi. Mus. 
Cuming. 

A beautiful young specimen, in the Cumingian collection, differs 
from the Pacific form (1) in being thinner, which may be a peculi- 
arity of growth ; (2) in the want of corrugation of the surface, which 
may be the result of acid; (3) in a coloured stripe near the margin 
of the cup, which may be an individual idiosyncrasy. 


168 


5, CRUCIBULUM PECTINATUM, n.8. Cr. ¢. conica, aurantia, tenui- 
ore; vertice nucleoso subadunco, pene separato, anfr. iil. sub- 
tumentibus, sutura profunda, apice planato ; dein superficie levi, 
seu striis incrementi ; dein rugis radiantibus extantibus, peracutis, 
ad periodos incrementi laminis concentricis irregularibus inter- 
ruptis, interdum valde distantibus, interdum interstitiis parvis ; 
margine a rugis cavatis stellato; cyatho (testa ? adolescenti) 
haud continuo, intus indentato, marginibus ad ang. 50° distantibus. 

Long. 1-14, lat. -97, alt. °6 poll. 

Hab. Peru. Sp. un. in Mus. Cuming. 

This specimen is distinguished at once by its golden-orange colour, 
rather thin growth, and by the characters of the ribs and cup. 
The ribs are generally distant, always sharp, resembling a young 
' Siphonaria gigas; and as the margins of growth are often left like 
caves, a series of irregular pits are then formed as in Cr. imbricatum. 
On one part of the shell are diagonal furrows, as in Cr. ?imbricatum, 
var. Broderipii ; but this may be an accidental peculiarity. The 
shape of the cup is as in the very young state of the other species, 
being a simple plate bent at an angle of 50° and there fastened at 
the two extremities to the inner surface of the shell. Other spe- 
cimens are in the British Museum collection. 


6. CRUCIBULUM AURICULATUM, Chemn. 
Patella auriculata, Chemn. Conch. Cab. 


The Chemnitzian species is difficult to recognize. It is, however, 
most probably the West Indian form, answering to Cr. umbrella, 
Desh. (=C. rudis, Brod.). Perfect specimens are extremely rare in 
collections. On comparing a rather young shell in Mr. Cuming’s 
collection (in which the finer markings have been removed in the 
beautifying process) with a series of Cr. umbrella from 8.W. Mexico, 
I can scarcely find a single point of specific difference. The cup is 
attached only at the base, is white throughout, angulated in what 
would be the line of attachment, and indented along the inner 
margin. The outside has about thirty rather irregular ribs, which 
are neither sharp nor rounded. Colour whitish, speckled with brown. 
A large series from each side of the continent should be compared 
before the identity (or otherwise) of the species is decided. The 
comparative number and sharpness of the ribs are the principal points 
of difference. The colour varies greatly in the Pacific shells. 


7. CruciBuLUM ? IMBRICATUM, var. BRODERIPII. 
= Cr. imbricatum, Brod. in Mus. Cuming: non C. imbricata, 
Brod. in Trans. Zool. Soc. pl. 27. f. 7. 


Cr. 2 imbricatum, t. albida, solida, subcompressa, conica ; interstitiis 
costarum et laminarum incrementi interdum magnis, profundis, 
haud regularibus, interdum evanescentibus ; superficiei parte rugis 
diagonalibus crebrioribus instructa. 

This shell, which has borne the name of Cr. imbricatum in the 

Cumingian collection, may not improbably be only a variety of that 

species; but as it offers distinctive characters in its remarkable 


169 


diagonal furrows, a name has been given to it in remembrance of the 
author of the Monograph in the Proceedings and Transactions of the 
Zoological Society. The shell figured as Calyptrea imbricata in the 
Transactions exactly accords with the young state of the ordinary 
thick, ribbed, and often pitted species of the W. American coast, 
figured by Sowerby under the same name in his ‘Genera,’ f. 5. An 
attempt to remodel the synonyiny of this shell will be found in the 
British Museum Mazatlan Catalogue. 


8. CycLosTREMA EXCAvaTA, n.s. C. t. margariteformi, nitidiore, 
alba ; anfr. nucleosis ii., levibus ; dein anfr. uno et dimidio striulis 
minimis radiantibus, excurvatis ; dein anfr. ii. et dimidio norma- 
libus ; tota superficie minutissime spiraliter striatis ; basi regione 
umbilicali mavime excavata ; umbilico profunde spirali, anfractus 
ultimi dimidio solum monstrante ; apertura subrotundata. 

Long. °16, long. spir. 08, lat. -24 poll., div. 130°. 

Hab. In Mari Sinensi. Sp. unic. in Mus. Cuming. 

This shell appears glossy to the naked eye, and escapes from the 
fingers like a Zonites, but under the glass is beautifully sculptured. 

The first normal whorl appears as though engine-turned. 


9. CycLosTREMA ocTOLIRATA, n.s. C. f¢. parva, alba, anfr. v., 
quorum duo et dimidium nucleosi sunt ; liris octo validis spiralibus 
cincta, quarum duo in spiram et una viv intus umbilicum maxime 
apertum site sunt; sutura profunda; apertura circulari, anfr. 
penult. vir attingente. 

Long. °4, lat. -6, div. 155°. 

Hab. in Mari Rubro. Sp. un. in Mus. Archer. 

The umbilicus is so wide as clearly to show the junction of the 
apical whorls at the top. The species appears too strong, and the 
adult portion too large in proportion to unite with Vitrinella, with 
which it agrees in many characters. 


10. ?CycLosrrEMA PENTEGONIOSTOMA, n.s. ’C. ¢. subdiscoidea, 
parva, solidiore, alba ; anfr. v., quorum ultimi duo normales sunt ; 
carinis quingue cincta, una in spira, una valde prominente ad 
peripheriam, tuberculis obscuris undata, una in basi, duabus infra 
umbilicum maximum ; tota superficie minutissime et creberrime 
transversim striata; apertura circulari, parum attingente, a 
carinis angulata. | 

Long. -04, lat. :065—-09, div. 165°. 

Hab. In Mari Rubro. In Mus. Brit. repertura. 

Known at once from the tricarinate Vitrinelle by its strong growth, 
the undulating periphery of the principal keel, and the very minute 
radiating strize. 


11. ? ViTRINELLA SPIRULOIDES, n.s. V. t. hyalina, diaphana, 
minima, tenuissima ; spira planata, anfr. vix attingentibus, haud 
rapide augentibus ; liris acutis subdisiantibus radiantibus, circiter 
xx. cincta ; interstitiis tenuissime spiraliter striatis ; peritremate 
continuo, circulari. 


170 


Long. (circiter) *075, lat. 025—"02, div. 180°. 

Hab. Australia. In Mus. Brit. repertura. 

This shell may be a Cyclostrema, but its texture agrees better with 
Vitrinella ; it seems to be young, and differs from all other recorded 
species in the principal sculpture being transverse instead of spiral. 
Under the microscope, its beautiful sharp ribs remind the observer 
of the chambers of Spirula. 


12. OposTOMIA (CurysALLIDA*) CREBRISTRIATA, n.s. Chr. t. 
ovato-oblonga, solida, alba; vertice nucleoso parvo, declivi, in trun- 
catione spire haud magna immerso ; anfr. normalibus vi. planatis, 
suturis parum impressis ; clathrulis transversis circiter xx. rectis, 
haud declivibus, sibi subparallelis, obtusis, circa basin rotundatam 
ad rimulam umbilicalem continuis, labrum adultum versus cre- 
brioribus, tenuioribus ; interstitiis latis, planatis, creberrime 
spiraliter striatis ; apertura contracta, ad basin late effusa ; plica 
columelluri conspicua, transversa, obtusa. 

Long. *132, long. spir. ‘087, lat. 053 poll., div. 23°. 

Hab. Sual, insula Luzon, Philippinarum. Legit H. Cuming ; 
sp. un. in Museo suo. 

This shell is probably not quite, though very nearly mature; as 
the parietal lip is scarcely formed, and the labrum is not so thin as 
usual in the adult. The aspect is quite distinct from that of the 
Mazatlan species. 


13. Cuemnirzia CuMINnGt, n.s. Ch. t. valde elongata, turrita, alba, 
subdiaphana, interdum fusco lineata, seu maculata ; vertice nu- 
cleoso helicoideo, parum prominente, anfr. ili. verticaliter sitis, 
apice conspicuo, marginibus spire rectis haud superante ; anfr. 
xviii. normalibus, subrotundatis, suturis distinctis ; lirulis trans- 
versis circiter xxvill. acutis, subrectis, subdeclivibus, circa periphe- 
riam truncatis ; interstitiis concavis, latioribus, a sulculis spiralibus 
vi. decussatis, in basin crebrioribus ; apertura ovata, labro tenuis- 
simo, columella vix intorta. 

Long. °55, long. spir. °47, lat. «1 poll., div. 13°. 

Hab. In Mari Sinensi. Sp. un. in Mus. Cuming. 

Known at once from C. grandis by the spiral strize in the concave 
interspaces. 


14, CHEMNITZIA POLYZONATA, 1.8. Ch. t. haud parva, turrita, 
alba ; vertice nucleoso tumente, helicoideo, anfr. iii. subverticaliter 
sitis, apice conspicuo ; marginibus spire rectis, satis divergenti- 
bus superante ; anfr. X. normalibus, satis tumentibus, suturis im- 


* Subgenus CurySALLiDA. 


Testa utrinque constricta, pupiformis ; peritrema continuum, ad basin undatum ; 
labrum juata aperturam tenue, intus solidius ; plica columellaris declivis, 
celata ; superficies plerumque cancellata. Operculum (specie typica) radia- 
tim corrugatum, tenuissimum. 


Sp. typ. Chemnitzia communis, C. B. Ad., Pan. Shells, no. 223, pp. 166, 312. 
Particulars of this group will be found in the British Museum Mazatlan Cata- 
logue, with descriptions of sixteen species from that place. 


171 


pressis ; costis transversis subexpressis, latioribus, rotundatis, in 
anfr. penult. xx., ad basin rotundatam continuis, postea evanidis ; 
interstitiis minimis ; lirulis planatis latis spiralibus, et costis et 
interstitiis superantibus, in anfr. penult. ix. ; apertura viz ovata ; 
labro ucuto, ante peritrema tumente et postea contracto ; columella 
valde intorta; regione umbilicali valde indentata. 

Long. *37, long. spir. *3, lat. 1 poll., div. 18°. 

Hab. Cagayan, in insula Mindanao, Philippinarum. Legit H. 

Cuming ; sp. un. in Museo suo. 


15. CHEMNITZIA BICARINATA, n.8. CA. t. elongata, turrita, alba, 
hue et illuc varicosa; vertice?.... ; anfr. normalibus xii. + 
Con shat , planatis, suturis valde impressis ; liris transversis acutis, 
rectis, circiter xxv., haud declivibus, lineis ad apicem vix con- 
tinuis ; carina valida, extante, rotundata circa peripheriam, ad 
suturas vie monstrante; carina altera in basin iminore; tota 
superficie minutissime spiraliter striata ; apertura a carinis angu- 
lata; columella intorta; regione umbilicali maxime indentato ; 
varicibus intus dentatis. 
Long. °42, long. spir. °36, lat. -07 poll., div. 13°. 
Hab. Cagayan, in insula Mindanao, Philippinarum. Legit H. 
Cuming ; sp. un. in Museo suo. 
In its remarkable base, it resembles Ch. turrita, C. B. Ad. 
(Panama). 


16. CHEMNITZIA RUBROFUSCA, n.s. Ch. t. rubro-fusca, elongata, 
turrita ; vertice nucleoso discoidali, anfr. iii., apice conspicuo ; 
parum prominente, marginibus spire vix rectis haud superante ; 
anfr. normalibus ix., quarum iv. primi subrotundati minus diver- 
gentes, alteri planati ; lirulis transversis rectis, acutis, crebris, 
Xxvi., circa basin evanescentibus ; linets haud declivibus apicem 
versus declivibus ; circa basin rotundatam, haud umbilicatam, et in- 
terstitiis lirularum concavis, sulcis minimis ornata, in anfr. penult. 
circiter vill. ; columella vix intorta. 

Long. ‘27, long. spir. *204, lat. ‘065 poll., div. 16°. 
Hab. In Mari Sinensi. Sp. un. in Mus. Cuming. 


17. Cuemnirzia Birrirormis, n.s. Ch. t. valde elongata, tur- 
rita, alba; vertice ?.... ; anfr. normalibus xii., subplanatis, 
suturis distinctis; lirulis transversis circiter xxx. viv expressis, 
latissimis, rotundatis, attingentibus, circa basin rotundatam evanes- 
centibus ; lirulis spiralibus minoribus, in spira vii., in basi cre- 
brioribus, interstitia minima decussantibus, lirulisque transversis 
superantibus ; apertura ovata ; columella vix intorta ; hue et illuc 
varicibus tumentibus. 

Long. *43, long. spir. ‘36, lat. °08 poll., div. 11°. 
Hab. Cagayan, in insula Mindanao, Philippinarum. Legit H. 

Cuming ; sp. un. in Museo suo. 

Although the nuclear whorls have perished, the point of junction 
bears testimony to its sinistral character, while the general aspect of 
the shell is Cerithoid. 


172 


5. DescrIPTION OF A NEw Species OF ACTINIA FROM THE 
DevonsHIrReE Coast. By E. W. H. Hotpsworru. 


When contracted, the body forms a rounded button about } of an 
inch in diameter, but in full expansion it is generally elongated to 
the extent of 21 inches, and terminates in a somewhat cup-shaped 
disk about 13 inch wide, and having its extended edges frequently 
thrown into irregular festoons. The tentacula, about 150 in number, 
are arranged in four or five series, as in most of the group to which 
this species belongs; the first row contains twenty-five arms, about 
half the length of the diameter of the disk, and moderately stout ; 
the others gradually diminish in size as they proceed outwards, their 
numbers at the same time increasing ; but the irregular manner in 
which they are placed renders it difficult to enumerate the contents, 
or to determine the limits of any one of the series. The disk is of a 
uniform olive-brown without any superficial markings,—the appear- 
ance of radiating lines, sometimes visible, being only the upper edges 
of the internal septa showing through the transparent skin; the 
mouth opens transversely, and displays a regular crenation of its 
pink lining membrane. The tentacula are of a reddish purple, and 
entirely destitute of rings or other marking; they present a remark- 
able contrast to the body of the animal, which at its upper part is of 
a dark orange colour, gradually assuming a paler tint towards the 
base ; numerous white sucking-pores are disposed over the upper 
surface, and afford points of attachment to surrounding substances, 
when required to conceal the body ; they also give exit to the con- 
voluted filaments, which are abundantly thrown out from them, and 
the mouth, when the animal is irritated. Its natural haunts appear 
to be narrow crevices of rocks, into which it can retire when alarmed, 
and I was prevented obtaining many specimens by their having 
chosen such inaccessible hollows for their residence. Four or five 
examples were, however, procured at extreme low-water mark, from 
the very productive rocks outside Dartmouth harbour, and, excepting 
in size, presented no points of difference. I propose for this species 
the name of vinosa. 


June 24, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


1. On THREE GENERA OF VESPERTILIONIDZ, FURIPTERUS, 
NaTALus AND HyonyYcCTERIS, WITH THE DESCRIPTIONS OF 
Two New Speciss. By Rosert F. Tomes. 


(Mammalia, Pl. XLII., XLIITI.). 
The genus Furia was established by M. F. Cuvier from the exa- 


mination of a single example taken at Mona in South America, by 
M. Leschenault. 


—- aE oe SS Genera a 


Seu, SNOSHINUWO SMU LdA i 


dosy 389M PrOTHTS 


“Peo 


“desl 82MM. 


173 


Linneeus having previously made use of the name in another branch 
of zoology, it has been proposed by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte 
to substitute that of Furipterus. The latter name will be here 
adopted, and as the opportunity of examining a second species has 
occurred, it will afford the means of confirming the generic characters 
given by the original describer, and also supply some additional pe- 
culiarities. 


Genus Furrprervus, Bonap. 


The top of the head is very much elevated, leaving a deep hollow 
between that and the end of the nose. The muzzle is very short, 
rather small, and abruptly truncated at the end. This gives the end 
of the nose something the appearance of that part in the genus Sus, 
and the similarity is increased by the superior margin being produced 
in an upward direction, as in that genus. The end of the snout may 
properly be called a disc, widest at its base, and having a slight 
emargination in the middle of its upper boundary. In this disc the 
nostrils are placed, small, directed straight forward, and nearly 
round. Between them is a narrow vertical groove, continuous from 
the emargination of the upper border of the disc. 

All the face is densely covered with soft long hair, only the flat 
end of the nose and the extreme margins of the lips being naked. 
Near to the edges of the lips, and about the corners of the mouth, 
the fur assumes the aspect of a beard. Around the upper margin of 
the nose-disc is a fringe of fine short silky hairs. 

The ears are rather large and broad, directed forward, and deeply 
concave within. Their inner margins project inwards and forwards 
over the forehead in the shape of a rounded lobe. Their extremities 
are rather acute and directed outwards. 

The tragus is shaped somewhat like the head of an arrow, sup- 


- ported on a narrow foot-stalk. It is short and rather broad, with a 


descending barb or point on each side, the outer one being the longer 
and more acute. From these it tapers rapidly to a narrow, but 
rounded tip, directed a little outwards. 

The most remarkable peculiarities in the organs of flight consist 
in the excessively small size of the thumb, and the shortness of the 
middle phalange of the longest finger. The thumb has the basal 
joint much longer than the terminal one. It is wholly engaged in 
the antibrachial membrane, the nail only being free. The phalange 
of the finger, above alluded to, has its length contained three and a 
half times in that of the terminal one, and six times in that of the 
basal one. The middle phalange of the third finger also is somewhat 
shorter than is usual in most Vespertilienide. 

The wing-membranes extend to the distal end of the tibia. The 
legs are long and slender, and the heel cartilage very long. All the 
menibranes are thickly marked with fine dotted lines, the interfemoral 
having not less than twenty-five. In this respect they bear consider- 
able resemblance to those parts in Rhinolophus and Nycteris. 

The cerebral part of the skull is excessively elevated, quite dome- 
shaped, and the facial portion very much depressed. 


174 


From the extraordinary elevation and expansion of the parietal 
bones, the frontal bone is reduced to unusually small dimensions. 
Its posterior portion rises nearly at right angles from the termination 
of the nasal bones, is narrowly triangular, and ends in a point near 
the top of the elevated part of the cranium. Its anterior portion is 
nearly horizontal in position, and is deeply cleft in the middle by the 
nasal bones, which extend backwards as far as to the ascending part. 
What may therefore be called the facial part of this bone is divided 
into two forks, extending one on each side, between the nasal and 
maxillary bones. Each of these forks is somewhat swollen, and 
this, with a great depression along the line of unicn of the nasal 
bones, gives a deep longitudinal groove to the facial part of the cra- 
nium, which however becomes nearly obsolete at the nasal opening. 

A great peculiarity consists in the development of the intermaxil- 
lary bones. These are not cleft in front as in Vespertilio (leaving 
ohly space enough for the incisors to be placed close to the canines, 
and in a line nearly continuous with them), but are united, leaving 
only two small incisive foramina in the anterior part of the palate. 
Also they differ materially from the same bones in the genus Vesper- 
tilio, in having the upper free margins, forming the walls of the nasal 
opening, continued without any diminution of their depth to their 
most anterior point. The upper margins of these bones are usually . 
very much sloped in the genus Vespertilio. 

In consequence of the great degree of development of the inter- 
maxillary bones, abundant space is allowed for the incisor teeth. 
Accordingly there is a considerable interval on each side between 
them and the canines, and they are arranged, not in a line with the 
rest of the dental series, but vertically and in a regular curve across 
the extremities of the above-mentioned bones. There is however an 
interval in front, between the central ones, though not so consider- 
able as the space contiguous to the canines. 

Their form is that of a short cone, the inner pair with their points 
directed somewhat inwards. 

The canines are of a very remarkable form—a form, so far as Iam 
aware, not hitherto observed in any other mammal. They present 
four points: a central cusp of the usual canine form, a lobe acces- 
sory to this, and situated about the middle of its posterior edge, one 
at the base of the same edge, and one of a very pointed form at its 
anterior base. The remaining teeth in the upper jaw do not differ 
materially from those of Vespertilio proper. 

The lower incisors are uniformly arranged and bifid. The canines 
are small, with an anterior and posterior spur at their bases, the an- 
terior one being the longer, and appearing. like two additional inei- 
sors. There are three premolars on each side, conical, and increa- 
sing in size as they approach the true molars. These latter resemble 
those of Vespertilio restricted. 

The formula of dentition may be thus expressed :— 

16 
In, 22, C.i4, P.M. 23, M. 3, total 5. 


On examining the under surface of the skull, we find that the bony 


175 


palate does not extend posteriorly beyond the last molar. In this 
respect it resembles the genus Miniopteris, whilst in Vespertilio the 
palate extends as far backwards as to the middle of the zygoma; in 
Vesp. (Kerivoula) picta, nearly as far back as to the condyloid fossa. 

The lower jaw has, at the lowest part of the symphysis menti, a 
prominent tubercle, directed downwards, and projecting below the 
level of the lower margin of the jaw. It is probable that this may 
be equivalent to the spine mentales. From this, the margin of the 
jaw curves very evenly and moderately to the posterior angle. The 
ramus is very high, and the coranoid process, the condyle, and the 
posterior process, are arranged in nearly the same horizontal line, the 
condyle being a little elevated above the other two. The posterior 
process has a peculiar outward direction. 

Such are the characters derived from the examination of seven 
examples. They do not include some peculiarities mentioned by 
M. F. Cuvier, viz. the presence of a series of warts on the upper lip, 
and under the chin, the prominence of the eye, and the cartilaginous 
condition of the terminal half of the tail. I have failed to detect 
any warts, nor do I perceive that the eye is more prominent than in 
other Vespertilionide. As, however, I am describing from dried 
specimens, too great reliance cannot be placed on the apparent ab- 
sence of these characters. 

With respect to the tail, in the seven examples examined, five have 
it_wholly withdrawn from_the membrane, and the remaining two 
only partially withdrawn, the terminal vertebra being left in the 
situation proper for the basal ones. This may possibly have been 
the case with the example mentioned by M. F. Cuvier, as suggested 
by Dr. Gray. 

It may not be amiss to remark that this genus resembles the genus 
Kerivoula of Dr. Gray (as illustrated by Kerivoula picta) in the 
form of the ear, but in no other respect have I found them similar. 
The crania, although greatly elevated in both, differ im other respects, 
and even in this they by no means closely agree. 

The genus Miniopteris approaches most nearly to Furipterus, in 
the characters exhibited by the cranium. . They somewhat resemble 
each other in the elevated form of the vertex, in the length of the 
bony palate, and in some measure in the form of the posterior por- 
tion of the lower jaw, and the development of the intermaxillary 
bones. : 


1. FuRIPTERUS HORRENS. 


Furia horrens, F. Cuv. Mém. du Mus. xvi. p. 150. tab. 9; Fischer, 
Synop. Mam. Addenda, 352; Temm. Mon. ii. p. 264; Wagn. in 
Suppl. Schreb. Sauge.i.p. 549 ; Schinz. Synop. Mam. i. p. 207; Less. 
Nouv. Tab. Rég. Anim. p. 22. : 


The eyes prominent and large. The nostrils apical, and separated 
only by a margin surrounding them, forming a groove at their upper 
part. Lips entire, the upper one with four or five warts along its 
side. The lower lip has eight warts, conspicuous from being of a 


ed 


rm 


~% \ 


176 


white colour, amidst the surrounding black fur. Ears large, nearly 
as broad as long, simple in structure. The tragus is of a peculiar 
form, having three points arranged like a cross. 

The fur is soft and thick, except at the muzzle, where it is longer 
and coarser than that of the other parts. 

The colour is a fine uniform black. 

Length of the head and body (English) 1" 7!"; expanse 6" 43". 

Hab. S. America, Mona. 


2. FURIPTERUS CERULESCENS, n.s. (PI. XLII.) 


Top of the head very much elevated, face depressed, excessively 
hairy, only the end of the nose and the extreme edges of the lips 
being naked. Ears as broad as high, roundish, with the tips angular 
and directed somewhat outwards. Tragus short, supported on a nar- 
row foot-stalk, immediately above which is a descending process on 
each side. From these it tapers rapidly to a narrow, but rounded 
point, which is directed a little inwards. About the middle, between 
the tip and the inner descending process, is a slight angular pro- 
jection. 

The fur is everywhere long and silky. That of the upper parts is 
slaty-blue at its base, slightly tipped with dusky-brown, but not suf- 
ficiently so, as to appear bicoloured. On the head it is somewhat 
paler than on the back. The long fur of the face is darker and not 
quite so blue. The fur margining the lips is of a silky ash-colour. 
The chin is of a uniform grey-brown, the breast blue-grey, the fur 
tipped for a third of its length with whitish-grey. On the belly and 
pubal regions it is nearly uniform whitish-grey. 

Of the specimens examined, two are males and the remainder 
females, and all are obviously adult. The sexes’are similar. 

The great similarity in the size of the examples renders it unneces- 
sary for me to give the measurements of more than one. For the 
purpose of comparison I add the dimensions of the figure illustrating 
M. F. Cuvier’s memoir. 


F. horrens. F. cerulescens. 
Length of the head and body ........ 1 62 sea 
OT. BENG OMA ame heel ae ve 9) q 
of the Jeng pcos, «1. ais, omces ors one 0 0 0 6 
GT GR CATE iar xu Ors gC nds I 0 43 0 35 
of the fore-arm..........00.. Le 1 4 
of the longest finger .......... a A 2 2 
of the fourth finger .......... Lag, Ly 
Ohihe tala, heh, ae = ras! s sole ta eae OV: 0 63 
GEMG Boge che tee wieuepiyets se 0 4 0 33 
Expanse, following the bones, of the wings 9 3 9 A 


Hab. St. Catharine, Brazil. 


Genus Natauus, Gray. 


The forms of this genus bear considerable resemblance to those of 
Furipterus. The crown is very much elevated, and a deep depres- 


177 


sion separates it from the nose. The latter is broad, but not bulging 
at its sides, as observable in some Vespertilionide (such as Scoto- 
philus, Gray). The top of the nose, in front of the eyes, is rather 
prominent, and rounds down evenly on all sides to the edge of the 
upper lip, which if seen from below would describe a half-oval figure. 
The above-mentioned prominence is furnished with a central longi- 
tudinal ridge, terminating between the nostrils. These are apical, 
approximated, and of an ovoid form. They are placed so near the 
margin of the lip that they might almost be described as situated in 
it. They do not interfere with the curvature of the outline of that 
part, being simple perforations. 

The lower lip is furnished with a broadish, naked reflexed edge, 
divided by a vertical groove in front. Below this is an irregular 
semicircular double row of warts, studded with bristly hairs, and a 
larger one beneath at the symphysis menti. 

The ears are rather large, broadest at two-thirds of the distance 
from their bases. They are furnished with a descending free lobe at 
the base of the outer margin, which is unattached to the side of the 
face, somewhat like the Jobudus of the human ear. Their extreme 
tips are directed outwards. 

The tragus is of very peculiar form ; it is supported on a distinct 
stalk, which springs horizontally from the inside of the auditory 
opening. From the extremity of this, the tragus rises vertically, 
and occupies the usual position in the ear. It is short, broad, and 
somewhat fleshy. The two margins curve to a rather acute tip, 
which is directed a little inwards. At the outer edge, towards the 
base, is agdescending angular projection. About the middle of the 
ascending part, the tragus is.twisted upon itself, in such a manner as 
to present only the edge of the upper part to the eye, whilst the 
basal portion presents its fat surface. From its tip spring a number 
of fine bristly hairs, straight and long. 

The legs, feet, and os calcis are long, and the toes occupy about 
one-half of the length of the feet. The tail is very long, equal in 
length to the head and body ; it consists of seven joints, the terminal 
one being small. The wing-membranes have a singular mode of at- 
tachment to the tibia. Viewing the animal from the under side they 
are seen to proceed from the base of the os calcis, in the form of a 
narrow rudiment of membrane, extending up the inside of the tibia 
for a fourth of its length. At this point they cross over the tibia, 
and pass outwards, forming the posterior margins of the wings. The 
thumb is rather small, but the wings do not present any other great 
peculiarities. All the membranes are thickly marked with dotted 
lines as in Furipterus, the interfemoral membrane having between 
twenty and thirty. 

The upper incisors are four in number, in pairs, separated from 
the canines by an interval, and with a space in the middle between 
the pairs. They are small, of nearly uniform size, and obtusely 
conical. In the space between them is a prominent horse-shoe- 
shaped cartilage, a little in advance of them, being a prolongation of 


No. CCCXII.—ProcerEpinés oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 


178 


the anterior boundary of the palate. Behind this is a transverse 
prominent palatal ridge, divided in the middle by a notch. 


NATALUS STRAMINEUS, Gray. (Pl. XLIII.) 


Natalus stramineus, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 496; Cat. Mam. 
Brit. Mus. p. 28. 


The face is very hairy, particularly along the median ridge, and 
on the upper lip, where it takes the form of a thick long moustache, 
extending the whole length of the lip. This rises on each side over 
the top of the nose, meeting in the middle, and forming a kind of 
transverse ridge of hair. Immediately in front of the eye is a naked 
space. The ears when held up to the light, present a singular dotted 
appearance, and resemble in this respect the Vesp. papillosus of 
Temminck. The extreme tip of the tail is exserted. 

The fur is of medium length and substance. On the upper parts, 
of a uniform brownish-yellow ; on the under, the same but paler. 
The membranes and naked parts are reddish-brown. 

The whole of the above has been taken, by the kind permission of 
Dr. Gray, from the two examples mentioned in his Catalogue, and 
the following are their dimensions. The first column refers to the 
specimen in spirit from South America, and the second to the one 
from St. Blas, North America. 


No. 1. No. 2. 
Length of the head and body ........ ‘1 9 ‘L 11, about. 
ef theta aloo. edi IF. weak ZH i2 2 0, nearly. 
ofthe head i/nli... eres os 0 9 0 474 
Of the Carin... ties ishple Ha hear. 0 5 04 
of the tragis.). shee. dona... 20 ONG 0 13 
Breadth of.thevears ci. iscid.. “ramisn.\'00 0 43 
Length of the fore-arm .......... 2... 1, 5} 1 43 
of the longest finger .......... 3.0 2.9 
of the fourth finger .......... 2 2 1 11 
of the thumby.i.6 20 aiicnwis 26 «whi hi 0 24 
——— of the tibia .............22.. 05,95 0 8 
— of the foot ...............0.. 0 4 0 4 
Expanse, following the bones, of the wings 10 6 10 0 


Genus Hyonycrertis, Licht. et Peters. 


Incisors four above, in pairs, separated by a space in the middle, 
the apices bifid; below, six, contiguous, trifid. Canines, distinct, 
long, ccnical, surrounded by two rings or collars. Molars above and 
below, six on each side, the upper anterior ones separate, the three 
posterior ones close together and W-shaped. Tongue medium ; 
snout elongated beyond the lips, with a discoid end (somewhat as in 
Furipterus). Nostrils below, ensiform. Lips tumid, the margins 
broadly reflected. Ears separate, broad, and furnished with tragus 
and antitragus. Wing-membranes broad, extending the whole length 
of the leg and foot, quite to the base of the nails. Interfemoral 


179 


membrane entire, completely enclosing the tail, the last joint only of 
which is exserted. Thumb free, nailed, and with a broad suctorial 
disk attached to it. Index finger very short, scarcely a fourth as 
long as the basal phalange of the longest finger ; all the remaining 
fingers with three phalanges. The feet with five toes, furnished with 
a suctorial disc. All the toes composed of only two phalanges, and 
united by aweb. Os calcis lobed and long. 


1. HyonycrTeris pisciFERA, Licht. et Peters. 


Hyonycteris discifera, Licht. et Peters, Neue merkw. Saugeth. 
1855*. 


The upper parts cinnamon-brown, beneath paler; wings dusky- 
brown. 


3 


Length of the head and body.... 
of theitailk \ 52.5 Pe 
of the-head, $2305 27220 
ot therenrs:. Vath OTe 
of the tragus. 22. = f°. 
—— of the fore-arm ........ 
of the longest finger .... 
of the fourth finger .... 
pf the Te sine ody apse 
of the foot and claws... 

, Expanse of wings ............ 

Hab, Puerto Cabello, Central America. 


2: HyonyYCTERIS ALBIVENTER, 0. 8. 


The specimen from which the present description has been taken 
has lost some of its parts by accident, and with them some of the 
peculiarities described by MM. Lichtenstein and Peters in the paper 
already alluded to. Thus, the tragus has been eaten away from each 
ear by insects, the nose-disc apparently so much rubbed as to have 
lost its original form, and the thumbs are entirely wanting. In other 
respects the specimen is in sufficient preservation to confirm the cha- 
racters given by the above-mentioned authors, and also to furnish an 
additional peculiarity not given by them in their description of the 
genus. This will be hereafter indicated. 

The crown of the head is very considerably elevated, the face very 
concave, and the muzzle rather elongated. The ears are scarcely as 
broad as high, the inner margin (towards the top of the ear) is very 
much rounded, and the extreme tip is conspicuously directed out- 
wards. The outer margin is considerably hollowed out+ for nearly 


bole 


bol 


amaoornr OO OFry, 
Ee 
es 


* Gelesen in der Druckerei der Akademie der Wissenschaften, am. 22 Junil854. 
Berlin 1855. 

+ It appears desirable to state that the expression “hollowed out” must be 
taken in its literal sense, as the form here attempted to be described is very dif- 
ferent from what is usually called “an emarginate ear,” in the genus Vesperfilio. 
Tn this genus it is a distinct “ notch ” in the outer margin of the ear: in Hyonyc- 
teris it is simply a shallow piece scooped out of the margin,—at least such is the 


180 


the whole of its length, but with a rounded prominence at its base. 
The face is very hairy, and the upper lip has a distinct moustache of 
long hair. 

On the whole of the upper parts the fur is of a reddish-brown 
colour, uniform in tint from its root to the tip. On the under parts 
it is pure white, tinged with rufous on the humeral region and on the 
chin. 

This species appears to differ from the last in having the ear much 
more hollowed out externally, in being somewhat larger, and in 
having the under parts pure white. 


Length of the head and body............ 2 0 
of the tail, about .............. l #2 
oftbpiirad. ots of. ss sald aceon O 9 
Of (he Carscctest hed hehuds ie lage a BES 
of thetnte-ariy s.:4s..'lea teil ho ao. lL & 
of the longest finger ............ 2 7 
of the fourth finger, |. -ja).\<,7-9>-00—.1., 10 
Of dare: HADI. sic. 62 w oops Rie eNe kOe 0 4 

— of the foot and claws............ Di, rte 


Expanse of wings, following the phalange.. 10 6 


Hab. River Napo, near Quito, where it was collected by Mr. Bates. 

In addition to the generic characters given by the authors already 
quoted, the very peculiar form of the claws of the hinder feet may be 
mentioned. These are rather long, have a small degree of curvature, 
are very slender, and not compressed laterally as in other Bats. 
Their under surface is rather deeply hollowed out; in this respect 
they bear considerable resemblance to the claws of some Rasorial 
birds, such as the genus Tetrao, but they are relatively more slender. 
From their form they could scarcely be used as organs of suspension, 
and it is not improbable that the conspicuous discs attached to the 
thumbs and feet may answer the same purpose that claws are known 
to do in the ordinary Bats. 

The elevated form of the cranium deserves special attention, as 
indicating an affinity in this particular with the genera Furipterus 
and Natalus. 

The peculiarity of having the wing membranes extend to the 
claws is not restricted to this genus, as I have observed it in the 
Vesp. suillus of M. Temminck. This species has been considered 
by Dr. Gray to be sufficiently dissimilar from other examples of the 
genus Vespertilio, to merit generic distinction, under the name of 
Murina. Another species from Ceram (Vesp. vulpinus, Temm. Mae: 


case in the specimen I possess, but in the figure already referred to, this is less 
conspicuous. 

* In taking the measure of the ear, it is my custom to consider it as a simple 
projection, and to measure along the line of greatest convexity of the hinder sur- 
face. This imaginary line will proceed from that part of the base nearest the 
crown, to the tip of the ear. A line along its anterior or posterior margin would 
be rather an indication of form than of absulute length, and should therefore be 
given additionally if the form of the ear seems to require it. 


TESTUDO .EL 


W.Weet Emp 


Proc. Z. 5. Reptilia. A: 


GH Ford 


ATAGUR OCELLATA Gray. 


a 
Proc. Z. S. Reptilia. Xa. 


GHFord WWeet Ip 


BATAGUR OCELLATA. Gray : 


18] 


Ley.) possesses the same singular mode of attachment of the mem- 
branes. Not having carefully examined either of these, I am unable 
to offer any positive opinion respecting their affinity with the genera 
above described. It appears, however, probable that other characters 
would be discovered common to Hyonycteris and Murina, if a close 
examination were instituted. 


2. Notice or som Inp1an Tortotses (INCLUDING THE DE- 
SCRIPTION OF A New SPECIES PRESENTED TO THE Britisu 
Museum sy Proressor Otpuam). By Dr. J. E. Gray, 
F.R.S. P.B.S., erc. 


(Reptilia, Pl. IX. X.) 


The most interesting specimen of the very curious series of 
Indian Tortoises presented to the British Museum by Professor 
Oldham, is a fine full-grown specimen of a species which so strongly 
resembles the South American Testudo tabulata, in size, form and 
colours, that it might easily be mistaken for a specimen of that 
species which had been taken to India in some vessel. But on a 
closer examination it is easily distinguished from the American kind 
by the following particulars :— 

First. It belongs to the Old World divisions of the genus, or true 
genus Testudo, characterized by the last vertebral plate being as 
wide only as the caudal, and the hinder half of each of the hinder 
marginal plates, instead of being of the width of the caudal and the 
hinder marginal plates, as is the case with the American “ Gophers,” 
including the species Testudo tabulata and Testudo gopher. 

Secondly. It has a large, elongated, well-marked nuchal plate, 
which is never found in Testudo tabulata. 

Thirdly. The hinder notch is more angular and acute. 

The specimen sent from India has the deeply concave sternum, 
which is supposed to mark the male animals, as is the case with many 
specimens of 7. tabulata. It is sent under the name of ‘ Testudo 
elongata,’ which I willingly adopt ; as it may have been noticed 
under that name in some Indian periodical which has not yet come 
under my observation. ; 


1. Testupo ELoNGaTA. (Pl. IX.) 


Thorax oblong, rather depressed, truncated in front, rounded be- 
hind, black ; shield yellow-edged. Sternum rather narrow, trun- 
cated in front, angularly notched behind, yellow, largely black, varied: 
Nuchal plate elongate. The hinder vertebral plate as wide as the 
caudal and the hinder half of the hinder marginal plates. 

Hab. India, “ Mergui.”’ 


Note.—Since the above was written, I Have received a Part of 
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1856, and I find 


182 


the following observations on this species, which appears to have 
been mentioned’ in a preceding volume :— 

Testudo elongata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxxii. 639. 
Vol. xxv. 1856, Ixxviii. 712. 


Mr. Blyth states, ‘a number of living specimens have been re- 
ceived from Captain Berdmore. 

“Colour of naked parts olive-grey varied with dull yellow, and 
with black head conspicuously dull yellowish white.” 

Mergui, Tenasserim River. 


2. Testupo Horsrigtpt1, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. t. 1. 


There is a fine large specimen of this species, showing it is very 
distinct from the 7. greca of Europe. The upper jaw has a small 
notch on each side of the tip. 


3. Emys CRASSICOLLIS, Bell. 


The Collection contains three adult specimens of this species, which 
are marked “ Emys nigra, Blyth.” 

The adult examples are rather broader than the younger specimens 
in which are usually found a mucro, and the dorsal keels are almost 
entirely obliterated ; the hinder edge of the thorax is acutely dentate ; 
the sternum is pale grayish, with black areolz and rays. It is probably 
the absence of the keels in the adult state that induced Mr. Blyth 
to regard it as a distinct species; but the keels become generally 
more indistinct in all the species which are keeled in their younger 
condition. P 

The specimens are marked as coming from “ Mergui.” The jaws 
are even, and not notched in front. 


4, Emys niera, n.s., Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Ixxviii. 712. 


Mr. Blyth observes on the affinity of this species with EZ. crassi- 
collis, but he does not appear to have the means of comparison. 


The Collection contains two species of the genus Batagur :— 


5. Baracur paska, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. t. 16. 


There is a very large adult shell of this species, which is marked 
“ Emys tentoria, Blyth.’ It measures 21} inches over the back, 
192 along the sternum, and is 18 inches across the back and 21} 
over the convexity of the back. The jaws of the species are very 
strongly dentated, the upper one is toothed on the edge with two 
angular series of pits; the lower jaw is furnished with two concentric 
series of acute spinose tubercles, those in the outer series the largest 
and very acute, the central one in front horny, very large. 


6. Baracur oceuuata, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. t. 36. (Pl. X.) 


There is a beautiful specimen of a species of this genus from 
Mergui, which I am inclined to believe is referable to Hmys ocellata 
of Dumeril and Bibron (Erpétologie générale, ii. 329. t.15. f.1); aspe- 
cies which I have not before seen in any English collection. I should 


183 


have no doubt of its being that kind from the description ; but in the 
figures the dark spots on the costal plates are represented as being 
nearly regular, circular, broad rings round a pale circular centre, 
while in the specimen received from Professor Oldham the dark 
mark on the costal plate is an irregular oblong or square mark only, 
partly surrounding the paler centre of the shield. 

Mr. Blyth in the same paper observes, “‘ mys ocellata would 
appear to be the commonest species in the Burmese rivers, and its 
naked parts are olive-grey, the crown blackish, with a yellowish-white 
V-like mark over the snout, continued as a supercilium over each 
eye and back upon the neck, another straight line behind the eye, 
and both are often more or less broken into spots. 

** Carapax dusky mottled with yellowish, a great black spot sur- 
rounded with a pale areola upon each discoidal (!) plate, dorsal ridges 
blackish with pale border, and lower parts wholly yellowish-white. 

**Some are brighter coloured than others, and the ocelli become 
proportionally smaller as they increase in size. 

“The carapax of our largest specimen measured 9 by 64 inches, 
but it probably is not nearly full-grown.”’ 

Hab. Burmah. 


S fis | 
7. Cistupo pentata, Gray. (LAU Lannie Vat ly, 
There is a fine adult specimen of this species in the Collection, 
also from Mergui. 


3. Description or Myeate Emittia, a SPIDER FROM Panama, 
HITHERTO APPARENTLY UNRECORDED. By Apvam Waite, 
ASSISTANT IN THE ZoonocicaL DEPARTMENT, BritTIsH 
Museum. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XLIII.) 


The large Spiders of the New World, though generally sombre in 
hue, are occasionally varied in colour. The Mygale versicolor de- 
scribed by Baron Walckenaer (Apt. i. 211), has the cephalothorax 
covered with down-like hairs of a metallic green lustre, and some of 
the hairs of the body have in certain aspects a violet reflection. The 
Mygale rosea described by the same author from the collection of 
M. Guerin Meneville, who procured it from Chili, is deserving of its 
specific name. The Mygale Zebra, figured in the fourth volume of 
the ‘ Annales de la Soc. Entomologique,’ pl. 19, has the abdomen 
strikingly striped. Generally speaking, however, these large Mygales, 
whether from the Old or the New World, are rough, plain brown, or 
black creatures, with greyish scattered hairs. Since Walckenaer’s 
work was published in 1837, several species have been added to zoo- 
logical science, especially in the 8vo German work of Koch. The fol- 
lowing species, pre-eminent for its striking beauty of colour, was 
obtained by my friend Dr. Berthold Seemann, the distinguished na- 
turalist who succeeded Mr. Edmonstone on board H.M.S. Herald. 
under Capt. Kellett, R.N., C.B. 


184 


I have but once seen a Mygale alive; the specimen was sent to 
the late Mr. John Doubleday by post, and when it reached London 
was evidently much shaken by its transit from Liverpool. The day 
after-its arrival he gave it cockroaches. They were put into the small 
box along with the Mygale. It apparently at first did not see them, 
but on these “ Cursorial Orthoptera”’ running about Mygale’s legs, 
the great spider drew itself up, and darted its chelicera into one of 
them, tearing its intestines with its fearfully armed hook. The Blatta 
was soon devoured, and the spider, evidently an invalid after its 
rough journey, died next day. 

Mr. H. W. Bates, who has for the last eight years so successfully 
collected Annulosa, and observed their habits at various points on the 
Amazon, in a letter to me, dated “‘Santarem, 30 April, 1855,” 
written on the eve of starting for “the wonderful country of the 
Upper Amazons,” remarks :—‘“ With regard to spiders, I have ob- 
served many curious points in their habits, but I cannot communi- 
cate them until I can send specimens, with numbers attached, to 
which the notes can be referred. There is one observation J made, 
however, which I am sure will be of the highest interest to science. 
It is with respect to the habit of the Mygales to prey on birds. Now 
I have detected them in the fact as far back as 1849, but thought 
little of it at the time, as I had the idea that it was a well-known 
and undisputed fact in science. Lately, however, I read an account 
(1 think of Langsdorff’s expedition in the interior of Brazil), where 
the fact is considered to rest on no foundation, and to be ene more 
of the fables originated by Madame Merian. Now I will relate to 
you what I saw. In the month of June 1849, in the neighbourhood 
of Cameta, I was attracted by a curious movement of the large grey- 
brown Mygale on the trunk of a vast tree. It was close beneath a 
deep crevice or chink in the tree, across which this species weaves a 
dense web, open for its exit and entrance at one end. In the present 
instance, the lower part of the web was broken, and two pretty small 
finches were entangled in its folds; the finch was about the size of 
the common Siskin of Europe, and I judged the two to be male and 
female: one of them was quite dead but secured in the broken web, 
the other was under the body of the spider, not quite dead, and was 
covered in parts with the filthy liquor or saliva exuded by the mon- 
ster. I was on my return from a day’s excursion by land, at the time, 
with my boxes full of valuable and delicate insects, and six miles 
from my house, and therefore could not have brought the specimens 
home, even had I wished, which I did not, as the species was a very 
common species, easily to be procured nearer home. 

“If the Mygales did not prey upon Vertebrated animals I do not 
see how they could find sufficient subsistence. On the extensive sandy 
campos of Santarem, so bare in vegetation, there are hundreds of the 
broad slanting burrows of the large stout species (that fine one, dark 
brown, with paler brown lines down the legs). The campos, I know, 
from close research, to be almost destitute of insects, but at the same 
time they swarm with small lizards, and some curious ground-finches 
of the Emberiza group (one of which has a song wonderfully resem- 


185 


bling our Yellow-bunting of England), besides which vast numbers 
of Caprimulgi (C. psalurus, Azara) and ground-doves lay their eggs 
on the bareground. I believe this species of Mygale feeds on these 
animals and their eggs at night. Just at close of day, when I have 
been hurrying home, not liking to be benighted on the pathless 
waste, I have surprised these monsters, who retreated within the 
mouths of their burrows on my approach.” 


Myeare Eminia. (Pl. XLIII.) 


M. nigro-fusca, cephalothorace, duobusque articulis singulorum 
pedum late flavescenti-rubris. 


Deep blackish-brown ; the basal joint of chelicera with some scat- 
tered red hairs in front ; the cephalothorax of a rich yellowish-red, 
the hairs short, close and velvet-like ; the fourth and fifth joints of 
the legs clothed with yellowish-red hairs, the end of the fifth joint 
with many brown hairs ; fourth joint of the first pair of legs, with 
the curiously hooked process near the end, also covered with red 
hairs, the under side of the fifth and sixth joints and the tarsi 
clothed with a close, dense, velvet pad. Body brown, with longish, 
scattered red hairs, which are deeper in hue than on the other 

arts. 
é Nomine Emiliz dilectz filie Henrici Verney, Equitis Baronetti 
de Cleydon, in comitatu de Buckingham, araneam hance spectabilem, 
in America Centrali a Bertholdo Seemann, Botanico celeberrimo, 
detectam in expeditione recenti, sub Henrico Kellett, Navarcho, in- 
signire vult descriptor. 

The figure, which is of the natural size, was drawn by Miss Spooner 
of Kentish Town. 


July 8, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF KASHMIR AND 
TIBET, COLLECTED BY Dr. T. THomson. 


By 8S. P. Woopwarp, F.G:S. 


These shells, which I received through Dr. J. D. Hooker and Sir 
Charles Lyell, were collected by Dr. Thomson in 1847-8, when he 
accompanied Major Cunningham and Capt. H. Strachey in “ one of 
the most adventurous journeys ever made in the Himalaya *.” 

The shells of continental India are nearly all distinct from those 


* Western Himalaya and Tibet ; a Journey through the Mountains of Northern 
India. By Dr. Thomas Thomson. 8vo, London, 1852. . 


186 


of Europe, and although far inferior in beauty and variety to those 
of the Asiatic Islands, have yet a marked character, owing to the ad- 
mixture of tropical forms and especially to the great development 
of the operculated genera (Cyclostomide), which are almost unknown 
in our quarter of the world *. 

It was, therefore, a matter of considerable interest to ascertain 
what land and freshwater shells occur in the remote regions of Kash- 
mir and Tibet, and somewhat surprising to find, that of about 22 
sorts collected by Dr. Thomson, one-half were British species, and 
the rest of the commonest and most widely diffused Indian forms. 


The species marked * are European. 


*Helix pulchella, small var., subfossil. Iskardo, Tibet (Europe, 
N. America). 
* costata, large var., recent. Iskardo, 7200 feet. 
* Helicella nitida. Near Iskardo (Europe, N. America). 
Bulimus candelaris, Pfr. Takht i Suliman, Kashmir. 
segregatus, small var. Kashmir. 
*Zua lubrica (subfossil). Iskardo (Europe, N. America). 
~ Pupa Huttoniana, Benson. Iskardo (also subfossi/). 
*Succinea Pfeifferi, var. (longiscata, Morillet?). Kashmir. 
*Limnea stagnalis. Kashmir (Europe; N. America, Oregon). 
* peregra. Pitak, Tibet; Kashmir. 
, var. Hookeri. Iskardo and Nubra, Tibet (18,000 feet). 
auricularia. Iskardo; Thogji Lake (sufossil). 
—, sp. Kashmir (resembling the Australian L. simulata). 
*____ truncatula, Mill. Iskardo, in damp méss (also found at Can- 
dahar, Affghanistan ; at Madeira, and in the U. States). 
luteola, Lam. (succinea, Dh.). Islamabad, Kashmir (also 
Prome, Burmah). 
acuminata, Lam. Jamu hills. 
Planorbis Coromandelicus, Fabr. Jamu hills ; Islamabad, Kashmir 
(also Ceylon and Malacca). 
nanus, Benson; subfossil. Tsoral Lake, Tibet (Capt. H. 
Strachey). 
» 8p. Pitak and Iskardo ; Tertse, Nubra, in lacustrine clay. 
Paludina Bengalensis, var. Jamu hills, Kashmir. 
*Valvata piscinalis (subfossil). Kashmir; Tsoral Lake, Tibet. 
*Cyrena fluminalis, Mill. (Cashmiriensis, Dh.). Avantipura, 
Kashmir. 
Cyclas (Pisidium), sp., subfossil. 'Thogji Lake, Tibet. 


These specimens have been submitted to the examination of Mr. 
W. H. Benson, who is unsurpassed in his critical acquaintance with 
Indian shells, and especially those of the Western Himalaya. 


* Mr. Benson states that Helix Bactriana (Hutton), found in Affghanistan, is 
closely allied to the European H. strigella. 

+ Varieties of this shell are found in Sicily, Palestine, the Nile, and all the 
rivers of the East. These varieties have been regarded as constituting about 
twenty distinct species; e. g. C. Euphratica, Bronn; ambigua, Dh.; Cor, Lam.; 
consobrina, Caill.; triangularis, Dh.; Panormitana, Bivon, &c. When fossil, 
it is the C. trigonula, Searles Wood; C. Gemmellarii, Phi. 


* 


Ey — 


‘OPH IIGINDAC SNTWSAHA 


: ATTY “WEUMIRY Sg “7 “905g 


are cl ae 


Nn 
~” 
—— 


pe NO eae 


PHYSALUS DUGUIDII Heddle 


1 Blow holes. 2.3. Blow holes & Pad. 
4.5. Blow holes closed. sideways. 


lamens Waa 6 Jaws. 6 Plicee contracted & stretched. 


, a Sa Ee Eee “ee 


187 


Helix pulchella and Zua lubrica were only obtained in the condi- 
tion of “dead shells” from the alluvial plains of Iskardo and Kash- 
mir. , 

The Pupa and Bulimus candelaris, Limnea auricularia and Val- 
vata piscinalis, were found both recent and subfossil. 

Limnea auricularia occurred in prodigious abundance in the allu- 
vial clay around the salt-lake of Thogji, at the height of 150 feet 
above its present level. There are no longer any living shell-fish in 
its waters, and Dr. Thomson ‘remarks, “it may fairly be inferred 
that the lake was quite fresh at the time when it was inhabited by 
Limnea.” The increase of the height of the surface of the water 
to the small amount of 150 feet, appears to have admitted of its 
discharging its waters along the course of an open valley into one of 
the tributaries of the Zamkar river (p. 173). 

Everywhere to the northward of Tibet, from the Aral sea to 
Chinese Tartary, is a country of small salt-lakes having no outlet ; 
and this region divides Northern India from the Siberian-steppes, in 
which land and freshwater shells of Germanic species are known to 
occur. 

Westward, however, the ranges of the Hindoo Koosh are prolonged 
through Persia to the Caucasus, and form a continuous route to the 
Lusitanian region. 

Since the shells which have been mentioned as English species 
occurring in Tibet, are also common to the South of Europe, they 
are rather to be regarded as Lusitanian than Germanic species. 

The land species (Zua, Helix, Helicella and Succinea) are, how- 
ever, amongst the most ancient inhabitants of this island, being found 
in the newer-pliocene deposits of the Thames valley, associated with 
the same Valvata and the same species of Cyrena, and with remains 
of an Elephant (2. meridionalis) and a Rhinoceros (R. leptorhinus), 
which are not only extinct, but were succeeded by other races of 
the same animals (Zlephas primigenius and Rhinoceros tichorhinus), 
before they finally disappeared from this portion of the globe. 

If, therefore, the small land shells of our newer tertiaries originally 
migrated into this country from the East, we must ascribe to their 
occupancy of the lofty plains of Kashmir and Tibet a very high 
antiquity compared with any of the monuments which Man himself 
has reared, even in the country most usually regarded as the cradle 
of his race. 


2. On a WuaLe or THE Genus Puysatus, GRAY, CAPTURED IN 
Orkney. By Rosert Hepptie. 


(Mammalia, Pl. XLIV. XLV.) 


A Whale of the genus Physalus of Dr. Gray was stranded on the 
small island of Laman or Lambholm in Orkney on the 9th of March 
ultimo. 


188 


It was afterwards towed from Laman, and beached upon the shore 
of Scapa Bay, about two miles from Kirkwall. 

The individual was a female. 

The following measurements were made with the greatest care by 
Mr. George Petrie and myself :— 


ft. in. 
Length from point of lower jaw to notch in tail .. 50 0 
Girth beneath pectorals........-.-- 04-02-05. 23 6 
» at 20 feet from point of lower jaw...-.... 19 3 
 htepde eb aOrean ts 905). 8. LT. TP ae, Se On 
st feet benim dormalney, 275. 2. OTS G8 
yp cidlone toma. LONE. 005 CaS. 2). ERO, 5.0 
Depth at 3 feet from end of vertebral column.... 2 0 
,» at 9 feet from end of vertebral column.... 3 10 
Thickness at 9 feet from end of vertebral column.. 1 6 
Thickness where thinnest .................... 0 10 
Between upper angles of pectorals (over the back) 10 0 
Keel extending above from commencement of tail.. 16 0 
Keel extending below from commencement of tail.. 10 0 
Point of lower jaw to termination of plice ...... 26 0 
5, of lower jaw to reproductory organ........ 30 0 
», of lower jaw to umbilicus................ 24 6 
Length of pectoral from tip to anterior junction 
with Bodyge. 62 J). GOUUEES OER TER ets 5 9 
Length of pectoral from tip to posterior junction 
Wit eey* SK BSN. OGM i. BSG 4 9 
Breadth of pectoral... 00000. oe cee. pay 
Angle of mouth to anterior junction of pectoral 
neieh treme ry.) 10, $F Re D7 RU gh NA 
Centre of eye to anterior junction of pectoral with 
tink UO ye ce tees 3c eos 6 cee nen 8 5 3 
Tip of upper jaw (snout) to anterior junction of 
pectoral with rank Janet eee a Bag 
Posterior curve of dorsal to posterior junction of 
pettoraleys OF0 Ae es) 23 0 
Base of dorsal........ PURI ORL Jae et ae 
Height of dorsal (perpendicular from its tip) ..... 1 9 
Anterior of dorsal from snout .........-..-.-- 35 9 
Posterior curve of dorsal from tip of tail ........ 14 0 
Wath of bails Los aoe ce, be gla see eee 
Depth of notch in tail ......-.-. eee e eee eee 0 5 
Between angles of mouth round the throat ...... ay 
Point of lower jaw to angle of mouth .......... Mad 
,, of snout to angle of mouth ............-- 9 0 
Depth of under jaw (including lip) where greatest 1 8 
», of under jaw 3 feet from tip .........--- 1 2 
Projection of under jaw from beneath the snout.. 0 6 
Across insertions of baleen 7} feet from snout.... 3 4 
Length of longest or “sample” baleen ........ 1 8 
43 Of baleen ‘at snouts. 62s)... .es 5 ein ees he 0 6 


ft. in 
Breadth of sample at base................004. 0 9 
Projection of sample over upper lip............ 0 6 
Centre of eye to snout ............0.0. 0.00. 9 5 
»» _ of eye to posterior angle of blowhole...... 3.5 
Posterior of blowholes in advance of a line joining 
thaereypecys. 0!) t8% adonsire WMT Saab. biaeks 0 9 
Bye toreyes {3.g3, eens Ji aln: erates Laat od se PRR ote 6 10 
Centre of eye to base of nearest baleen.......... 1 8 
Snputite apinseles:.¢ 0s! 24x yaad aos aheaF 29 
Fach spiracle in length ...................... 0.10 
Length of blind slit between spiracles .......... 0 8 
Between near points of spiracles .............. 0 13 
Between divergent points of spiracles .......... 0 9 
Bewhahivhtyer 2. sateogqedl eho, te 29 
Length of depression of external ear............ 0» 12 
Breadth of depression of external ear .......... 0 ¢ 
Diameter of perforation of ear . Pome, [koOs 20. 
Length of reproductory organ, including anus.... 3 0 
Length of mammary slits .......... 0.2.0.0... 0 10 


The accompanying drawings, in which every point was deter- 
mined by the measurements, give a perfectly correct idea of the pro- 
portions of the animal. Consequently, further dimensions may be 
taken from them, due allowance being made for the curves. 

The external ear, which was difficult of detection, consisted of an 
aperture capable of admitting a quill, situated in a very shallow 
groove of the dimensions given above. When the blubber was re- 
moved, the aperture was continued, in the immediate vicinity of a 
strong glandular substance, of a cylindrical form, 2 inches in dia- 
meter, passing into the skull. 

The dlowholes were situated in a hollow on the summit of a low 
rounded eminence, immediately in front of a depression directly over 
the eyes. When first seen, this latter depression was hardly appa- 
rent, and seems to owe its existence partly to the falling in of the 
integuments after death. The relative position of the spiracles is 
givenin Pl. XLV. fig. 1. Between the spiracles was a shallow groove, 
at first sight resembling a third opening, beginning 1 inch before the 
anterior commissures of the spiracles, and continued to an imaginary 
line joining their posterior extremities. 

The sides of the blowholes, which lay in close juxtaposition, could, 
from the elasticity of the parts, be separated to the extent of 3 or 
4 inches, without affecting the extremities of the openings. 

Pl. XLV. fig. 2, shows a section of one of the spiracles, laid open 
through the commissures, together with the retracted pad or valve, 
which, when set free, closes the nares, as represented in fig. 3. The 
pad consisted of a tough, fatty substance, and was retracted by a 
strong muscle, which had its attachments in a deep grooye in the 
bone of the upper jaw. When the spiracles were partially excised, 
the working of this beautiful apparatus was easily exhibited by 
grasping with the hands the strong muscle, and drawing out the 


190 


pad, which, on being set free, returned to its place in the nares with 
a very audible “thud.” The nares, each 4 inches in their hori- 
zontal diameter, were protected above and at the sides by cartila- 
ginous arches, which extended nearly to the surface of the spiracles 
posteriorly, and united at a point a little anterior to the section 
shown in figs. 4 and 5, cut transversely to the spiracles ; fig. 4 re- 
presenting the dilated, fig. 5 the closed access to the lungs. 

The whole lining of the spiracles, breathing canals, and bronchial 
cavities, was of a deep black. 

The septum immediately between the two nares was membranous, 
attached to the line of union of the cartilaginous arches before men- 
tioned. 

From the blowholes a ridge composed of a tendonous fatty sub- 
stance extended, gradually disappearing ere it reached the snout. 

The eyes were situated on bony prominences, which projected 
outwards and downwards from the line of the head and upper jaw. 
The external opening of the eye was about 4 inches. The dail 
5 inches. The conjunctiva whitish, and the iris very dark brown. 
The excised crystalline lens measured two-thirds of an inch in dia- 
meter. 

The bones of the lower jaw were covered to nearly half of their ap- 
parent depth by strong, firm lips, turned inwards superiorly. The 
jaw at no point projected much over the folds on the throat, and be- 
neath the eye passed away imperceptibly into the neighbouring sur- 
face. The rounded upper surface of the lips fitted accurately, when 
the mouth was closed, into corresponding retuse hollows in the upper 
jaw, extending two-thirds of the distance from the eye to the snout. 

The baleen extended from within 4 inches from the snout to the 
interior angles of the mouth. The plates were largest halfway be- 
tween these points. Their exterior outline was considerably falcate, 
causing the points of the plates to project, where longest, 6 inches 
past the edge of the upper jaw. 

The back part of the mouth, in the neighbourhood of the throat, 
was thinly covered with soft white hairs, inserted on the plaited and 
wrinkled skin. 

Fig. 6 represents an ideal section through both jaws, partially 
opened, showing the palatal ridge, the projecting baleen, and the 
overlapping under-lips. 

The tongue is represented lying in the distended pouch, and by 
the red lines as seen in the same pouch when drawn upwards to the 

aws. 

; The baleen towards the snout gradually gave place to narrower 
plates, three or four occupying the place of one. This change of 
form commenced at the inside. At the snout, the plates were still 
more broken up, there assuming the appearance of small rods of 
baleen, of the thickness of a crow-quill, slightly compressed, and 
each tipped by a tuft of long white bristles. The baleen completed 
the circuit of the snout, at a distance of 4 inches within the upper 
lip. At the snout, the base of the baleen was 1 inch in width, gra- 
dually increasing until, where the largest plates were inserted, it at- 


191 


tained the breadth of 9 inches, whence it decreased to a rounded 
point at the interior angles of the mouth. Here the baleen was 
entirely resolved into white hair, which took its rise from the 
gum, without the intervention of the quill-like rods of the anterior 
extremity. 

The surface of the plates was longitudinally striated: their colour 


for one-third of their breadth from the outer margin brown, some- 


times in one broad shade, sometimes more or less banded lengthwise, 
in either case leaving the interior surface of the plates of a yellowish- 
white, tinged slightly with green, occasionally dashed with pale rose- 
colour, with here and there a stripe of brown. From the outside no 
colour but the white was visible, except at the snout, where the plates 
and tufts, even to the outer margin, were in some places a dirty white, 
in some almost black. 

The whole inner edges of the baleen were split up into coarse but 
pliant white hair. 

The gum (‘cheese ”’ of the whalefisher) was from 2 to 4 inches 
thick, between which and the bone of the jaw intervened a strong 
callous bed of muscular substance, two-thirds of an inch thick. 

The tongue was above of a flesh colour, and beneath, where its 
substance united with the lining of the pouch, of a leaden grey. It 
had no edges, the colour being the only means of distinguishing its 
upper from its under surface. The looseness of the tissue on its 
lower side enabled the animal to sweep the whole under surface of 
the baleen with the tip of the tongue, carrying any adhering food to 
the throat. The actual tip was not free for more than 10 inches; 
but, as when drawn back towards the gape, it was impossible to de- 
fine the limits of the lower side of the tongue and the lining of the 
pouch : it seemed to be of much greater length. When retracted the 
tongue filled with its huge rounded mass the posterior cavity of the 
mouth, the tip projecting upwards, and the substance of the under 
side tightened from the base of the'tip to the point of the under jaw. 

The throat easily admitted the closed hand. 

The ¢runk joined the head with no perceptible line of union, and, 
with the exception of a slight depression behind the spiracles, and 
the protuberance of the dorsal fin, the outline preserved an even and 
beautiful curve from head to tail. Beginning 2 feet before the dorsal 
fin, a strong ridge passed along the back, gradually diminishing till 
it reached the end.of the vertebral column. A still bolder ventral 
ridge commenced 10 feet from the tail, and terminated at the same 
point. 

The expansions of the tail were continued 2 or 3 feet along the 
sides of the trunk, there passing away, and. giving along with the 
dorsal and ventral carinze a rhomboidal form to that part of the ani- 
mal. These keels consisted entirely of a fatty tendinous substance, 
each permeated through its entire length by strong round tendons 
linch in diameter. On the removal of the ridges, the body beneath 
became of the same rounded form as the rest of the trunk. 

The epidermis was th of an inch thick, easily torn, and finely 
striated, except on the fins and tail, and on the jaws, lips and such 


192 


parts. Where black, much of the pigment could be removed by 
washing, and from the inner surface was readily communicated to 
the fingers. 

The true blubber on the back and sides measured on an average 
2 inches in thickness. On the throat where the plice occurred, it 
became tendinous and tough, and, though removed, was not expected 
to yield much oil. 

The whole posterior part of the body was beset by strong round 
tendons, about an inch thick, originating as flat tendons within the 
muscles above the pectorals. 

The extent and direction of the plice on the throat and abdomen 
are shown in the drawings of theanimal. Pl. XLV. fig. 8, represents 
sections of the stretched and unstretched surface of the plice. At . 
those portions of the throat and belly which required more capability 
of distention than the rest, furrows supplementary to the general ar- 
rangement of the plice were introduced. These however invariably 
disappeared ere they reached the termination of the regular plice, 
and were inserted unsymmetrically. The furrows continued of their 
full depth to their termination on the abdomen. 

Where the body of the animal was black, the furrows and their in- 
terspaces were black also, being there covered with skin of the same 
texture as that of the body. Where the black of the body began to 
wash off into the white of the lower parts, the furrows were black 
and the interspaces pure white. On the lower surface, again, where 
the sole apparent colour was white, the plice were found on separa- 
tion to be lined with a rosy, longitudinally striated, transversely 
wrinkled epidermis. The depth of the furrows varied excessively, 
being, in some parts, when the pouch was undistended, nearly 
14 inches deep, while on the jaws and between the eye and pectoral, 
they were so shallow as hardly to bear measurement at all. When 
the pouch was distended, the plicee were partially obliterated, their 
hollows becoming nearly as high as the surface of their highest pro- 
minences. 

The normal breadth of the interspaces between the furrows was 
about 2 inches. Near the chin, however, in some places three or 
four occurred in the space of an inch, the skin being there very soft 
and pliant. The ridge between the two furrows which passed mesially 
along the throat and abdomen was broader than the rest, the furrows 
diverging slightly towards their posterior termination, where the 
scarcely perceptible umbilicus was situated, thereafter converging as 
shown in the figure. 

The reproductory organs were situated 4 feet behind the termina- 
tion of the plice, and immediately between the slits into which the 
mamme were retracted. The mamme were of a yellowish flesh- 
colour, 11 inches long and 4 inches in diameter, ending in lax nipples 
2 inches in diameter. 

The uterus extended in the body of the Whale 5 feet forwards 
from the opening. It did not contain a foetus. The anus was 
2 feet 10 inches behind the anterior commissure of the reproductory 
organ. 


193 


Decomposition prevented such a careful examination of the inte- 
rior of the animal as might have been desired. The heart was 4 feet 
in length, 3 feet at its greatest breadth. The vene cave 4 inches 
in diameter. The aorta 34 inches thick. The liver resembled in 
consistence that of the terrestrial Mammalia, and was of great size. 

Near the base of the tongue lay two large bodies of glandular ap- 
pearance, much resembling the salivary glands of quadrupeds, each 
of which would have filled a bushel measure. The lungs did not 
appear of great proportional size; the bronchial tubes were lined 
with black membrane. 

Near the vertebral column could be imperfectly traced the plexus 
of arteries which forms the reservoir of blood during the prolonged 
divings of the Whale. Much extravasated blood and hastening de- 
composition interfered with a proper investigation of its course and 
structure. 

The vertebral formula was as follows :— 

Cervical 7, Dorsal 15, Remains 40. Total 62. 

Circumstances prevented me from distinguishing the lumbar from 
the caudal vertebree, but the numbers above given are absolutely 
correct. 

The last vertebra was not larger than a walnut, and part of its 
bulk was cartilage. Its articulation was, however, very distinct. 

The last six vertebrze diminished in size very rapidly, much more 
decrease taking place in their dimensions than proportionally in any 
other part of the spine. 

There were fifteen pairs of ribs. The first pair simple, the second, 
third and fourth with necks, directed towards, but not reaching, the 
bodies of the vertebree. The rest simple. 

The greatest length of the cranium was 113 feet. The greatest 
length of the bone of the under jaw 113 feet. 

From the tip of the pectoral to the head of the humerus mea- 
sured 6 feet 3 inches. 

The colour of the back of the head and of the sides to a line 
passing from the tail beneath the pectoral, black. 

The jaws, and upper and under sides of both pectorals and tail, 
also black. 

The black washed off at the sides into a brilliant white, of which 
colour were all the other parts, except, as before mentioned, the 
hollows of the plice. | : 

Scattered irregularly over the back were greyish spots, from three 
to four in a square foot, much resembling the appearance that would 
have been produced by touching the skin with a slightly whitened 
finger. Their shortest diameter was transverse to the body of the 
animal, and towards their anterior end they exhibited a nucleus whiter 
than their general hue. It must be noted, that these spots, though 
sufficiently obvious under certain lights and on close inspection, were 
not apparent at a little distance, and did not in the smallest degree 
interfere with the general intense black of the upper parts. 

When viewed obliquely, on the other hand, the whole dark por-~ 
tion of the animal seemed a dull leaden grey ; a deception arising, 


No. CCCXIII.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SocIETY. 


194 


no doubt, from the refraction of the light from the polished surface. 
Even when near to the object, those parts not directly opposite to 
the eye seemed much paler than they really were. 

As a species of Physalus has been described as “slate-grey,” and 
as, despite its real jetty hue, casual observers who had seen the 
Laman Whale, spoke afterwards of its grey colour, I have thought 
this circumstance worthy of mention. 


Since this paper was read, the following additional notes have been 
addressed by the author to Dr. Gray, under the dates of July 16, 
Aug. 16, and Sept. 24. 

16th July, 1856. 

Oddly enough, I had not been two hours in Orkney ere I heard: 
of another whale being ashore. On the first opportunity I started 
for Copinshay, where I found it had beached itself a week previously. 
The finders had already flensed it, and it was lying in a position 
most unfavourable for examination. The back was down, the tide 
alongside the body, and it was impossible to get at the dorsal fin. 
It is a male, and I feel sure the same species as the one I described ; 
most probably the mate of that individual. 

As it must be of great importance to compare a specimen from 
the same locality as, and probably the mate of, the last, I send you 
the only measurements I could make. 

I would respectfully direct your attention to the fact, that in both 
this and the female formerly examined, the pectoral, measured from 
tip to head of humerus, is ewact/y 3;ths of the whole length of the 
body. This should be the length taken from the pectoral, as it is 
impossible to know where the true union with the body is, there being 
of course an anterior and posterior junction. 

The head in each bears very nearly the same proportions to the 
whole length. 

You can imagine with what keenness I made the last few cuts in 
the putrid mass of carrion, which exposed clearly the mass of cervi- 
cal vertebree ;—two whales from the same station, of nearly the same 
size, at nearly the same time, alike in external appearance and in the 
exact proportion of pectoral, one a male and the other a female. 
And there the bones lay—so like, as I said, that a drawing of the one 
would do for a likeness of the other. 

I feel sure that you will agree with me, that the variations before- 
mentioned do not weaken the identity of these individuals. 

As soon as the bones are clean I shall pack them carefully, and 
send them up. I regret that the fearful state of the carcase pre- 
vented me from counting the ribs or vertebrae. Indeed it was with 
the utmost difficulty that I could get any one to lend a hand in se- 
curing the bones, so awful was the smell and condition, and so huge 
was the mass of decomposed flesh to be removed,—the whale, unfor- 
tunately, lying on its back, while no power on earth could have 
turned it in its then condition. However, my own repugnances 
vanished at the call of Science, and example works wonders. 


195 


16th Aug. 1856. 

After an unusually hard day’s work, I succeeded in safely detach- 
ing the cervical vertebre of the whale ashore in Copinshay. They 
are at present safely lying in the sea within a tidal enclosure at 
Kirkwall, till the crabs and gammari, and such influences, remove 
the last portions of muscle from them. I shall take the whet off 
your curiosity by telling you that a drawing of the cervical vertebree 
of the whale I formerly examined would do for these bones. Though 
there are some minor differences on a close examination, these are all 
on the lower side of the bones, viewing them from the direction 
opposite to the spinous processes. And I think, when you get 
the specimen, you will feel convinced, on comparing it with that 
of a Laman whale, that these minor differences are unimportant, and 

cannot be allowed to interfere with the specific identity of the two 
whales. 

These differences are as follows :—In the Laman whale the supe- 
rior and inferior transverse processes of the 5th cervical vertebra are 
united, and the lower process of the 6th short; whereas, in the 
Copinshay whale, the transverse processes of the 5th are not united, 
and the lower process of the 6th is as long as those of the 3rd, 4th, 
and 5th. 

Still, with deference I submit, that when all the other resem- 
blances are taken into account, these variations cannot be considered 
essential. I think it will be more easy to point out specific charac- 
ters in the bones by the union or disunion of the processes of the 2nd 
cervical vertebra ; by the comparative length of processes as regards 
the body of the vertebrae, and by the form and angular aperture of 
ring, than by the circumstance of the lateral processes after the se- 
cond being united or not. At any rate, I cannot readily imagine 
that the union or separation of the 5th, and still less so the length 
of the lower process of the 6th, can be of great value. In this last, 
the specimen in the Zoological ‘Gardens of Edinburgh and your own 
set up in the Museum differ, while they certainly resemble each 
other in every other way, and are evidently of the same species. 

I feel sure, that drawings of the dorsal aspect of all these bones of 
all the species known to you will show considerable and tangible dif- 
ferences, especially in the comparative spread of the processes as 
you approach the dorsals ; in their varying progression in thickness, 
—gradual in the Laman and Copinshay whales, sudden from. the 
7th cervical to the 1st dorsal in P. antiquorum. 

Our Orkney whales seem to resemble your P. beens 3 in soifie re- 
spects, but then the processes are 
longer, and the wing of the 2nd 
cervical in the Orkney whales with 
its perforation is very different from 
the short development of the 2nd 
cervical vertebra in P. doops. In 
P. antiquorum again, the processes 
rise from the plane of the body 
of the vertebrae somewhat thus :— 


196 


in the Laman and Copinshay whale, they fall somewhat thus :— 


In fact, in some points our Orkney whales seem to connect the cha- 
racters of the two sections of your genus Physalus, resembling, how- 
ever, P. Loops more than P. antiqguorum. In my poor opinion, 
nevertheless, there are amply sufficient characters for separation, and 
I feel that, when placed side by side, the two specimens I have been 
so fortunate as to put into your hands will help much to clear up this 
cetacean mystery, as well as to show what characters are permanent 
and worthy of selection. . 

I have some plates of whalebone, which you shall have by and by. 
It varies slightly in shape and colour from that of the Laman whale, 
and indeed there is danger, I think, in forming a specific character 
from the baleen. ‘ 

The colours on the whale were, according to the description of the 
finders, identical with those of the Laman whale; the under. jaw a 
little wider. I shall make a sketch of the form from the measure- 
ments, and transmit it to you. 


ft. in. 

Tip of under jaw to notch in tail .............. 45 6 
Tip of upper jaw to eye... o0. 5s. 6. ec de ee 8 2 
Pr 35 to anterior of pectoral ........ 15 0 

Tip of lower jaw to genital (penis) ............ 28 0 
‘5 39 tofanusiic. als td. WOU aTsG%s-o 2 31 5 
From pectoral to pectoral under belly .......... 8 0 
Length of pectoral to anterior junction.......... 4 6 
Breadth ef pectoral, +.).{2 lila. saith ciel. adpiot @ 
Length of pectoral (tip to head of humerus) .... 5 6 
Width.of tail (6 tacgralar Giants te ceviaevs godt 9 6 
Length of cranium (as nearly as possible) ...... 10 4 


‘‘ Back black ; belly white.” 


The description of the cervical vertebree would form a useful 
appendix to that of the Laman whale. The measurements may be 
meantime useful, as showing the similarity of proportion. I feel 
convinced that the two individuals belong to one species, and hope 
that the neck vertebree will bear out that opinion. I shall be 
delighted to hear your wishes in the matter, and to carry them out. 


Sept. 24, 1856. 

I propose despatching and booking by first packet the cervical 
vertebrae, &c. of the Copinshay whale. I am on the point of start- 
ing for Canada, and I trust they will reach you safe. They are in ~ 
capital condition and keeping, and will, I am sure, give you assistance 


, alle 


197 


in #e Rorqual. I enclose herewith some notes regarding the Caith- 
ness (Nybster) whale. 

As regards the ribs of Rorquals, as exemplified in the Copinshay 
and Laman whale, allow me to call your own attention, and that of 
cetaceologists and others to the following fact. 

The first pair of ribs is not articulated to the first dorsal vertebra, 
nor to any vertebra whatever ; but the first ribs have their ends buried 
in a mass of ligament, which connects all the upper lateral processes 
of the cervical and the first dorsal vertebree together. 

No articulating surface exists on these processes on the first dorsal 
vertebra ; the articulating surfaces are on the other hand well marked 
_ on all the other dorsal vertebree. 

I am certain that you will perceive some value in this observation, 
of the accuracy of which I am positive, being put on the alert by 
observing it in the first specimen I examined. One sees the use of 
the lateral apophyses and their great development in some species. 


Notes on Nybster Whale. 


I was unable to do more in the examination of the neck than feel 
for some of the characteristic processes. The broad wing of the 
second cervical was perforated by a hole as in the Copinshay and La- 
man whales, and in every particular that I could ascertain the ver- 
tebree corresponded with those of these individuals. The external 
characters, colours, &c. also corresponded. The whale was afloat, 
being in a creek where the tide did not leave it. Its length, which - 
I was too late to measure in person, was, I am assured, 65 to 68 feet ; 
its pectoral from the head of humerus (the only useful measurement) 
nearly 8 feet. The length of the cranium was 15 feet. The whale 
was for a finner exceedingly fat, the blubber or “speck” being 8 to 
10 inches im thickness. _ These were all the measurements I could 
make, from the condition of the carcase. 

_ On my passage home, amid the thousand herring-boats of Wick, 
lying becalmed in a glassy sea, we were exceedingly interested by the 
movements of a very large Finner, apparently of the same species as 
the one I had just left. It rushed round us in every direction with 
its upper jaw above water, blowing with great violence and noise, and 
diving, sometimes tranquilly, sometimes in a seething wave, created 
by its fins and tail. 

It was evidently feeding on herrings, as every now and then it 
would rush headlong into portions of the sea where the smooth sur- 
face was broken by the shoals of fish. 

The blowholes were at times flat and unprojecting, at other times 
boldly protuberant, the animal evidently having the power of raising 
or depressing these organs. As the protuberance of the spiracles 
has been thought characteristic of species, this is worth noting. The 
dorsal fin was exactly outlined like those of the Rorquals previously 
examined. The contour of the snout or upper jaw also exactl 
resembled that of the Copinshay, Laman, and Nybster whales. This 
whale was computed by the boatmen and myself to be at least as 
large as the Nybster whale. I have no manner of doubt but that 


198 


these four whales were of one species. Certainly the Nybster whale 
was not Physalus antiquorum, therefore P. antiquorum is not alone 
in exceeding 60 feet in length, a dimension supposed to be confined 
to that species. 

The fin-whales of Orkney and Caithness, every season observed in 
pursuit of herrings, would seem in all probability to be of the species 
of which you have received portions. They are not P. doops, for 
three out of four specimens captured (and the fourth was noé killed) 
agree with each other, and differ from P. doops in the upper and 
lower lateral processes of the second cervical vertebra being united, 
leaving a subcentral foramen. 

They will no doubt prove to be of a new species, though unex- 
amined individuals may have doubtless come ashore in Orkney over 
and over again. 


3. DescrIpTiONs oF SHELLS FROM THE GULF oF CALIFORNIA, 
AND THE Paciric Coasts or Mexico anp CALIFORNIA. 
Parr Il. By A. A. Gouxup, M.D., anp Puiip P. Car- 


PENTER. 


Dr. Gould, the well-known author of the Rep. Invert. Mass. and 
the U.S. Exp. Shells, having most obligingly sent over the whole of 
his collections from the Pacific shores of N. America, in order to 
furnish materials for my Report to the British Association, there have 
appeared among them several shells not to be identified with re- 
corded species. Of some of these Dr. Gould enclosed names and 
diagnoses. For the remainder of the following paper I am alone 
responsible. Most of the new species in this collection were de- 
scribed by Dr. Gould in the Proceedings of the Boston N. H. So- 
ciety ; and have been published in a separate form with three plates. 
I have therefore regarded this communication as a supplement to 
that paper, and have adopted the same title. The references apply 
to it, unless otherwise expressed: > 

Le oan 8: 


Bristol, June 21st, 1856. 


1. PHoLtapipEa ovorpEA, Gould. 


Pholas ovoidea, Mex. & Cal. Shells, pt. 1. p. 15. pl. 15. f. 1. 
Hab. San Diego (Lieut. Green). Mus. Gould. 


2. PerricoLa RosuSTA, Sow. 

Petricola bulbosa, Gould, p. 16. pl. 15. f. 5; B.M. Mazatlan 
Cat. p. 17. no. 24, 

3. CoRBULA POLYCHROMA, 0. s. 


C. t. gibbosa, transversa, solida; postice angulata, carinulis 
duabus, altera ad marginem ventralem, altera juxta cicatr. 
muse. adeuntibus ; sub superficiem externam concentrice sulca- 


199 


tam, griseam, aurantia, purpureo radiata; intus. purpurea, 
dent. card. obtusis, cicatr. muse. distinctis, sinu pallit minimo. 

Long. °37, lat. +53, alt. °27. 

Hab. In Sinu Californiensi (Lieut. Shipley in Mus. Cuming) ; 
Sta. Barbara (Col. Jewett in Mus. Gould). 

Of the general appearance of C. bicarinata, but much less gib- 
bous, less angulated, and highly coloured. It resembles, but ap- 
pears distinct from, one of the Claiborne fossils in Mr. Nuttall’s 
collection. Col. Jewett’s specimens were all dead valves. 


4. Lyonsia nitipa, Gould. 


Osteodesma nitidum, Gould, p. 17. pl. 15. f. 6=(probably) Lyon- 
sia Californica, Cony. jun. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara (Lieut. Green). Mus. Gould. 


5. SEMELE FLAVESCENS, Gould. 


Amphidesma flavescens, Gould, p. 19. 

Semele proxima, B. M. Maz. Cat. p. 28. no. 40. Mus. Cum. pars, 
non C. B. Adams nec Mus. Cum. pars. 

The Mazatlan species was identified from the Supposed types in 
the Cumingian collection. On finding Dr. Gould’s shell identical, 
it appeared extraordinary that he should have re-described one of 
Prof. Adams’ species. In another drawer of Mr. Cuming’s cabinet, 
however, appeared another shell, also named Semele proxima, C. B. 
Ad., which is probably the real type. It is larger and more pointed 
at the beaks than the present species. Several of the described spe- 
cies of Semele are extremely similar. So long, however, as they are 
kept distinct, the Mazatlan shells must rank under the present name, 
and not under that of Prof. Adams, under which they have been 
freely distributed. 


6. SANGUINOLARIA MINIATA, Gould. 

._ Tellina miniata, Gould, Proc. B. N. H.S. Nov. 1851 3; Mex. &c., 
p. 24. pl. 16. f. 1. 

Sanguinolaria purpurea, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1854, p- 346. no. 137 ; 
B. M. Maz. Cat. p. 31. no. 46. 

Hab. San Juan (Lieut. Green). 

Although I have not seen the type of Dr. Gould’s shell, there can 
hardly be a doubt that it is the same as that of Desh., and therefore 
has priority over the name adopted in the B.M. Cat. While the 
earlier sheets of that work were passing through the press, I had 
only the advantage of Dr. Gould’s plates, without print or dates. A 
more rapid intercommunication of materials between naturalists in 
different countries is greatly to be desired. 


7. TELLINA TERSA, Gould, p. 25. pi. 16, 2.2. 
Hab. Panama (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 

8. TeELLINnA PuRA, Gould, p- 25. pl. 16. f. 3. 
Hab. Panama (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


200 


9. TeLtina GEMMA, Gould, p. 26. pl. 16. f. 5. 
Hab. San Juan (Green). Mus. Gould. 


10. SrrigtLua CARNARIA, Linn. 


Tellina (Strigilla) fucata, Gould, p. 26. pl. 16. f.4; Proc. B.S. 
N. H. 1851, p. 91. 

Strigilla (Tellina) carnaria, B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 39. no. 66. 

Strigilla miniata, Gould’s Plates, MS. 


11. Donax FLexvosvs, Gould, p. 21. pl. 15. f. 8. 


Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 
A comparison of types proves that this is distinct from all varieties 
of D. punctato-striatus. From the figure alone they were supposed 
identical ; vide B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 44. no. 73. 


12. Donax Cattrornicus, Conr. 
Donax obesus, Gould, p. 21. pl. 15. f. 9. (Non D. Californicus, 
Desh., vide B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 47. no. 76.—N.B. The D. culmi- 


natus, no. 72 of the same catalogue, is proved from types to be the 
D. rostratus of C. B. Ad.) 


13. GNATHODON MENDICA, Gould. 

Mactra mendica, Gould, Proc. B. N. H. S. Nov. 1851; Mex. &c. 
p- 20. pl. 15. f. 4. 

Gnathodon trigona, Petit, B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 52. no. 81. 


14. Mactra exoveta, Gray, B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 50. no. 78. 
Lutraria ventricosa, Gould, p. 17. 


15. Macrra unputata, Gould. 


Lutraria undulata, Gould, p. 18. pl. 15. f. 7. 
This shell is most closely related to M. elegans, Sow. Tank. Cat. 
App. ; but I do not venture to unite them, without seeing the types. 


16. Tapes GRAcILIs, Gould, MS. 


“Tt. parva, tenui, transversa, elongato-ovata, inequilaterali ; 
albida, obsolete fusco radiata, et ad aream dorsalem posticam 
fuscata, concentrice striulata ; extremitatibus rotundatis ; intus 
candida. 

« Long. *75, alt. *5, lat. -12 poll. 

“Resembles 7’. forida and 7’. geographica, but is less angular and 

less inzequilateral.’’—Gould, MS. 

Hab. San Pedro; legit W. P. Blake*. 


17. TAPES TENERRIMA, D. 8. 
T. t. tenerrima, albido-fusea, obovali, compressa ; marginibus 
equaliter excurvatis ; striulis yadiantibus creberrimis, antice 


* Mr. Blake’s collections, along with Dr. Webb’s, do not appear to have been 
made during the Mexican war. 


201 


et postice fortioribus, et lirulis acutis concentricis, plus minusve 
distantibus, eleganter ornata ; lunula viz stria majore definita ; 
intus, dent, card. ii. radiantibus, quorum valva in altera ii. 
altera i. bifidi sunt ; sinu pallii maximo, elongato, lateribus sub- 
erectis, parum divergentibus, apice cicatr. ant. contiguo, sub- 
rotundato ; margine vix crenulato. 
Long. -94, lat. 1°13, alt. -38. 
Hab. Panama; legit Col. Jewett. Mus. Gould. 
Of this extremely elegant species, the two specimens sent were 
broken in transit. It is recognized at once by its fragility and delicate 
sculpture. 


18. TRIGONA TANTILLA, Gould. 


Venus tantilla, Gould, p. 33. pl. 15. f. 10. 
Hab. Sta Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


19. Cyciina susquapratA, Hanl.—B.M. Maz. Cat. p.66.no.91. 
Arthemis saccata, Gould, p. 23. pl. 15. f. 2. 


20. CARDIUM LUTEOLABRUM, Gould, Mex. &e. p. 28. 
- C. xanthocheilum, Gould, MS. Cat. 


21. CARDIUM CRUENTATUM, Gould, M.S. 


““C. t. parva, tenui, transversim rotundato-ovata, ventricosa, in- 
e@quilaterali ; levi et nitida ; straminea, et ad aream dorsalem 
posticam rufo tincta, lineis radiantibus crebris vix insculpta ; 
umbonibus elevatis, obtusis; extremitatibus rotundatis ; intus 
citrina, rufo-sanguineo conspersa ; margine concinne crenulato. 

* Long. *62, alt. -62, lat. -42. 

“Compares with C. Elenense and C. Mortoni.””—Gould, MS. 

Hab. San Pedro; legit W. P. Blake. 

[Probably=C. substriatum, Conr. J. A. N.S. p. 228. pl. 17. f.2.] . 


s 22. Lucina ARTEMIDIS, 0. 8. 


_ LL. t. alba, solidiore, subrotundata, subplanata ; marginibus ven- 

; trali antice producto, postico subplanato, dorsali subangulato ; 
umbonibus appressis, haud prominentibus ; superficie sulcis con- 
centricis crebris ornata ; lunula parva, vix excavata, in valva 
altera omnino sita, altera margine incurvata ; intus, dent. 
card. ii.—ii. divergentibus, lat. ant. i—ii. prominentibus, distan- 
tibus, post. i—ii. valde distantibus, parvis ; cicatr. muse. ant. 
elongatis, serratis, post. parvis ; linea pallii a margine haud 
distante. 

_ Long. +75, lat. +84, alt. +37. 

_ Hab. ? Acapulco, teste Gould ; Mus. suo, sp. un. 

Found in company with Tellina vicina, C. B. Ad. Has the 
characteristic shape and interior of Lucina, with the sculpture of 
Dosinia. 


202 


23. DirpLoDONTA ORBELLA, Gould. 


Lucina orbella, Gould, p. 22. pl. 15. f. 3. 

? = Diplodonta semiaspera, var.: v. B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 102. 
no. 150. 

Hab. Santa Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


24. Cyrena Mexicana, var. ALTILIS, Gould. 


Cyrena altilis, Gould, p. 27. pl. 16. f. 5; vide B.M. Maz. Cat. 
p- 115, no. 165. 
Hab. Mazatlan. Maus. Gould, Brit. 


25. ANopon cicontA, Gould, p. 29; B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 117. 
no. 166. 


26. Myritus GLomeratus, Gould, p. 29. pl. 16. f. 8. 
Hab. San Francisco (Maj. Rich.). Mus. Gould. 


27. MopDIOLA NITENS, 0. 8s. 


M. t. tenui, gibbosa, maxime elongata, striis incrementi conspi- 
cuis ; epidermide olivaceo-cornea nitente induta ; parte antica 
angusta, umbonibus obtusis, spiralibus, terminalibus ; parte 
postica maxime producta ; angulo diagonali indistincto, maxime 
tumente ; marginibus, ventrali ineurvato, dorsali plus minusve 
angulato ; intus purpurea, parte ventrali albida, translucida ; 
linea cardinali tenui, edentula. 

Long. 1°05, lat. *2—-45, alt. *38. 

Hab. California, teste Gould. Mus. suo. 

Has the shape of Mytilus multiformis (B.M. Maz. Cat.), the in- 

ternal colouring of M. Braziliensis, and a glossy epidermis over the 
irregular lines of growth of a lustrous olivaceous hue. 


28. LirHopHacus FALCATUS, Gould. 


Lithodomus falcatus, Gould, Proc. B. N. H. 8. Nov. 1851; Mex. 
&e. p. 30. pl. 16.f. 9. 

=L. Gruneri, Phil. (New Zealand). Mus. Cum. 

I do not know which name has precedence ; but a comparison of 
types of these most remarkable shells affords no opportunity for 
separating the species, widely as their habitats are removed. 

Hab. Monterey (Rich.). Mus. Gould. 


29. BysSOARCA PERNOIDES, I. 8. 


B. t. subquadrata, planata, albida, epidermide spongiosa fusca 
induta ; striis exilibus radiantibus, confertissimis ; minutissime 
tuberculosis ; umbonibus obtusis, antice sitis, area parva ; 
intus linea dentium maxime arcuata, dentibus extremis validis, 
interioribus parvis, confertis, quadratis; cicatr. muse. rotun- 
datis, politis ; pagina interna, intra lineam pallii, radiatim 
striata ; margine simplici ; ligamento fossis quadratis minutis 


203 


confertis, haud dentibus convenientibus, sito, aream quoque 
tegente. 
Long. -68, lat. 53, alt. *32. 
Hab. San Diego (Dr. Webb). Valv. unic. in Mus. Gould. 
Somewhat resembling the fine variety of B. solida, but squarer, 
and known at once by the teeth and ligament. This is (under the 
glass) in minute pits, as in Tsognomon, but with an extra layer cover- 
ing the whole area. 


30. AvicuLA sTERNA, Gould, p. 31. pl. 16.f. 7; B.M. Maz. Cat. 
p- 148. no. 203. 


31. Lima Terrica, Gould, p. 32. pl. 16. f. 6. 
Hab. La Paz (Rich). Mus. Gould. 


32. BuLIMUS PALLIDIOR, Sow. 
Bulimus vegetus, Gould, p. 2. pl. 14. f. 2. 


33. Buximus vEsicaLts, Gould, p. 2. pl. 14. f. 1. 


** Probably immature.”’—Cuming. 
Hab. Lower California (Rich). Mus. Gould. 


34. Buximus ExceLsus, Gould, p. 3. pl. 14. f. 3. 
Hab. California (Rich). Mus. Gould. 


35. Puysa ExaTA, Gould, p. 6. pl. 14. f.4; B.M. Maz. Cat. 
p- 180. no. 237. 


36. ToRNATINA CULCITELLA, Gould. 


Bulla (Akera) culcitella, Gould, p. 4. pl. 14. f. 8. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus, Gould. 


37. ToRNATINA CEREALIS, Gould. . 


Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis, Gould, p. 5. pl. 14. f. 9. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


38. ToRNATINA INCULTA, Gould, MS. 


“ T. t. minuta, eburnea, solidula, elongato-ovali, longitudinaliter 
minutissime striata ; spira elevata ; anfr. iv. tabulatis ; aper- 
tura 14 longitudinis teste adequante, antice dilatata; labro 
infleco, postice rotundato ; columella arcuata, callosa, unipli- 
cata. 

“ Bulla (Tornatina) inculta. .May be compared with B. fusi- 
formis, A. Ad., and B. constricta, Gould. The spire is sometimes 
scarcely exserted. ”— Gould, MS. 

Hab. San Diego ; teste Gould. 


39. HamineEa VEsicuLa, Gould. 


“ H. t. parva, fragili, ovato-globosa, pallide citrina, postice trun- 
cata ; apertura corpus teste duplo excedente, spiram superante, 


204 


postice et antice late rotundata ; columella valde arcuata, vie 
callosa. 

« Bulla (Haminea) vesicula. About the size and general appear- 
ance of B. rotundata, A. Adams ; not so large a body; aperture 
larger.”’—Gould, MS. 

Hab. San Diego ; legit W. P. Blake. 


40. Nacexxa pepicta, Hinds. 


Patelloida depicta, Hinds, Aun. Nat. Hist. x. p. 82; Voy. Sulph. 
Moll. p. 53. no. 217, 
Acmea paleacea, Gould, p. 3. pl. 14. f. 5. 


41. Ompnatius Preirrerti, Phil. 


Trochus marcidus, Gould, p. 8. pl. 14. f. 11. 

Comp. Chlorostoma maculosum, A. Ad.—Philippi’s name is given 
on the important authority of Mr. Cuming. Dr. Gould’s shell seems 
more like that of A. Adams; while his Zrochus Montereyi, Kien., 
appears to he 7', Pfeifferi, Phil. 


42, OsILINUS GALLINA, Var. 
Trochus (Monodonta) pyriformis, Gould, p. 9. 


43. Livona pica, Linn. 


Trochus picoides, Gould, p. 8. 

This species is said to have been taken alive at Santa Barbara by 
Col. Jewett, who brought home five specimens. Dr. Gould, for 
geographical reasons, describes them asa distinct species. The exclu- 
sive peculiarities assigned to the Pacific shells are often seen in the 
very variable W. Indian specimens. The dead shell sent by Dr. 
Gould was unhesitatingly pronounced by Mr. Cuming to be the true 
Trochus pica, Linn. «It did not occur inthe Mazatlan collection, nor 
has it been found by Messrs. Cuming, Hinds, C. B. Adams, Nuttall, 
Kellett, Belcher, Chiron, Shipley, Hartweg, or any other of the care- 
ful explorers of the Pacific coast. 


44, PHASIANELLA compta, Gould, MS. 


« Ph. t. parva, solida, ovato-conica, imperforata, polita, cineras- 
cente, lineis minutis olivaceis, oblique volventibus, ornata; anfr. 
iv. rotundatis, ultimo ad peripheriam subangulato, et interdum 
tessellatim fasciato ; apertura circulari ; labro tenui, albo; 
columella planulata, alba; faucibus callo incrassatis.”” 
Variat t. rubida, ut in Ph. perforata picta. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara (Col. Jewett) ; San Diego (Dr. Webb, W. P. 
Blake). Mus. Gould. 
For the differences between this species and the equatorial Ph. 
perforata, vide B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 225. no. 284. 


45. CRUCIBULUM CORRUGATUM, 0. 8. 


C. t. compacta, conica, solida, alba ; costis irregularibus angustis, 
haud acutis, primum paucis, postea plurimis, corrugatis ; inter- 


205 


stitiis quoque corrugatis ; cyatho (ut in C. spinoso juniore) in- 
completo, duabus marginibus affixo, intus planato et angulato ; 
margine a costis crenulato. 

Long. *7, lat. 68, alt. °48. 

Hab, Mazatlan (Col. Jewett) ; sp. unic. in Mus. Gould. 

It is hazardous to describe a Calyptreid from a single specimen. 
This has the general aspect of C. violascens, with sculpture resem- 
bling C. imbricatum var. Broderipii, and a cup, which, although the 
shell has an appearance of normal growth, preserves the incomplete- 
ness which is characteristic of the genus in its early stage. The 
young state seems to have been externally like that of Siphonaria 
gigas, with few, narrow, projecting ribs. The apex is rubbed. It 
resembles Calyptrea striata, Say. 


46. CREPIDULA EXPLANATA, Gould, p. 4. pl. 14. f. 7. 
Crepidula perforans, Val. Voy. Ven. Moll. 
Crepidula exuviata (quasi Nutt.), Jay’s Cat. no. 3027. 

- This shell, remarkable as is the form of the adult, is normal when 
young. Specimens of C. nivea were found in the Mazatlan collec- 
tion of similarly distorted form, from living in the holes of Litho- 
phagi; but they never displayed the cancellations between the 
lamine which appear in some specimens, but not all, of the present 
species. The prior name of Valenciennes is rejected, as implying an 
untruth. * 


47. Mopvutwvs piscutvs, Phil. 
Modulus dorsuosus, Gould, p. 10. pl. 14, f. 12. 


48. Fossarus (Isapis) ovorpEvs, Gould. 


Narica ovoidea, Gould, p. 7. pl. 14. f. 10. 
Comp. Fossar reticulatus, A. Ad. ; vide B.M. Maz. Cat. in loco. 
Hab. ? Mazatlan (Col. Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


- 49. ? LACUNA UNIFASCIATA, 0. 8S. 


? L. t. parva, solida, conica, ad basin angulata ; anfr.v. levibus, 
parum convexis, sutura distincta ; rufo-fusca, linea intensiore 
ad carinam suture convenientem, interdum maculis adjacen- 
tibus; rima umbilicali a labio subcelata; apertura ovali ; 

: apice regulari. 

Long. *23, long. spir. *11, lat. °15, alt. °45°. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara (Col. Jewett). Mus. Gould. 

This shell has the shape of Littorina angulifera, the general 
aspect of the small Phasianelle, and the chink of Lacuna. Its 
operculum is unknown, all the specimens in Mus. Gould being dead. 


50. CerRITHIDEA ALBONODOSA, 0. s. 

C. t. solida, C. varicose simili, compacta, fusco-purpurea, va- 
ricibus et nodulis albis, fasciis spiralibus intensioribus sepe 
ornata ; anfr.. xii. parum convexis, sutura impressa ; liris 
spiralibus iv. in anfr. penult. et liris creberrimis transversis 
vix undatis, ad intersectiones nodosis, ornata ; varicibus iii. in 


206 


anfr. ii. ; apertura subquadrata, sinu minmo, labio haud ex- 
panso ; operculo subplanato, nucleo mucronato, anfr. plurimis 
indistinctis, fusco, ad marginem tenuissimum diaphano. 
Long. °8, long. spir. “57, lat. 33, div. 20°. 
Hab. San Diego; legit Dr. Webb. Mus. Gould. 
Known from C. varicosa var. Mazatlanica, by the light purplish- 
brown tinge, the colour of which wears off at the varices and nodules, 
and by the details of sculpture. 


51. CeriTHIDEA (? SACRATA, var.) FUSCATA, Gould, MS. 


Cerithium (Potamis) sacratum, Gould, Exp. Shells, p. 60. 
Pirena Californica, Nuttall, MS. 


“<Q. ¢. turrita, gracili, solida, rudi, fusco-cinerea ; anjr. ad x. 
convexiusculis, plicis circiter xvi. longitudinalibus arcuatis, 
compressis, instructis, et filis ad v. volventibus cinctis ; ultimis 
iii. varices ferentibus ; apertura parva, subcirculari, bast vie 
effusa vel contorta ; labro expanso, nitide rufo-nigricante. 

« Long. 1-25, lat. *4 poll. 

“© Potamis fuscata. Distinguished from P. sacrata by its much 
more slender form, small size, colour of aperture, and longitudinal 
folds. It varies greatly in proportions, and sometimes displays a 
delicate, ochraceous revolving line.” —Gould, MS. 

This shell is regarded by Mr. Nuttall aud myself as a variety of 
the very variable C. sacrata. 

Hab. San Diego; legit W. P. Blake. Mus. Gould. 


52. Erato ?coLuMBELLA, Mke. Zeit. f. Mal. 1847, p. 183. 
no. 26. 

Erato leucophea, Gould, p. 13. pl. 14. f. 20. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


53. Euryra ruceurata, Phil. 

Terebra arguta, Gould, p. 7. pl. 14. f. 195 vide B.M. Maz. Cat. 
in loco. 

54. Conus ravus, Gould, p. 13. pl. 14. f. 2). 

Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


55. Conus PURPURASCENS, Sow. 

Conus comptus, Gould, p. 14. pl. 14. f. 23. 

Dr. Gould’s type specimen is pronounced by Mr. Cuming to be a 
worn young specimen of that previously described. It is probably, 
as Dr. G. supposes, the C. achatinus of Menke’s catalogue. 


56. Conus pusitius, Gould, p. 15. pl. 14. {. 22. 
Hab. Mazatlan (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


57. OBELISCUS ACHATES, Gould. 


Odostomia achates, Gould, p. 12. pl. 14. f. 13. 
Comp. Obeliscus clavulus, A. Ad. 
Hab. Mazatlan (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


se 


207 


58. OpostomtA GRavipa, Gould, p. 11. pl. 14. f. 14. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


59. CHEMNITZIA TENUICULA, Gould, p. 10. pl. 14. f. 15. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett), Mus. Gould. 


60. CueMnirzia Toravata, Gould, p- 11. pl. 14. f. 16. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 


61. Sicarerus pesixis, Gould, p. 6. pl. 14. f. 17. 
Hab. La Paz (Lieut. Green). Mus. Gould. 


62. FAscroLaRiAa BISTRIATA, n. s. 


F. t. regulari, tenui, aurantio-fusea, epidermide tenui induta; 
anfr. ix. quorum duo nucleosi leves, apice mamillato, subdeclivi ; 
normalibus convexis, sutura distincta ; costis transversis (in 
anfr. penult. xvi.) tumentibus sed planatis, attingentibus, in- 
terstitiis parvis, ad basin evanidis; lirulis acutis spiralibus 
{in anfr. penult. vi.) et inter eas striulis erebris, costis trans- 
euntibus, eleganter ornata; apertura ovali, albida; labro 
acuto, secundum lirulas intus sulcato ; partete secundum lirulas 
plicato; labio ad basin parvo, vix plicato; canali elongato, 
subrecto. 

Long. 1-07, long. spir. +42, lat. -48, div. 50°. 

Hab. Panama, teste Gould ; sp. unic. in Mus. suo. 

The columellar folds in’ this very elegant and delicate shell are in- 

distinct, but are compensated by the continuations of the spiral 
lirulze over the body whirl. 


63. OLIVELLA INTORTA, 2. 5s. 


O. t. parva, ovoidea, subtumente ; sutura vix sulcata; albido- 
grisea, fascia indistincta subsuturali olivacea, Jlammulis et ma- 
culis purpureo-fuscis plus minusve ornata 3 apertura antice 
aperta, postice angusta ; callositate parietali ad suturam pen- 
ultimam producta; columella maxime intorta, plica ad basin 
acuta, in pariete duabus sepe indistinctis ; extus, linea spirali 
antica unica. 

Long. -52, long..spir. -17, lat. +26, div. 60°. 

Hab. San Juan ; legit Dr. Green. Mus. Gould. Item, loc. in- 

cert. Mus. Cuming. 

A well-marked species, resembling the West Indian O. bullata, 
on a much larger scale. The specimens vary in tumidity and height 
of spire. The parietal callosity extending over the penultimate 
whirl hides the colour of the spire. 


64. Marcinetxia Jewerrit, n. s. 


M. t. parva, alba, ovoidea ; spira depressa, sutura celata, antice 
angustiore, postice tumidiore ; labro vix incrassato, medio in- 


5. M4, 


208 


flexo, supra calloso, callositate suturam et anfr. penult. tegente ; 
labio iv.-plicato, et supra dentato. 
Long. ‘18, long. spir. (super suturam) °03, lat. +12, div. 120°. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara, rarissime (Col. Jewett). Mus. Gould. 
Closely resembling the small white species from the Panama, W. 
Indian and N. African provinces; but distinguished from all in 
shape and plications. 


65. CoLUMBELLA SANTA-BARBARENSIS, Ni. 8. 


C. t. elongata, subconica, fusco-aurantia, albido varie picta ; epi- 
dermide tenui, transversim striata, munita; anfr. vii. sub- 
planatis, suturis distinctis, spiraliter striatis, striis distantibus; 
apertura subquadrata, intus violascente ; labro acutiore, vix 
sinuato, vix denticulato ; labio parvo, plica unica canali con- 
tigua; anfr. primis sepe decussatis. 

Long. *36, long. spir. 18, lat. *15, div. 40°. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 

This elegant species is known by its faintly striated surface, violet- 

tinted, open mouth, and the extremely minute labral denticles. The 
discovery of this and other species of the genus in the Upper Cali- 
fornian province, corrects the error as to its northern limit in Forbes’ 
Zoological Map. The markings of the two specimens sent vary, as 
in the next species. 


66. ? NiripeLLa GOuLDII, n. s. 


N. t. parva, elongata, conica, levi, circa basin spiraliter striata ; 
anfr. vii. subplanatis, suturis distinctis ; albida, aurantio varie 
picta; apertura subquadrata, labro sinuato, subacuto, intus 
conspicue dentato ; labio parvo, vix crenato ; apice interdum 
decollato. 

Long. °32, long. spir. *15, lat.+15, div. 37°. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara (Jewett). Mus. Gould. 

Closely resembling N. eribraria ; distinguished from C. Sta.-Bar- 
barensis by the smooth whirls and apex, and the conspicuous labral 
teeth. ‘The two specimens examined differ too much from each 
other in colour-markings to found specific characters upon these fea- 
tures. 


67. Fusus amBustus, Gould, p. 12. pl. 14. f. 18. 
Hab. Mazatlan (Green). Mus. Gould. 


- 68. Purpura paTuLA, Linn. 


Purpura pansa, Gould, p. 33. 

This shell, occurring unexpectedly to Dr. Gould on the Pacific 
shores, was, according to his theory, described as a fresh species ; 
the few, poor, young specimens at his disposal affording him supposed 
points of distinction. These however do not apply to the fine series 
which has been examined from the Mazatlan collection. Vide B.M. 
Cat. in loco. 


209 


4. MonoGrapu or THE SHELLS COLLECTED BY I’. NUTTALL, 
Es@., ON THE CALIFORNIAN COAST, IN THE YEARS 1834-5. 
By Puruie P. CarpPrenter. 


The following shells were collected by Mr. Nuttall at various sta- 
tions from Oregon to San Diego. Most of them were described by 
T. A. Conrad in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, vol. vii. part ii. 1837 (Read, Jan.and Feb. 1837). This 
paper is accompanied by four coloured plates ; but the descriptions 
are in English. References are now given as far as known, and descrip- 
tions of a few overlooked species. ‘The types ate destined ultimately 
for the British Museum, where many of them are already to be 
found. They are at Mr. Nuttall’s residence, Nut Grove, near Rain- 
hill, Lancashire. Several of the species are only known by references 
in the Catalogue of Dr. Jay’s Collection, U.S. A. 


Puiuie P. CARPENTER. 
Bristol, June 1856. 


Genus Parapuo.as, Conr. 


“Testa Pholadiformis ; marginibus dorsalibus supra valvis late 
expansis ; valvis accessoriis ii., subequalibus, elongatis, altera 
ab umbone ad marginem posticum directa, altera ad basim 
afixa ; area cardinali solida ; cicatr. muse. adduct. valde 
elongatis. 


** Distinguished by the accessory valves, which appear soldered to 
the shell, elongated muscular impressions ; form of the pallial sinus 
and valve on the base.” —Journ. 1849, p. 214. 

It is difficult to know what limits Conrad intended for this genus. 
It is used in the B.M. Maz. Cat. for the tripartite Pholadidee with 
persistent cups, on the authority of Woodward’s Manual; but Con- 
rad uses it, besides the following species, in Journ. Jan. 1850, for 
Pholadidea melanura, which he calls Parapholas bisulcata ; while 
the Parapholas acuminata (vide B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 12, no. 18) he 
calls Penitella Wilsonii *. 


~—1. Pararpuouas Cauirornica, Conr. 


Pholas Californica, Conr. Journ. p. 236. pl. 18. f. 5,6; Sow. Thes. 
Conch. in loc. 

= Pholas Janellii, Desh. Rev. Zool. 1839, teste Gould. 

Parapholas Californica, Conr. Journ. 1849, p. 214. 

Hab. Sta, Barbara, rupibus argillaceis. Mus. Nutt., Cum., Brit., 
Jay. 


* In the same paper is described a genus Soleeardia (species) eburnea; and 
then occur the following additional synonyms :— 
Petricola sinuosa, Conr. = P. robusta, Sow. 
Pholadopsis pectinata, Conr. = Triomphalia, sp., Sow. 
Triton perforatus, Conr. = T. Chemnitzii, Gray = Argobuecinum nodo- 
sum, Chemn. 
Oliva propatula, Conr. = O. testacea, Lam. 


No. CCCXIV.—ProcreEpDInGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 


210 


The animal forms a tube of indurated clay, represented at f. 6 
(7, err. typ.), extending nearly to the surface of the bed in which it 
burrows. 


2. PARAPHOLAS PENITA, Conr. 


Pholas penita, Journ. p. 237. pl. 18. f. 7. 

Parapholas penita, Conr. Journ. 1849. 

= Pholas concamerata, Desh. Rev. Zool. 1839. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, una cum P. Californica. Mus. Gould, Jay. 

Is much smaller than P. Californica ; without an internal callus 
at the posterior hinge margin; and with a differently shaped apo- 
physis. 


Subgenus PLatyopon, Conr. 


Testa Myz simili, sed dente cardinali minus prominente, magis 
dilatata ; linea pallii sinu antice angusto, postice profundo. 
Animal siphonibus duabus haud divergentibus, valvulis quatuor 
testaceis extremitates claudentibus. 


3. Puatyopon cancetata, Conr. Journ. p. 236. pl. 18. f. 2; 
H. & A. Ad. Gen. vol. ii. p. 354. 


Hab. Sta. Barbara ; inter paludes limosas, et rupes. Mus. Nutt., 
Brit., Jay. 


Subgenus Crypropon, Conr. 


Testa Lutrariz simili, sed margine cardinali profunde canalicu- 
lato. Animal siphonibus duabus haud divergentibus, valvulis 
corneis duabus extremitates claudentibus. 


4. Crypropon Nurratuit, Conr. Journ. p. 235. pl. 18. f. 1.— 
(Non Mactra Nuttallii, Reeve, Conch. Ic. pl. 21. sp. 125.) 


Hab. Sta. Barbara, in paludes, inter fluxum maris. Mus. Nutt. 
?=Cypricia Nuttallii, quasi Conr. B.M. 


5. Spuanza Carirornica, Conr. Journ. p. 234. pl. 17. f. 11. 
(1834). 


=Cryptomya Californica, Conr. loc. cit. 1849, p. 208; H. & A. 
Ad. Gen. vol. ii. p. 359. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, inter paludes, infrequens. Mus. Nutt., Jay. 

Conrad describes the pallial line as “ without a sinus, but forming 
a right angle posteriorly ;”” in Mr. Nuttall’s specimen, however, the 
sinus may be traced, though very faintly marked. 


6. Turacta curta, Conr. Journ. p. 248. pl. 19. f. 8. 


Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nuttall. 

A fine pair (not a single valve only, as stated hy Conrad) is in 
Mr. Nuttall’s cabinet. It is remarkable for its great squareness at 
the posterior end. 


211 


Genus Mytitimerta, Conr. Journ. p. 246. 


Testa cequivalvis, subovalis, tenuis; umbonibus subspiralibus ; 
cardine edentulo, cavitate parva, lineari, sub umbonibus sita ; 
cicatricibus muscularibus ii. minoribus ; sinu pallii lato, ob- 
tuso. 


Apparently a subgenus of Lyonsia, with the regular form of 
Crenella = Mytilimeria, H. & A. Ad. Gen. vol. ii. p. 363, pars. 


7. Mytizimeria Nurratu1, Conr. Journ. p. 247. p.19.f. 5. 


Hab. California, inter spongias et radices fucorum, mari pro- 
fundo. Mus. Brit., Jay. 


8. Lyonsra Catrrornica, Conr. Journ. p. 248. pl. 19. f. 20. 
(non 21.) 


? =Lyonsia nitida, Gould. Mus. suo. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus.——? 


9. PerrPLOMA ARGENTARIA, Conr. Journ. p. 238. pl. 18. f. 8. 

Hab. Tn limine Ste. Diego, inter paludes limosas. Mus. Cuming, 
Jay, Gould. 

=Periploma planiuscula, Sow. 1834, teste Gould. 


10. Panpora puncrara, Conr. Journ. Phil, 1834, p. 228. pl. 17. 
1 


Hab. Sta. Barbara; valve solitarie. Mus. Cuming, Nutt. 


Genus Macuzra, Gould. 
=Siliqua, Megerle := Leguminaria, Schum. 


— 11. Macu#ra tucipa, Conr. 


Solecurtus lucidus, Conr. Journ. p. 231. pl. 17. f. 8. 
=8. radiatus, Gould, non Linn. (teste Conr. 1849). 
Siliqua lucida, Conr. Journ. Aug. 1849. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, raré. Mus. Nutt., Brit. 


Closely resembling the European species; but, according to 
Conrad, differing from this, and agreeing with that of New England. 
The rib is seen through the shell, resembling a yellowish ray. 


— 


12. Sorecurtus Nurratxu, Conr. Journ. p. 232. pl. 17. f.9. 


Siliqua Nuttallii, Conr, Aug. 1849. 

= S. maximus, Gould, non Wood (teste Conr. 1849) = Wood, 
pl. 31. f. 3, teste Gould, 1855. 

=8. splendens, Chenu (teste Conr. 1849). 

Hab. In estuario fluminis Columbiz, “near Point Adams,” palu- 
dibus. Mus. Nutt., Jay. 


212 


Subgenus Cuite.uvs, Conr. 

“TT. convexa, marginibus ventrali et dorsali parallelis ; margi- 
nibus antico et postico subequalibus, valde hiantibus ; dentibus 
plerumque ii. in utraque valva; coste interne carens.” 

Ex. S. caribbeus, S. Dombeii, S. strigillatus, &c., Journ. p. 233. 

pl. 17.f. 10. 


13. SoLecurtus susTERES, Conr. Journ. p. 233. pl. 17. f. 10. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nutt., Brit., Jay. 


14. Sorecurtus CatirorniANnvs, Conr. Journ. p. 233. pl. 18. 
foe 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, inter paludes limosas; frequens. Mus. Nut- 
tall, Brit., Jay. 


15. SANGUINOLARIA PACIFICA, Conr. 

Psammobia pacifica, Conr. Journ. p. 241. pl. 18. f. 13. 

Hab. San Diego, inter arenam, mari subprofundo. Mus. Brit. 

The figure displays no radiating lines, a thin cardinal margin, and 
a solitary tooth. It appears to be a thin Tellinoid shell. 


—- 16. Saneuinotaria Nurrauuu, Conr. Journ. p. 230. pl. 17. 
i. 6. 
Hab. Sta. Diego, in paludibus. Mus. Nutt., Cum., &e. 
= Psammobia decora, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Moll. in loco. 
This very well-marked species, approaching Solecurtus, was over- 
looked by Mr. Hinds, notwithstanding his usual care. 


17. Sancurnouaria CaLirorniANa, Conr. Journ. p.231. pl. 17. 
m7. 
Hab. In estuario fluminis Columbiz, paludibus limosis. Mus. ? 


S. CatrrorniAna, var. A, Conr. 


Testa alba, equilaterali. 
? An eadem species. Mus. Nuttall. 


- 18, SANGUINOLARIA RUBRO-RADIATA, Conr. [? ubi.] 


Appears allied to Psammobia. 
Hab. California. Mus. Nuttall. 


19. SEMELE RUBROLINEATA, Conr. 

Amphidesma rubrolineata, Conr. Journ. p. 239. pl. 18. f. 11. 

= Semele simplex, A. Ad. 

This species, of which Mr. Nuttall had not retained a specimen, 
fortunately reappears in Dr. Gould’s collection, and is pronounced 
by Mr. Cuming identical with Mr. Adams’s shell. 

Hab. San Diego, mari profundo. Mus. Cuming, Gould. 


213 


——. 20. SemExe pecisa, Conr. 

Amphidesma decisa, Conr. Journ. p. 239. pk 19. f. 2; Rve. Conch. 
Ic. pl. 4. sp. 24. 

Hab. Una cum precedente. Mus. Cuming, Nuttall, Brit., Jay. 

Of this very characteristic shell, the length is stated by Conrad 
(probably erroneously) to be 5 inches. It grows however to a large 
size. 

= Amphidesma roseum, Brod. & Sow., teste Gould. 


21. Cumrnera Carirornica, Conr. Journ. p. 234. pl. 17. f. 12. 


Hab. Sta. Barbara, infrequens ; Mazatlan, do. Mus. Cum., Brit., 
Jay. 


—— 22. Texurna atta, Conr. Journ. p. 258; Hanl. Rec. Shells, 
p- 71; Jay’s Cat. no. 520. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Jay. 

According to Conrad, this shell has the outline of a Capsa, Enc. 
Méth. pl. 231. f. 1. Mr. Nuttall and I, however, may have erred in 
regarding the shell described in P. Z. S. 1855, p. 230, as ? Scrobi- 
cularia biangulata as being distinct. 


_ 23. TELLINA EDENTULA, Brod. & Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 363 ; 
Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 154. pl. 41. f. 5, et pl. 44. f. 7; Mid. Mal. 
Ross. p. 62. 

This species grows to a very large size, and is eaten by the Chin- 
hooks at the estuary of the Oregon. 

Hab, Oregon. Mus. Nuttall. 


—— 24. Texviina nasvuta, Conr. Journ. p. 258; Hanl. Rec. Shells, 
p- 71; Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 314. pl. 64. f. 224 ; Middendorff, Siber. 
Reise, p. 256. no. 59. pl. 23. f. 6-11; Jay, Cat. no. 633. 

Hab. San Diego (Nuttall), teste Conrad ;.Tugurbusen, Okotsk 
Sea (Middendorf’). Mus. Jay. 


——~ 25. Teturna secta, Conr. Journ. p. 257; Hanl. Rec. Shells, 
p- 67. 
= T. ligamentina, Desh. in Guér. Mag. 1843, pl. 81, teste Jay, 
Cat. no. 633. 
Hab. San Diego, inter paludes limosas. Mus. Nuttall, Jay. 


: —— 26. Donax Caxirornicus, Conr. 
Donax Californica, Conr. Journ. p. 254. pl. 19. f.21 (non D. Cali- 
Sornicus, Desh., vide B. M. Mazatlan Cat. p. 47. no. 76). 
Hab. Sta. Savhigenl inter arenam. Maus. Nuttall, Brit., &c. 
This is a small, gibbous shell, resembling D. punctatostriatus, but 
without the dots. The D. Californicus of Deshayes is the young 
state of the white variety of the D. Conradi of the same author. 
= Donaz obesus, Phil. 


214 


27. Macrra Cauirorntica, Conr. Journ. p. 240. pl. 18. f. 12. 

Hab. In paludes limosas, inter fluxum maris, Sta. Barbara, rarius. 
Mus. Gould. 

Allied to M. exoleta, but much smaller, flatter, and more trans- 
verse. 


28. Macrra pLanutata, Conr. Journ. p. 240. 
Hab. Una cum precedente. Mus. ? 


29. Perricota CAauirornica, Conr. 

Sazxicava Californica, Conr. Journ. p. 256. pl. 20. f. 9. 

Petricola Californica, Conr. Journ. Aug. 1849; Desh. B.M. Cat. 
Ven. p. 208. no. 3. 

= Petricola arcuata, Desh. Rev. Zool. Cuv. 1839, p. 358. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, San Diego, &c. Mus. Gould, Cuming. 


Var. = Saxicava carditoides, Conr. Journ. p. 255. pl. 20. f. 8: 
= Petricola carditoides, Conr. Journ. Aug. 1849. 

Comp. Petricola cylindracea, Desh. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv. 1839, 
p- 358; B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 208. no. 5. 

The S. carditoides, constituted by Conrad for a single valve found 
near Sta. Barbara, is regarded by him as identical with the P. eylin- 
dracea of Deshayes. After a comparison of a large series of speci- 
mens belonging to Dr. Gould and Mr. Cuming, I have, with Mr. 
Nuttall’s consent, united Conrad’s two species ; retaining the latter 
name, though least expressive, because already adopted by Deshayes 
for his own P. arcuata. Dr. Gould regards both the P. arcuata 
and P. cylindracea of Desh. as being identical with Conrad’s P. car- 
ditoides; but I have not sufficient confidence that such is the case 
to venture on uniting them. 


30. RuprLLARIA LAMELLIFERA, Conr. 


Venus lamellifera, Conr. Journ, p. 251. pl. 19. f. 19. 

= Venerupis Cordieri, var. 3, Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 191, no, 1. 

Petricola Cordieri, Desh. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv. 1839, p. 358 ; 
Mag. Zool. pl. 18. 

Hab. San Diego. Mus. Cuming, Nuttall, Gould. 

On comparing the solitary valves on which Conrad’s species was 
founded, with a series of very variable specimens in Dr. Gould’s and 
Mr. Cuming’s collections, there appears scarcely a doubt of its iden- 
tity with that of Deshayes. 


31. ? Tapes TumipA, Conr. 


T. t. subquadrata, valde inequilaterali, alba, huc et illue aurantio 
punctata; postice latiore, tumente ; costulis plurimis rotun- 
datis radiantibus, haud extantibus, interstitiis subequantibus ; 
liris concentricis satis confertis, rotundatis, secundum costas 
pectinatis ; ligamento haud conspicuo, area minima, sulcis dua- 
bus circumeuntibus ; lunula minima, parum definita ; dent. card, 
in utraque valva ii. valde divergentibus, quorum centrales, et 
in valva altera posticus bifidi sunt ; margine cardinali interno 


= 


~ 


215 


exeavato ; sinu pallii haud parvo, rotundato ; margine tenue 
crenato. 

Long. -62, lat. +74, alt. -4. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, legit 7’. Nuttall ; sp. unic. Museo suo. 

Mysia tumida, Conr., Nutt. MS. 

This shell has the general shape and aspect of a Tapes, with a 
sculpture resembling Venus (Chione) gnidia and. its congeners, and 
a hinge not exactly corresponding with any of the defined genera. 
The anterior teeth are short and divergent ; the central teeth are 
bifid and interlock ; the posterior tooth is bifid in one valve, single 
in the other, with an obscure lateral tooth inside the almost concealed 
ligament. The pallial sinus is not so large as in Tapes. 


~— 32. Tapes stRAMINEA, Conr. 


Venus straminea, Conr. Journ. p. 250. pl. 19. f. 14 (non 15). 

Tapes straminea, Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 699. pl. 151. f. 151. 

Chione straminea, Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p- 141. no. 66. 

= Venus dispar, Gould, MS. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara et San Diego. Long. 1°5 poll. Mus. Brit. 
Nuttall, Cuming, &c. 

This belongs to a group of closely allied species intermediate be- 
tween Venus and Tapes, and is replaced in the Mexican fauna by 
Tapes histrionica (B.M. Mazatlan Cat. p. 76. no. 109). 


Genus Saxipomus, Conr. 


Sazidomus, Conr. Journ. p. 249; Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p- 186. 


“ Testa equivalvis, postice hians ; cardine, valva dextra dentibus 
compressis iv.-v., valva sinistra iv. ; cicatricibus muscularibus 
i. magnis, rotundatis ; sinu pallii profundo. 
“ Differs from Tapes in its gaping extremity and rounded pallial 
sinus.” This description is enlarged by Deshayes so as to include 
eight species. 


33. Saxipomus Nurratxt, Conr. Journ. p. 249. pl. 19. f. 12; 
Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 188. no. 4. 

This species inhabits the Californian coast as far as San Diego ; 
where it is found burrowing into soft clay-stone, along with Pholades, 
Cumingie, &e. The differences between this and the sub-boreal 
species, 8. yiganteus (Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 187. no. 2; quoted 
by Middendorff from Sitka and Kamtschatka), appear extremely 
slight. They are united by Jay. 


Genus Tricons, Megerle. 


Trigona, Megerle, Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 45. 
= Trigonella, Conr.: indicated in Journ. 1837, p. 253; described 
in Journ. 1849, p. 213. 


216 


—— 34. TriGoNA CRASSATELLOIDES, Conr. 


Cytherea (Trigonella) crassatelloides, Conr. Journ. p. 253. pl. 19. 
f. 17; Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 65. pl. 21. f. 1. 

Trigonia crassatelloides, Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 46. no. 1 ; B.M. 
Mazatlan Cat. p. 58. no. 86. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, San Diego, &. Mus. Gould, Nuttall, Cuming, 
Brit. &c. 

This shell attains the length of 7 inches, and is found about a foot 
deep in the sand. 


35. Dosrnta CALLOSA, Conr. 
Cytherea callosa, Conr. Journ. p. 252 (non Chione callosa, quasi 
Conr., Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 135. no. 48). 

“ D. t. subovata, subdepressa, alba ; costis concentricis, confertis, 
planatis, hue et illuc antice et postice bifurcantibus ; imtus 
irregulariter callosa, margine tenuiore; sinu pallii valde im- 
presso, profundo.” 

Long. 2 poll. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nuttall. 

Mr. Nuttall found numerous valves of this species ; but, although 

so thick, they were always broken by gulls. It is said by Conrad to 
resemble the fossil C. erycinoides. 


36. Venus Nurrauxt, Conr. Journ. p. 250. pl. 19. f. 15 (non 14); 
Hanl. Rec. Shells, p. 113; Wood, Suppl. pl. 16. f. 46. 

Chione Nuttallii, Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 135. no. 47. 

+ Chione callosa, Desh. loc. cit. no. 48 (pars quidem Californi- 
ensis) :—non Venus callosa, Conr. “s 

Hab. Sta. Barbara et San Diego. Long. 2 poll. Mus. Brit., 
Nuttall, Cuming, &c. 


a 37. Venus Cattrorntensis, Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 43; 

et auct. 

= Venus Californiana (quasi Sow.), Conr. Journ. p. 251. pl. 19. 
f. 16 (mon 15). 

Chione Californiensis, Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 133. no. 44. 

Hab. San Diego, inter paludes limosas. Mus. Brit., Cuming, 
Nuttall, &e. 

= Venus leucodon, Sow. teste Desh. loc. cit. 


38. Venus stmittima, Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 708. pl. 153. 
f. 17, 18. 

Chione simillima, Desh. B.M. Cat. Ven. p. 133. no. 43. 

Mus. Nutt. California. 


A, ips ~~ 39. Venus (CHIONE) EXCAVATA, 0. 8. 


V. t. cordata, subtumida, solida, alba, ad umbones antice incur- 
vatas, appropinquantes, fusca ; costis radiantibus, rotundatis, 
interstitiis equantibus, postice parvis, acutioribus, antice con- 
fertis, rotundatis ; lamellis concentricis nitentibus, crebriori- 


217 


bus, eleganter crenatis, ornata ; lunula tumente, radiatim cos- 


sinu pallii minimo ; epidermide tenui, sericea. 

Long. 1°34, lat. 1°5, alt. -9. 

Hab. San Diego; legit T. Nuttall; sp. unic. in Mus. suo. 

This exquisitely beautiful species belongs to the group of V. ama- 
thusia, &e. Although only one specimen is known, its characters 
are not such as to accord with the numerous similar species already 
described. 


40. Cypricarpra Catirornica, Conr. Journ. p. 236. pl. 18. f. 4. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara et San Diego ; rupibus argillaceis, inter flux- 
um maris; una cum Pholadibus. Mus. Nuttall. 

= Cypricardia Duperryi, Desh. in Guér. Mag. 1841, teste Gould. 


~~ 41. Cama Eexocyra, Conr. Journ. p. 256 ; Reeve, Conch. Ie. 
sp. 38. pl. 7. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara, San Diego, &c. in rupibus, glomerantes. 
Mus. Nuttall, Gould, Cuming, Brit. 
One of Dr. Gould’s specimens, probably belonging to this species, 
is dextral. 


~— 42. Cuama? rronvosa, var. ?Mexicana, jun., B.M. Maz. Cat. 
p- 87. no. 121. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nuttall. 
One fine young specimen appears to belong to this species. 


43. CHAMA PELLUCIDA. 


Hab. Sta, Barbara. Mus. Nuttall. 
One very fine specimen in company with the other species. 


44a. Carpium Norraxuit, Conr. Journ. p. 229. pl. 17. f. 3. 

Hab. “Straits of San Juan da Fuco,”’ paludibus luteosis. Mus, 
Nutt., Brit. 

The natives cross a little peninsula to get to the place where this 
fine species lives, which they use as food, being of flavour superior 
to the English kinds. It grows so large that Mr. Nuttall found a 
squaw baling out a canoe with one of the valves. 


44 6. Carprum Cauirornianum, Conr. Journ. p. 229. pl. 17. 
f. 4, 


Hab. Sta. Barbara ; valve solitariz, raré. Mus. ? 
=C. Nuttallii, var. teste Mid. ; non C. Californiense, Desh. e 


f 45. CARDIUM QUADRAGENARIUM, Conr. Journ. p. 230. pl. 17. 
f. 5. 

Haé. Sta. Barbara, rare. Mus. Jay. > 

?= C. luteolabrum sive xanthocheilum, Gould. 


218 


46. CarpiuM susstriaTuM, Conr. Journ. p. 228. pl. 17. f. 2. 


Hab. San Diego, paludibus luteosis. Mus. Nutt. 

Closely resembles the young of C. elatum: differs from C. Mor- 
toni, Conr., in being less ventricose, and in its strie and serrate 
margin. 


47. Luctna BELLA, Conr. Journ. p. 254. pl. 19. f. 11. 
= L. pecten, var. teste Jay. 


Hab. San Diego, in paludes limosas, haud raré. Mus.? Jay. 


48. Lucina Cauirornica, Conr. Journ. p. 255. pl. 20. f. 1. 
Hab. San Diego, una cum precedente; raré. Mus. Jay. 


—~ 49. Lucina Nutraxut, Conr. Journ. p. 255. pl. 20. £2: 


Hab. San Diego, una cum precedente. Mus. Nuttall. 
This beautiful species is recognized by its winged growth. 


—— 50. DirLoponTA ORBELLA, Gould. 
Lucina orbella, Cal. & Mex. Shells, p. 22; vide B.M. Maz. Cat. 
p- 102. no. 150; P. Z.S. 1856, p. 202. 


Hab. Santa Barbara, in eestuario limoso. Mus. Nuttall, Gould. 


51. Anopon Nurrauuiana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vol. vi. 
pl. 20. f. 62. 
Hab. In flumine Wahlamat, Oregon. Mus. Nutt., Jay. 


52. Anopon OreGoneEnsis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. vi. 
pl. 21. f. 67. 
Hab. In flumine Wahlamat, Oregon. Mus. Jay. 


53. Anopon WAHLAMATENSIS, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. vi. 
pl. 20. f. 64. 
Hab. In flumine Wahlamat, Oregon. Mus. Jay. 


54. Mopioxa capax, Conr. Journ. p. 242; B.M. Mazatlan Cat. 
p- 120. no. 170, q. v. 

Hab. San Diego, inter paludes limosas, Mus. Brit., Cuming, 
Gould, &c. 


55. Moptoxa recta, Conr. Journ. p. 243. pl. 19. f. 1. 

Long. 271, lat. +94, alt. °8. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, rarius. Mus. Gould. 

The measurements are taken froma very fine specimen in Dr. 
Gould’s collection, in which the epidermis is posteriorly clothed with 
squamose hairs. 


219 


~—~56. Myrinus epu.is, var. LaTissimus. 


M. e. t. curta, triangulari, latissima. 

Long. 1-1, lat. 77, alt. °5. 

Hab. California Superior ; legit 7’. Nuttall : sp. unic. in Mus. 
suo. 

Among the specimens of this species brought by Mr. Nuttall, some 
appeared exactly like the normal European type ; one presented the 

~~ well-known thin striped variety ; and that above indicated presents 

the extreme broad stunted form occasionally seen in this country. 
All the specimens present the subepidermal apical denticles noticed 
by Middendorff as (7. e. in form and number) characteristic of the 
species. 


07. Myrintus Cauirornranvs, Conr. Journ. p- 242. pl. 18. f. 15. 


Hab. Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Diego, in rupibus. Mus. 
Gould, Jay. 


98. Myrinus srrurcatus, Conr. Journ. p- 241. pl. 18. f. 14, 


Hab. ? California. Mus. Gould, Jay. 

This shell is stated by Conrad to inhabit the “Sandwich Islands 
(Ouau, &c.), attached to rocks bare at low water ;”’ but his authority, 
when unconfirmed by the notes or remembrance of Mr. Nuttall, is 
not binding, as one shell which he assigns to the Sandwich Islands 
he calls Perna Californica (p. 245). It occurs among Dr. Gould’s 
Mexican War Shells with the unsatisfactory reference “Californian 
coast, somewhere.”’ 


-— 59. Isognomon COSTELLATA, Conr. 


Perna costellata, Conr. Journ. p- 246. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara, sub saxis. Mus. Jay, Nuttall. 

The habitats of Conrad’s Perne are not satisfactorily ascertained. 
Of P. incisa Mr. Nuttall (whose specimen has 6, not 5 teeth) con- 
firms Conrad’s locality, viz. Sandwich Islands. Of the shell called 
P. Californica, Mr. Nuttall has no specimen, but believes Conrad is 
right in stating that it “inhabits with the preceding,” 7.e. in the 
Sandwich Islands. The third species, described above, is also assigned 
by Conrad to the Sandwich Islands, but Mr. Nuttall, who retains 
his specimen, distinctly refers it to the above locality. 


—. 60a. Precten LATIAURATUS, Conr. Journ. p- 238. pl. 18. f. 9; 
Rve. Conch. Ic. pl. 1. sp. 5 ; “Sow. Thes. Conch. vol. i. p- 57. 


Hab. San Diego et Sta. Barbara; sub effluxum maris. Mus. 
Nutt., Cum. 


60 6. Pecten Monotimerits, Conr. Journ. p- 238. pl. 18. f. 10. 


Hab. Una cum precedente. Mus. Jay. 

Mr. Nuttall considers that this shell is probably a variety of P. 
latiauratus. The young are occasionally found attached to Fuci by 
a slender byssus. 


220 


61. Osrrea concHapuita, B.M.Cat. Maz. Moll.p.161.no. 214. 
Hab. Oregon, San Diego. Mus. Nuttall. 


62. BuLia NeBuLosa, Gould. 


—— Vide B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 173. no. 225. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nutt., Brit., Cuming. 


63. Hextix Cattrorniensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vol. vi. 
pl. 23. f. 79, 84; Kiist. Conch. Cab. pl. 57.f.14, 15; Rve. Conch. 
Ic. pl. 115. f. 661; Pfr. 890. 

+H. Nickliniana, Lea, teste Jay, Cat. no. 3452. 

Hab. Columbia River. Mus. Jay. 


64. Hextix Cotumsrana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. vi. 
pl. 23. f. 75; Rve. pl. 118. sp. 692; Pfr. 897. 


Hab. California. Mus. Jay. 


65. Hewrx rrpetis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1834, p. 67; Rwve. pl. 114. 
sp. 657; Pfr. 888. 
=H. Nuttalliana, Lea, Trans. &e. pl. 23. f. 74. 


Hab. Oregon. Mus. Jay. 


66. Hextix Oreconensis, Lea, Trans. &c. pl. 23. f. 85; Pfr. 
1 GEA I 


Hab. Oregon. Mus. Jay. 
——- 67. Hetrx Vancovuverensis, Lea, Trans. &c. pl. 23. f. 72; 
Rve. pl. 116. sp. 669; Pfr. 519. 
Hab. Oregon. Mus. Nutt., Jay. 


- ——- 68. Hexrix TownsenpiAna, Lea, Trans. &c. pl. 23. f. 80. 


Hab. Oregon. Mus. Gould. 

69. SucctneA Oreconensis, Lea, Trans. &e. 1841, p. 32; 
Pfr. 34. 

Hab. Oregon. Mus. Jay. 


70. Limnza Nutratuiana, Lea, Trans. &c. 1841, p. 9. 
Hab. Oregon. Mus. Jay. © 


71. Puysa, sp. ind. 

Allied to Ph. elata, Gould, B.M. Maz. Cat. p.180. no. 237; P.Z.S. 
1856, p. 203. 

Hab. Oregon. Mus. Nuttall. 


—— 72. PLANORBIS SUBCRENATUS, I. S. 


P.t. tumida, tenuissima, cornea; anfr. vi. rotundatis, suturis 
impressis ; lirulis radiantibus acutis, subconfertis, interdum 
minutissime crenulatis ; apertura rotundata, pariete parva, 


221 


anfr. penult. parum attingente ; labro parum deflecto, intus 
Susco; umbilico profundo. 
Long. °95, lat. °8, alt. -36. 
Hab. Oregon ; legit T. Nuttall; sp. unic. in Mus. suo. 
* Differs from P. trivolis, Say, in the acuteness of the ribs, and 
in their being more distant.””—Cuming, MS. 


—~ 73. Cuiton Nutraxut, Cpr. P. Z. 8.1855, p. 231. 
—— 74. Curton acutus, Cpr. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 232. 


75. Carron ornatus, Nutt. P. Z.S. 1855, p. 232. 


This may be the Chiton armatus, Nutt. of Jay’s Cat. 2678 ; and 
if so = Ch. muscosus, Gould, Exp. Shells, p. 6. The descriptions 
do not however exactly correspond. 


76. “Acm#a patina, Esch. Zool. Atl. ed. Rathke, 1831, p. 19. 
pl. 24. f. 7,8; Mid. Bull. Ac. St. Pet. vol. vi. no. 20; Sib. Reise, 
p- 187. pl. 16. f. 1 a—d, 2 a-c, 3. 

+ A. seutum, Esch. loc. cit. p. 19. pl. 23. f. 1-3; teste Mid. loc. 
cit. et Phil. in Zeit. f. Mal. 1846, p. 107; ? D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mér. 
p- 479 (excl. fig.). 

= Patella mammillata, Nutt. in Jay’s Cat. no. 2839 ; Rve.Conch. 
Ic, pl. 42. f. 140, a, 6. 

+ Patella tessellata, Nutt. in Jay’s Cat. no. 2885. 

+ Jun. Patella fenestrata, Nutt. in Jay’s Cat. no. 2815; Rve. 
Conch. Ic. pl. 38. f. 121, a, . 

+ Patella verriculata, Rve. Conch. Ic. pl. 31. f. 87, a, b. 

+ Patella cinis, Rve. Conch. Ic. pl. 24. f. 60, a, . c. 

? + Patella Nuttalliana, Rve. Conch. Ie. pl. 30. f. 80, a, 6. 

?+ Patellu Cumingii, Rve. Conch. Ic. pl. 16. f. 37, a, 6 (Valpa- 
raiso, Cuming). 

? + Patella diaphana, Nutt. non Rve. (v. supra, p. 203). 

= Lottia pintadina (pars), Gould, loc. cit. in p. 203. 

Hab. Sitcha (Eschscholtz, Wosnessenski) ; Kenai Bay (do.) ; 
Aleutian Islands, Unalashka (Kastaljski) ; Tugur Bay, Schantar 
Islands (Middendorf’) ; California, passim (Nuttall) ; Monterey, San 
Diego (Lieut. Green); Mazatlan, 2 fresh sp. (L’ pool Coll.) ; (2) Chili, 
Bolivia, Peru (D’ Orbigny).” —B.M. Maz. Cat. no. 265. p. 207. 


77. ACMA PELTA, Esch. 


‘ = Patella leucophea, Nutt. MS. (non Gmel.); Jay’s Cat. no. 
2827; Rve. Conch. Ic. pl. 34. sp. 101. 

+ P.monticola, Nutt. MS.=P. monticolor, Jay’s Cat. no. 2844. 
+ P, strigillata, Nutt. MS. ; Jay’s Cat. no. 2881. 


78. ““Acm#a persona, Esch. Zool. Atl. p. 20. pl. 24. f. 1, 2; 
Mid. Mal. Ros. pt. ii. p. 36. pl. 1. f. 3. 

+ Jun.=A. radiata, Esch. loc. cit. p. 20. no. 8 (teste Mid.). 

+ A. ancylus, Esch. loc. cit. p. 20. no. 10. pl. 24. f. 4 bis, 6 (do.). 


222 


= A. scutum, D’Orb. loc. cit. pi. 64. f. 8-10, excl. diagn. (teste 
Mid.) non A. seutum, D’Orb. MS. in B.M. Coll. 

?—Lottia punctata, Gray (non Quoy & Gaim.), teste Mid. 

= Patella Oregona, Nutt. in Jay’s Cat. no. 2852; Rve. Conch. 
Ie. pl. 36. f. 112, a. 6. 

+P. umbonata, Nutt. loc. cit. no. 2887; Rve. loc. cit. pl. 35. 
£1072 ia, 6. 

+P. pileata, Nutt. loc. cit. no. 2861. 

Hab. Sitcha (Eschscholtz) ; Mouth of Columbia River (Nuttall); 
Sta. Barbara (Col. Jewett); San Diego (Lieut. Green) ; Mazatlan, 
1 fresh sp. (Z’pool Coll.).’,—B.M. Maz. Cat. no. 266. p. 208. 


—— 79. *“*AcMA SCABRA, Nutt. 


Lottia scabra, Jay’s Cat. no. 2907. 

Patella scabra, Rve. Conch. Ic. sp. 119. pl. 37. f. 119, a, 6. 
Non Patella (Lottia) scabra, Gould, Exp. Shells, p. 10 = Patella 
spectrum, Nutt. 

Hab. California (Nuttall); Monterey and Sta. Barbara (Col. 
Jewett) ; Mazatlan, 1 sp. only (L’pool Coll.) ; S.W. Mexico, 1 sp. 
(P. P. C.)”—B.M. Maz. Cat. no 267. p. 209. 


80. Acmxa spectrum, Nutt. Jay’s Cat. no. 2877; Rve. Conch. 
Ic. pl. 29. sp. 76. f. 76, a, 6. 
= Patella (Lottia) scabra, Gould, Exp. Shells, p. 10. 


Hab. California. Mus. Nutt., Cum., Gould. 


—~ 81. Scurria miTRA, Less. & Esch. 


Patella scurra, Less. Voy. Coq. 1830, Zool. p. 421. no. 198. 

Acmea scurra, D’ Orb. Voy. Am. Mér. p. 478. 

Patella (Acmea) seurra, Mid. Mal. Ross. ii. p. 34. 

= Acmea mitra, Esch. Zool. Atl. 1833, p. 18. pl. 23. f. 4. 

+A. mammillata, Esch. p. 18. 

+ A. marmorea, Esch. p. 19. 

= ? Lottia pallida, Gray, Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 147. pl. 39. f. 1. 

= Scurria scurra, Gray, olim. 

=Sceurria mitra, Gray, Gen. 1856. 

Hab. Valparaiso, abundans (Cuming); Monterey, haud raré 
(Nuttall) ; Sitcha (Eschscholtz §- Wosnessenski). 


3— 82. FissurRELLA ornata, Nutt. MS. 


F. t. ovata seu elongata, plus minusve elevata ; costis rotundatis, 
subtuberculosis, haud extantibus, haud equalibus, confertis, 
interstitiis parvis, et striulis ewillimis concentricis confertis- 
simis ornata ; epidermide tenui, subnitente, adherente ; aper- 
tura subcentrali, normaliter tripartita, plus minusve elongata ; 
colore, ewtus griseo (t. juniore rosaceo), radiis plus minusve 
latis, xiii.-xvi., fusco-purpureis seu roseis, eleganter picta ; 
intus, superficie alba, porcellana, margine viridi-cinereo, ra- 


223 


diorum finibus penicillato; callositate parum rugosa, t. ju- 
niore linea rosea circumeunte. 

Var. mMonstrosa. Variat t. subrotundata, conica, radiis peni- 
cillatis, apertura normali rotundata 3 apertura altera abnor- 
mali minima, extus alteri adjiciente, intus distante, callositate 


magna. 
Hab. California Superior ; legit 7. Nuttall. Mus. suo, B.M. 
long. long. apert. lat. alt. 
Sp. normale .... 1-6 “2 1*12 °42 poll. 
Sp. elongatum .. 1-09 32 "63 2B, 
Sp. monstrosum.. 1: “1 “78 "5 


This extremely beautiful species varies almost as much as F. ru- 
gosa, Sow. A similar monstrosity occurring in F. virescens, Sow., 
is described in the B.M. Mazatlan Cat. p- 214. It is, by an over- 
sight, assigned to St. Helena as a habitat, by Dr. Jay, Cat. no. 3003. 


83. Giypuis * aspera, Esch. . 


Fissurella aspera, Esch. Zool. Atl. pt.v. p. 21. pl. 23. f. 5. 
=F. densiclathrata, Rve., teste Cum. MS. 
=F. exarata, Nutt. MS. 


Hab. Sitcha (Eschscholtz) ; Sta. Barbara (Nuttall). Mus. Nutt., 
Cum. 


—~- 84. Lucapina CRENULATA, Sow. 
Fissurella crenulata, Sow. Conch. I. no. 19. f. 31, 38; Tank. 
Cat. App. p. vi. 
Hab. San Diego. Mus. Nutt., Cum., Nat. Hist. Philadelphia. 
Mr. Nuttall describes the animal of this beautiful shell to be 
nearly as large as a cheese. He presented his specimen to the Mus. 


Nat. Hist. Phil. in hopes that the authorities there would describe 
it ; in which he has been thus far disappointed. 


85. Haxriotis Catirornrensts, Swains. Zool. Ill. vol. ii. pl. 80. 
Hab. San Diego. 


86. Haxiotis Cracueropt, Leach, Sow. Conch. Ill. pl. 7. f. 23. 


=H. glaber, Schub. & Wagn. pl. 224. f. 3086-7. 
Hab. Monterey.. Mus. Jay, Nutt. 


87. Hatiotis spLenpEns, Rve. Conch. Ic. pl. 3. f..9. 
Hab. San Diego. 
The black animals of one of these species adhere with such tena- 
* Subgenns Giypuis= Lueapina, H. & A. Ad. Gen. i. 447, maxima pars, non 
Gray. 


Animal margine pallii Jimbriato, marginem teste superante. Testa superficie 
cancellata, margine crenulato, callositate sepe truncata, interdum laminata ; 
testa juniori Rimuleformi, spira in apertura crescente absorpta. 


Vide B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 220. Etym. yAugis, a notch or triglyph ; from the sculp- 
tured surface. 


224 


city to the rocks, that a clasp knife is broken in endeavouring to 
loosen them. The natives remove them with bayonets and eat 
them. 


88. PomauLAx unpbosus, Mawe. 


Trochus undosus, Wood, Suppl. pl. 5. f. 1. p. 16. 
Hab. Monterey. Mus. Nutt., Brit., Cuming. 


—~ 89. Trocuiscus Norristt, Sow. 


Hab. Monterey. Mus. Nutt., Brit., Cuming. 
The young shell (teste Nuttall) has ‘scarcely any umbilicus, and 
has a small tooth in the mouth. 


— 90. Trocuus FiLosus, Wood, Suppl. pl. 5. f. 23. 


=Trochus ligatus, Gould, Exp. Sh. p. 55. 

=T. castaneus (Nutt. MS.), Forbes, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 271. 

Var.=T. doliarius, Gould, MS., non Chem. 

? Var. = Ziziphinus annulatus, A. Ad. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 164 = 
Trochus virgineus, Gould, MS.,non Mart. in Lam. An. s. Vert. vol. ix. 
p. 144. no. 51. 

=Trochus virgineus, Chemn. 

The Lamarckian species are said to come from New Zealand, and 
are probably allied forms. If that should prove incorrect, the name 
of Wood will give way. As it is, so indifferent a figure scarcely 
deserves precedence of the described species of Gould. “Mr. Nuttall 
considers the two Californian forms conspecific. 


91. OmpHALIUS ATER, Less. 


=T. gallina, Forbes, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 271. 
Hab. California. Mus. Nutt., Cum., Brit., &e. 


92. OMPHALIUS FUSCESCENS, Phil. 


=Trochus luridus, Nutt. MS. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nutt., Cum., Brit. 


—~ 93. OMPHALIUS MARGINATUS, Nutt. 
Hab. California. Mus. Nutt., Brit. 


_— 94, OMPHALIUS AUREOTINCTUS, Forbes. 


Trochus aureotinctus, Forbes, P. Z. 8, 1850, p. 271. 
? =Trochus pallidus, Nutt. MS. 

=T. cateniferus, Poliez, teste Gould. 

Hab. California. Mus. Nutt., Brit., Cum. 


—— 95. Crepiputa ruGosA, Nutt. MS. 


Cr. t. “Cr. onici” simili, sed epidermide nitente, tenui, adhe- 
rente ; vertice nucleoso Velutine-formi ; t. juniore intense atro- 


225 


. fusca ; septo subdiaphano, margine magis declivi ; intus et ad 

apicem atro-purpureo ; margine acuto. 

Long. 1°97, lat. 1°26, alt. -54. 

Hab, California Superior; legit 7. Nuttall. Museis suo, Jay, 
Cuming. 

This shell is regarded by Dr. Jay as identical with Cr. onyx, Sow. 
(=Cr. hepatica, C. B. Ad.? non Desh.), which it resembles in the 
character of the spire, and in the general appearance. The specimens 
examined differ in colour, which is not so lustrous; in habit of 
growth, which is not lamellar; in the sepium, which is rather less 
opaque, particularly in the young shell; and especially in the epi- 
dermis, which is glossy, and only interrupted by the wrinkles of 
growth beneath. Whether these differences are of specific value, 
must await the examination of more numerous specimens. Vide 
B.M. Maz. Cat. no. 340. p. 278. 


—— 96. CrEPIDULA , Sp. ind. 


Crepidula navicelloides, Nutt. MS. in Jay’s Cat. no. 3035. 

Comp. Crepidula minuta, Mid. Mal. Ross. pl. 1). f. 6, 7. p. 101 
(Sitka). 

Comp. Crepidula nummaria, Gould, Exp. Shells, p. 15. 

Hab. California. Mus. Jay, Nutt. 

From the very imperfect materials, it is impossible to determine 
this species with confidence. It has a great resemblance to C. nivea, 
var. sguama (v. B.M. Maz. Cat. no.341.p.280), but the apex appears 
distinct both from that and C. unguiformis. Middendorff’s young 
‘shell is probably conspecific ; and the species may hereafter include 
the following. 


97. CREPIDULA EXPLANATA, Gould, Mex. & Cal. Shells, p. 4. 
pl. 14. f. 7; P. Z.S. 1856, p. 205. 

=Crepidula exuviata, Nutt. MS. in Jay’s Cat. no. 3027. 

=Crepidula perforans, Val. Voy. Ven. 

Hab. California. Mus. Jay, Gould, Cuming. 

This shell appears an aberrant form of the last species, caused by 
living in the hole of a Lithophagus. The young shell is normal ; 
the nugleus is large, smvoth, not imbedded as in Cr. unguiformis, 
nor standing out as in Cr. nivea. There is only one large spiral 
turn. The most peculiar character of the shell is the cancellation 
between the laminz, but this only appears in some of the specimens. 
Distortions occur of the true Cr. nivea, almost equally aberrant in 
form. Vide B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 284. 


— 98. CrEPIDULA ACULEATA, Var. 


= Crepidula Californica, Nutt. MS. B.M. Maz. Cat. p. 268. 
no. 334. 


Hab. Sta. Barbara, frequens. Mus. Nutt., Brit., Warrington, &c. 
™— 99. CruciBULUM sPINosum, Sow. B.M. Cat. Maz. Moll. 
no. 344. p. 290. 
Hab. Monterey, rarissime. Mus. Nuttall. 
_ No. CCCXV.—ProceepinGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


226 


100. Hipponyx Grayanus, Mke. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 4 ; 
B.M. Maz. Cat. no. 350. p. 299. - 
Hab. California, rarissime. Mus. Nuttall. 


- 101. SprroGiypeHus , Sp. ind. 


Hab. Sta. Barbara, Crepidulam aculeatam erodente. Sp. jun. in 
Mus. Nuttall. 


» 102. ALETES* SQUAMIGERUS, 0. s. 


A, t. majore, flavido-albida, solute spirali, plerumque glomerata ; 
superficie costis spiralibus, squamis instructis ; costulis pluribus 
intercalantibus, sguamulis minoribus ; squamis et squamulis im- 
bricatis, arcuatis ; interdum aperturam versus sculptura obso- 
leta. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara. Sp. magn. glomer. in Mus. Nuttall; San 

Diego, Mus. Gould. 

A fine group of this shell is in Mr. Nuttall’s collection. It agrees 
in the main with the Mazatlan species, but differs in colour and 
sculpture. Mr. Nuttall believes that he found another species with- 
out scales. 


f 


103. PETALOCONCHUS MACROPHRAGMA, n. 8., B.M. Maz. Cat. 
no. 359. p. 309 ; et Monogr. Petaloconchorum (Proc. Z. 8. postea). 
Hab. San Diego, Euraphia Heméeli adherens. Mus. Nuttall. 

Of the remarkable Cirripedi to which this shell is attached, only 
two specimens were found by Mr. Nuttall, and described by Conr. 
Journ. p. 261. pl. 20. f. 13. 


104. CeriIrHIDEA SACRATA, Gould. 


Cerithium (Potamis) sacratum, Gould, Exp. Shells, p. 60. 

= Pirena Californica, Nutt. MS. 

Hab. Monterey, Sta. Barbara, &c., aquis mixtis. Mus. Nutt., 
Brit. 


—— 105. Lirorina PLANAXIS, Phil. 


= Littorina tenebrata, Gould. 
Hab. California. Mus. Nutt., Brit. 


* The genus Siphonium is thus characterized and divided in the B.M. Maz. 


Cat. p. 301. 
Genus S1rHonium, Bronne. 


Testa valde irregularis, juniore haud turritelloidea. Operculum tenue, con- 
cavum, simplex. 

A. Species typici. Operculo valde concavo, vix spirali. 

Oceanis Indico et Atlantico reperte. 

B. Subgenus ALETES (aAyrns, errator). Operculo parum concavo, multispi- 
rali, fere ut in Turritella formato. 


For further information on the opercula of Vermetida, y. B.M. Maz. Cat. 
pp. 300-312. 


* 


227 


106. Natica? Maroccana, var. CALIFORNICA. 


N. ?M. t. aurantio-fusca, labio intus suturam calloso ; operculo 
extus solidiore, margine minus extante, ad nucleum magis cal- 
loso. 

Long. ‘88, long. spir. *22, lat. *72, div. 100°. 

Hab. California Superior; legit 7. Nuttall, Mus. suo; legit 

Lady K. Douglas, Mus. Brit. 

The specific identity of shells belonging to this type from different 
faunas, is not yet decided. As compared with the W. Mexican 
shells (NV. Pritchardi, Forbes, = N. Chemnitzii, Pfr.), the Califor- 
nian specimens are rather more coarse-grained and solid, with the 
parietal callosity stronger under the suture. The operculum is 
thicker, with the margin less turned-up in proportion. Colour 
orange-brown, sometimes obscurely banded. 


~107. RANELLA TRIQUETRA, teste Nutt. MS. 
Hab. San Diego. Mus. Nuttall. 
Exceedingly like a young Vitularia salebrosa. 
108. Mirra maura, teste Nutt. MS. 
Hab. California Superior. Mus. Nuttall. 


—— 109. OxrveLLa GLANDINARIA, Nutt. 


Glandinaria Californica, Nutt. MS. 


O. t. bulbiformi, in medio inflata, utrinque regulariter constricta ; 
spira satis elevata, acuta; haud polita, purpureo-fusca, in 
spira aurantia, circa basin violaceo tincta; apertura antice 
dilatata; columella ad basin biplicata; labio calloso, levi ; 
eallositate basali haud lata. 

Long. °88, long. spir. *29, lat. 47, div. 70°. 

Hab. In California Superiore; legit 7. Nuttall. Sp. unic. in 

Mus. suo. 

The genus Glandinaria appears to have been proposed (not pub- 
lished) by Mr. Nuttall, in ignorance of the establishment of Olivella 
by D’Orbigny, with which it exactly coincides. The name is re- 
tained for the very well marked species, in preference to the ill-used 
Californica. 


— 110. Buccinum Povutsont, Nutt. MS. 


Hab. Upper California. Mus. Nuttall. 


111. Purpura apPerta, Blainv. var. 


Purpura aperta, Kien. Icon. Conch. p. 81. no. 51. pl. 20. f. 59, 
et var. pl. 22. f.64; Rve. Conch. Ic. pl. 3. sp. 15; Jay’s Cat. 
no. 8942. 

Purpura macrostoma, Conr. Journ. p. 267. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Jay. 

Conrad says this species may be readily distinguished from P. 
aperta, but does not say how. Dr. Jay considers the two identical ; 


228 


and as he seems to have the type, his opinion is followed. Mr. 
Reeve’s reference to the Nouv. Ann. Mus. cannot be verified. It 
appears to have been published by Kiener from a manuscript name. 


112. Purpura warps, Conr. Journ. p. 266. pl. 20. f. 25, 
Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nuttall. 


—— 113. Purpura EMARGINATA, Desh. 


= P. Conradi, Nutt. MS.; teste Jay, Cat. 8972. Mus. suo. 
Hab. California. 


~- 114. Monoceros ENGONATUM, Conr. 


P. (Monoceros) engonata, Conr. Journ. p. 264. pl. 20. f. 17: 
diagn. auct. 


* M. t. fusiformi ; anfractibus superne angulo saliente carinatis, 
spiraliter sulcatis, striis incrementi vir decussatis ; anfr. tertio 
longitudinaliter costellato ; pallida, maculis fuscis, intensiori- 
bus, angulatis, ornata ; intus alba, maculis paucis purpureis ;” 
apertura valde elongata ; canali haud parva ; labro intus den- 
tibus plurimis ; “ acanthina tenui, gracillima.” 

Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nuttall, Brit., Jay, 9067. 


= Monoceros unicarinatum, Reeve, Conch. Ic. sp. 1: diagn. sol., 
syn. plerumque excl., pl. 1. f. 1, excl. : non M. unicarinatum, Sow., 
nec Desh. 

Comp. Purpura spirata, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. vol. i. 1832, 
pl. 12. f. 8. p. 252. no. 105; Kien. Icon. Conch. p. 121. no. 76. 
pl. 38. f. 90. 

= Monoceros unicarinatum, pars, Desh. in Lam. An. s. Vert. 
vol. x. p. 124. no. 10, syn. Angl. excl. 

The shell figured by Conrad and found in Mr. Nuttall’s collection 
is very triangular, with a pointed base. The P. spirata of Blain- 
ville (described and figured with his usual accuracy, for which credit 
has not been given to him by some authors, who, wanting it in their 
own works, have added great labour to students) is a Sandwich 
Island shell, brought by M. Botta, very obtusely angulated, with a 
swollen base, scarcely acanthoid, and a canal long enough for Chorus, 
Gray. It is remarkable for the scaly keel of the upper whorls. This 
shell is reproduced by Kiener in a different form, who affiliates 
Sowerby’s species (apparently constituted from a Nuttallian specimen 
received through Dr. Jay by Mr. Cuming) to that in the Paris Mu- 
seum. Deshayes, copying this error, and not even adopting Blainyille’s 
earlier specific name, gives the name and reference of Sowerby, with 
a description in the main belonging to the Blainvillian species, although 
perhaps with some additions from Sowerby’s figure. Mr. Reeve 
completes the confusion by describing a shell, ‘‘ anfr. superne angu- 
latis,’ very probably the true P. engonata of Conrad which he 
quotes; at the same time quoting the two different shells above 
named (one of them under two names, P. spicata and P. spirata), 
and figuring a very different shell, not angulated at all. To mere 


229 


learners, like the author of the present paper, such differences are 
exceedingly perplexing. 


115. Monoceros BREVIDENS, Conr. 

P. (Monoceros) brevidens, Conr. Journ. p. 264: diagn. auct. 

“M. t. fusiformi, solida, spira curtiore; anfr. superne angulo 

haud saliente munitis,”’ tumidioribus basin versus ; “‘ acantha 
curtiore, solidiore ; spiraliter sulcatis,” sulcis interdum obso- 
letis. 

Monoceros unicarinatum, Sow. Conch. Ill. no. 14. p. 4. f. 5; non 
Reeve, Conch. Ic. sp. 1, nee Desh. in Lam. An. s. Vert. no. 10, diagn. 

= Monoceros, pl. 1. f. 2 (non sp. 2); Reeve, loc. cit. 

Non Monoceros brevidentatum, Gray in Wood, Suppl. (1828) 
p- 12. no. 10, p. 43. pl. 4. no. 10; Sow. Conch. Ill. f.4; Reeve, 
Conch. Ie. pl. 1. sp. 4. f.4 4,6; Desh. in Lam. An. s. Vert. vel. x. 
p- 123. no. 9= Purpura cornigera, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. vol. i. 
p- 213. no. 28. pl. 9. f. 10; Kien. Icon. Conch. p. 123. no. 78. pl. 39. 
f. 92=Monoceros maculatum, Gray ipse in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 125. 

Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus. Nutt., Cum., Jay. 

The exact date of Sowerby’s species, which is generally referred to 
the P. engonata of Conrad, but differs from the figure of that shell, 
and agrees much better with the description of this, is difficult to 
determine. The volume bears date 1841. It differs from P. engo- 
nata in being swollen at the base, with less sculpture and angulation. 


116. Monoceros LAPILLOIDES, Nutt. 


P. (Monoceros) lapilloides, Conr. Journ. p. 265. pl. 20. f. 18 
1837). 

: aut . t. fusiformi, curta, solida ; anfr. superne vix concavis ; sulcis 
spiralibus obsoletis ; pallida, maculis fuscis quadratis seriebus 
spiralibus ornata ; apertura et columella purpureis ; labro mar- 
ginem versus albida.” 

= Monoceros punctulatum, Sow. Conch. Ill. p. 4. no. 13. f. 3. 

= Monoceros punctatum, Gray in Zool. Beech. Voy. (1839), p. 124; 
Reeve, Conch. Ie. sp. 2. pl. 1. f. 1 (non f. 2). 

Hab. Sta. Barbara (Nuttall). Is. Cocos, in rupibus (Capt. Col- 
nett). Mus, Brit., Nutt., Cuming, &c. 

The differences between the specimens of Californian Monoceros 
are so numerous, and similar species from other quarters are so vari- 
able, that the three species here repeated from Conrad are given with 
very great hesitation. That the forms figured by Sowerby and Reeve 
are conspecific, is by no means improbable ; the form engonata is 
the most aberrant, but it is by no means unapproached. 


Murex, Subgenus Cerosroma, Conr. 
Murex ; labro ut in Monoceros (Acanthina) dentato, dente erecto. 
117. Cerostoma Nutrauxt, Conr. Journ. p. 264. pl. 20. f. 22; 


Jay’s Cat. no. 8298. 
Hab. Sta. Barbara. Mus, Nuttall, Jay. 


230 


5. Synopsis Avium TANAGRINARUM.—A DESCRIPTIVE CaTA- 
LOGUE OF THE KNOWN SPECIES OF TANAGERS. 


By Puiuie Lutvey Scxuater, M.A., F.Z.S. ere. 


Part I1I.—Containing the genera Spindalis, Tanagra, Dubusia, 
Compsocoma, Buthraupis, Stephanophorus, Pecilothraupis, Iridor- 
nis, Calliste, Diva, Pipridea, Chlorochrysa, Tanagrella, Glossiptila, 
Chlorophonia, and Euphonia. 


Genus XXV. SpPiInDALIs. 


Spindalis, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n. s. (1836). 


Rostrum Tanagree, sed basi latiore et culmine incurviore: ale 
modice ; remigibus tertia et quarta longissimis, secunda quin- 
tam aequante, prima sextam paulo superante: cauda modica, 
quadrata : sexus dissimiles. 


1. SPpINDALIS NIGRICEPHALA. 


Serinus jamaicensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 189 (unde), 

Fringilla cana, Gm. 8. N. 290 (2). 

Tanagra nigricephala, Jameson, Ed. N. Phil. Journ. xix. 213 ; 
Gosse, Til. B. Jam. pl. 56. 

Spindalis bilineatus, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n.s. pl. 9. 

Tanagra zena, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 231. 

Tanagra zenoides, Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 40. 

Spindalis nigricephala, Bp. Consp. p. 240. 


Olivacea : uropygio flavicante : capite toto cum gutture nigris, 
superciliis latis et stria rictali cum gula summa albis : abdo- 
mine aurescente, pectore aurantiaco, ventre imo et crisso albis : 
alis nigris albo marginatis : cauda nigra, rectrice una utringque 
extima albo extus limbata et intus terminata: tectricibus sub- 
alaribus albis. §. Olivacea, capite cinerascentiore, uropygio 
flavescentiore: subtus cinerea, abdomine medio aurescente : 
ventre imo crissoque albidis : alis caudaque nigris, illis albo 
limbatis. 

Long. tota 7°5, alee 4°2, caudze 3:2. 

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


2. SPINDALIS MULTICOLOR. 


Tanagra multicolor, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 776; Gal. Ois. i. p. 100. 
pl. 76. 
Spindalis multicolor, Bp. Consp. p. 240. 


Capite nigro: stria utrinque superciliart et mazxillari albis : cer- 
vice postica aurantia, interscapulio olivaceo, dorso imo aures- 
centi-castaneo : alis nigris albo limbatis: tectricibus alarum 
minoribus castaneis: subtus, mento albo; gula media flava, 
macula utrinque magna nigra ; pectore summo castaneo, infe- 
riore cum ventre aureis ; ventre imo cum crisso albis ; rectri- 


231 


cibus nigris, duahus utringue extimis albo variis ; rostro et 
pedibus nigris. 3. Supra olivascens, uropygio flavescentiore : 
subtus albescens olivaceo indutus, ventre medio albo : alis nigris, 
albo limbatis. 

Long. tota 6°2, ale 3-2, caude 2°8. 

Hab. 8. Domingo (Vieillot) (Sallé). 

Mus. Brit. 

This is a smaller bird than the S. nigricephala, and has the lesser 
wing-coverts chestnut and not black. From the true zena it may be 
distinguished by its smaller bill, the more extended and brighter 
yellow colour on the belly, and by its having the whole back of the 
neck bright yellow, not dark chestnut. 


3. SPINDALIS ZENA. 


Fringilla bahamensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 168 ; Catesby, Car. i. pl. 42. 

Fringilla zena, Linn. S. N. i. 320. 

Tanagra zena, d’Orb. in Sagra Hist. Cub. p. 74. pl. 11; Gray, 
Gen. p. 365. sp. 13 (partim). 

Tanagra pretrei, Less. R. Z. 1839, p. 102; Cent. Zool. p. 122. 
pl. 45; Gray, Gen. p. 365. sp. 14. 

Spindalis zena et pretrei, Bp. Consp. p. 248. 

Spindalis pretrei, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 476. 


Supra nigra : cervice postica et dorso imo brunnescenti-castaneis : 
stria superciliart et maxillari utringue albis : alis nigris albo 
limbatis : mento summo albescente : gula media flava, laterali 
utrinque nigra: pectore summo castaneo, inferiore aureo: 
ventre. cinerascente, crisso albo: rectricibus nigris: harum 
utrinque extimis albo variegatis. 

Long. tota 5:8, alze 2°9, caudz 2°6. 

Hab. Cuba (Ramon de la Sagra); Bahamas (Catesby). 

Mus. Brit. 


Genus XXVI. TANaGRa. 


Tanagra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 316 (1766). 
Thraupis, Boié, Isis, 1826, p. 974. 


Rostrum subincurvum, tam altum quam latum, modice elongatum 
et dente finali instructum; culmine incurvo; gonyde paulo 
ascendente: ale modice ; remigibus secunda tertia et quarta 
longissimis, prima paulo breviore: cauda modica, quadrata : 
ptilosis caerulea: sexus plerumque similes, sed aves juniores 
diverse. 


1. TANAGRA EPISCOPUS. 

Episcopus avis, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 40. 

Tanagra episcopus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 316; Strickl. Ann. N. H. xx. 
p- 332; Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 170; Note s.1l. Tang. p. 21; Sclater, 
P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157. 

Gracula glauca, Sparm. Mus. Carls. pl. 54. 


232 


Tanagra glauca, Gray, Gen. p. 364. sp. 5. 
Tanagra serioptera, Sw. An. in Men. p. 313; Schomb. Guian. 
iii. 670; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28. 


Cerulescenti-cana ; dorso obscuriore ; uropygio cyaneo lavato : 
alis caudaque nigris ceruleo limbatis : tectricibus alarum mi- 
noribus albis, nitore cyaneo ; majoribus autem eodem colore vir 
marginatis. 

Long. tota 6-0, alee 3:5, caudee 2°4. 

Hab. British Guiana (Schomb.) ; Cayenne; New Grenada, Bo- 

gota. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 

The T’. episcopus of Linnzeus depends upon Brisson’s ‘ Episcopus 
avis, and from Brisson’s description and locality I think there can 
be little doubt that the present species with white shoulders and 
narrow edgings to the greater coverts was intended. 

The only bird likely to be confounded with it is the next following 
species 7’. ceelestis, which has a regular white bar across the wings 
formed by the pure white terminations of the greater coverts. 


2. TANAGRA CG@LESTIS. 

Tanagra celestis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 42. pl. 55. fig. 25 Bp. 
P. Z. S. 1837, p. 121; R. Z. 1851, p. 169; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 20; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 115. 

Tanagra sayaca, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844; p. 286 ; F. P. p. 203. 

Thraupis episcopus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28 (note). 


Carulescenti-cana, subtus dilutior : alis caudaque nigris ceruleo 
limbatis : tectricibus alarum minoribus candidis, majoribus 
quoque albo late terminatis. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°8, caudee 2°7. 

Hab. Upper Amazon, Fonteboa (Spix); Pintobamba (Cast. et 

Dev.) ; prov. Quixos, Ecuador. 

Mus. Parisiensi. 


3. TANAGRA CANA. 


Tanagra cana, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 37 g (adult); Strickl. Ann. N.H. 
xx. p. 332; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 157. 

Tanagra celestis, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 41 (juv.)? 

Tanagra Swainsoni, Gray, Gen. p. 364. sp. 7. 

Thraupis cana, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 29. 

Tanagra episcopus, Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 670? 

Tanagra sayaca, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 170; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 21. 


Cerulescenti-cana ; dorso obscuriore : uropygio cyanescente : alis 
caudaque nigris ceruleo limbatis : tectricibus alarum minori- 
bus violaceo-cyaneis : majorum autem marginibus angustis in- 
tense ceruleis. 

Long. tota 6°4, alee 3°6, caudee 2°4. 

Hab. Venezuela; Trinidad; Tobago (Kirk.) ; New Grenada, Bo- 

gota; British Guiana (Schomd.). 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


233 


These blue ‘ Bishop’ 'Tanagers are very puzzling, and I confess I 
am as yet quite unable to arrange them satisfactorily. After sepa- 
rating the true ‘episcopus’ and ‘celestis’ (which are clearly di- 
stinct) and the large South Brazilian ‘ eyanoptera’ (which may also 
be recognized without much difficulty), there remain four or five 
birds with different names attached to them varying a good deal in 
the amount of blue on the wings, but not otherwise presenting very 
appreciable differences. At present I am inclined to refer them to 
two species—a South American bird with the lesser wing-coverts of 
a more or less violet tint—and a Central American and Mexican 
species with these parts deep blue—like the South Brazilian 7. cya- 
noptera. The former bird is common in collections from Bogota 
and Trinidad, and seems to range so far south as the Amazon at 
Para. The latter extends from the north coast of New Grenada 
through Central America as far north as the province of Vera Cruz, 
whence specimens have lately been brought by M. Salle. 


4. TANAGRA DIACONUS. 


Tanagra (Aglaia) diaconus, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 175. 
Calliste diaconus, Gray, Gen. p. 466. sp. 29. 
Tanagra episcopus, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 116. 
Tanagra diaconus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 142. 
Tanagra cyanilia, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 62? 

Thraupis glaucocolpa, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28? 


Cerulescenti-cana: dorso toto obscuriore: uropygio vie cerules- 
cente: alis caudaque nigris ceruleo limbatis: tectricibus ala- 
rum minoribus letissime ceruleis. 

Long. tota 6:2, alee 3°5, caude 2°5. 

Hab. South Mexico, Cordova (Sallé) ; Guatimala (Bp.) (Con- 

stancia) ; Nicaragua, Realejo (Less.); Chiriqui (Bridges); New 
Grenada, S. Martha (Verreauz). 


5. TANAGRA CYANOPTERA. 


Tanagra brasiliensis varia, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 18 (?). 

Tanagra sayaca, Linn. S. N. i. p. 316 (?) ; Max. Beitr. iii. 484 
(certe). 

Loxia virens, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 303 (?). 

Tanagra virens, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xx. 332 (certé). 
» Lindo saihobi, Azar. Pax. i. p. 370. 

Saltator cyanoptera, Vieill. N. D. @H..N. xiv. p. 104; Ene. 
Méth. p. : 

Tanagra episcopus, Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6; d’Orb. Voy. p. 274; 
Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 39 (adult). 

Tanagra inornata, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 40 (juv.) ; Gray, Gen. p. 364. 
sp. 8; Bp. Consp. p. 238. 

Tanagra argentata, Gray, Gen. p. 364. sp. 6. 

Tanagra prelatus, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 463. 

Tanagra cyanoptera, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 170; Note s. 1. Tang. 
Bice. 


234 


Thraupis cyanoptera, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 29. 
Thraupis sayaca, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28. 


Major : supra virescenti-cana : subtus grisescentior : alis nigris 
virescenti-ceruleo limbatis : tectricibus minoribus intense ceru- 
leis. 

Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°8, caudze 2°8. 

Hab. South-east Brazil (Maz.); Rio Grande do Sul (Plané) ; 
Paraguay (4z.) ; Corrientes and Buenos Ayres (d’Ord.) ; Bolivia, 
Cochabamba, Valle Grande and Yungas (d’Ord.). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


6. TANAGRA ORNATA. 


Tanagra ornata, Sparm. Mus. Carls. pl. 95 ; Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 42; 
Gray, Gen. p. 364. sp. 2; Bp. Consp. p. 238; R. Z. 1851, p. 470; 
Note s. 1. Tang. p. 21 (partim). 

Tanagra archiepiscopus, Desm. Tan. pl. 17; Spix, Av. Bras. ii. 
p- 42. pl. 55. fig. 1; Max. Beitr. iii. 481 ; Schomb. Reise, iii. 670. 

Thraupis ornata, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28. 

Archbishop Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. 16. 


Olivaceo-viridis : interscapulio obscuriore : pileo ceruleo: subtus 
JSuscus ceruleo lavatus: alis caudaque ngris olivaceo limbatis : 
campteriis ceruleis: tectricibus alarum minoribus flavis. 

Long. tota 6-5, alee 3°8, caudze 2°8. 

Hab. South-east Brazil (Maz.) ; British Guiana (Schomb.). 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


7, TANAGRA PALMARUM. 


Tanagra palmarum, Max. Reise, ii. p. 76 (1821) ; Beitr. iii. 489. 

Tanagra olivascens, Licht. Doubl. p. 32; d’Orb. Voy. p. 274; 
Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 38; Schomb. Reise, iii. 670. 

Thraupis olivascens, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28. 

Tangara Evéque, femelle, Desm. Tan. pl. 16! 

Tanagra ornuta &, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 170, et Note s. 1. Tang. 

217! 
: Tang. de Cayenne, femelle, Buff. Pl. Enl. 178. fig. 2? 

Intense oleagineus : interscapulio obscuriore : tectricibus alaribus 
capite fere concoloribus sed paulo clarioribus : remigibus et 
rectricibus cum alula spuria fusco-nigris olivaceo-viridi mar- 
ginatis : remigum basi albescenti-olivacea, vittam indistinctam 
transalarem formante. 

Long. tota 7-0, alee 3-7, caudze 2°7. 

Hab. Brazil, Para (Wallace) ; Rio Bahia, &c.; Bolivia (2 Ord.); 

British Guiana (Schomb.); Cayenne; Trinidad. 

Mus. Brit., &e. 

Prince Bonaparte, in his ‘ Note s. 1. Tangaras,’ has followed the 
example of some of the older authors in considering this bird as the 
female of 7’. ornata; but I have not the slightest doubt that it is 
quite a distinct species. See d’Orbigny’s Voyage, p. 274, and P. 
Max. of Neu Wied’s Beitrage, iii. 489. ' 


235 


8. TANAGRA MELANOPTERA. 


Tanagra olivascens, Tsch. F. P. p. 204? 
Tanagra palmarum, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 1772 
Tanagra melanoptera, Hartl. R. Z. 


Stmilis T. palmarum, sed paulo minor et coloribus letioribus, dorso 
et ventre purpurascentioribus : ale dimidio apicali nigro, plu- 
mis non viridi limbatis. 

Long. tota 6°7, ale 3°7, caudz 3-3. 

Hab. East Peru (Hartlaub) ; New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Bremensi. 

This is perhaps a local variety only of the common 7. palmarum, 
presenting no green edgings to the primaries or secondaries beyond 
the green bar. I have birds from §. Martha, Trinidad and Bolivia, 
which seem intermediate between this and the former species. 


9. TANAGRA ABBAS. 


Tanagra abbas, Licht. Preis-Verz. no. 70 (1831). 

Tanagra vicarius, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 68; Gray, Gen. p. 364. 
sp. 4; Bp. Consp. p. 238; P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 116; R. Z. 1851, 
p- 171; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 22. 

Thraupis vicarius, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 29. 


3. Pallide olivascens: capite ceruleo, gutture cerulescente : 
interscapulii pennis medialiter nigricantibus: alis caudaque 
nigris : speculo in basi primariorum et secundariorum flavis- 
simo : tectricibus ularum majoribus olivaceis, minoribus c@eru- 
lescentibus : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

9. Mari similis, sed coloribus paulo dilutioribus ; gutture vix 
cerulescente. 

Long. tota 7-0, alee 4:0, caude 2°9. 

Hab. 8. Mexico, Cordova (Sallé) ; Orizaba (Botteri) ; Honduras 

(Dyson) ; Guatimala (Constancia). 

Mus. Brit., Derbiano, &c. 


10. TANAGRA STRIATA. 


DP’ Onglet, Buff. H. N. iv. p. 256. 
Tanagra striata, Gm. 8. N.i. p. 899; d’Orb. Voy. p. 275; Bp. 
Consp. p. 239; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6. 
Le Noir-souci, Buff. H. N. iv. 150? 
Loxia bonariensis, Gm. 8. N. p. 850? 
Lindo celeste oro y negro, Azar. Pax. i. p. 375. 
Tanagra chrysogaster, Cuy. Rég. An. i. p. 366; Puch. Arch. Mus. 
Paris, vii. 344. 
Aglaia striata, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 32; G. R. Gray, Darwin’s Voy. Beagle, p. 97. 
petty. darwini, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 121 (2); Darwin’s Voy. 
.34(¢c). 
: Tanagra frugilegus, Tsch. Av. Consp. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 
p- 286; F. P. p. 204. pl. 17. fig. 1 ; Hartl. R. Z. 1849, p. 286 (2). 
Calliste frugilegus, Bp. Consp. p. 236. sp. 41. 


236 


Chrysothraupis frugilegus, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 143; Note s. |. 
Tang. p. 22. 

3. Niger, dorso postico et abdomine aurantiacis, ventre imo in 
flavum transeunte: capite et gutture undique cum marginibus 
alarum et caude ceruleis : rostri ambitu nigro. 

9. Mari similis, sed dorso et scapularibus olivaceis, abdomine 
toto aurescenti-flavo. 

Avis junior. Fusco-olivascens subtus grisescenti-albidus : capite 
cerulescente, uropygio flavido tincto. 

Long. tota 6°8, alee 3:7, caude 2°8. 

Hab. Southern Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Plant); Uruguay, 
Maldonado (Darwin) ; Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, Corrientes, Peru 
and Bolivia (d’Orb.); Paraguay (dzara); Western Peru, Lima 
(Tsch.) ; Western Ecuador, fruit gardens of Lima (Tsch.). 

Mus. Brit., &c. 

I believe now that there is little doubt that the olive-backed bird 
named 7’. darwini by Prince Bonaparte, and afterwards T. frugilegus 
by Tschudi, is really the female of T. striata, though at one time I 
thought otherwise. I have not yet seen the black-backed male from 
the western side of the Andes; but d’Orbigny’s Bolivian collection 
in the Paris Museum contains examples of both sexes from the 
eastern side. 

If the birds from all the localities given are identical, which I be- 
lieve to be the case, this Tanager presents an instance of a remark- 
ably extensive geographic range for a bird of this family. 


11. TANAGRA CYANOCEPHALA. 


Agluia cyanocephala, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 32. 

Tanagra mavimiliani, d’ Orb. Voy. p. 276. pl. 23. fig. 2. 

Tanagra cyanocephala, Gray, Gen. p. 364. sp. 11; Bp. Consp. 
p. 238; Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 286; F. P. p. 205 (’). 

Thraupis cyanocephala, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 29? 


Supra flavo-olivacea : pileo ceruleo: nucha viridescente : capitis 
lateribus nigris: subtus cinerea: ventre imo crissoque flavis 
viridi tinctis : tectricibus subalaribus pure flavis. 

Long. tota 7°8, alee 3°5, caudze 3:1. 

Hab. Bolivia, Sicasica (d Orb.) ; Western Peru, Lima (Tsch.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


12. TANAGRA AURICRISSA. 


Dubusia cyanocephala?, Selater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 157. 
Dubusia auricrissa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 227. 


Supra flavescenti-olivacea : capite toto et nucha ceruleis: loris 
nigris : subtus cerulescenti-cinerea : tectricibus subalaribus et 
ventre imo crissoque cum tibiis flavissimis. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°6, caudee 3°0. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


= eee 


| eb wa st 


237 


13. TANAGRA OLIVICYANEA. 


Tanagra olivicyanea, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 69 ; Bp. Consp. p. 238. 
Tachyphonus olivicyaneus, Gray, Gen. p. 365. sp. 15. 
Dubusia olivicyanea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157. 


Supra flavescenti-olivacea : capite undique et corpore subtus 
ceruleis : ventre imo crissoque olivascenti-flavis : tibiis et tec- 
tricibus subalaribus flavissimis : loris nigris. 

Long. tota 7°3, ale 2:5, caude 2°8. 

Hab. Venezuela, Galipan alt. 8000 ft. (Dyson) ; New Grenada. 

Mus. Brit. 


Genus XXVII. Dusustia. 


Dubusia, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxi. p. 424 (Sept. 1850). 


Rostrum elongatum, incurvum, compressiusculum, dente finali 
distincto ; gonyde recta: ale modice, rotundate, remigibus 
quarta et quinta longissimis: cauda longissima et rotundata: 
ptilosis nigra, cerulea, et flava: sexus similes. 


1. DuBusia TENIATA. 
Tachyphonus teniatus, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 67; Bp. Consp. 


. 237. 


Arremon teniatus, Gray, Gen. App. p. 16. 
Dubusia teniata, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 10; P. Z. S. 1855, 


« 157. 


Supra ex nigro-cerulescens : alis caudaque nigris, cerulescente 
limbatis: capite toto cum collo undique et gutture nigris, su- 
perciliis in collum utrinque elongatis et tectricibus alarum mi- 
noribus argenteo-cyaneis: abdomine flavo; pectore summo et 
erisso pallide ochraceis : tibiis nigricantibus : rostro et pedibus 
nigris. 

Long. tota 7°3, alee 3°7, caudz 3°7. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


2. DuBUSIA SELYSIA. 


Tanagra selysia, Bp. Consp. p. 239. 
Dubusia selysia, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 81. 


Supra ex cinereo cerulescenti-viridescens : capite toto cum gutture 
nigris : fronte et superciliis latis et elongatis, collum posticum 
cingentibus, cum tectricibus alarum minoribus argenteo-cyaneis : 
remigum et rectricum marginibus c@rulescentibus : abdomine 
flavo, pectore summo brunnescentiore, crisso ochracescentiore : 
rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 7°7, alee 3°5, caudee 3°4. 

Hab. Vicinity of Quito, forests of the Andes (Jameson). 

Mus. Lugdunensi, Joh. Gould et Gul. Jardine, Bart. 


238 


Genus XXVIII. Compsocoma. 


Compsocoma, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 140 (1850). 


Rostrum rectum, elongatum, subconicum, dente finali indistincto : 
ale elongate, remigibus secunda, tertia et quarta fere equa- 
libus et longissimis: cauda longa, subrotundata ; pedes validi : 
sexus similes: ptilosis nigra, cerulea et flava. 


1. CoMPpsocoMA VICTORINI. 


Tachyphonus victorini, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 336; Gray’s Gen. 
. 365. 
Tanagra victorini, Bp. Consp. p. 239. 
Compsocoma victorini, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 140. 
Tachyphonus elegans, Less. Echo d. M.S. 1844; Descr. d. Mamm. 
et Ois. p. 349. 
Tanagra flavivertex, Lafr. MS. 


Olivascenti-viridis : tectricibus alarum minoribus ceruleis: pri- 
mariis et rectricibus thalassino marginatis: capite nigro, tenia 
lata verticali cum corpore subtus flavis. 

Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°8, caude 2°8. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. et Paris. 


2. CompsocoMA SUMPTUOSA. 


Tachyphonus sumptuosus, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 463 ; Puch. Arch. 
Mus. Par. vii. p. 379. pl. 23. 
Tanagra somptuosa, Bp. Consp. p. 239. 
Tachyphonus flavinucha, Tsch. F. P. p. 208. 
Compsocoma elegans, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 140. 
Tanagra chrysocome, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 
Atra; dorso imo olivascente: humeris ceruleis: primariis et 
rectricibus thalassino marginatis : macula nuchali lata et cor- 
pore subtus flavis. 
Long. tota 6-5, ale 3°5, caudz 2°8. 
Hab. Ecuador, vicinity of Quito (Jameson); Peru (Tschudi et 
Philippi in Mus. Berol.); Venezuela (Levraud). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., Berolinensi. 

This bird has been confounded both with the preceding and with 
the next following species, but may be easily distinguished by its 
black back and olivascent uropygium. 


3. CoMPSOCOMA FLAVINUCHA. 


Tachyphonus flavinucha, Lafr. et d Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 29; 
d’Orb. Voy. p. 280. pl. 21; Gray’s Gen. p. 365. 

Tanagra flavinucha, Bp. Consp. p. 239. 

Compsocoma flavinucha, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 140. 


Niger : humeris et dorso postico cum rectricum marginibus an- 


239 


gustis ceruleis: primariis externe thalassino marginatis: vitta 
nuchali media et corpore toto subtus flavis. 
Long. tota 6°7, alee 3°6, caudze 2°8. 
Hab. Bolivia, prov. Yungas (d’Ord.). 
Mus. Parisiensi et Derbiano. 
The blue on the rump at once distinguishes this Bolivian bird 
from its three congeners. 


4, CoMPSOCOMA NOTABILIs. 


Tanagra notabilis, Jard. Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. n. s. ii. p. 119; 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 84. pl. 91. 
Compsocoma notabilis, Sclater, ib. 


Flavo-olivacea : capite undique et mento nigris: nucha triangu- 
lariter flava: alis nigris, ceruleo marginatis, tectricibus autem 
summis dorso concoloribus: cauda nigra, marginibus vie ceru- 
lescentibus: subtus aurantio-flava. 

Long. tota 7°2, alee 3°7, caude 3°0. 

Hab. Ecuador, vicinity of Quito (Jameson). 

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Britannico, Joh. Gould. 

Since Sir William Jardine received his first examples of this beau- 
tiful species, which were transmitted by Professor Jameson from the 
Eastern Cordilleras near Quito, Mr. Gould has obtained other spe- 
cimens from the same country. Some of these latter are now in the 
British Museum. 


Genus XXIX. ButHrRavpis. 


Buthraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 29 (1850). 


Rostrum forte, subincurvum, breve, altum, compressiusculum, dente 
final distincto: ale longa, remigibus tertia et quarta lon- 
gissimis : cauda longa et paulum rotundata: pedes validi: 
tarsi longi: sexus similes: ptilosis cerulea, nigra et flava. 


1. BurHRAUPIS MONTANA. 


Aglaia montana, Lafr. & Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 32. 

Tanagra montana, d’Orb. Voy. p. 275. pl. 23. fig. 1; Gray, Gen. 
p- 365; Bp. Consp. p. 239. 

Buthraupis montana, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 10. 


Supra cerulea ; cervice postica valde dilutiore, argentea: capite 
toto undique cum gutture atris: abdomine flavo. 

Long. tota 9:0, ale 5:0, caudze 3°4. 

Hab. Bolivia, prov. Yungas (d’ Ord.). 

Mus. Parisiensi, Britannico, Derbiano. 


2. BuTHRAUPIS CUCULLATA. 


Tanagra cucullata, Jard. Ill. Orn. n. s. pl. 43. 


*‘ Tanagra montana, d@Orb.,’”’ Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. 
p- 348. 


240 


Dubusia gigas, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 171, & Note s. l. Tang. 
p- 22. 
Buthraupis cucullata, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 157. 


Supra lete cerulea: capite toto cum gutture atris: abdomine 
flavo. 

Long. tota 8°2, ale 5-2, caude 3°6. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador, vic. of Quito (Jameson). 

This is a common species in Bogota collections. In Gray’s Genera 
and Prince Bonaparte’s Conspectus it is erroneously united to B. 
eximia, from which it is quite distinct. Sir William Jardine pos- 
sesses examples transmitted by Professor Jameson from the forests 
of the Andes near Quito, which are rather larger than Bogota skins, 
and have the bill stronger and are less black on the throat. 


3. BuTHRAUPIS CHLORONOTA. 


Buthraupis chloronota, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 97. pl. 64; Tan. 
Cat. Sp. p. 15. 


Supra viridis: pileo ceruleo: alis caudaque nigris, illarum tec- 
tricibus minoribus ceruleis ; majoribus et secundariis viridi 
limbatis : subtus flava, crisso saturatiore: gutture toto atro: 
rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 8°8, alz 4:6, caude 3°8. 

Hab. Ecuador, vic. of Quito (Jameson). 

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Bart., et P. L.S. 


4, BuTHRAUPIS EXIMIA. 


Tanagra eximia, Boiss. Rey. Zool. 1840, p. 66; Gray’s Gen. 
p- 365; Bp. Consp. p. 239. 

Tanagra (Saltator) eximia, Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 346. 

Buthraupis eximia, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 29 ; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, 
p. 157. 


Supra viridis: pileo, tectricibus alarum minoribus et dorso 
postico ceruleis: capitis lateribus, gutture et cervice antica 
nigris: abdomine flavo. 

Long. tota 7°2, ale 4°6, caudee 3°5. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


Genus XXX. STEPHANOPHORUS. 


Stephanophorus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 30. 


Rostrum breve, altum, latum ; mandibulis intumidis ; culmine multum 
incurvo, gonyde ascendente ; dente finali indistincto : ale modice, 
rotundate, remigibus tertia quarta et quinta fere equalibus, quarta 
paulo longissima: cauda longa, rotundata: ptilosis cerulescens : 
sexus similes. 


me 


241 


1. STEPHANOPHORUS LEUCOCEPHALUS. 


Lindo azul cabeza blanca, Azar. Pax. i. p. 375. 

Tanagra leucocephala, Vieill. N. D. vi. N. xxxii. p- 408; Ene. 
Méth. p. 774. 

Tanagra diademata, Mikan, Fi. et F. Bras. pl. 4; Temm. Pl. 
Col. 243. 

Pyrrhula cerulea, Vieill. Gal. Ois. p. 61. pl. 54. 

Nemosia diademata, Steph. Zool. xiv. p. 5. 

Stephanophorus ceruleus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31; Gray, 
Gen. p. 365 ; Bp. Consp. p. 234. 

Stephanophorus leucocephalus, Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6. 


Niger, sericeo-cerulescens: fronte loris et gutture cum alis cau- 
daque nigris: alarum tectricibus ceruleis, remigibus et rectri- 
cibus ceruleo anguste limbatis: pileo postico albescenti-ceruleo: 
vertice mediali igneo-rubra: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 7-0, alz 4°0, caudze 3°4. 

Hab, South Brazil, S. Paolo (Natt.); Uruguay; Paraguay 

(Azar.). 
Mus. Brit., Paris., Berol. 


Genus XXXI. PaciLoTHRAUPIS. 


Pecilothraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 30 (1850). 
Anisognathus, Reich. Av. 8. N. pl. 77 (1850). 


Rostrum Tanagree, sed rectius, brevius et basi dilatata, culmine 
minus incurvo : ale longe, remigibus tertia, quarta et quinta 
longissimis, secunda sextam equante: cauda longa quadrata : 
sexus similes: ptilosis nigra, rubro aut flavo varia. 


1. Pa@ciLoTHRAUPIS LUNULATA. 


Tanagra lunulata, DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. vi. pt: 1. p. 439 (eum 
fig.) (1839) ; Esq. Orn. pl. 4; Bp. Consp. p. 239. 

3 Tanagra (Euphone’) constantii, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 3. 

x Aglaia erythrotis, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n. s. pl. 36 (1840). 
Tanagra erythrotis, Less. Echo d. M. S. 1843, p. 947. 
Tanagra igniventris, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 287; F. P. 
203? 

is Tachyphonus lunulatus, Gray’s Gen. p. 365. sp. 18. 
Pecilothraupis igniventris, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 30. 


Niger: uropygio et alarum tectricibus minoribus ceruleis : ma- 
cula auriculari magna et abdomine rubris, crisso nigro, pte eles 
rubro variegato. 

Long. tota 7:0, ale 3°8, caudz 3-4. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador, elevated region of the 
Andes near Quito (Jameson); Peru, Cordilleras, alt. 10,000 feet 
(Tsch.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 

This species appears certainly distinct from d’Orbigny’s P. igni- 
ventris, with which it is sometimes united. In that bird there are 

No. CCCXVI.—ProceEpINGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 


242 


blue edgings to the wings and tail, and the crissum is wholly red. 
In the present species the crissum is sometimes partly red, but I 
have never observed any traces of blue markings on the wings or 
tail. 


2. PactLOTHRAUPIS IGNIVENTRIS. 

Aglaia igniventris, @’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p. 32. 

Tanagra igniventris, VOrb. Voy. p. 275. pl. 25. fig. 2; Bp. 
Consp. p. 239 (partim). 

Anisognathus igniventris, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 11. 

Supra carulescenti-ardesiacus: capite colloque nigris: uropygto 
ceruleo: alis nigris 5 tectricibus alarum minoribus et tectri- 
cum majorum necnon remigum rectricumgue marginibus c@ru- 
leis : macula magna auriculari utrinque et ventre toto cum crisso 
ruberrimis. 

Long. tota 6-5, ale 3°3, caudee 2°8. 

Hab. Bolivia, prov. Apolobamba (d’ Orb.). 

Mus. Brit., Bremensi, Derbiano. 


3, Pa&ciILOTHRAUPIS LACRIMOSA. 


Tachyphonus lacrimosus, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 10; Gray’s Gen. 
App. p- 173 Bp. Consp. p. 237. 

Tanagra palpebrosa, Lafr, R. Z. 1847, p. 71; Gray’s Gen. App. 
p- 16; Bp. Consp. p. 239. 

Anisognathus lacrimosus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 11. 


Ardesiaco-niger : uropy gto, tectricibus alarum minoribus et tec- 
tricum majorum necnon remigum rectricumque marginibus c@eru- 
leis: macula magna auriculari et parva suboculari wtrinque 
cum corpore toto subtus aurantiis. 

Long. tota 6°8, alee 3°5, caudee 3°0. 

Hab. New Grenada, Pasto (Lafr.); Bogota (Mus. Brit.) ; 

Eastern Peru (DuBus). 
Mus. Brit., Derbiano, Bruxell. 


Genus XXXII. IripoRNIs. 


Iridosornis, Less. Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. 80. 
Pecilornis, Hartl. R. Z. 1844, p. 369. 
Euthraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 30 (1850). 


Rostrum subrectum, maxime compressum, culmine incurvo, gonyde 
ascendente, dente final distincto: ale modice ; remigibus 
tertia, quarta et quinta longissimis, sexta his paulo breviore et 
secundam superante: cauda longiuscula, rectricibus acutis : 
ptilosis nitens, nigra, purpurea, flava: sexus similes. 


1. In1pORNIS DUBUSIA. 


Arremon rufivertex, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 335 (err.); Gray, Gen. 
p- 361. sp. 3. i 


i 
. 


reso 


243 


Tridosornis rufivertex, Less. Echo d. M. 8. 1844, p. 80; R. Z. 
1844, p. 431 ; Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 350. 

Pecilornis rufivertex, Hartl. R. Z. 1844, p. 369. 

Tanagra dubusia, Bp. Consp. p. 239. 

Luthraupis dubusia, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 30. 

“ Tanagra chrysolopha, auct.,” Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 131; Note s. 
1. Tang. p. 6. 

Tridosornis dubusia, Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 127. pl. 94. 

Tridornis dubusia, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 157. 


Nigra; dorso toto cum tectricibus alarum minoribus et pectore 
purpureis; abdomine sensim obscuriore: ventre imo et crisso 
castaneis : pileo medio nuchaque cristatis, aurantiis: alis cau- 
daque extus purpurascente marginatis : mandibula inferiore 
albicante, superiore cum pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3-0, caudee 2°6. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


2. IRIDORNIS ANALIS. 


Tanagra analis, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 286; F. P. 
p- 205. pl. 18. fig. 1; Gray, Gen. App. p. 16; Lafr. R. Z. 1847, 
p- 71 (2). 

Calliste analis, Bp. Consp. p. 236. sp. 42. 

Euthraupis analis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 30 (note). 


Supra ex cinereo-viridescens, alis caudaque nigris viridescente lim- 
batis: fronte et capitis lateribus nigris: pileo plumbescente : 
subtus ochracea, mento summo nigro, gutture toto aureo: crisso 
castaneo: rostro albicante, culmine nigro. 

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3°3, caude 2°5. 

Hab. Western Peru, fruit gardens of Lima (Tsch.). 

Mus. Bremensi. 

This species and the next following are certainly not very typical 

Iridornithes, but without creating a new generic appellation for them, 
I hardly know at present where to place them more satisfactorily. 


3. [RIDORNIS PORPHYROCEPHALA. 


** Tanagra analis, Tsch.,” Licht. in Mus. Berol. 
Tridornis porphyrocephala, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 227. pl. ex. 


Supra purpurea, dorso imo et alarum caudeque marginibus viri- 
descentibus: fronte, loris, mento summo et regione auriculari 
nigris: gutture late et lete aureo-flavo: pectore summo pur- 
purascente; ventre viridescente, medialiter rufescenti-ochraceo:; 
ano intense ferruginescenti-castaneo: tectricibus alarum in- 
Serioribus viridescentibus : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore 
albo. 

Long. tota 5°6, alee 3-0, caudze 2:2. 

Hab. New Grenada; Ecuador, vic. of Quito, 

Mus. Berol. et Joh. Gould. 


244 


This bird may be distinguished from the preceding species by its 
purple head and upper back, and the greenish tinge of the lower 


plumage. 


Genus XXXIII. Cauuiste. 


Calliste, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 978. 

Aglaia, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 347 (1827). 
Calospiza, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. 1840. 
Tatao, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 80 (1851). 
Chrysothraupis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 142. 
Izxothraupis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 143. 
Gyrola, Rehb. Av. S. N. pl. 77 (1850). 
Euschemon, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 95. 
Euprepiste, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 95. 
Procnopis, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 284. 
Chalcothraupis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 144. 


Rostrum rectum, breve, tenue, compressiusculum, culmine ineurvo, 


gonyde paulum ascendente, dente finali distincto : ale elonga- 
tiores, remigibus secunda, tertia et quarta longissimis, prima 


breviore : cauda modica, quadrata: pedes plerumque debiles : 


ptilosis nitidissima: sexus adulti plerumque similes : juniores 


colore obscuriores. 


a. Tatao. 
1. CALLISTE TATAO. 


Tangara du Brésil, Buff. Pl. Enl. 127. fig. 1. 

Tangara, Buff. Pl. Enl. 7. fig. 1 (fig. pess.) ; Briss. Orn. iii. p. 3. 

Le Septicolor, Buff. H. N. iv. 278. 

Tanagra tatao, Linn. 8, N. i. 315; Kittl. Kiipf. d. Vog. pl. 31. 
fig. 3; Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 778; Hayes, Osterly Park, p. 32; 
d’Orb. Voy. p. 270? 

Aglaia tatao, Lafr. et d Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 

. 32? 
F Aglaia paradisea, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. p. 286. 

Callispiza tatao, Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 669; Cab. Mus. Hein. 
p. 26. 

Tatao paradisea, Bp. Note s. l. Tang. p. 15; Rev. Zool. 1851, 
p. 141. 


Calliste tatao, Gray, Gen. B. p. 366. sp. 13; Bp. Consp. p. 234. 


sp. 13; Sclater, Jard. Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 50. 
Tangara septicolor, Desm. Tan. pl. 1. 
The Paradise Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 27. 
Titmouse of Paradise, Edwards, Glean. t. 349. 


Supra velutino-atra : dorsi postici parte superiore coccinea, infe- 
riore aurea: pilei summi et capitis laterum pennis coarctatis et 
squamatis, colore letissime viridibus : fronte et oculorum am- 
bitu anguste nigris : tectricibus alarum summis et corpore sub- 
tus splendide ceruleis ; gutture et pectore summo cum tectrici- 


245 


bus alarum mediis et marginibus remigum externarum purpureis : 
ventre medio crissoque atris. 


%. Mari similis, sed coloribus minus vividis ; dorso postico omnino 
aureo. 
Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°7, caudee 2:0. 


Hab. Cayenne ; Brit. Guiana (Schomé.) ; Upper Rio Negro (Wal- 


lace). 
Mus. Brit., &. 


2. CALLISTE CHLICOLOR. 


Calliste ceelicolor, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 51; P.Z.S, 1855, 

ip, 157, 

Supra velutino-atra : dorsi postici parte superiore coccinea, infe- 
riore aurea; pilei usque ad nucham et cupitis laterum penni 
coarctatis et squamatis, colore letissime viridibus : fronte an- 
gustissima et oculorum ambitu nigris : tectricibus alarum sum- 
mis et corpore subtus splendide ceruleis: gutture cum tectri- 
cum alarum mediarum et remigum externarum marginibus pur- 
pureis : ventre medio et crisso atris. 

2. Mari similis, sed coloribus obscurioribus et dorso postico om- 
nino flavo. 

Long, tota 5:0, ale 3°1, caudze 2:1. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 


3. CALLISTE YENI. 


Aglaia chilensis, Vig. P. Z. S. 1832, p- 3; Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. 
n. 8. pl. 25. 
Aglaia yeni, Lafr. & d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 31. 
Tanagra yeni, d’Orb. Voy. p. 270. pl. 24. fig. 2. 
Callospiza yeni, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p- 286; Tsch. F. P. 
p. 201. 
Calliste chilensis, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 14, 
‘Calliste yeni, Bp. Consp. p. 234; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 51. 
Tatao yeni, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 141; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 15. 


Supra velutino-atra : dorso postico toto ruberrimo : pilei et capi- 
tis laterum pennis coarctatis et squamatis, colore letissime 
viridibus : oculorum ambitu anguste nigro : tectricibus alarum 
summis et corpore subtus splendide ceruleis; gutture et tectri- 
cum alarum mediarum et remigum externarum marginibus pur- 
pureis : ventre medio et crisso nigris. 

Long. tota 5:2, alee 2°9, caudee 2:2, 

Hab. Bolivia, Yuracares and Yungas (d’Ord.) ; Eastern Peru 

(Tsch.) ; River Ucayali (Hawewell), 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


246 
b. Calliste. 


4, CALLISTE TRICOLOR. 


Tang. cayanensis varia chlorocephalos, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 59. 

Tang. varié & téte verte, Buff. Pl. Enl. 32. fig. 1 (¢). 

Le Tricolor, Buff. H. N. iv. 276 (partim). 

Tanagra tricolor, Gm. 8. N. i. 891; Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 779; 
Temm. Pl. Col. 215. fig. 1 (2). 

Tanagra tatao, Max. Beitr. iii. 459. 

Calliste tricolor, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 1; Bp. Consp. p. 234 ; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 51. 

Callispiza tricolor, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 26. 

Tatao tricolor, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 141; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 16. 

Tatao tricolor male, Desm. Tan. pl. 3. 

Green-headed Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 24. 


Lete viridis : rostri ambitu et collo antico interscapulioque nigris : 
capite undique et vitta gulam summam transeunte lete ceru- 
lescenti-viridibus: pectore ceruleo: dorsi postici parte supe- 
riore flammea: tectricibus alarum superioribus purpureis : 
rostro et pedibus nigris. 

9. Mari similis, sed coloribus omnibus obscurioribus ; dorso pos- 
tico flavo. 

Long. tota 5°2, ale 2°7, caudze 2°1. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


5. CALLISTE FASTUOSA. 


Tanagra fastuosa, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 58. p. 184. 

Calliste fastuosa, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 20; Bp. Consp. p. 235 ; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 52. 

Tatao fastuosus, Bp. BR. Z. 1851, p. 142; Note s.1. Tang. p. 16. 


Fronte, mento, gutture medio et interscapulio velutino-nigris: 
dorso postico aurantiaco;: capite et cervice tota cum vitta gu- 
lam transeunte letissime ceruleo-viridibus: alis caudaque 
nigris, purpurea marginatis: tectricibus alarum minoribus 
letissime ceruleis: secundariarum trium ultimarum margini- 
bus externis pallide aureis: abdomine toto purpureo, pectore 
lilacescente. 

?. Mari similis, sed coloribus obscurioribus. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudze 2°0. 

Hab. Eastern Brazil, Pernambuco. 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 


6. CALLISTE FESTIVA. 


Tang. cayanensis varia cyanocephalos, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 62. 
Tang. a téte bleue de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 33. fig. 2 (2). 

Le Tricolor, Buff. H. N. iv. p. 276 (partim). 

Tanagra tricolor, var. B, Gm. 8. N. 892; Don. Nat. Rep. pl. 23. 
Tanagra festiva, Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 537. 


Tunagra eyanocephala, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. p. 425; Enc. 
Méth. p. 780; Temm. Pl. Col. 215. fig. 2 (2° 

Tanagra trichroa, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p- 30; Kittl. Kiipf. d. 
Vog. pl. 31. fig. 1. 

“ Tanagra rubricollis, Temm.,”’ Max. Beitr. iii. 456. 

Aglaia cyanocephala, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 5. 

Calliste festiva, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 2; Bp. Consp. p. 234 ; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 51. 

Callispiza festiva, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 26. 

Tatao festiva, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 142; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 16. 

Tangara tricolor femelle, Desm. Tan. pl. 4. 

Green-headed Tanager, var. A, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 25. 


Lete viridis: rostri ambitu et interscapulio nigris: pileo toto 
nuchaque cum gutture ceruleis oculorum ambitu et pilei ce- 
rulet margine antica thalassinis : regione auriculari cum collo 
laterali et postico late rubris: alis caudaque nigris viridi lim- 
batis ; tectricibus alarum minoribus nigris aurantio terminatis : 
alis caudaque nigris. 

2. Mari similis, sed coloribus dilutioribus ; dorso viridi nigro 
variegato. 

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°5, caudze 1°9, 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit. 


. 


a i. 
% 247 
cS 
; 
d 
; 


7. CALLISTE CYANEIVENTRIS. 
Tanagra cyanoventris, Vieill. N. D. @H. N. xxxii. p- 426; Ene. 
Méth. p. 781. 
Tanagra elegans, Max. Reise n. Bras. i. p. 187. 
Tanagra citrinella, Temm. Pl. Col. 42. fig. 2; Max. Beitr. ii. 
p- 464. 
Aglaia citrinella, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 6. 
Calliste citrinella, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 3; Bp. Consp. p. 234. 
7 Callispiza citrinella, Cab. Mus. Hein. p- 26. 
| Chrysothraupis citrinella, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 142; Notes. 1. Tang. 
17 


3 Calliste cyanoventris, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 54. 


Supra aureo-flava; dorso superiore et medio nigro variegatis : 

d alis caudaque nigris viridi limbatis : infra nitide cyanea, mento 

a summo et collo antico nigris: vitta gulam summam transeunte 
aurea, capite concolore: ventre medio crissoque ochracescenti- 
Jlavis viridi perfusis : rostro nigro: pedibus fuscis. 

?- Mari similis, sed coloribus dilutioribus. 

Long. tota 5°25, alee 2-7, caudee 2:1. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Temm.). 

Mus. Brit. ! 


8. CALLISTE THORACICA. 
Tanagra thoracica, Temm. Pl. Col. 42, fig. 1. 


248 


Calliste thoracica, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 4; Bp. Consp. p. 234 ; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 54. 

Callispiza thoracica, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 26. 

Chrysothraupis thoracica, Bp. R. Z. 1851," p. 142; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p- 17. 


Supra nitide viridis nigro variegata: fronte nigra : regione ocu- 
lari et vitta pileum anticum transeunte thalassino-cyaneis : 
gutture et pectore toto aurantio-flavis, plaga in gutture medio 
cum mento summo nigris : alis caudaque nigris viridi limbatis ; 
tectricibus alarum summis nigris aurantio terminatis : abdo- 
mine nitide viridi, hypochondriis cyaneo tinctis : ventre medio 
et crisso flavicantibus. 

2. Mari similis, sed coloribus dilutioribus. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°8, caudee 2°4. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Natt.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 


9, CALLISTE SCHRANKI. 


Tanagra schrankii, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 38. pl. 51 (¢) et (2); 
@ Orb. Voy. p. 270. pl. 24. fig. 1. 

Aglaia schrankii, Late. & d’ Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p. 31; Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 122. 

Aglaia melanotis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 355 ($). 

Calliste schrankii, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 235. 
sp. 18; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 54; P. Z. S. 1854, p. Bs 

Callospiza schrankii, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 286, et F. P. 
p- 201. 

Chrysothraupis schrankii, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 143 ; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 17. 


Late viridis: interscapulii et secundariarum ultimarum pennis 
nigris, viridi marginatis: alis caudaque nigris cerulescenti- 
viridi limbatis : fronte lata et capitis lateribus nigris : puleo 
postica aureo: dorso imo cum pectore et ventre summo media- 
liter flavis: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

2. Mari similis, sed coloribus minus vividis : capite viridi: uro- 
pygio flavicante. 

Long. tota 4-6, alee 2°7, caudee 1°7. 

Hab. East Peru (T'sch. § Hawawell) ; prov. Maynas (Péppig) ; 

Ecuador, prov. Quixos ; Bolivia, Yuracares (d’Ord.). ‘ 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


c. Izothraupis. 


10. CALLISTE PUNCTATA. 

Tangara viridis indica punctata, Briss. Orn. iii. 19. 
Tang. verd tacheté des Indes, Buff. Pl. Enl. 133. fig. 1. 
Le Syacou, Buff. H..N. iv. p. 288. 

Tanagra punctata, Linn. S. N. i. 316. 


249 


Calliste punctata, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 12; Bp. Consp. p. 234. 
sp. 8; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 55. 

Callispiza punctata, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 26. 

Izothraupis punctata, Bp. BR. Z.1851, p.143; Notes.1.Tang. p.18. 

Spotted Green Titmouse, Edwards, Glean. vi. pl. 262. 

Tangara syacou, Desm. Tan. pl. 8 et 9. 

Supra lete viridis: capitis et dorso superioris pennis media- 
liter nigris viridi marginatis: alis caudaque nigris viridi lim- 
batis: loris nigris: fronte angusta et ciliis oculorum albescen- 
tibus: subtus alba, viridi tincta et nigro guttata, lateraliter 
paulum flavescens : ventre medio albo: hypochondriis viridibus : 
crisso flavicante: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

9. Minor et obscurior: guttis corporis inferi pene obsoletis. 

Long. tota 4°6, alze 2°5, caudz 1°6. 

Hab. Cayenne (Buf7.). 

Mus. Brit. 


11. CALLISTE GUTTATA. 


Spotted Emerald Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. 19. 

Callospiza punctata, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 669. 

Callispiza guttata, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 26. 

Calliste guttulata, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxii. p. 76 ; 
Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 157. 

Calliste chrysophrys, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 24. pl. 69. fig. 2, 
et p. 54. 

Easticongha guttulata, Bp. R. Z.1851,p.144; Notes.1.Tang.p. 18. 


Supra aurescenti-viridis : capitis totius et dorsi superioris pennis 
medialiter nigris, viridi marginatis : fronte et regione oculari 
aureis: alis caudaque nigris, hac viridi, illis autem cerules- 
centi-viridi latius marginatis: loris nigris: subtus alba, 
cerulescente tincta et guttis rotundis precipue in pectore per- 
Jusa: his maculis in gula minoribus ; ventre medio albescente : 
lateribus et crisso flavo-virescentibus: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

©. Paulo minor et coloribus minus claris. 

Hab. British Guiana (Schomé.); Venezuela; Trinidad; New 

Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador (Bourcier). 


12. CALLISTE XANTHOGASTRA. 


$ Calliste xanthogastra, Sclater, Cont.Orn. 1851, p. 23 & 55; P. Z.S. 
1854, p. 115, et 1855, p. 157. 

; Trothraupis chrysogaster, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 144; Note s. 1. 
x Tang. p. 18. 


Lete viridis: capitis et corporis inferi ad medium pectus pennis 
medialiter nigris, viridi late circumcinctis : interscapulii, alarum 
et caude plumis nigris, cerulescenti-viridi late marginatis : ventre 
medio flavo: lateribus viridibus: tectricibus subalaribus albis : 
rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 4°2, alze 2°5, caudee 1°5. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Eastern Peru; Ecuador, prov. Quixos. 


250 


13. CALLISTE GRAMINEA. 


Tang. tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 301. fig. 1. 

Le Syacou, Buff. H. N. iv. p. 288 (partim). 

Tangara petit Syacou, Less. Trait. d’ Orn. p. 462. 

Tanagra graminea, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 40. pl. 53. fig. 2 (2). 

Calliste virescens, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 22. pl. 69. fig. 1, et 
p- 96. 
Ivothraupis pusilla, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 144; Note s. 1. Tang. 
18. 


Calliste graminea, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 11. sp. 17. 


Viridis : alis caudaque nigris ; harum marginibus externis cum inter- 
scapulio toto cerulescentibus : ventre medio via flavescente. 

?. Viridis fere unicolor: alis caudaque fusco-nigris, viridi lim- 
batis ; ventre flavescente. 

Long. tota 3°9, alee 2°3, caude 1°5. 

Hab, Cayenne ; Lower Amazon. 

Mus. Brit., Bruxell. 


14. CALLISTE RUFIGULARIS. 


Tanagrella rufigula, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxii. p. 77 ; 
Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 130; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 4. 
Calliste rufigula, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 55. 


Supra niger : interscapulii, alarum et caude pennis anguste viridi 
marginatis: dorso imo pure pallido viridi: subtus virescenti- 
albida: pectoris et laterum pennis nigro guttatis ; gula cupres- 
centi-rufa: abdomine medio albido ; crisso ochracescente: tec- 
tricibus subalaribus albis : rostro nigro, basi plumbescenti-albida : 
pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°7, caudze 1°7. 

Hab. Ecuador, vic. of Quito (Bourcier) (Jameson). 

Mus. Paris. 


d. Chrysothraupis. 


15. CALLISTE AURULENTA. 


T. (Aglaia) aurulenta, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 290, et 1854, p. 207. 

Calliste aurulenta, Gray’s Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 235; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 52 (partim) ; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157. 

Chrysothraupis aurulenta, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 142 ; Note s. 1. Tang. 
p- 16. 


Aurea, pileo aurantio tincto: interscapulio nigro variegato: loris 
et regione auriculari nigerrimis : alis caudaque nigris: alarum 
tectricibus omnibus et secundariis viridescenti-aureo limbatis ; 
rectricum marginibus externis eodem colore viv tinctis: subtus 
aureo-flava : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5°0, alee 2°8, caudee 1°9. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 


251 


16, CALLISTE SCLATERI. 


Calliste aurulenta, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 52. 
Calliste sclateri, Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1854, p. 207; Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1855, p. 157. 


Supra latissime aurea, regione oculari citrino-flava : loris et re- 
gione auriculari nigerrimis : dorso nigro variegato : alis caudaque 
nigris: alarum tectricibus omnibus et secundariis viridescenti- 
aureo limbatis: rectricum mediarum marginibus externis eodem 
colore vix tinctis : subtus saturate brunnescenti-aurea : rostro et 
pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5°5, ale 3-1, caude 2°1. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Lafresnayano. 


17. CALLISTE PULCHRA. 


Calospiza pulchra, Tsch. Av. Consp. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 285; 
F. P. p. 200. pl. 18. fig. 2; Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. 
p. 235. sp. 32; Lafr. R. Z. 1854, p. 206. 

Aureo-flava : interscapulio limonaceo-flavo et nigro variegato : fronte 
angusta, mento summo, loris et regione auriculari cum alis cau- 
daque nigerrimis : alarum tectricibus et secundariis viridescenti- 
aureo anguste limbatis : gutture et cervice antica castaneo-aureis : 
rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5°75, alee 3°3, caudee 2-4, 

Hab. Eastern wood-region of Peru (Tsch.) ; Quixos in Ecuador. 

Mus. Neuchatel et Joh. Gould. 

This bird may be distinguished from the two preceding by its 
larger size and chestnut throat. 


18. CALLISTE ARTHUSI. 


Tanagra arthus, Less. Ill. Zool. pl. 9 ; Gray, Gen. p. 21. 

Calliste arthusi, Bp. Consp. p. 235. sp. 36; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 
1851, p. 53. 

Chrysothraupis arthus, Bp. R.Z. 1851,p.442; Notes.1.Tang. p. 16. 


Supra latissime aurea, rostri ambitu et regione auriculari nigris : 
interscapulio nigro variegato : alarum tectricibus et secundariis 
nigris virescenti-aureo limbatis : subtus castanea, gutture aureo : 
ventre medio pallide flavo. 

Long. tota 5-7, ale 3-0, caude 2°3. 


Hab. Venezuela; Cariaco (Dyson), Caraccas (Levraud). 
Mus. Brit., Parisiensi. 


19. CALLISTE ICTEROCEPHALA. 


Calliste icterocephala, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxii. p- 76; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 53. pl. 70. fig. 1. 

Chrysothraupis icterocephala, Bp. Note s. 1. Tang. p. 17; R. Z. 
1851, p. 445. 


Flava : interscapulio et tectricibus alarum summis nigro variegatis : 


252 


alis caudaque nigris aurescenti-viridi limbatis: gutture et torque 
cervicali undique pallide virescenti-argenteis. 

Long. tota 5-0, ale 2°8, caudz 1:9. 

Hab. Ecuador, valley of Punta playa ( Bourcier). 

Mus, Parisiensi. 


e. EHuschemon. 


20. CALLISTE VITRIOLINA. 


Callispiza vitriolina, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28. 
Calliste ruficapilla, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 61; P. Z. 8. 1855, 
p- 158. 

Calliste vitriolina, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 159; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 13. 

Ex griseo nitenti-viridescens : pileo rufo: capitis lateribus nigris : 
alis caudaque nigris cerulescenti-viridi limbatis: subtus dilutior, 
ventre albidiore: crisso pallide rufescente. 

9. Mari similis, sed coloribus dilutioribus et marginibus alarum 
viridescentibus. 

Long. tota 5°3, alee 3:0, caudee 2°2. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


21. CALLISTE CAYANA. 


Tang. cayanensis viridis, Briss. Orn. iii. 21. 

Tanagra cayana, Linn. 8. N. i. 315; Vieill. Ene. Méth. p. 777. 

Fringilla autumaalis, Linn. 8, N. i. p. 820? 

Calliste cayana, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. ; Bp. Consp. p. 234. sp. 1; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 140; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 14. 

Calospiza cayana, Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 670. 

Callispiza cayana, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 27. 

Calliste chrysonota, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 50. pl. 51, et 1851, 
p- 62. 

aes a téte rousse de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 201. fig. 2 (fig. 
pess.). 

Tang. @ téte rousse de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 290. fig. 1. 

Le Passevert, Buff. H. N. iv. 273; Desm. Tan. pl. 10, 11. 

The rufous-headed Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 30. 


Flavescenti-ochracea: pileo cuprescenti-rufo : capitis lateribus ni- 
gris: alis nigris cerulescenti-viridi limbatis : gutture toto ceru- 
lescenti-nigro perfuso. 

9. Obscurior: marginibus alarum et caude viridescentibus. 

Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°7, caude 1°5. 

Hab. Cayenne. 

Mus. Brit. 


22. CALLISTE CYANOLZEMA. 


Calliste cyanolaima, Bp. Note s.1. Tang. p. 14 ; R. Z. 1851, p. 140. 
Calliste cyanolema, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 12. sp. 21. 


Nitentissime flavescenti-ochracea: pileo cuprescenti-rufo: capitis 


253 


lateribus nigris - alis caudaque nigris viridescenti-ceruleo lim- 
batis : gutture toto cyaneo relucente. 

?. Obscurior ; marginibus alarum et caude viridescentibus. 

Long. tota 5-5, alee 2°8, caudee 2°1. 

Hab. Interior of Venezuela, Rio Negro; Trinidad (?). 

Mus. P.L.S. 

Obs. Vix a Calliste cayana distincta, et crassitie paulo majore et 

coloribus clarioribus solum dignoscenda. 


23. CALLISTE CUCULLATA. 


Aglaia cucullata, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 7. 

Calliste cucullata, Gray’s Gen. p. 366. sp. 9; Bp. Consp. p. 234; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 63; Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 14; Notes. 1. 
Tang. p. 14. 


Supra flavescenti-ochracea, viridescente tincta: pileo nigro-cinna- 
momeo; infra rufescentior ; pectore cerulescente: alis caudaque 
nigris viridi limbatis: rostro validiore. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°9. 

Hab. Venezuela, Angostura. 

Mus. Parisiensi, Stricklandico. 

This is a scarce bird in collections, but I have no doubt about its 

being a good species. It is distinguishable from all its affines by its 
peculiar dark cinnamon-eoloured head. 


24. CALLISTE FLAVA. 


Tang. brasiliensis flava, Briss. Orn. iii. 39. 

Tanagra flava, Gm. i. p. 896; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 431; Max. 
Beitr. iti. 467. 

Lindo bello, Azara, Pax. i. p. 387. 

Tanagra formosa, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. p. 407; Enc. Méth. 

. 773. 
3 Tanagra chloroptera, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. p. 407. 

Aglaia flava, Sw. Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. 

Calliste flava, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 15; Bp. Consp. p. 234; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 61; Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 140; Note s. 
1. Tang. p. 14. 

Callispiza flava, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 27. 

Yellow Tanager, Lath. G. H. p. 22. 


Clare ochraceo-flava: alis caudaque nigris cerulescenti-viridi lim- 
batis: corpore subtus a mento ad ventrem medialiter nigro. 

2. Ochraceo-flava, obscurior : dorso viridescente tincto: alis cau- 
daque nigris viridi limbatis : gutture et pectore mediali albidis 
nigricante mixtis. 

Long. tota 5-8, ale 2°9, caudze 2°0. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.); Pernambuco (Sw.) ; Para- 

guay (Azara). 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


254 


25. CALLISTE PRETIOSA. 


Lindo precioso, Azara, Pax. i. p. 381. 

Aglaia cayana, d’Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p. 32? 

Tanagra cayana, @ Orb. Voy. p. 272? 

Calliste cayana, Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6. 

Tanagra gyrola, Max. Beitr. iii. 471 (partim) ; DuBois, Orn, Gal. 
pl. 87 (3). 

Callispiza preciosa, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 27. 

Calliste castanonota, Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 63. 

Calliste pretiosa, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 159 ; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 14. 


Nitenti-flavescenti-ochracea: capite toto cum cervice postica et 
dorso summo cuprescenti-rufis : remigibus rectricibusque nigris, 
ceruleo limbatis: loris nigris: subtus viridescens, abdomine me- 
dio cerulescente, ventre imo, crisso et tibiis pallide rufis. 

?. Viridescens, plumarum marginibus obscurioribus : alis caudaque 
nigris viridi limbatis : pileo cuprescente: subtus dilutior, crisso 
rufescente. 

Long. tota 6°3, ale 3°3, caudze 2°3. 

Hab. Southern Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Plant); Paraguay 
(Azara); Monte Video (Selloe); Curytiba (Vatt.) ; Corrientes 
(d’Orb.). 

Mus. Derbiano, Heineano, Bruxell., Vindob., Berol. 


26. CALLISTE MELANONOTA. 


Tanagra peruviana, Desm. Tan. pl. 11 (¢); Vieill. Ene. Méth. 
. 778. 
Tanagra gyrola, Max. Beitr. iii. 471 (partim) ; DuBois, Orn. Gal. 
pl. 87. p. 134(¢). 
Aglaia melanota, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 31 (3), 43 (2 ). 
Calliste peruviana, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 8; Bp. Consp. p. 234 ; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 140; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 14; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 
1851, p. 64. 


Nitenti-flavescenti-ochracea : capite toto cum cervice postica saturate 
cupreo-rufis : interscapulio nigerrimo: remigibus rectricibusque 
nigris cerulescente limbatis: loris nigris: subtus clare viridis, 
ventre vir cerulescente : ventre imo, crisso et tibiis pallide rufis. 

?. Supra viridis, interscapulio vir obscuriore: pileo et cervice 
postica cuprescentibus: loris nigris: subtus viridescens, ventre 
medio flavescenti-albido, imo cum crisso paululum rufescente. 

Long. tota 5-8, alz 3°0, caudz 2°0. 

Hab. South-east Brazil (Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 

I have not continued to employ Desmarest’s name for this bird, 

because it is not found in Peru—but in South-eastern Brazil—a very 
different zoological province. 


27. CALLISTE CYANOPTERA. 
Aglaia cyanoptera, Sw. Orn. Dr. pl. 8. 


a 


255 


Tanagra argentea, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 69. 

Calliste cyanoptera, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 10; Bp. Consp. p. 234. 
sp. 15; R.Z. 1851, p. 140; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 15; Sclater, Cont. 
Orn, 1851, p. 64. 

Callispiza cyanoptera, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 27. 


Argentescenti-ochracea, viridi micans : capite undique cum gutture 
alis caudaque nigris : harum marginibus angustis clare ceruleis. 

9. Viridescens, uropygio et ventre subtus flavescentioribus, capite 

_ obscuriore et cerulescente tincto: gutture albido: alis caudaque 
nigris viridi limbatis. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 3:0, caudee 2:0. 

Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud). 

Mus. Paris. 


f. Gyrola. 
28. CALLISTE GYROLA. 


Tang. peruviana viridis, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 23. 

Tanagra gyrola, Linn. 8. N.i. 315 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 427; Vieill. 
Enc. Méth. p. 778. 

Aglaia chrysoptera, Sw. An. Men. p. 356. 

Calliste gyrola, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 5; Bp. Consp. p. 234; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 67. 
Callispiza gyrola, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 28. 
Gyrola chrysoptera, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 139; Note s. 1. Tang. 
13. 


Le Rouverdin, Buff. H. N. iv. 286. 

Tang. du Pérou, Buff. Pl. Enl. 133. fig. 2. 
Tang. rouverdin, male, Desm. Tan. pl. 6. 
Red-headed Greenfinch, Edwards, Glean. pl. 23. 
Red-headed Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. 15. 


Clare viridis : capite et mento summo castaneis : campterio aures- 
cente: abdomine medio cerulescente: tibiis pallide rufis. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°7, caude 1°8. 

Hab. Cayenne ; Brit. Guiana (Sw.). 

Mus. Brit. 


29. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES. 
: Aglaia gyrola, Lafr. et d’ Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
y 32. 


Tanagra gyrola, d’ Orb. Voy. p. 272. 

- Aglaia peruviana, Sw. An. in Men. p. 356. 

Callospiza gyrola, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 286 ; F. P. p. 202. 

Calliste cyanoventris, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 19. 

Aglaia gyroloides, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 277. 

Calliste gyroloides, Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 234; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 67; P. Z.S. 1854, p.115 ; 1855, p. 158 ; 
Cassin, Rep. U.S. Astron. Exp. ii. p. 182. pl. xix. fig. 1. 

Gyrola cyanoventris, Bp. R.Z. 1851, p.139 ; Note s.1. Tang. p. 13. 


256 


Clare viridis: capite et mento summo castaneis: torque nuchali et 
campteriis aurescentibus : dorso postico et abdomine toto ceruleis : 
tibiis pallide rufis. 

Long. tota 5-0, alze 2°9, caude 1°8. 

Hab. Chiriqui, vic. of David (Bridges); New Grenada, Bogota ; 
Ecuador, prov. Quixos; Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ; Bolivia, Yuracares 
(@’Ord.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


30. CALLISTE DESMARESTI. 


Tang. rouverdin, femelle, Desm. Tan. pl. 7 (2). 

Tanagra gyrola, Sw. Zool. Il. n. s. pl. 28. 

Calliste desmaresti, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 6 ; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 
1851, p. 67; Cassin, Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 182. pl. xix. fig. 2. 

Aglaia viridissima, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 277. 

Gyrola viridissima, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p.139 ; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 13. 

Calliste viridissima, Bp. Consp. p. 234. 


Clare viridis : capite toto et mento summo castaneis : tibiis pallide 
rufis. 

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°7, caudz 1°7. 

Hab. Venezuela; Trinidad. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


g. Euprepiste. 
31. CALLISTE BRASILIENSIS. 


Tang. brasiliensis cerulea, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 9. 

Tang. bleu de Brésil, Buff. Pl. Enl. 179. fig. 1. 

Tanagra brasiliensis, Linn. S. N.i. p. 316; Vieill. Ene. Méth. 
p- 780; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 477. 

Tang. barbadensis cerulea, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 8? 

Tang. bleu de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 155. fig. 1 ; H. N. iv. p. 282? 

Tanagra barbadensis, Kuhl, Ind. Pl. Enl. p. 3; Temm. Ind. Pl. 
Col. p. 31? 

Calliste albiventer, Gray, Gen. p. 366 ? 

Calliste brasiliensis, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 11; Bp. Consp. p. 234; 
Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 68. 

Callospiza barbadensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc.Par. xxxii."p. 80. 

Callospiza brasiliensis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 468; Note s. 1. Tang. 
p- 19; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 27. 


Nigra: capite antico et laterali cum gutture, pectore et lateribus 
necnon dorso postico alarum tectricibus et remigum marginibus 
externis ceruleis: rostri ambitu, torque gutturali interrupto, et 
maculis in lateribus pectoris et ventris nigris : abdomine medio 
et tectricibus subalaribus albis. 

Long. tota 6°0, alee 3°3, caudze 2°2. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, Rio (Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


ae eh el el 


257 


32. CALLISTE FLAVIVENTRIS. 


Tang. cayennensis cerulea, Briss. Orn. iii. p- 6. 

Tang. tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 290. fig. 2. 

Tang. diable enrhumé, Buff. H. N. iv. 27; Desm. Tang. pl. 2. 

Tanagra mexicana, Linn. S.N. i. 315. 

Tanagra flaviventris, Vieill. N. D. VH. N. xxxii. p- 411; Ene. 
Méth. p. 774. 

Calliste mexicana, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 21; Bp. Consp. p. 235. 

Callospiza mexicana, Schomb. Reise, iii. 670. 

Calliste flaviventris, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 69. 

Callispiza flaviventris, Cab. Mus. Hein. p- 27. 

Callospiza cayennensis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p- 169; Note s. 1. Tang. 
p- 20. 

Black and Blue Tanager, Edwards, Glean. t. 350; Lath. G. H. 
vi. 35. 


Nigra: capite antico et iaterali cum gutture, pectore et lateribus 
necnon dorso postico et tectricum alarium majorum marginibus 
externis ceruleis ; rostri ambitu, torque gutturali interrupto et 
maculis in lateribus pectoris et ventris nigris: tectricibus alarum 
minoribus turcoso-ceruleis : remigum externarum margine angusia 
cyanea : abdomine medio cum crisso et tectricibus subalaribus albis, 
sulphureo tinctis. 

Long. tota 5:4, alze 2-7, caude 1-8. 

Hab. Cayenne ; Upper Rio Negro ( Wallace). 

Mus. Brit., &e. 


33. CALLISTE VIEILLOTI, sp. nov. 


Tanagra flaviventris, Vieill. Enc. Méth. Pp. 774 (partim). 
Callospiza mexicana, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxii. p. 80; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 169; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 20. 


Nigra: capite antico et laterali cum gutture, pectore et lateribus 
necnon dorso postico et tectricum alarium majorum marginibus 
externis ceruleis: rostri ambitu, torque gutturali interrupto et 
maculis in lateribus pectoris et ventris nigris: tectricibus alarum 
minoribus turcoso-ceruleis : remigum margine externa anguste 
viridescente : abdomine medio cum crisso et tectricibus alarum 
inferioribus clare flavis. 

9. Ventre pallidiore. 

Long. tota 4-5, alee 2°9, caudee 1-7. 

Hab. Trinidad. 

Mus. Paris. et P. L. S. 


_ . This Tanager was first well-distinguished from C. Jlaviventris of 
Cayenne by Prince Bonaparte, who proposed to retain for it the 
- Linnean name mevicana. This I cannot assent to, as the bird has 


nothing to do with Mexico ; and moreover, if that name is used at 

all, it must be applied to the Cayenne bird, as Linnzeus’s species 

was grounded principally on Brisson’s Tang. cayennensis cerulea. 
The Calliste vieilloti is common in collections from Trinidad, and 


No. CCCXVII.—Procerprngs oF THE ZooLoeicat Socrery. 


258 


may be readily recognized by its bright yellow belly and under wing- 
coverts, which in C. flaviventris are creamy white tinged with yellow. 


34. CALLISTE BOLIVIANA. 


Aglaia mexicana, Lafr. et d’ Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 32. 

Tanagra flaviventris, d Orb. Voy. p. 270. 

Callospiza boliviana, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxii. p. 80; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 169; Notes.1. Tang. p. 20. 

Calliste boliviana, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 69. 


Nigra: capite antico et laterali cum gutture pectore et latertbus 
necnon dorso postico et tectricibus alarum minoribus cum mar- 
ginibus tectricum majorum ceruleis : rostri ambitu, torque guttu- 
rali interrupto et maculis in lateribus pectoris et ventris nigris: 
remigum margine externa anguste cyanescente: abdomine medio 
crissoque cum tectricibus subalaribus flavissimis. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°75, caude 1°9. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; East Peru; Upper Amazon, Ega 

(Wallace) ; Bolivia, Guarayos and Yuracares (d’Orb.). 

Mus. Paris., Derbiano. 


35. CALLISTE INORNATA. 
Calliste inornata, Gould, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 158 (note). 


Supra nigro-grisea : alis caudaque fusco-nigris : alarum tectricibus 
minoribus turcoso-ceruleis : subtus pallidior ; abdomine toto 
crissoque et tectricibus subalaribus lactescenti-albis: rostro et 
pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°5, caudee 1°75. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Joh. Gould. 

This curious little bird, of which Mr. Gould possesses a single 

specimen, appears to me to represent an immature state of some 
species of true Calliste, probably as yet undescribed. 


h. Procnopis. 


36. CALLISTE ATRICZRULEA. 


Procnopis atrocerulea, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 285 ; 
F. P. p. 199. pl. 13. fig. 2. 

Calliste atrocerulea, Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 
1851, p. 59; Bp. Consp. p. 235. 

Chalcothraupis atrocerulea, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 144; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 19. 


Cerulea: interscapulio nigro : capite toto ex cinereo cerulescente : 
nuchali macula dilute straminea: alis nigris ceruleo limbatis : 
gula et pectore cyaneis. | 

Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ; Bolivia (Bridyes). 

Mus. Neuchatel, Derbiano. 


259 


37. CALLISTE RUFICERVIX. 


Aglaia ruficerviz, Prev. Voy. Venus, Ois. pl. 5. fig. 1. 

Arremon rufivertex, Gray, Gen. p. 361. sp. 3. 

Procnopis atrocerulea et Tanagra ruficerviz, Bp. Compt. Rend. 
1851, xxxii. p. 77. 

Chalcothraupis ruficerviv, Bp. R. Z. 1855, p. 144; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 18. 

Calliste leucotis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 58. 

Calliste ruficervix, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 58 ; P. Z. S. 1855, 
p- 158. 


Cerulea : dorsi plumis medialiter et intus nigris: alis caudaque 
nigris ceruleo limbatis: pileo et cervice postica purpureis : vitta 
lata trans nucham aurescenti-rufa : fronte, mento et loris nigris : 
ventre medio crissoque ochracets. 

Long. tota 4-5, alze 2°8, caudze 1:7. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota ; Ecuador, vic. of Quito (Bourcier). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


38. CALLISTE ATRICAPILLA. 


Tanagra (Aglaia) atricapilla, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 290. 
Calliste atricapilla, Bp. Consp. p. 235 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, 
. 59. 
2 Chalcothraupis atricapilla, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 144; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 19. 
Procnias heinei, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 31 (jun.); Bp. R. Z. 1851, 
p- 134; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 8. 


Cerulescenti-argentea : alis caudaque nigris eodem colore limbatis : 
pileo toto nigerrimo : gutturis totius et pectoris plumarum basibus 
nigris, apicibus autem acutis et colore clare viridibus. 

9 . Viridis : pileo obscuriore: gutture mari simili, sed pallidiore. 

Long. tota 4°8, alee 2°8, caude 1°7 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Venezuela, near Caraccas (Dyson) ; 

Popayan (Mus. Derb.). 

Mus. Brit., Derbiano. 


. 39. CALLISTE ARGENTEA. 


| __ Procnopis argentea, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 285; F. P. p. 199. 
: pl. 14. fig. 2. 

Calliste argentea, Gray, Gen. App. p. 14; Bp. Consp. p. 235; 
Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 60. 

Chalcothraupis argentea, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 145; Note s. 1. Tang. 
p- 19. 


Supra cinerascenti-argenteo-cyanescens, pileo nigro : gutture aures- 
centi-stramineo : pectore et ventre medio nigris. 

Long. tota 5°5. 

Hab, Eastern Peru (Tsch.). 

Mus. Neuchatel et Derbiano. 


i date 


260 


40. CALLISTE NIGRIVIRIDIS. 


Tanagra nigroviridis, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 69 ; Mag. de Zool. 1843, 
1. 43. 

fi Calliste nigro-viridis, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 23; Bp. Consp. 
p- 235; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 56; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158. 

Callispiza nigroviridis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 27. 

T. (Aglaia) nigroviridis, Less. Descr. p. 348. 

Chalcothraupis nigro-viridis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 145; Notes. 1. 
Tang. p. 19. 


Nigra: pileo cervice et dorso postico cum corpore toto subtus ar- 
gentescenti-cyaneis, plumis subtus nigris argentescenti-cyaneo 
terminatis : fronte, loris, regione oculari et mento nigris: abdo- 
mine medio albicante : remigibus rectricibusque nigris cyaneo mar- 
ginatis : tectricibus alarum minoribus intense cyaneis : majoribus 
autem argentescenti-cyaneo marginatis. 

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2°9, caude 1°8. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador, prov. Quixos ; Western 

Ecuador, Calacali (Bourcier). 

Mus. Paris., Brit. 


41. CALLISTE CYANESCENS, sp. nov. 


Nigra: pileo, cervice et dorso postico cum corpore subtus argen- 
tescenti-cyaneis ; plumis subtus nigris argentescenti-cyaneo ter- 
minatis: fronte, loris, regione oculari et mento summo nigris : 
abdomine medio crissoque albis: alis caudaque nigris cyanescente 
marginatis, campteriis intensius cyanescentibus. 

Long. tota 5-0, ale 3-0, caudee 1°9. , 

Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud) ; Colonia di Tovar, alt. 8000 
feet (Dyson). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 

Obs. Affinissima C. nigriviridi et crassitie paulo majore, ale 
totius marginibus cyanescentibus unicoloribus et colore pectoris cya- 
nescentiore, ventris autem albidiore, vix distinguenda. 

I have seen many specimens of this bird, which is the Venezuelan 
representative of Calliste nigriviridis. It is certainly very closely 
allied to that species, but presents as good distinctive characters as 
many other birds which are now generally allowed to be independent 
species. 


. CALLISTE LARVATA. 


en larvata, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 9; Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; 
Bp. Consp. p. 236; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p- 64. 
Tatao larvatus, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 142; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 16. 


Capite colloque toto cum gula nitidissime cuprescenti- -aureis: rostri 
ambitu nigro; vitta ultra frontem et capitis lateribus ceruleis, 
hujus coloris margine posteriore in viridescentem transeunte : inter- 

scapulio, alis caudaque cum pectore toto nigris : tectricibus alarum 
minoribus ceruleis ; mediarum autem et majorum marginibus cum 


261 


dorso postico cyaneis: remigibus et rectricibus aurescenti-viridi 
limbatis : abdomine medio albo, utrinque ceruleo, lateribus viri- 
descentibus : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

2. Colorihus minus claris. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°9, caude 1°8. 

Hab. Southern Mexico, Tabasco (Ghiesbreght) ; Chamalican river, 

Spanish Honduras (Dyson). 
Mus. Brit., Derbiano. 


43. CALLISTE FRANCISCH. 


Aglaia fanny (!), Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 72. 

Calliste fanny, Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 236. sp. 38 ; 
Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 56. fig. 1. 

Calliste francisce, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 142. 


Capite colloque toto cum gula nitidissime virescenti-aureis : rostri 
ambitu nigro, deinde ceruleo et in viridem transeunte : intersca- 
pulio alis caudaque cum pectore toto nigerrimis: dorso postico 
et tectricibus alarum mediis viridescenti-cyaneis ; remigibus et 
rectricibus eodem colore anguste limbatis: tectricibus alarum 
summis ceruleis: abdomine medio crissoque albis, lateribus viri- 
descenti-ceruleis ; rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°8, caude 1°6. 

' Hab. Veragua (Delattre) ; vic. of David, prov. Chiriqui, Panama 

(Bridges). 

Mus. Acad. Philadelph. et Joh. Gould. 

This beautifully coloured bird, which was first discovered by De- 
lattre in Veragua, has been generally supposed to be the same as the 
C. larvata, and it was only upon a close examination of the specimen 
lately procured by Mr. Bridges, and comparison of it with indivi- 
duals of the other species, that I was enabled to recognize its dif. 
ference. This Calliste is slightly smaller than the larvata, and has 
the head of a much lighter golden green, in some lights passing 
almost into pale green. In the other bird these parts are more of a 
coppery brown. In this species, also, the lower back and edgings 
of the middle and greater wing-coverts are of a much greener tinge, 
and there is more white in the middle of the belly and crissum. 


44, CALLISTE NIGRICINCTA. 


Aglaia nigro-cincta, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 121. 

Calliste nigro-cincta, Gray, Gen. p.366. sp. 16; Bp. Consp. p. 235; 
Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 68. 

Chalcothraupis nigro-cincta, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 145; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 19. 

Calliste thalassina, Strickl. Ann. N. H. (1844) xiii. p. 419; Gray, 
Gen. p. 366. sp. 30; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 57; . Z. 8, 1854, 
p- 115, et 1855, p. 158. 

Aglaia wilsoni, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 71. 

Calliste wilsoni, Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. p. bts sp. 37; 
Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 56. fig. 2. 


i sa 


262 


Chrysothraupis thalassina, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 143; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 17. 
Calliste larvata, Cassin, Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. p.182. pl. xviii. fig.2. 


Capite et cervice undique cum gula thalassino-cyaneis, regione auri- 
culari cum mento pallide viridibus : loris, interscapulio et pectore 
toto nigerrimis : dorso postico lete ceruleo: abdomine medio albo, 
lateribus c@rulescentibus: remigibus et rectricibus nigris ceru~ 
lescenti-viridi marginatis : tectricibus alarum summis lete ceru- 
leis, mediis et majoribus viridibus. 

Long. tota 5:0, ale 2°8, caudee 1°8. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador, prov. Quixos; Eastern 
Peru, Guaunco (Delattre) ; River Ucayali (Hawawell) ; Marabitanas 
on the Rio Negro (Nuit.). 

Mus. Brit., Derbiano, Vindobiensi. 


45. CALLISTE CYANEICOLLIS. 


Aglaia cyanicollis, Lafr. et d’ Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 33. 

Tanagra cyanicollis, d Orb. Voy. p. 271. pl. 25. fig. 1. 

Callospiza cyanicollis, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 286; F. P. 
p. 202. 

Aglaia ceruleocephala, Sw. An. in Men. p. 356. 

Calliste ceruleocephala, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 18; Bp. Consp. 
p- 235. sp. 19. 

Calliste cyanicollis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 115; P. Z.S. 
1854, p.115, et 1855, p. 158 ; Cassin, Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p.181. 
pl. xvii. fig. 1. 


Capite toto et gutture undique lete cyaneis: gula purpurascente : 
loris interscapulio et abdomine toto nigerrimis ; hoe ceruleo la- 
vato : dorso postico et alarum tectricibus pallide viridibus, tectri- 
cibus alarum summis aurescentioribus : remigibus et rectricibus 
nigris viridi anguste marginatis. 

Long. tota 4°7, alee 2°6, caudee 1°7. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador, prov. Quixos (Gould) ; 

Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ; Bolivia, Yuracares (d’Ord.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


46. CALLISTE LABRADORIDES. 

Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 67; Less. 
Deser. p. 347. 

Aglaia labradorides, Prevost, Voy. Venus, Ois. pl. 5. fig. 2. 

Calliste labradorides, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 25; Bp. Consp. p. 235; 
Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 57; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158. 

Chalcothraupis labradorides, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 144; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 18. 


Nitenti-viridis ceruleo viz tincta, capite aurescentiore : fronte, loris, 
mento summo, nucha et cervice postica cum scapularibus nigris : 
alis caudaque nigris cerulescenti-viridi marginatis ; tectricibus 


263 


alarum summis ceruleis: ventre imo crissogue pallide ochra- 
ceis. 

Long. tota 4-5, alee 2°6, caudse 1°7. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., &. 


47. CALLISTE PARZUDAKII. 


Tanagra parzudakii, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p- 97; Mag. de Zool. 1843, 
Ois. pl. 41. 

Calliste parzudakii, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 27; Bp. Consp. p. 235. 
sp. 26; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 66; P. Z. S. 1854, p- 115, et 
1855, p. 158. 

Chrysothraupis parzudakii, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 143; Notes. 1. 
Tang. p. 18. 


Nigra: dorso postico cum tectricibus alarum minoribus et tectricum 
majorum apicibus externis argenteo-cyanescentibus: pileo toto 
cum nucha et collo laterali flavissimis ; fronte et regione oculari 
ruberrimis : loris nigris : subtus argenteo-cyanescens ochraceo 
tincta; gula nigra; ventre medio crissoque ochraceis. 

Long. tota 5:5, ale 3°3, caudze 2-0. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Ecuador, Quixos. 

Mus. Brit. 


. 48. CALLISTE LUNIGERA. - 
Calliste lunigera, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 65. pl. 70. fig. 2. 


Nigra: dorso postico cum tectricibus alarum minoribus et tectricum 
majorum secundariarumque marginibus argenteo-viridescentibus : 
pileo toto et capitis lateribus aurantiacis, macula magna auriculari 
cum gula nigris: pectore argenteo-viridescente ; abdomine rufes- 
centi-ochraceo. 

Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°8, caude 1:8. 

Hab. Western Ecuador, vicinity of Quito (Jameson). 

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Bart. et P. L. S. 


49. CALLISTE CHRYSOTIS. 


Calliste chrysotis, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 7 ; Gray, Gen. App. p.17; 
Bp. Consp. p. 236 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 66. 

Chrysothraupis chrysotis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 142 ; Notes. 1. Tang. 

pol7. 

Supra nigra: dorso postico et interscapulii alarumque pennarum 
omnium marginibus clare viridibus : pileo nigro: fronte aures- 
centi-viridi : regione auriculari. cuprescenti-aureo : subtus clare 
viridis ; abdomine medio crissoque castaneis. 

Long. tota 5°5, ale 2:9, caude 1'9. 

Hab. Eastern Peru (DuBus). 

Mus. Bruxell., Derbiano. 


264 


50. CALLISTE XANTHOCEPHALA. 


Callospiza xanthocephala, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 285 ; F. P. 
p- 200. pl. 17. fig. 2 (fig. pess.); Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. 
235 


Calliste lamprotis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 65. 
Chrysothraupis xanthocephala, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 443 ; Note s. 1. 
Tang. p. 17. 

Lete ceruleo-viridis : interscapulii, ularum et caude plumis nigris 
eodem viridi limbatis : fronte, loris, gula summa et cervice pos- 
tica nigris: pileo toto aurantiaco: capitis lateribus et regione 
auriculari flavissimis : ventre medio crissoque pallide ochraceis. 

Long. tota 5°3, alee 2°9, caude 1°9. 

Hab. Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ; Bolivia ( Bridges). 

Mus. Brit., Neuchatel. 


51. CALLISTE VENUSTA. 


Calliste xanthocephala, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 58; P. Z.S. 
1854, p. 115. 
Calliste venusta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 248, et 1855, p. 158. 


Lete ceruleo-viridis : interscapulii, alarum caudeque plumis nigris, 
eodem viridi marginatis : fronte, loris, gula summa et cervice pos- 
tica nigris : pileo lateribusque capitis flavis : ventre medio crisso- 
que pallide ochraceis : rostro nigro: pedibus pallidis. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudze 1°5. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; prov. Quixos in Ecuador. 

Mus. Brit., Berol. 


Genus XXXIV. Diva. 


Procnopis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 80 (1851), nee Cab. 

Diva, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 16 (1854). 

Forma Callistze, sed rostro breviore et basi dilatata; dente finalt 
obsoleto: ale longe, remigibus secunda, tertia et quarta longis- 
simis, prima breviore quam quinta : cauda modica quadrata : pti- 
losis cerulea, unicolor. 


1. Diva vassort. 


- Tanagra (Euphone’) vassorii, Boiss. R. Z. 1840, p. 4; Mag. de 
Zool. 1841, pl. 23. 

Aglaia diva, Less. Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. 57; Descr. d. Mam. 
et Ois. p. 347. 

Calliste vassorii, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 26; Bp. Consp. p. 235. 
sp. 25; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 60. 

Procnopis vassori, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 80; R. Z. 1851, 
p. 134; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 9. 

Diva vassori, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 13; P. Z. S$. 1855, p. 158. 


265 


Lucide caerulea: loris, alis caudaque nigris : tectricibus alarum 

minoribus et tectricum majorum marginibus ceruleis. 

? aut junior. Griseo-cineracea : subtus clarior. 

Long. tota 4-7, alee 2°8, caudee 1-7. 

Hab. Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 

The bird which I formerly described as Pipridea albiventris (Contr. 
Orn. 1852, p. 131. pl. 100. fig. 2), and afterwards made a second 
species of this form, is, I now think, though somewhat intermediate 
in characters, more strictly referable to the neighbourhood of the 
genus Dacnis in the family Cerebide. 


Genus XXXV. Prreripra. 


Pipraeidea, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 173 (1827). 
Procnopis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 80, nee Cab. 


Rostrum Callistee, sed brevius, altius, basi dilatata, rictu plumoso : 
ale modice, remigibus quatuor primis fere equalibus sed secunda 
et tertia paulo longioribus: cauda modica subquadrata : ptilosis 
cerulea et rufa: sexus dissimiles, 


1. Prpr1pEA MELANONOTA. 


Pico di punzon azul y canela, Azar. Pax. i. p- 413. 
Tanagra melanonota, Vieill. N. D. d’H. N. xxxii. 407. 
Tanagra melanotha, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p- 773. 
Tanagra vittata, Temm. Pl. Col. 48 (3 et 2). 
Pipraeidea cyanea, Sw. Zool. Journ. 1827, p. 173; Bp. Consp. 
. 231. 
Aglaia vittata, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, p. 98. 
Calliste vittata, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 24. 
Procnopis vitiata, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 284. 
_Procnopis melanota, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 80; R. Z. 1851, 
p- 134; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 8. 
Calliste melanonota, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p- 61, 
_Pipreidea melanonota, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 13. 


Supra cerulea : interscapulio toto valde obscuriore, nigricanti-caru- 
leo tincto: alis caudaque nigris nigricante ceruleo limbatis : 
campteriis lete .ceruleis: vitta lata frontali per oculos utrinque 
transeunte nigerrima: subtus ochracescenti-cinnamomea. 

¢. Obscurior : interscapulio fusco: alarum caudeque marginibus 
viridescentibus. 

- Long. tota 5:8, ale 3:1, caudze 2-0. 
Hab. Southern Brazil ; Uruguay, Maldonado (Darwin) ; Para- 
guay (dzara). 
Mus. Brit., &ce. 


2. PIpRIDEA VENEZUELENSIS, sp. nov. 
Supra lete cerulea : interscapulio alis caudaque nigris, ceruleo 


266 


tinctis : campteriis lete ceruleis : vitta frontali per oculos utrin- 
que transeunte nigerrima : subtus ochracea. 
Long. tota 5°1, ale 3°1, caudee 1°9. 
Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud). 
Mus. Parisiensi. 
Obs. Affinissima P. melanonote, sed paulo minor et colore czruleo 
clariore et rostro breviore distinguenda. 


3. PIpRIDEA CASTANEIVENTRIS. 


Calliste castaneoventris, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 60. 
Pipraidea castaneiventris, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 13. 


Supra fusco-cerulea: alis caudaque nigris fusco-ceruleo limbatis : 
loris et regione oculari atris: infra brunneo-castanea: rostro 
elongatiore, mandibula inferiore brunnescente, superiore cum pe- 
dibus nigris. 

Long. tota 6:4, alz 3:15. 

Hab. Bolivia (Bridges). 

Mus. Derbiano. 


Genus XXXVI. CuLorocHRysA. 


Chlorochrysa, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxii. p. 76 (1851). 
Calliparea, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 129. 


Rostrum tenue, elongatum, mandibula superiore paulum incurva, in- 
feriore rectissima : dente finali fere obsoleto: ale elongate, re- 
migibus quatuor primis fere equalibus et longissimis : cauda brevi 
quadrata : ptilosis nitentissime viridis : sevus similes. 


1. CHLOROCHRYSA CALLIPARAA. 


Callospiza calliparea, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 202; F. P. 
p-. 202. 

Calliste calliparea, Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 235. 
sp. 30. 

Calliste bourcieri, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Se. Par. xxxii. p. 76. 

Calliparea bourcieri, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 129; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 3. 

Chlorochrysa calliparea, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 99. pl. 73. 

fig. 1. 

Lucide viridis : regione oculari dorso inferiore et ventre cerules- 
cente tinctis : gula nigra: regione auriculari castanea : uropygio 
croceo. 

Long. tota 4°6, alze 2°8, caudze 2°0. 

Hab. Wood-region of E. Peru (Tsch.) ; Valley of Baiios, Ecuador 

(Bourcier) ; Anolaima, New Grenada (Chapout). 

Mus. Berol., Parisiensi. 


2. CHLOROCHRYSA PHENICOTIS. 


Calliste phenicotis, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. xxxii. p. 76. 
Calliparea phenicotis, Bp. R. Z.1851, p.129 ; Note s.1.Tang. p. 3. 


267 


_ Chlorochrysa phenicotis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 100. pl. 73. 

fig. 2. 

Lucide viridis: tectricibus alarum minoribus, tibiis et macula altera 
suboculari et altera pone oculum utrinque splendenti-olivaceo-brun- 
neis: his secundis maculis corallino-rubro versus nucham termi- 
natis. 

9. Mari similis sed minor. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 3-0, caudee 1°7. 

Hab, Ecuador, Nanegan, north of Quito (Bourcier). 

Mus. Paris. et Gul, Jardine, Bart. 


Genus XXXVII. TANAGRELLA. 


Tanagrella, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 121. 
Hypothlypis, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 667. 


Rostrum tenue, elongatum, mandibula inferiore recta, superiore in- 
curva, dente finali indistincto: ale longe, remigibus secunda et 
tertia longissimis, prima quartam e@quante et illis vix breviore: 
cauda longa quadrata : ptilosis nigro-cerulea : sexus similes. 


1. TaNAGRELLA VELIA. 


Red-bellied Blue-bird, Edwards’ Glean. pl. 22. 

Motacilla velia, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 336 (partim). 

Le Pipit bleu de Surinam, Buff. Pl. Enl. 669. fig. 3. 

Le Pitpit varié, Buff. H. N. v. 341. 

Tangara varié, Desm. Tan. pl. 2. 

Tanagra velia, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. p. 424; Ene. Méth. 
. 780. 

Tanagra varia, Steph. Zool. xiv. p. 7; Cuv. Régn. An. i. p. 367. 

Hypothlypis iridina, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 667 ? 

Tanagra iridina, Hartl. R. Z. 1841, p. 105? 

Tanagrella iridina, Gray, Gen. p. 366. 

Tanagrella velia, Bp. Consp. p. 236; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, 


97. 
Red-bellied Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. 34. 


Nigra: gula, capitis lateribus, alarum caudeque marginibus et caude 
tectricibus superioribus ceruleis: dorso postico viridescente ar- 
genteo nitente: pileo antico viridescente cyaneo, versus rostrum 
cerulescentiore : loris et narium plumis nigris: subtus cerulea, 
collo antico nigro: pectore lilacescente: ventre medio et crisso 
castaneis: tectricibus subalaribus albis: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5°4, alze 2-9, caude 2:0. 

Hab. Cayenne; British Guiana (Schombd.). 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


2. TANAGRELLA ELEGANTISSIMA. 
Tanagrella elegantissima, J. et E. Verr. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 195. 
Nigerrima : gula, capitis lateribus et pileo antico cum fronte et loris, 


268 


alarum caudeque marginibus et tectricibus caude superioribus 
letissime ceruleis: dorso postico viridescente argenteo nitente : 
subtus cerulea, collari interrupto nigro: pectore paululum lila- 
cescente : ventre medio et crisso castaneis: tectricibus alarum in- 
ferioribus albis : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3-0, caude 1:9. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota; Rio Xié (Natterer) ; Porto Cabello 
(Mus. Hein.). 

Mus. Heineano; Vindob. 

This species, of which I have seen many examples in the most re- 
cently imported Bogota collections, is very closely allied to the T. 
velia of Cayenne; but in the present bird the front lores and throat 
are of the same full blue as the wing-edgings, and there is no tinge 
of greenish colouring on the head as in its Cayenne representative. 
The whole colouring is also generally more intense, and the black 
collar on the throat is narrower and less defined. 


3. TANAGRELLA CYANOMELAS. 


Sylvia surinamensis cerulea, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 536 ? 

Motacilla velia, Gm. 8. N. i. 991 (partim). 

Tanagra cyanomelas, Max. Beitr. iil. 453. 

Tanagrella multicolor, Sw. An. in Men. p. 313. 

Tanagrella tenuirostris, Sw. Class. ii. p. 121. 

Tanagreila velia, Gray, Gen. p. 366. sp. 1. 

Tanagrella cyanomelas, Bp. Consp. p. 236; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 
1851, p. 97. 


Nigra: gula, fronte, capitis lateribus, marginibus alarum et caude 
cum tectricibus caude superioribus ceruleis: pileo antico supra 
Srontem et dorso postico viridescenti-argenteis : subtus lete ceru- 
lescenti-grisea, ventre medio et crisso castaneis : collari interrupto 
nigro: tectricibus subalaribus albis. 

Long. tota 5°7, alee 3-0, caudze 2°2. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., &ce. 


4. TANAGRELLA CALOPHRYS. 


Hypothlypis callophrys, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iii. 668 (note). 
Tanagrella callophrys, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1851, p. 77; R. Z. 1851, 
p-130; Note s.1. Tang. p. 5; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, pl. 74. p. 98. 


Supra nigerrima: fronte angusta, capitis lateribus cum marginibus 
alarum et caude et tectricibus caude superioribus ceruleis : pileo 
mediali cum superciliis latis et elongatis et dorso postico virides- 
centi-argenteis : subtus cerulea, ventre imo et crisso nigris: tec- 
tricibus subalaribus nigricanti-cinereis : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5:4, alee 3-0, caudee 2:0. 

Hab. Ecuador, prov. Quixos (Bourcicr) ; East Peru, river Uca- 

yali (Hawawell). 

Mus. Berol. 


. 269 
Genus XXXVIII. Gurossteriza. 


Neornis, Hartl. 1846, Nachtr. z. Verz. Brem. Mus., nec Hodgs. 


- Rostrum tenue, elongatum, incurvum, commissura arcuata, gonyde 
recta, dente finali nullo: ale longa, remige tertia et guarta lon- 
gissimis et secundam paulo superantibus, prima paulo breviore 
quam quinta: cauda breviuscula quadrata: sexus dissimiles : 
ptilosis mascula caerulea, feminea grisea. 


1. GLosstpTILA RUFICOLLIS. 


Motacilia campestris, Linn. 8. N. i. p- 329 (2)? 

Rufous-throated Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. 1. p. 241. 

Tanagra ruficollis, Gm. S. N. ii. p. 894 ; Edwards, Glean. pl. 122. 

Tanagrella ruficollis, Gray, Gen. App. p- 17; Bp. Consp. p. 236; 
Gosse, B. of Jam. p- 236; Ill. B. Jam. pl. 58. 

Tachyphonus rufigularis, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 320. 

Pyrrhulagra rujicollis, Bp. Consp. p. 236 (excl. syn.). 

Neornis cerulea, Hartl. Nachtr. z. Verz. Mus. Brem. p. 8 (descr. 
nulla). 


Rufous-chinned Finch, var. A, Lath. G. H. vi. 126. 

Cerulescenti-plumbea, facie nigricante: plaga magna gutturali cas- 
taneo-rufa. 

?. Cupite colloque viridescenti-griseis : dorso olivascenti-brunneo : 
subtus cinerea, medialiter albescens. 

Long. tota 4°8, alze 2-8, caudze 1°8. 

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse) ; S. Domingo. 

Mus. Paris., Brit. 


Genus XXXIX. CutoropHonta. 


Chlorophonia, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 137. 
Triglyphidia, Reich. Ay. Syst. Nat. pl. 73. 


Genus viz ab Euphonia diversum : rostrum minus altum et basi magis 
dilatata : ale longe : remigibus 4 primis inter se fere equalibus : 


cauda brevissima : tarsi breves : ptilosis lete viridis, flavo varia : 
sexus dissimiles. 


1. CHLOROPHONIA ViRIDIS. 

Tanagra viridis, Vieill. N. D. @H. N. XXX. p. 426; Temm. Pl. 
Col. 36. fig. 3. 
_ Pipra chlorocapilla, Shaw, Zool. xiii. p- 255. 

Euphonia viridis, Gray, Gen. p- 367. sp. 10; Tsch. in Wiegm. 


Arch. 1844, p. 284; Bp. Consp. p- 233 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, 
p- 88. 


Procnias (!) viridis, Cab. in Tsch. F. P. p. 197. 
Chlorophonia viridis, Bp. R. Z.1851, p- 137; Notes.1. Tang. p, 12. 
Clare viridis : ciliis oculorum et dorso toto ceruleis: abdomine 


flavo. 


Pan ane. ee 


270 


?. Clare viridis ; cervice postica et uropygio ceruleis : abdomine 
flavescenti-viridi. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 1:4. 

Hab. §.E. Brazil (Temm.) ; S. Joao del Rey and Ypanema (Natt.) ; 


Eastern Peru (Tsch.). 


Mus. Brit., Vindob. 


2. CHLOROPHONIA LONGIPENNIS. 
Euphonia longipennis, DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxii. p. 156 (1855). 


Clare viridis : cervice postica et dorso imo cum ciliis oculorum ceru- 
leis, interscapulio eodem colore lavato: abdomine lete flavo. 

?%. Viridis ; uropygio cerulescente : abdomine flavescenti-viridi. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°55, caudee 1:2. 

Hab, New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Dubusi, et P. L.S. 


3. CHLOROPHONIA FRONTALIS. 


Chlorophonia frontalis, Bp. MS. 

Euphonia frontalis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 89. 

Clare viridis: cervice postica et uropygio toto cum ciliis oculorum 
ceruleis : fronte et abdomine toto flavis. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°7, caudee 1°5. 

Hab. Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud). 

Mus. Berol., Paris., Heineano. 


4, CHLOROPHONIA OCCIPITALIS. 
Euphonia occipitalis, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 14 (2); Gray, Gen. 


App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 233 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 90. 


Chlorophonia occipitalis, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 138; Note s. 1. Tang. 


p- 12; Cassin, Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 182. pl. xx. fig. 2( 2). 


Clare viridis : semitorque angusto postico et vertice summa ceruleis : 
vitta pectorali nigro-castanea: abdomine flavissimo, lateribus 
virescentibus. 

9. Viridis, macula verticali et semitorque minus conspicua ceruleis : 
abdomine flavo, lateribus virescentibus. 

Long. tota 5°5, ale 2°8. 

Hab. 8. Mexico (DuBus). 

Mus. Brit., Parisiensi. 


5. CHLOROPHONIA PRETRII. 
Tanagra (Euphonia) pretrei, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 97; Mag. de 


Zool. 1842, Ois. pl. 42. 


Euphonia pretrei, Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 19 ; Bp. Consp. p. 233 ; 


Sclater, Contr. Orn. 185], p. 89. 


Chlorophonia pretrei, Bp. R. Z.1851, p. 138; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 12. 
Euphonia pyrrhophrys, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 89. pl. 75. 


fig. 2 (2). 


3. Clare viridis: pileo ceruleo: fronte angusta et linea super- 


ag 


271 


ciliarit nigris: fascia uropygiali et abdomine flavissimis: hujus 
media parte cum crisso castaneis : torque pectorali angusto nigro . 

2. Viridis: pileo ceruleo: fronte et superciliis castaneis :; uro- 
pygio et abdomine flavicantibus. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°7, caudee 1°6. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


Genus XL. Evrnonta. 


Euphonia, Desm. H. N. des Tang. (1805). 
Cyanophonia, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 138. 

Pyrrhuphonia, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxi. p. 423 (1850). 
Ypophea, Bp. Ann. d. Se. Nat. 1855. 

** Acroleptes, Schiff.,” Bp. 1. c. 

Iliolopha, Bp. 1. c. 


Rostrum breve, altum, dilatatum, culmine incurvo; gonyde ascen- 
dente ; commissura ad apicem dentata et plerumque serrata: ale 
longe: remigibus 4 primis inter se fere equalibus sed secunda et 
tertia plerumque paulo longioribus : cauda brevi quadrata: sexus 
dissimiles: ptilosis marium nigra et flava; feminarum olivacea. 


a. Cyanophonia. 


1. EUPHONIA MUSICA. 


L’ Organiste, Buff. H. N. iv. p. 290. 

DL’ Organiste de S. Dominge, Buff. Pl. Enl. 809. fig. 1. 

Pipra musica, Gm. 8. N. 1004. 

Tanagra musica, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 787. 

Euphonia ceruleocephala, Sw. Class. ii. 286. 

Euphonia musica, Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 1; Bp. Consp. p. 232; 
Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 82. 

Euphone musica, Lembeye, Aves de Cuba, p. 42. 


Supra nitenti-nigra: pileo ceruleo: fronte aurea, postice nigro- 
marginata : uropygio et abdomine toto fulvo-aurantiis, gula nigra. 

Long. tota 4°4, alee 2°5, caudee 1°5. 

Hab. 8. Domingo (Buf’., Salié) ; Cuba (Lembeye). 

Mus. Brit. 


2. EUPHONIA FLAVIFRONS. 


Tanagra flavifrons, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 47 (2); Vieill. Enc. 
Méth. p. 775. 

Emberiza flavifrons, Sparm. Mus. Carls. iv. no. 92 (2). 

Euphone organiste, Desm. Tan. pl. 19 3, 20 ? ; Vieill. Gal.7Ois. 
Suppl. pl.s.n. (¢ et 2). 

Cyanophonia musica, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 138; Notes. 1. Tang. p.12. 

Euphonia sclateri, Bp. in Mus. Paris. 

Euphonia flavifrons, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 13 et p. 16. 


272 


3. Supra nitenti-nigra: pileo ceruleo : fronte aurea postice nigro 
marginata: uropygio et corpore subtus flavo-aurantiis. 

2. Olivaceo-viridis ; uropygio et corpore subtus flavescentioribus : 
gula flavicante: fronte aurea postice angustissime nigro margi- 
nata. 

Long. tota 42, alee 2°4, caude 1-4. 

Hab. Porto Rico (Maugé); Trinidad ; Cayenne? 

Mus. Parisiensi. 

This is the species figured by Desmarest and Vieillot as the true 
musica, and considered by me in my Synopsis of this genus, given in 
the ‘ Contributions to Ornithology ’ for 1851, to be that bird in an 
immature state. But on an examination of Desmarest’s types in the 
Paris Museum, I agree with Prince Bonaparte (who has done me 
the honour to call this species 2. sclateri) that it is apparently 
distinct. 

A specimen of the female of this bird in the Derby Museum at 
Liverpool bears the label ‘* Tanagra flavifrons, Latham;” and as 
Latham’s description and Sparman’s figure agree sufficiently well 
with it, and this specimen is probably the type of Latham’s descrip- 
tion, I feel bound to employ the term flavifrons as the first-given 
appellation of this Huphonia. 


3. EUPHONIA NIGRICOLLIS. 


Pipra cyanocephala, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xix. p. 165 (2)? 

Tanagra nigricollis, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. p.412; Enc. Méth. 
p. 782. 

Lindo azul y oro, Azar. Pax. i. p. 390 (unde), 

Tanagra aureata, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 782. 

Tanagra chrysogastra, Cuy. Régn. An. i. p. 366. 

Euphonia nigricollis, Lafr. et dOrb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 30; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 83. pl. 75. fig. 1. 

Euphonia aureata, @ Orb. Voy. p. 267 ; Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 9; 
Bp. Consp. p. 233. 

Cyanophonia aureata, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p.138; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 13. 


Purpurascenti-nigra : pileo ceruleo : fronte et gula nigris: uropy- 

gio et abdomine toto aureo-flavis. 

?. Olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescens: pileo ceruleo: fronte cas- 

tanea. 

Long. tota 4-3, alee 2°6, caudee 1°5. 

Hab. Trinidad; Venezuela, Caraccas (Levraud) ; New Grenada, 
Bogota; Western Ecuador, vic. of Quito (Jameson); Brazil, Rio 
(P. Maz.); Paraguay (Azara); Rincon de Luna et Corrientes 
(d’Ord.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


4, EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA. 


Pipra elegantissima, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 112. 
Euphonia celestis, Less. R. Z. 1839, p. 42. 


273 


_ Pipra galericulata, Giraud, B. Texas, no. 10. pl. 5. fig. 2 (1840). 
Euphonia elegantissima, Gray, Gen. App. p. 17; Bp. Consp. 
p- 232; DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 8 ; Baird, in Stansbury’s Exp. to Utah, 
p- 330; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 83. 
Euphonia tibicen, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 


Purpurascenti-nigra : pileo ceruleo : fronte saturate castanea pos- 
tice nigro marginata : gula nigra: abdomine flavescente-fulvo. 

9. Olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescentior: pileo ceruleo: fronte 
castanea, nigrescente postice marginata. 

Long. tota 4-3, ale 2°6, caude 1-6. 

Hab. Guatimala (Bp.); S. Mexico, Oaxaca (DuBus), Xalapa (Mus. 

Berol.), Cordova (Sallé) ; Texas (Giraud and Baird). 
Mus. Brit., Berolin., &c. 


b. Euphonia. 


5. EvPHONIA CHLOROTICA. 


Tang. cayennensis nigro-lutea, Briss. Orn. iii. 34. 

Tang. de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 114. fig. 1. 

Tanagra chlorotica, Linn. 8. N. i. 317 ; Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 782. 

Tanagra violacea, var. 8. chlorotica, Gm. S. N. i. 890. 

Euphone chlorotique, Desm. Tan. pl. 24, 25. 

Euphonia chlorotica, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 29 ; Gray, Gen. 
p- 367. sp.5; Bp. Consp. p. 232; Sund. Vet. Ac. Sy. 1833, pl. 10. 
figs. 2&3; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 84; Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 136, 
et Note s. 1. Tang. p. 10. 

Golden Tanager, var. «, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 28. 


3. Atro-nitens ; capite, gutture et dorso superiore violaceo-purpuras- 
centibus : pilei dimidio antico usque ad angulum oculi extremum 
et abdomine toto aureis : macula magna ovali in pogoniv interno 
rectricum duarum utrinque extimarum et alis subtus albis. 

?. Olivascens: alis caudaque intus fuscis : sublus flavescens. 

Long. tota 3°4, ale 2°1, caude 1:2. 

Hab. Cayenne. 

Mus. Brit. 

In this Euphonia the lores and nasal feathers are black, and the 

yellow on the head reaches up to a straight line between the farther 
corners of the eyes. 


6. EUPHONIA SERRIROSTRIS. 


Euphonia serrirostris, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 30; d’Orb. Voy. p. 267. pl. 23. fig. 2; Gray, Gen. p. 367 ; 
Bp. Consp. p. 233; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p.90 (2). 

Euphonia chlorotica, Tsch. Av. Consp. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 
p- 284, et F. P. p. 197? 

Similis E. chloroticee ex Cayenna, sed forsan distincta: major : 
nucha intensius violacea et rostro magis serrato: hujus basi 
quoque albescente. 

Long. tota 4°4, alee 2°25, caude 1°5. 

No. CCCXVIII.—Proceepines or THE Zootoeicat Society. 


274 


-9. (E. serrirostris, Lafr. et @Orb.!) Supra flavo-olivacea : 
subtus flavescentior : pectore et ventre mediis cinerascentibus. 

Hab. Bolivia, Guarayos (d’Orb.) ; Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ? 

Mus. Lafresnayano, Brit. 

The Euphonia serrirostris figured by d’Orbigny seems to be no 
thing more than the female of a species very closely allied to the 
Euphonia chlorotica. As however I think it possibly distinct from 
the £. chlorotica of Cayenne, MM. Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny’s name 
can be retained for the Bolivian bird, until further examination of a 
series of specimens can be made—by which means only the question 
of their identity can be determined. 


7. EUPHONTIA TRINITATIS. 


Euphonia trinitatis, Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1851, p. 72 ; Sclater, Cont. 
Orn. 1851, p. 84, 


3. Altro-nitens sed magis viridescens quam E. chlorotica : capite et 
gutture purpureo tinctis : fronte angusta nigra: pileo supero toto 
postice rotundato et abdomine aureis: macula magna ovali in 
pogonio interno rectricum duarum utringue extimarum et alis sub- 
tus albis. 

?. Supra olivascens : subtus flava. 

Long. tota 3°9, alee 2°2, caudee 1°3. 

Hab. Trinidad. 

Mus. P.L.S. 

I have seen a good many examples of this Trinidad species, which 

appears correctly separable from the Cayenne bird. 


8. EUPHONIA AFFINIS. 


Tanagra (Euphonia) affinis, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 175. 
Euphonia affinis, Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 20; Bp. Consp. p. 233. 


3. Atro-nitens: capite et gutlure purpureo tinctis: fronte an- 
gusta nigra: pileit dimidio antico usque ad angulum oculorum ex- 
tremum et abdomine toto limonaceo-flavis: macula magna in 
pogonio externo rectricum duarum utrinque extimarum et alis 
subtus albis. 

9. Supra olivascens, pileo postico et dorso superiore cinereo tinctis : 
subtus flavescentior, abdomine medio clariore. 

Long. tota 3:0, alee 2°1, caude 1°3. 

Hab. 8. Mexico, Orizaba (Botteri) ; Guatimala; Realejo, Central 

America (Less.). 

Mus. P.L.S. ; 

In the amount of yellow on the head, and general appearance, 
this species comes very near the true chlorotica. But it may be 
recognized by the paler tinge of the yellow and the absence of the 
violaceous colouring upon the back. 


9. EUPHONIA MINUTA. 


ELuphonia olivacea, Desm. Tan. pl. 27; Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 2; 
Bp. Consp. p. 232 (2)? 
Tanagra olivacea, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 782. 


275 


Euphonia minuta, Cab. in Schomb. Reise, iii. p. 671; Sclater, Tan. 
Cat. Sp. p. 14 (9). 

Euphonia strictifrons, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 72; Sclater, 
Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 84. 

Euphonia pumila, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 136; Note s.1. Tang. p. 10. 

Euphonia leucopyga, Natt. in Mus. Vindob. 


Atro-nitens ; dorso viridescentiore, capite et gutture purpurascen- 
tioribus : fronte lata et abdomine aureis : crisso, tibiis et rectri- 
cum trium utringue extimarum pogonio interno fere toto cum 
tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis. 

. Supra olivacea: subtus flavescens, abdomine medio grisescente. 

Long. tota 3:4, ale 1:9, caudee 1:0. 

Hub. Cayenne; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.) ; Barra do Rio Negro 

(Natt.) ; New Grenada, Bogota. 
’ Mus. Brit., Vindob. 

This species is very easily distinguished among its close affines by 

the narrow yellow head-band and white crissum. 

I have seen the type of Cabanis’ HZ. minuta, and have no doubt 

it is the female of this bird, the male of which was afterwards named 
by Prince Bonaparte and Mr. Strickland almost simultaneously. 

I have little doubt that Desmarest’s Euphonia olivacea is also the 

female of this bird, but the name is hardly sufficiently applicable to 
warrant its adoption. 


10. EurpHoniA CONCINNA. 


Euphonia concinna, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 98. pl. 85. fig. 2, et 
1855, p. 159; Tan. Cat. Sp. App. p. 16. 
ephonts hirundinacea, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 156; Note s. 1. Tang. 
p- 10? 
Supra nigro-violacea: vertice summa flava, fronte et linea supra 
oculos nigris : gutture violaceo-nigro : abdomine aurantiaco : 
cauda subtus immaculate nigra. 
_ Long. tota 3°8, ale 2°2, caude 1:4. 
Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 
Mus. P.L.S. 


11. EUPHONIA XANTHOGASTRA. 


Euphonia xanthogastra, Sund. Vet. Ac. Handl. 1833, pl. 10. fig. 1 ; 
Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 22; Bp. Consp. p. 233 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 
1851, p. 85; P. Z.S. 1854, p. 115, et 1855, p. 159. 

Euphonia brevirostris, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 156, et Note s. 1. Tang. 
p- 10. 


_ Nitente-cerulescenti-nigra, cervice postica violacea : gutture nigro : 
pileo supero tolo postice rotundato cum fronte et narium plumis et 
abdomine aurantiaco-flavis : macula in rectricis une utringue ex- 
time pogonio interno et tectricibus subalaribus albis. 

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°4, caudee 1°3. 
Hab. Southern Brazil; Ecuador, prov. Quixos; New Grenada, 

Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 


276 


I can find no difference between the Brazilian bird and the Bogota 
specimens (#. brevirostris) sufficient to warrant their separation. 


12. EUPHONIA RUFICEPS. 


Euphonia ruficeps, Lafr. et d Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool.1837, 
p- 30; d’Orb. Voy. p. 268. pl. 22. fig. 2; Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 18; 
Bp. Consp. p. 232; R. Z. 1851, p. 136; Note s. 1. Tang. p. 10; 
Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 85. 


Nitenti-cerulescenti-niger, cervice postica intense violacea : gutture 
nigro: pileo summo cum fronte castaneis: abdomine aureo me- 
dialiter aurantiaco: macula in pogonio externo rectricis une 
utrinque extime et tectricibus subalaribus albis. 

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°4, caudee 1°2. 

Hab. Bolivia, Yuracares (d’Orb.); Venezuela, Caraccas (Lev- 

raud),. 

Mus. Parisiensi, Lafresnayano, Derbiano. 

A bird in the collection lately transmitted to the Paris Museum by 
M. Levraud from Caraceas, differs from the true Bolivian ruficeps 
only in having rather more chestnut colouring on the head, and that 
of a lighter and more orange-coloured tinge. I should be unwilling 
to separate it specifically without seeing more specimens. 


13. EUPHONIA FULVICRISSA, Sp. NOV. 


Supra nitenti-eneo-nigra, pileo postice rotundato flavo : gutture toto 
cum cervice versus ventrem in semicirculum terminata eneo-nigris : 
abdomine aureo, medialiter aurantiaco: crisso fulvo: rectricis une 
utrinque extime macula in pogonio externo et tectricibus subalari- 
bus albis ; his flavescente tinctis. 

Long. tota 3°7, alee 2°0, caudee 1:2. 

Hab. 8. Martha in New Grenada. 

I possess a single specimen of this Huphonia which was received 
by MM. Verreaux from their collector at S. Martha. It appears to 
me to constitute a new species of this genus, distinguished by the 
way in which the black throat is produced towards the breast and 
rounded at its termination, and the peculiar colour of the crissum. 


14. EUPHONIA CHALYBEA. 


Tanagra chalybea, Mikan, Faun. et Flor. Bras. pl. 3. fig. 13, 292. 

Euphone e@nea, Sund. Vet. Ac. Sy. 1834, p. 309. pl. 11. fig. 4; 
Less. Descr.d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 348. 

Euphonia enea, Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 21; Bp. Consp. p. 233; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 136 ; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 11. 

Euphonia pardalates, Less. Echo d. M.S. 1844. 

Euphonia chalybea, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 85. 

‘* Euphonia pyrrhuloides, Natt.,” Gray, Gen. App. p. 16. 

Euphonia chloritica, Licht.in Mus. Berol. 


Corpore supero cum gula summa intense eneis: vitta frontali et ab- 
domine toto flavis, rostro crasso. 


7 wea 


277 


9. Olivacea: subtus grisea, lateribus et ventre imo crissoque flaves- 
centi-olivaceis. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°6, caudze 1°6. 

Hab. Southern Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul (Plant). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 


15. EUPHONIA VIOLACEA. 


Tang. brasiliensis nigro-lutea, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 31. 

Tanagra violacea, Linn. 8. N. p.315; Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 783 ; 
Max. Beitr. iii. p. 441. 

Tang. de Brésil, Buff. Pl. Enl. 114. fig. 2. 

Le Teité, Buff. H. N. iv. 295 (aarti. 

Euphonia violacea, Gray, Gen. p. 267. sp. 3; Schomb. Reise, iii. 
671; Bp. Consp. p. 232; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 86; Bp. R. Z. 
1851, p. 136; Note s.1. Tang. p. 10. 

Euphone teité, Desm. Tan. pl. 21. 22. 23 (2). 

Golden Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. 27. 


Nitenti-ceruleo-nigra ; cervice postica violaceo tincta: fronte tota 
et pileo antico a mediis oculis cum corpore subtus aureis ; rect. 2 
aut 3 extimis in pogonio interno albo maculatis. 

?. Olivacea, subtus dilutior, medialiter flavescens. 

Long. tota 4-0, ale 2°3, caude 1°3. 

Hab. Trinidad ; Cayenne ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.); South-eastern 

Brazil (P. Maz.) ; Southern Brazil. 

Mus. Brit., &c. 


16. EUPHONIA LANIIROSTRIS. 


Euphonia laniirostris, Lafr. et d Orb. Syn. Ay. in Mag. de Zool. 
1837, p. 30; d’Orb. Voy. p. 266, pl. 23. fig. 1 ; Gray, Gen. p. 367. 
sp. 17; Bp. Consp. p. 223; Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 136; Notes. 1. 
Tang. p. 10. 

Major : nigro-violaceo-nitens : pileo summo postice rotundato et 

corpore subtus aureo-flavis : rostro maximo, crassissimo. 

9 . Viridescenti-olivacea, uropygio flavescentiore : subtus flavescenti- 

viridescens. 

Hab. Bolivia, prov. Yungas Guarayos and S. Cruz de la Sierra 
(d@ Orb.). 

Mus. Parisiensi, Lafresnayano. 


17. EUPHONIA CRASSIROSTRIS, Sp. Nov. 
Euphonia fortirostris, Lafr. in Mus. suo? 


Nitenti-ceruleo-nigra, nucha viz violaceo tincta: pileo summo pos- 
tice rotundato flavo : linea angusta supra oculos et narium plumis 
nigris: subtus lete flava: rectricum duarum utrinque extimarum 
macula longa in pogonio interno et tectricibus subalaribus albis : 
rostro forti, crasso. 

9. Olivacea, subtus flava, lateribus olivascentibus. 

Long. tota 4°1, alz 2°6, caudze 1°6. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 


278 


I had formerly thought this Bogota bird might be the same as 
the Central American £. hirundinacea, but I have lately obtained 
other specimens, and find that such is not the case. The upper co- 
louring of this bird is not of the peculiar green shade which exists in 
the true hirundinacea, and the yellow head, instead of being confined 
to the frontal half and terminated by a straight line, extends further 
back and is posteriorly rounded. The bill of this bird is also thicker, 
broader and stronger, and shows more approach to the true Bolivian 
laniirostris. 

I am not now certain whether it is this species or the hirundinacea 
to which the Baron de la Fresnaye has given the MS. name forti- 
rostris. 


18. EUPHONIA HIRUNDINACEA. 


Euphenia hirundinacea, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 117; Gray, Gen. 
p- 367. sp. 4; Bp. Consp. p. 232; Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1854, p. 98. 
pl. 85. fig. 1 (fig. mala). 

Euphonia lanitrostris, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 86. 


Viridescenti-eneo-nigra, cervice postica c@rulescentiore: pileo a 
Sronte ad initium oculorum et corpore subtus flavis, macula in 
ventre imo alba: rectricum duarum utrinque extimarum macula 
oblonga in pogonio interno et tectricibus subalaribus albis. 

Long. tota 4°2, alee 2°5, caudee 1°3. 

Hab. Guatimala (Bp. et Constancia) ; 8. Mexico, Cordova (Sailé). 

I had not very good specimens of this bird when I described it in 

P. Z. 8. for 1854, and the figure there given would suit better my 
Euphonia crassirostris. M. Sallé, however, has lately brought some 
beautifully prepared skins from Southern Mexico, which have enabled 
me to determine the species more satisfactorily. 

Ihave seen specimens in which the white belly-spot, which is per- 

haps produced by abrasion of the feathers in the most adult birds, 
was scarcely apparent. 


19. EUPHONIA MELANURA. 


Euphonia melanura, Sclater, Contr.Orn. 1851, p. 86; P. Z.8.1855, 
p- 159. 


Nitenti-violaceo-nigra : pileo summo cum fronte et corpore subtus 
aureis : rectricibus immaculate nigris. 
Long. tota 4-0, alee 2°3, caudze 1°3. 
Hab. Barra do Rio Negro (Wallace) ; New Grenada, Bogota? 
The Bogota birds have the bill rather stronger and the yellow 
on the head more extended than the specimens from the Amazons. 


c. Iliolopha. 


20. EvPHONIA CAYANA. 


Tang. cayanensis nigra, Briss. Orn. ii. 219. 
Tang. de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. En}. 114. fig. 3. 
Tang. négre, Buff. H. N. iv. 297. 


279 


Tanagra cayana, Linn. 8.N. i. p. 14. 
Tanagra cayennensis, Gm. 8. N. ii. 894. 
_ _ Buphonia cayennensis, Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 6; Schomb. Reise, 
ili. 671. 
Luphonia cayana, Bp. Consp. p. 233; R. Z. 1851, p. 135; Note 
s. 1. Tang. p. 10; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 88. 
Huphone négre, Desm. Tan. pl. 26. 
Atro-violaceo-nitens : macula magna utrinque pectorali lete flava. 
Long. tota 4°0, alee 2°5, caudee 1:3. 
Hab. Cayenne ; Brit. Guiana (Schomb.) ; Lower Amazon (Wal- 
lace). 


21. EvpHONIA RUFIVENTRIS. 

Tanagra rufiventris, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. p. 426; Enc. Méth. 
p- 781; Gal. Ois. Supp. pl. 24. 

Euphonia rufiventris, Gray, Gen. p.367.sp.12; Bp.Consp.p. 233; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 135; Note s.1. Tang. p. 10 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, 
p- 87; Cassin, Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 182. pl. xx. fig. 1. 

Luphonia bicolor, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 48. pl. 49. fig. 2. 

“Tanagra chrysogaster, Cuv.,” Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 461. 


Atro-nitens : abdomine toto rubrescenti-aurantio, lateraliter flaves- 
centiore. 

$. Olivaceo-viridis ; subtus medialiter cinerea, lateraliter flaves- 
centi-olivacea. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2:4, caudee 1°4. 

Hab. Eastern Peru, prov. Maynas (Péppig) ; r. Ucayali (Hawe- 

well) ; Rio Negro, Barcellos et S. Carlos ( Natterer). 
Mus. Brit., Derbiano, Vindob. et Lipsiensi. 


22. EUPHONIA PECTORALIS. 


Pipra pectoralis, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 57. 

Euphonia castaneiventris, Vieill. Gal. Ois. Supp. pl. . 

Tanagra rufiventris, Licht. Doubl. p. 30; Max. Beitr. iii. 447. 

Tanagra chlorocyanea, Vieill. N. D. dH. N. xxxii. p. 427; Puch. 
Arch. Mus. vii. p. 355. 

Euphonia pectoralis, Gray, Gen. p. 367. sp. 7 ; Bp. Consp. p. 233 ; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 135 ; Notes. 1. Tang. p. 10 ; Sclater, Cont. Orn. 1851, 

. 87. 

: Euphonia umbilicalis, Less. Tr.d’Orn. p. (?) ; Bp. Consp. p. 233 ; 
R. Z. 1851, p. 400, et Note s. 1. Tang. p. 11. 


Alro-violaceo-nitens : plaga utrinque pectorali flava: ventre toto 
saturate castaneo: tectricibus subalaribus albis. 

?. Olivacea: pileo postico griseo: subtus flavo-olivacea : pectore 
et cervice cinereis: crisso castaneo. 

Long. tota 4-0, ala 2°5, caude 1°5. 

Hab. 8.E. Brazil (Maz.) ; Goyaz (Cast. et Dev.). 

Mus. Brit., Parisiensi. 


280 


d. Pyrrhuphonia. 
23. EvPHONIA JAMAICENSIS. 


Fringilla jamaicensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 166. 

Grey Grosbeak, Brown, IIlustr. pl. 26. 

Fringilla jamaica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 323. 

Euphonia jamaica, Gray, Gen. App. p. 17 ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 238 ; 
Ill. Orn. Jam. pl. 59 3 et 2; Bp. Consp. p. 233; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 
1851, p. 91. 

Pyrrhuphonia jamaica, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 157; Note s. 1. Tang. 

ihe 
‘ Euphonia cinerea, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 277; Bp. Consp. p. 235 ; 
Gray, Gen. App. p. 17. 

Banana Finch, Lath. G. H. vi. 125. 


Cerulescenti-grisea: subtus dilutior, ventre flavo, crisso albido. 
2. Mari similis, sed uropygio virescente, ventre non flavo. 
Long. tota 4°3, alee 2°5, caudee 1°5. 

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse). 

Mus. Brit. 


24. EuPHONIA PLUMBEA. 


Euphonia poliocephala, Natt. in Mus. Vindob. 
Euphonia plumbea, DuBus, Bull. Acad. Brux. xxii. p. 156. 


Griseo-plumbea, viridi micans : ventre et crisso flavissimis. 
2. Grisea, olivaceo tincta: gula grisea: ventre flavescentiore : 
crassitie E. minute. 

Hab. Rio Negro (Nait.). 

Mus. Vindob. 

There are specimens of both sexes of this somewhat abnormally 
coloured Fuphonia in the Vienna Museum, collected by Natterer on 
the Rio Negro, and numbered 967 in his collection. 


281 


GENERUM TANAGRINORUM 


DISTRIBUTIONIS GEOGRAPHIC 


SCHEMA. 
a| z 3| .\¢ fa) al (ez 
B los 3.|96| & |. eel Ele |22 f 
g|aé ae/8S] am |AZls -T)oum |a fas i} . 18 
aq )23| = | Pelee), litle stealer achodak & lage 
= |82| S|Sf/8s| § | s™|S3lex| Ble] SEs] 3 | as 
S\ee| 2 Ele] 2 135123) oe)2 (35/688) £ 2s 
zlad|<2|4 |68| 8 |Ee|Aa lee) A |oolrac| & | ga 
Ee), Bashi se listorksBesb Gaply $e lisBs bnQect WOedretn nies, 13.) 95 
1. Pitylus..........06... me ike 1 alee 74 ae 7 
2. Orchesticus.........| ... one alee 1 1; 1] 3] 1 1 1| 3 
3. Schistochlamys ...] ... |... | eee |... | oe | 1 ar 1 oes 2 
4. Saltator ............ Meera wevuily silken | ates. yet vies 5} 6] 4] 2 2 3 | 21 
5. Psittospiza .........| ... Seales 1 Dae Me ier cee ae es Pr 
6. Lamprospiza ...... Pe ier dlt mee mastic sult es P|) he. | cee Jd 
7. Cissopis .......0....| eee Labeta Ntol Sl ie Sol aes al AD 1 . 3 
8. Oreothraupis ......| ... 1|.. : Te sven) | gee 
9, Arremon........... he 1 Fea | (aoa le 1 - 1} 2] 3] 1 DH) sony (he 
10. Pheenicophilus ...} ... cesta: L PEG ese hres secon eee Saat line 
11. Buarremon .........] ... 3 6} 2] 2 SHS AS eR PR Big lees, |e Le 
12, Chlorospingus...... eal (ia 11 ra Dyfiscdn) sae 1 1) 15 
13. Pyrrhocoma ......| ... ee Wisiee Ices ous — OL core as exes 1 
14. Nemosia ............] ... eat Wlvel fiat 3 3) 2] 4] 3 2 1/11 
15. Cypsnagra .........] ... ans a Me ose i Ne lie peat fete 1 
16. Tachyphonus ...... coe 5 4 1 ie We fad gett 2 2} 10 
17. Trichothraupis ...| ... sat Weed aoa [YE Da eve | ees: |) 2 
18. Eucometis .........] ... age PR ters ON eee ecru bee! TS eects ees 
19. Lanio ............008 Sel ae | ‘ed flees : ir) ranh ters TAP a jks. | oo 
20. Phcenicothraupis...| ... 1 Pas | see ] Tp 1 frees 1 1| 4 
21. Lamprotes ......... Sails: Dsdintas thas ake ARSE > Mimecnileyessy OP ees 2 
22. Orthogonys.......+-| ... Sys lpi aasy lbyouatel Mists ah abs FBS | (ears la F-P4 [ell aS 2 
23. Pyranga .......+... PM a eke wewen hve | “om tS (a ad ha | 2 1/10 
24, Ramphocelus ......| ... Se lieeye | Ae bibees 3 1 3} 2 2 1 | 16 
25. Spindalis............] ... sea | ae | Seustimoee A tae ie Se ieee gaeni| hes 
26. Tanagra ............{ .. | 2{...| 4] 1{ 3] 2] 4] 2] 4) 3 3 2) 13 
27. Dubusia ............] + sy ne ekg Boe eee PAR [eee epeulinesy aeeaetes 
28. Compsocoma ......} ... |... ].. | 12] 2] 1]... ] 1 a 4 
29. Buthraupis ......... at gee Ae CAMs Paes gear in | 4 
30. Peecilothraupis ...| ... Any Wer Pill TA blr Poe i 3 
31. Iridornis ............ Ere lies) Vigo ] 1 Ud es he 3 
32. Calliste ............| ... 5 ER Ue al lO i Ws 2 a 2! 
33. Diva .e......02.00 ealpash a eaten |: swatat sam copial eae 1 
_ | 84. Pipridea ......s00...) see | eee | vee | oes Palate 11 fea Bi Fae ta i 1 3 
_ | 35. Chlorochrysa ......| ... Er lee tad ei ee . Leet reas 2 
| 36. Tamagrella .........] 0. | oo. |. | 1 1 Ll Bae 4 
37. Glossiptila ......... seo. | ccsctalee PaunIe Rae wee Pri lita) ease 1 
| 38. Chlorophonia ......| ... Tai 2 1 Palys 1 5 
39. Euphonia ......... RB: tras to few 3} 1] 4] 5 3 | 3} 24 
| 40. Stephanophorus...| ... | ... a3 1 1 


3 | 33 | 12 | 84 | 22] 45) 4 | 40] 25 | 50 | 37 | 35 | 19 ‘272 


282 


6. ON THE SPECIES OF THE AMERICAN GENUS PARRA. 
By Puiiie Lutriey Scuater, M.A., F.Z.S. 


The American birds of the genus Parra, together with their repre- 
sentatives in the Tropics of the Old World belonging to the genera 
Metopidius, Hydralector and Hydrophasianus, constitute a very na- 
tural group, allied in many respects to the Rallide, but remarkable 
for the extreme elongation of the toes—a formation beautifully 
adapted for enabling them to walk upon the floating leaves of the 
numerous water-plants of these countries. 

MM. Verreaux of Paris have kindly furnished me from their 
well-stored magazines with a series of specimens of Parra, which 
enabled me to point out to the Society the distinctions between all 
the hitherto known species of this genus, and to indicate one cer- 
tainly new, and a second, which although not so obviously distinct, 
has some claim to be recognized as an intermediate species. 


A. Species caruncula frontali bilubata et caruncula rictali utrinque 
predite. 


1. PARRA JACANA. 


Parra jacana et variabilis, Linn. et Gm. 

Parra nigra et brasiliensis, Gm. 

Parra jacana, Max. Beitr. iv. 786. 

Parra jassana, Schomb. Reise, iii. 759. 

Jacana du Mexique, Buff. Pl. Enl. 322 (adult). 
Jacana du Brésil, Buff. Pl. Enl. 846 (juv.). 


Capite toto cum cervice supera et corpore infra nigris : dorso, alis 
caudaque clare castaneis: tectricibus caude superioribus purpu- 
rascente tinctis : remigibus flavescenti-viridibus, nigro extus 
partim marginatis : hypochondriis et tectricibus subalaribus in- 
tense castaneis. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil (P. Maz.) ; British Guiana (Schomb.) ; 

Cayenne ; ins. Trinidad. 

The examples of this bird which I have seen from Guiana and 
Cayenne appear to be considerably inferior in size to the Brazilian 
specimen, but I am not yet certain how far this may be due to sexual 
differences. 


2. PARRA INTERMEDIA, Sp. nov. ? 
‘* Parra intermedia, Bp.,”’ J. et E. Verreaux, MS. 


Capite toto cum cervice supera et corpore infra nigris : dorso, alis 
caudaque obscurius castaneis, purpurascente paululum tinctis : 
hypochondriis et tectricibus subalaribus brunnescenti-castaneis : 
remigibus flavescenti-viridibus, nigro extus partim marginatis. 

Hab. Venezuela (Verreauz). 

This bird is hardly distinguishable from the P. jacana, except by 

the browner and more purplish tinge of the back, in which respect 
it seems intermediate between that species and P. melanopygia. 


Ney: 


283 


I should hardly have ventured to separate it specifically on my 
own authority ; but, as the MS. name has attained circulation, I 
think it right to point out the apparent differences. 


3. PARRA MELANOPYGIA, sp. nov. 


Capite toto cum cervice supera et corpore infra nigris : interscapulio, 
alis caudaque purpurascenti-brunneis : dorso imo et tectricibus 
caude superioribus nigris : hypochondriis et tectricibus sub- 
alaribus nigris : remigibus flavescenti-viridibus, nigro extus partim 
marginatis. 

Hab. 8. Martha in New Grenada (Verreaux). 

MM. Verreaux’s specimens of this bird are labelled P. hypomelena, 

but that name is properly applicable to the next species. 


4. PARRA HYPOMELENA. 
Parra hypomelena, Gray & Mitch. Gen. of B. pl. 159. 


Nigra: alis fusco-nigris purpurascente tinctis : remigibus flaves- 
centi-viridibus, nigro extus partim marginatis. 
Hab. New Grenada, S. Martha (Verreaur) ; Bogota (Mus. Brit.) ; 
Cartagena (Mus. Paris.) ; Chiriqui, Panama (Bridges). 


B. Species caruncula frontali trilobata : carunculis rictalibus 
nullis. 


_ 5. Parra GyMNostToma. 


Parra gymnostoma, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p- 517. 
Parra cordifera, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 135; Desmurs, Icon. Orn. 
pl. 42. 


Capite toto cum cervice supera et infra ad medium pectus nigris, 
@neo micantibus : dorso toto alisque castaneis : uropygio purpuras- 
cente: abdomine purpurascenti-brunneo : remigibus flavescenti- 
viridibus, nigro marginatis. 
Hab. Southern Mexico; Mazatlan (Mus. Brit.); Acapulco (A. 
Lesson) ; New Grenada, S. Martha (Verreauz) ; Honduras (Dyson). 

Wagler’s accurate diagnosis of this bird has been generally passed 
over, and Lesson’s more recent appellation is generally employed for 
this species. 


7. CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED By M. Aveustr 
SALLeé 1n SouTHERN Mextco, wirn Descriptions or New 
Species. By Purr Lurury Scuater, M.A., F.Z.S., evc. 


(Aves, Pl. CXX., CXXI.) 


M. Auguste Sallé, one of the most active and successful of the 
; present generation of travelling Naturalists—on his recent return to 
Europe from Southern Mexico, brought with him a very fine col- 
lection of birds obtained principally near the town of Cordova in the 
State of Vera Cruz, and partially also in the vicinity of the peak of 


284 


Orizaba in the State of La Puebla. When in Paris a short time 
since, I had the pleasure of looking through this collection in com- 
pany with Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte ; and at his request, 
and that of M. Sallé, who offered to place a series of the birds in 
my hands for that purpose, agreed to endeavour to make a complete 
catalogue of the species. Although I have not been able to devote 
all the time I could have wished to this object, I have succeeded in 
ascertaining, without much doubt, the names of the greater part of 
the known species ; while there are fourteen or fifteen birds in the 
collection which may be considered as probably unknown to science, 
and for which I have accordingly proposed new specific appellations. 
It is quite likely that some of these may have been already named 
by the American Naturalists, who have recently done so much to 
extend our knowledge of the Fauna of the northern portion of the 
New World ; but I have been unable to find any notice of them in 
the publications of the Scientific Societies of the United States or 
other works, as far as they have been received in this country up 
to the present time. 

Although we have a pretty good general knowledge of Mexican 
Ornithology—many collections having been made in that country— 
there has been, as far as I am aware, no attempt made to form any 
detailed account of the birds inhabiting it, except Mr. Swainson’s im- 
perfect Synopsis published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1827, 
and Wagler’s paper on Mexican Animals in the Isis for 1831; 
and the notices of more recently discovered species are scattered at 
random through the scientific publications of England, France, Ger- 
many and America, to the great perplexity of the naturalist. So I 
may hope that the present list of 233 species found by M. Sallé in 
Southern Mexico, will be of some use as an Index to the Omithology 
of that country as far as it goes, and form a foundation on which a 
more perfect work on the same subject may some day be raised. 

I may remark, that there are examples of many well-known South 
American forms in the present collection (such as Nyctidromus, Pipra, 
Anabates and Formicarius) which have not hitherto been noticed so 
far north ; the zoology of the hot eastern sea-board, which M. Sallé 
explored, being, as might have been expected, much more tropical 
in its character than that of the high table-land of the interior, 
whence most Mexican collections have hitherto been brought. 

The occurrence of the examples of the purely Boreal types Cer- 
thia and Parus so far south (below the parallel of 19' N. L.), is also, 
I believe, hitherto unrecorded. 

A notice of these collections of birds by Prince Bonaparte will be 
found in the Comptes Rendus of the French Academy of Natural 
Sciences for the month of May of this year, and some of the new 
species are there shortly indicated. 


ACCIPITRES. 


1. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 8. Cordova. 


7 


oo 


285 


2. Hyporriorcuis FeMoRALIs (Temm.).—PI. Col. 121 et 343. 
Sallé, no. 11. Vera Cruz. Hypotriorchis aurantius, Heerman, 
Pr. Ac. Phil. vii. 177. Observed by Dr. Heerman in New Mexico. 


3. ASTURINA MAGNIROsTRIS (Gm.). 
Sallé, no. 5. 


4. Micrastur concentricvs (Less.). 
Sallé, no. 7. 


5. GeRANospiza GRAcILis (Temm.). 
Sallé, no. 9. Cordova. 


6. Ictrn1a pLumBEA (Gm.). 
Sallé, no. 6. Cordova. 


7. Bureo rnsienarus, Cassin, B. Cal. pp. 102 et 198. pl. 31. 

Sallé, no. 7. 

Both Prince Bonaparte and M. Jules Verreaux (who are well ac- 
quainted with Accipitres) agree in considering a single specimen ob- 
tained by M. Sallé as referable to this curious species. It appears 


to agree sufficiently with Mr. Cassin’s description and figure of the 
male bird of B. insignatus. 


8. SyRNiuM vircatum, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 18. iv. p- 124; 
Journ. Ac. Phil. iv. pl. ii. pl. 3.—Syrnium squamulatum, Bp. Consp. 
p. 53. — Syrnium zonocercus, G. R. Gray, List Accipitr. p. 103.— 
Macabra squamulata, Bp. MS. 


Sallé, no. 3. Cordova. 


9. ArHENE inFuscata (Temm.), Strickl. Orn. Syn. p- 163. 
Sallé, no. 4. Cordova. These examples seem to agree with South 
American specimens. 


CaPpRIMULGID. 


10. NycrrpRomus americanus (Linn.), Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. 
Phil. v. 180.—WN. derbianus, Gould. 


Does not seem different from South American examples. 
Sallé, no. 10, g et 2. Cordova. 


Hirvunpinip2. 


11. Coryie serripennis (Aud.).—Hirundo serripennis, Aud. 
Orn. Biog. iv. p. 593: B. Am. 8vo. i. pl. 51. 


Sallé, no. 137, gd et 2. Cordova. 


Momoripz. 


12, Momorus Lessoni (Less.).—M. brasiliensis, Cassin, Pr. Ac. 
Phil. iv. 89? 


Sallé, no. 48. Cordova. 


286 


The specimens of this northern representative of M. brasiliensis 
show some variation. M. Sallé’s example has a smaller bill, less _ 
black on the head, and less rufous tinge on the breast than a Guati- 
malan bird, which I refer to the same species. 


ALCEDINIDZ. 


13. CeryLe AMERICANA (Gm.), Cassin, B. Cal. i. p. 255; P.Z.S8. 
1855, p. 136. 
Sallé, no. 68. Cordova. 


TROGONID. 


14. Trocon ca.icatus, Gould, Mon. Trogon. pl. 7. 
Sallé, no. 71, ¢ et 2. Cordova. 


15. TroGcon evetta, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 18.—T'rogon xala- 
pensis, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 5. 
Sallé, no. 69. Cordova, 3 et ¢. 


16. TROGON AURANTIIVENTRIS, Gould, P.Z.S.1856 (May 13th), 
p- 107.—Trogon sallei, Bp. Compt. Rend. May 1856. 


Sailé, no. 70. Cordova. 


Cz REBIDZ. 


17. Czresa CYANEA (Linn.), v. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 140. 


Sallé, no. 113. Cordova. Seems to agree quite sufficiently with 
South American species. 


18. CERTHIOLA MEXICANA, Sp. nov. ? 

Nigricanti-fusca : capite, alis caudaque nigris : superciliis et speculo 
alari albis : uropygio flavicante : gutture cinereo: abdomine 
flavo ; crisso albidiore : rectricibus extimis albo terminatis. 

Long. tota 5°8, ale 2°1, caudee 1-2. 

Sallé, no. 114. Some of the various local races of Certhiola fla- 
veola certainly show such differences as entitle them to specific sepa- 
ration. The present bird does not appear to be quite the same as 
any of the nine given by Prince Bonaparte in his ‘ Notes Orn.’ p. 51. 
It is very closely allied to the Bogota species, which I believe to be 
the C. luteola, Cab., but may be distinguished by its duller back, 
less brightly-coloured uropygium and belly, longer bill and shorter 
wings. 

19. Diciossa BariTuLa, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 281; Gray, Gen. 
B. pl. 42. 

Sallé, no. 116, ¢ et ¢. 


TROCHILID. 


T have not myself examined M. Sallé’s collection of Trochilide, 
but he has kindly furnished me with the names of twenty-five species, 
which he obtained, as determined by himself and M. Bourcier. 


287 
20. Paarraornis ADoLPHI.—Pyymornis adolphi, Sallé, MS. 
Mr. Gould will shortly publish a figure of this new species. 
21. Lampornts prevosti (Boure. & Muls.), R. Z. 1843, p. 99. 


22. CaMPYLOPTERUs PAMPA (Less.), Ois. Mouch. Suppl. pl. 15; 
Bp. Consp. p. 71 ; Gould, Mon. Trochil. x. pl. 11. 


23. CAMPYLOPTERUS DELATTRII (Less.), R. Z. 1839, p. 14; 
Gould, Mon. Trochil. x. pl. 10. 


24. Cotrsris rHatassina (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 441; Bp. 
Consp. p. 69 ; Gould, Mon. Trochil. y. pl. 5. 


25. HELIoMASTER CONSTANTII ( Delattre), Gould, Mon. Trochil. 
v. pl. 10. 


26. CaLiceNna rucEns (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 341.—Orn. 
rivolii, Less. 


27. MytaBEILLiA TyPIca, Bp. ; Gould, Mon. Trochil. viii. pl. 7. 


28. DELATTRIA HENRICI (Less.), Bp. Consp. p. 70; Gould, 
Mon. Trochil. viii. pl. 14. 


29. Devatrria rHAmt (Less.), R. Z. 1838, p- 315, 


30. DELATTRIA CLEMENCLE (Less.), Gould, Mon. Trochil. ix. 


pl. 10. 


_ 31. Cyanomyra QUADRICOLOR (Vieill.), Gould, Mon. Trochil. 
ix. pl. 9. 


32. AMAZILIUS ARSINOE (Less. ), Bp. Consp. p. 77. 


33. AMAZILIUS DUBUSI (Bourc.), 1852, ubi? 


Is this species really distinct from A. rieffert (Boure.), R. Z. 1843, 
p- 103? I cannot see any difference in Mr. Gould’s examples of 
these two species. 


34. AMAZzILIUS CERVINIVENTRIS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, 
June 10th. 


35. Sporapinus caniyett (Less.), Colibris, Suppl. pl. 37. 


Perhaps this may be 8. auriceps, Gould (Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 137), 
which appears to be the Mexican representative of S. caniveti. 


36. THAUMATIAS CANDIDUS, Bourc. Ann. Sc. Lyons, 1846; Bp. 
Consp. p. 78. 


37. Basiuinna Levcoris (Vieill.). — Orn. arsenit, Less. Ois, 
Mouch. pl. 9, Suppl. pl. 27. 


38. TRocuiLvus coxusris, Linn, 


SE at 


288 


39. SELASPHORUS PLATYCERCUS (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 441. 
—0O. tricolor, Less., Gould, Mon. Trochil. iii. pl. 7. 


40. SELAspHORUS HELOISz (Less. & Del.), R. Z. 1839, p. 15; 
Gould, Mon. Trochil. viii. pl. 2. 


41. CaLorHorax LucirER (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 442; Bp. 
Consp. p. 85. 


42. CALOTHORAX ELIZA (Less. & Delattre).—T*. eliza, Less. & 
Del. R. Z. 1839, p. 20. 


43. THAUMASTURA DuPONTI (Less.). — Tryphaena duponti, 
Gould, Mon. Trochil. i. pl. 14. 


44. LopHorNis HELEN (Delattre), Gould, Mon. Trochil. x. 
pl. 6. 


CERTHIIDS. 


45. SYNALLAXIS ERYTHROTHORAX, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 75. 
pl. Ixxxvi. 

Sallé, no. 109. Cordova. This is the only bird of the genus 
which I have as yet seen from north of the Isthmus of Panama. 


46. ANABATES RUBIGINOSUS, sp. nov. 
Sallé, no. 102. Cordova. 


Saturate brunneus ; pileo obscuriore: alis extus, uropygio et cauda 
tota cum pectore saturate rubiginoso-rufis ; gula clariore: ventre 
dorso concolore sed medialiter pallidiore : tectricibus subalaribus 
clare rubiginosis : rostro forti, crasso, recto, nigricante, basi 
pallida: pedibus nigricanti-plumbeis. 

Long. tota 8°0, alee 3°7, caudze 3°3, rostri a rictu 1°2. 

This fine Anabates is of the same strong form as 4. ferruginolen- 

tus (Max.), but has shorter wings and rather a stiffer tail. I know 
of no species that resembles it much in colouring. 


47. ANABATES CERVINIGULARIS, Sp. NOV. 
Sallé, no. 104. Cordova. 


Supra saturate brunneus ; pileo nigro: dorso summo nigricante ad- 
umbrato : plumis medialiter pallidioribus : loris, superciliis longis 
et cervicis lateribus clare rufis : gutiure dilutiore, pallide cervino : 
abdomine flavescenti-brunneo lateraliter obscuriore : alarum pennis 
nigris eatus brunneo limbatis, subtus autem cum tectricibus sub- 
alaribus clare rufis: uropygio et crisso cum cauda tota saturate 
rubiginoso-rufis : rostro validiusculo, recto, corneo, basi autem 
flavicante : pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 7°5, ale 3°6, caude 3-0. 

This species is not quite so strong in form as the last, and has not 

so thick a bill. In colouring it somewhat resembles 4. atricapillus, 
but is much larger than that bird. The sexes are coloured alike. 


289 


48. ANABAZENOPS VARIEGATICEPS, Sp. nov. 
Sallé, no. 204. Cordova. Sexes alike. 


Supra brunneus : pilet pennis olivaceis, nigro angustissime circum- 
cinctis et scapis plumarum flavicantibus : superciliis longis rufis : 
loris et regione auriculari nigris: mento et gutture toto ochra- 
cescenti-albidis: abdomine pallide brunneo: cauda clare rubigi- 
noso-rufa: tectricibus subalaribus flavicanti-ochraceis: rostro 
pallide corneo, basi flavicante : pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 6:0, ale 3°3, caudee 2°7. 

This bird closely resembles Anabazenops rufo-superciliatus (Lafr.), 
but may be recognized at once by the darker, browner back, and the 
variegated head, which in the latter species is of the same greenish 
brown as the back. In the present bird also there is not that decided 
mottled plumage on the breast observable in the other species, 
although there are slight indications of it on the sides of the neck. 


49. XENOPS MEXICANUS, Sp. nov. 


Rufescenti-olivaceus, capite obscuriore, uropygio rufo: loris albi- 
dis: stria superciliari angusta ochraceo-flavida : regione auricu- 
lari ochraceo-flavida, nigro mixta : penicilla utrinque sub re- 
gione auriculari alba: subtus dorso similis sed minus rufescens, 
mento et gutture medio ochracescenti-albidis: alis nigris: vitta 
lata per remiges cum secundariarum interiorum marginibus et 
terminationibus necnon secundariis dorso proximis rufis: cauda 
rufa: rectricibus duabus utrinque submedialibus omnino et rectri- 
cum his proximarum parte basali nigris, duabus mediis et una 
utrinque extima omnino rufis: rostro nigro, basi inferiore albi- 
cante: pedibus nigris. 

Long. 4°6, alee 2°7, caude 2:1. 

Obs. Affinis Xenopi genibarbi, sed crassitie majore et colore sub- 
tus olivascentiore necnon gula ochracescenti-albida distinguendus. 
3 et ? similes. 

Sallé, no. 115. Cordova. 


50. DENDRORNIS FLAVIGASTRA (Sw.).—2Xiphorhynchus flavi- 
gaster, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 440.—Nasica flavigaster, Latr. R. 
Z. 1850, p. 383; DesMurs, Icon. Orn. pl. 52. 


Sallé, no. 97. Cordova. 


~ 


51. DENDRORNIS TRIANGULARIS (Lafr.), R. Z. 1842, p. 134, 
1850, p. 418, et Mag. de Zool. 1843, pl. 32. 


Sallé, no. 99. Cordova. 


52. PicouapTes AFFINIS, Lafr. R. Z. 1850, p. 275? 


~Sall¢, no. 98. Cordova. M. Sallé has brought home a single 
bird of this difficult group which I refer with some doubt to P. aff- 
nis, Lafr. 


No. CCCXIX.—PRoOcEEDINGS OF THE ate ple ie Society. 


290 


53. SrrrasoMus syLvio1DEs, Lafr. R. Z. 1849, p. 331, et 1850, 
p- 590. 
Sallé, no. 100. Cordova. 


54. SCLERURUS MEXICANUS, Sp. nov. 
Sallé, no. 101. Cordova. 


Brunnescenti-olivaceus, pileo paulo obscuriore ; wropygio cum cer- 
vice et pectore antice saturate rufis: mento albescentiore: alis 
nigris brunneo limbatis, rectricibus nigris, marginibus ewternis 
brunnescentibus : rostro nigro ; basi inferiore albicante: pedibus 
nigerrimis. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°2, caudze 2°2. 

M. Sallé’s collection contains four examples of this interesting bird, 
which has never previously come under my notice. One marked as 
a female has the bill rather longer than the others, but does not 
otherwise differ from them. It may be at once distinguished from 
the Brazilian 8. caudacutus (to which it shows great general resem- 
blance) by its smaller size. Hartlaub’s 8. fuscus (R. Z. 1844, p. 370) 
seems to be larger, and differently coloured. 


55. CerTHIaA MExIcANA, Reich. Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 266. 


Sallé, no. 106. Ranchos de Suapam. 
I have not yet had an opportunity of comparing this bird with 
specimens of C. americana. 


56. ScyTALOPUS PROSTHELEUCUS, Sp. nov. 
Sallé, no. 112. Cordova. 


Supra brunneus, dorso rufescente: superciliis longis albis: lateri- 
bus capitis nigris albo variegatis: subtus albus ; lateribus cinera- 
ceis, ventre imo et crisso rufescentibus: alis fusco-nigris extus 
rufescenti-brunneo transvittatis: tectricum apicibus albo macu- 
latis: cauda tota nigricante et rufescenti-brunneo tessellata: 
rostro nigro: pedibus brunneis. 

Long. tota 3°8, alee 2-2, caudee 1°0. 

This Mexican species much resembles in colouring a Bogota bird 
in my collection, which I somewhat doubtfully refer to S. griseicollis, 
Lafr., but differs from it in having the lower parts cinereous and not 
white. 


57. TROoGLOpYTES PALusTRIS (Wilson), Am. Orn. pl, xii. fig. 4. 
Sallé, nos. 107 et 210. Romatlan. 


58. TRoGLoDYTES HYEMALIS, Vieill., Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 8. fig. 6. 
Sallé, no. 108. El Jacale. 


59. TuryoTHoRvs MacuLirectus, Lafr. R. Z. 1845, p. 338. 
Sallé, no. 111. Cordova. 


60. CampyLorHyNCcHUS zonatTus (Less.), Cent. Zool. pl. 70. 
Sallé, no. 59. Cordova. 


291 


MNI0oTILTINz. 


61. Mytoriira varia (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 128, 3 et 2. 


62. Hetmiruerros soxirartus (Wilson), Am. Orn. t. 15. fig. 4. 
Sallé, no. 125. Cordova. 


63. HeLMITHEROS RUBRICAPILLUS (Wilson), Am. Orn. t. 27. 
fig. 3, 


Sallé, no. 126. Cordova. 


64. HetmirHEros ? 
Sallé, no. 123. Cordova, 3. 


Olivaceus : pileo cinereo: capite laterali et gutture toto cum pectore 
et ventre medio albidis: lateribus flavescenti-olivaceis. 
Long. tota 4:2, alee 2-2, caudz 1-6. 
This bird seems in plumage rather to resemble the female of Tri- 
chas macgillivraii as figured by Audubon (B. Amer. 8yo. ii. pl. 100. 
fig. 2), but certainly in my judgement belongs to this genus. 


65. Rurmampuus coronatus (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 120. Cordova, av. juv. 


66. Rutmampuus PensiLis (Gm.). 
Sallé, no. 211. 


67. RuimampuHus VIRENS (Gm.). 
Sallé, no. 118. 


68. Ruimampuus oxivaceus (Giraud).—Sylvia olivacea, Gi- 
raud, B. Texas, p. 14. pl. 7. fig. 2.— Sylvicola teniata, DuBus, Bull. 
Ac. Brux. xiv. p. 104; P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 66; Cassin, B. Cal. i. 
pl. 48. p. 283. 


Sallé, no. 191. 


69. Myroprocres mirratvs (Lath.), Bp. Consp. p. 315. 
Sallé, no. 121. Cordova. 


70. MytopiocTEs PusILLus (Wilson), Bp. Consp. p. 315. 
Sallé, no. 122. 


71. Euruiypis Lacrymosa, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 19 (note).— 
Basileuterus, sp. 10; Bp. Consp. p. 314. 


Sallé, no. 131. Cordova. 


72. BAsILEUTERUS RUFIFRONS (Sw.).—Setophaga rujifrons, Sw. 
An. in Men. p. 294; Bp. Consp. p. 314. 


Sallé, no. 124. 


292 


73. BASILEUTERUS BRASIERI (Giraud).—Muscicapa Brasierit, 
Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 6. fig. 2.—B. eulicivorus, Cab. Mus. Hein. 
p- 17; Bp. Consp. p. 313; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 66. 

Sallé, no. 127, ¢ et 2 similes. Cordova. 


74, SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 174. 


75. Seropwaca picta, Sw. Zool. Ill. n.s. pl. 3; Bp. Consp. 
p- 312. 
Sallé, no. 188. 


76. SETOPHAGA MINIATA (Sw.).—Muscicapa miniata, Sw. Phil. 
Mag. 1827, p. 368. — Muscicapa vulnerata, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 
p- 520.—Muscicapa derhamii, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 3. fig. 2. 

Sallé, no. 81. 


77. GRANATELLUS SaLL#1 (Plate CXX.).—“‘Setophaga sallai, 
Bp. et Sclater ;” Bp. Compt. Rend. 1856, May. 


Sallé, no. 129. Cordova. 


Ceruleo-plumbea, superciliis vix obscurioribus: litura postoculart 
alba: genis gulaque plumbescentibus: pectore et abdomine medio 
cum crisso rosaceo-coccineis : lateribus postice albis: alis cauda- 
gue nigricantibus, plumbeo extus marginatis: rostro crasso, pau- 
lulum incurvo, nigricanti-plumbeo ; vibrissis fere nullis: pedibus 
pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 52, alee 2°4, caudze 2°3. 

This very pretty bird, of which M. Sallé only procured a single 
specimen, is, I think, upon reconsideration hardly to be placed in the 
genus Setophaga, although so closely resembling many species of 
that genus in its style of colourmg. The bill is quite different from 
that of Setophaga, and is more like that of Nemosia, being even 
thicker than in some species of the latter form, but rather more in- 
curved. The characters given by Prince Bonaparte for his genus 
Granatellus (founded upon a bird figured in an unpublished plate of 
DuBus’s Esquisses Ornithologiques) seem to agree better with this 
bird, and from the description of the only species of that genus 
(which I have never seen) I cannot help thinking that it may have 
something to do with the present bird. I therefore place them for 
the present in the same genus. 


78. CARDELLINA RUBRA (Sw.). — Setophaga rubra, Sw. Phil. 
Mag. 1827, p. 368; Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 43. p. 265.—Parus leucotis, 
Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 4. fig. 2. 


Sallé, no. 119. El Jacale. 


79. TRicHAaS MARILANDICA (Linn. ), Wils. Am. Orn, pl. 6. fig. 1. 
—Trichas personatus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 433. 
Sallé, no. 130. 


293 


80. TricHas DELAFIELDI, Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 307; B. Am. 
8yo. ii. p. 81. pl. 103. 
Sallé, no. 209. 
_M. Sallé’s specimens seem to agree with Audubon’s figures and 
descriptions of Trichas delafieldi. 


ERITHACIN2. 


81. Sratia witsont (Sw.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 3. fig. 5. 
Sallé, no. 85 bis. Cerro del Gallego ; Cordova. 


82. Sravia MExIcANA, Sw. North. Zool. ii. p. 202 (note).—S. 
occidentalis, Townsh. Journ. Ac. Phil. vii. p. 188; Aud. B. Am. 8vo. 
ii. pl. 135.—S. c@ruleicollis, Vig. Zool. Beechey’s Voy. Pacif. pl. 3. 

Sallé, no. 85. 

PaRINz. 


83. PARUS MERIDIONALIS, Sp. nov. 
Sallé, no. 167. El Jacale. 


Supra cinereus; alis caudaque nigricantibus brunnescenti-cinereo 
limbatis: pileo toto cum nucha, gutture et cervice antica nigerri- 
mis: genis et capite laterali albis: abdomine cinereo brunnescente 
tincto ; pectore et ventre medio albidis: rostro nigro: pedibus 
plumbeis. 

Long. tota 4°8, ale 2°65, caudz 2°3. 


This Titmouse is a very close ally of Parus atricapillus and Parus 
carolinensis. Iam sorry I have not been able to compare it with 
authentic specimens of those species, but, as far as I can judge from 
Mr. Cassin’s excellent synopsis of American Parine given in his 
* Birds of California,’ it would appear—as by the locality it comes 
from would seem most probable—to be distinct from either of those 
species. 

From P. carolinensis it appears to differ in its greater size, being 
nearly half an inch longer than the dimensions assigned to that bird 
by Mr. Cassin. It would hardly seem likely that it is the same as 
P. atricapillus, which is an inhabitant of the more northern states 
of the Union, and the slightly inferior size and white medial line 
on the lower parts seem to distinguish it from that species. 


SITTINZ. 


84. SiTTa CAROLINENSIS, Latham. 
Sallé, no. 199. 


MoraciLuinz. 
85. Henicocicuia AURICAPILLA (Gm.), Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 15. 
Sallé, no. 59. 


86. ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUs (Gm.). 
Sallé, no. 200. 


294 


87. AnTHus ——? 
Sallé, no. 201. 


TURDINE. 


88. Turpus micRAToRivs, Linn., Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 368. 
Sallé, no. 54. Rotosinapam. 


89. Turpus TrRistis (Sw.).— Merula tristis, Sw. Phil. Mag. 
1827, p. 369. — Turdus grayi, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 118; Consp. 
p- 272.—Turdus helvolus, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 


Sallé, no. 53. Cordova. 


90. Turpus mustEeLinus, Gm., Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 2. fig. 1. 
Sallé, no. 58. Cordova. 


91. CATHARUS AURANTITIROSTRIS (Hartlaub).—Turdus aurantit- 
rostris, Hartl. R. Z. 1850, p. 158; Cont. Orn. 1851, pl. 72. p. 80.— 
Catharus immaculatus, Bp. Consp. p. 278. 


Sallé, no. 164. Cordova. 

I have not had an opportunity of comparing these specimens with 
Venezuelan examples, but, judging from the published figures and 
descriptions, I can detect vo great difference. 


92. Mimus carutescens (Sw.).— Orpheus cerulescens, Sw. 
Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369; Temm. Pl. Col. 498. 


Sallé, no. 56. Cordova. 


93. Mimus CAROLINENSIS (Linn. ), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 20. fig. 3. 
Sallé, no. 57. Cordova. 


94, Mrmus tonetrostaris {Lafr.).— Orpheus longirostris, Lafr. 
R. Z. 1838, p. 54; Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 81. 


Sallé, no. 93. Cordova. 


FoRMICARIIDE. 


95. GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS, Prevost, Zool. Venus, pl. 2.— 
Chameza guatimalensis, Bp. Consp. p. 204. 

Sallé, no. 52. Cordova. 

This fine Grallaria is a typical species of the gemis, a strict 
northern representative of Graullarie rex and imperator, and by no 
means to be placed among the Chameze. 


96. FoRMICARIUS MONILIGER, Sp. Nov. 


Supra brunnescenti-olivaceus, colli lateribus et uropygio rufescen- 
tioribus, pileo nigricantiore: macula in loris triangulari alba: 
gutiure toto nigro, infra vitta angusta rufa cincta: abdomine toto 
nigricanti-griseo, lateribus et crisso olivaceo perfusis: regione 
oculari nuda: tectricibus subalaribus ochraceis, nigro variegatis : 
caude parte apicali nigra: rostro nigro : pedibus clare brunneis. 

Sallé, no. 105, ¢ et ? similes. Cordova. 


295 


A typical Formicarius, a close ally of F. cayanensis, analis, &c., 
but distinguished by its black throat, bordered beneath by a narrow 
band of rufous ; white triangular spot on the lores; and other dif- 
ferences. It is the first of the form found to occur so far north. 


97. THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 65, 3 et 2. 


TYRANNIDS. 
98. TopIROSTRUM CINEREIGULARE, sp. nov. 


Olivaceum: alis caudaque nigris, flavicante olivaceo limbatis : orbi- 
tis antice nigricantibus : loris albidis: subtus gutture et cervice 
cinereis aut potius albis cinereo dense striolatis : pectore olivaceo : 
abdomine toto et tectricibus subalaribus flavis : rostro compres- 
siusculo, crassiusculo ; culmine carinato, incurvo ; colore nigri- 
cante, tomiis pallidis : pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 3:6, alee 1-7, caudee 1°2, 

Sallé, no. 89, ¢. Cordova. 

This Todirostrum differs slightly in the form of the bill from 
the ordinary members of the genus, that part being rather thicker, 
and with the culmen elevated and more incurved than in the typical 
species of the group. 


99. MuscivoRa MEXICANA, sp. nov. 
** Megalophus mexicanus, Kp.,”’ Bp. MS. 


Brunnea: uropygio, cauda tota et corpore subtus flavescenti-ochra- 
ceis, gutture albidiore: alis extus ochraceo punctatis et subtus 
(nisi primariorum apicibus) omnino ochraceis: crista ampla, 
aureo-flava, cerulescente eneo terminata: rostro productiore 
quam in M. regia: pedibus flavidis. 

Long. tota 6:0, alee 3°3, caudze 2°8, rostri a rictu 1°3. 

Sallé, no. 78. Cordova. 

M. Sallé’s collection contains a single example of this interesting 
bird, which however was not procured by himself, and is unfortu- 
nately not in very good condition. It is probably the Megalophus 
mexicanus of Dr. Kaup, which I have seen indicated in Prince Bo- 
naparte’s MS., but which I believe is merely an unpublished name. 
From the common Muscivora regia, to which it offers a close general 
resemblance, it may be distinguished by its longer bill, and having 
the base of the crest of a paler yellower tint, and the tips with less 
purplish colouring. 

The Muscivora castelnauii (Onychorhynchus castelnaui, Deville, 
R. Z. 1849, p. 56), the only second member of the genus hitherto 
known, from Eastern Peru, on the other hand appears to have a 
shorter bill and more reddish crest than the typical species. 


100. PLratyruyNcHUs CANCRoma (Licht.), Bp. Consp. p. 183. 


Sallé, no. 90. Cordova, ¢ et ? similes. 
I can find no difference between these and S. American specimens, 


296 


101. CycLorHYNCHUS BREVIROSTRIS, Cab. Orn. Notiz. in 
Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 249. 

Sallé, no. 82. Cordova. 

This bird is readily distinguished from the Brazilian C. olivaceus 
by its shorter and more rounded beak. 


102. PyrocEPHALUS RUBINEUS (Bodd.).—Tyrannula coronata, 
Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 367; Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 18. p. 127. 
Sallé, no. 94, d et $. Cordova. 


103. TyRANNULA SULPHUREIPYGIA, Sp. nov. 

Sallé, no. 84. Cordova. 

Olivacea : pilei crista mediali flava: uropygio pallide sulphureo : 
alis caudaque nigris, secundariis extus brunnescente limbatis : 
subtus flavicanti-brunnea, gula et ventre medio flavis. 

Long. tota 52, alee 2°8, caudee 2°3. 

Obs. Aff. T. barbate ex America Meridionali, sed statura majore, 

colore uropygii pallidiore et corporis subtus brunnescentiore distin- 


guenda. 
104. TyrannuLa -—? 
Sallé, no. 88, ¢ et 2 similes. Cordova. 


105. TyRANNULA ? 
Sallé, no. 92, 2. Cordova. 


106. TyRaANNULA ? 
Sallé, no. 83, d. Cordova. 


107. TyRANNULA ——? 

Sallé, no. 95. ‘ 

These little Tyrants are in such a sad state of confusion at present, 
that it only makes matters worse to attempt to describe new species. 


108. MronecTes oLEaGtinus (Licht.), Bp. Consp. p. 187. 


Sallé, no. 91. Cordova. 
M. Sallé’s specimens seem to agree with South American examples. 


109. Savornis NIGRICANS (Sw.).—Tyrann. nigricans, Sw. Phil. 
Mag. 1827, p. 367. 
Sallé, no. 86. Cordova. 


110. Myrarcuus mexicanus (Kp.), P. Z.S. 1851, p. 51? 
Sallé, no. 77. Cordova. 


111. Exania Texensis (Giraud).—Musc. texensis, Giraud, B. 
Texas, pl. 1.—Tyr. cayennensis, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 367. 

Sallé, no. 76, 3 et  similes. 

Hardly distinct from Elenia cayennensis. The back is rather 
more tinged with green, and there is more white on the front than 


297 


in the South American bird. The dimensions are perhaps slightly 
larger, and the bill longer. 


112, ELa&NIA VARIEGATA, Sp. nov. 
Sallé, no. 80. Cordova, 3 et ? similes. 


Supra brunnea, olivascente tincta, marginibus plumarum pallidiori- 
bus : alis caudaque nigricantibus, illarum tectricibus extus albo 
marginatis : pileo et capitis lateribus nigris : crista mediali flava : 
superciliis a fronte circum nucham conjunctis, albis : subtus pal- 
lide flava, gutture albo, striga utrinque rictali nigra: pectore 
nigricante flammulato : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 6°2, ale 3°7, caude 2°6. 

Obs. Affinis Llenie albicolli (Vieill.) ex America Meridionali sed 

crassitie majore : coloribus letioribus. 


113. EvzN1a 2 
Sallé, no. 93. Cordova, 2. 


(114, Minvunus Tyrannus (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 79. Plains of Vera Cruz. 


115. Tyrannus MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill.— M. fureata, Spix, 
Avy. Bras. ii. p. 15. pl. 19. 


Sallé, no. 208. 


116. Tyrannus aupax (Gm.)? 


Sallé, no. 87. Cordova. 

M. Sallé’s examples of this bird are much more brightly coloured 
than any S. American specimens which have come under my obser- 
vation. The belly is also wholly of a pale sulphur-yellow, instead 
of being only tinged with that colour. When the group is properly 
worked out, this will probably be found to constitute a sufficiently 
distinct. species. 


117. TyRanNus cooPeERri (Nutt.), Aud. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 422? 
Sallé, no. 207. 


118. Pirancus pDERBIANUS (Kp.).—Saurophagus derbianus, 
Kp. P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 44. pl. 36. — Saurophagus rufipennis, Lafr. 
R. Z. 1851, p. 471.?.—Saurophagus sulphuratus, Gambel in Journ. 
Ac. Se. Phil. i. p. 39? 


 Sallé, no. 75. Cordova. 


TITYRINZ. 
119. Trryra mexicana (Less.) : anéea, p. 141. 
Sallé, no. 67. 
_ 120. PacuyruamMpuus AGLAL# (Lafr.), R. Z. 1839, p. 98. 
Sallé, no. 96. Cordova. 
$ adult. Niger, cristatus, uropygium versus schistacescentior : 


298 


subtus pallide schistaceus, collo antico late roseo: scapularibus 
intus, et remigum primariarum (nisi duarum exteriorum) basibus 
internis albis. 

$immat. Lrunneus nigro miztus : capite cristato nigro : alis ea- 
tus rufis : subtus pallidior, collo rosaceo imbuto. 

2. Rufescens: alis intus nigris: harum marginibus et cauda tota 
lete rufis : capite cristato nigro : subtus albescenti-cinnamomeus : 
tectricibus subaluribus cinnamomeis, 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caudze 2°6. 

I think that some recent Naturalists have acted rather hastily in 
uniting together the various rose-necked Becards into one species. 
The present bird appears to me to be sufficiently distinct from P. 
pectoralis of Cayenne, and M. de Lafresnaye has already pointed 
out its difference from the Bolivian P. roscicollis. From my spe- 
cimens of the former it may be recognized by its lighter colour 
below, and the broader rose-coloured bar on the throat. Besides, 
the second abnormally short primary of the adult male has not the 
large white blotch on the interior web which is observable in the P. 
pectoralis. 


121. PacHYRHAMPHUS MARGINATUS (Licht.) ? 

Sallé, no. 184. 

A single specimen of a bird of the general appearance of the 
S. American P. marginatus, which has been divided into several 
subspecies by Dr. Kaup (P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 48), but showing rather 
broader white margins to the wings and tail. 


MuscicaPiInz. 


122. Poxroprita 2 

Sallé, no. 117. Cordova. 

Three specimens all alike (one of which is marked ‘ male’) seem 
to agree with the female of the bird figured by Mr. Cassin, Birds 
of Cal. pl. 27, under the name of C. mexicana. The specimen 
marked ‘male’ is possibly therefore not adult, as there are no traces 
of the black cap. 


VIREONINZ. 


123. Vireo sotiTartius (Wilson), Cassin in Pr. Ac. Phil. v. 150. 
Sallé, no. 133. 


124, VirrosyLvia GiLva (Vieill.), Cassin in Pr. Ac. Phil. v. 153. 
Sallé, no. 123. 


125. VIREOSYLVIA FLAVO-VIRIDIsS, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. v. 
Sallé, no. 205, p. 152. pl. 11. 


126. IcreR1A VELASQUEZI, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 117 ; Consp. 
p- 331? 
Sallé, no. 204. 


NTA I 
FiJN Levirl t 


ME 


299 


The Mexican Icteria seems distinct from the black-billed I. viridis 
of the United States; but I confess I am wholly unable to decide 
whether it is the second or third. species of Prince Bonaparte’s Con- 
spectus. dre there really two Mexican species? and what is the 
Californian I. longicauda? 


127. CycLoruis FLAVIvVENTRIS, Lafr. R. Z. 1842, p. 330. 
Sallé, no. 162. 
I have examples of this species from Guatimala. 


PrIPRINz. 
128. Manacus canpet (Parzud.), Bp. Consp. p. 171. 
Sallé, no. 170. Cordova. 


M. Sallé obtained only a single specimen of this beautiful Manakin, 
which was originally brought from Honduras. 


129. PipRA MENTALIS, sp. nov. (Plate CXXI.) 
Sallé, no. 171. Cordova. 


Nigra: capite toto cum nucha coccineis: mento summo tibiisque 

plumosis et tectricibus subalaribus flavis. 

?. Pallide viridis, subtus paulo dilutior. 

Long. tota 4°0, alee 2°3, caudee 1°1. 

This Manakin is a beautiful Mexican representative of P. rubri- 
capilla and P. chloromeros. From the former it may be distin- 
guished by its yellow thighs, from the latter by its yellow chin and 
under wing-coverts. 


AMPELIN&. 


130. AMPELIs CepRORUM (Vieill.), Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 528. 
Sallé, no. 134. Cordova. 


131. PrinoGonys cinEREvS, Sw., Bp. Consp. p. 335. 
Sallé, no. 185. 


132. MyIADESTES UNICOLOR, sp. nov. 
Hypothymis cesia, Licht. in Mus. Berol.? 


Schistacea unicolor, subtus pallidior, ventre albicantiore : remigibus 
nigris, harum autem (nisi trium extimarum) basibus alula spuria 
partim celatis, cum marginibus ipsarum et secundariarum apicem 
versus externis brunnescenti-oleagineis ; hoc colore intus sub ala 
albidiore: cauda nigra; rectricibus duabus mediis schistaceis, 
harum duarum utrinque extimarum parte apicali pallidiore et api- 
cibus ipsis cum margine interna apicem versus albis: rostro et 
pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3°8, caudee 3:4. 

Sallé, no. 150. Cordova, ¢ et 2 similes. 

This bird is certainly quite distinct from Lafresnaye’s M. obscura, 

of which I possess examples from Guatimala. Judging from Audu- 


- “ATS 


300 


bon’s plate and description it likewise would seem different from P. 
townshendi, which has been united to Lafresnaye’s species, I believe 
quite erroneously, by Prince Bonaparte. 

My impression is that the Berlin Museum specimens, marked 
“« Hypothymis cesia,” are identical with the present bird ; but as I 
have no means of verifying that fact, and the name is merely in MS., 
I think it safer to give it a new appellation. 

Lafresnaye’s M. obscurus (R. Z. 1839, p. 99), of which I have 
examples procured near the city of Guatimala by Signor Constancia, 
may be recognized at once from the present species by its brown 
back and rufous wing-edgings. 


GARRULINZE. 


133. Ps1LorHINUs MoRIO (Licht.), Bp. Consp. p. 381. 


Sallé, no. 12. Cordova. 
M. Sallé has procured a fine series of specimens of this bird, show- 
ing every variety in the colouring of the bill from black to yellow. 


134, Cyanocorax Luxvosus (Less.), DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 18 ; 
Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 1. p. 1.—C. peruvianus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. iv. 
p- 89, nec auct. 

Sallé, no. 47, dg et 2. Cordova. 


135. CyANOcITTA FLORIDANA (Bartram), Bp. Consp. p. 377. 


Sallé, no. 186. 
Prince Bonaparte identifies a somewhat immature bird in M. Sallé’s 


collection as belonging to this rare species. 


STURNIDZ. 


136. QuiscaLUs MACRURUS, Sw., Bp. Consp. p. 424. 


Sallé, no. 130. Cordova, ¢ et ?. 
Maris long. tota 19°0, alee 8-9, caudze 9°0; foeminze long. tota 
14:5, alee 6°3, caude 6°8. 


? 


137. QuiscALUS 


Sallé, no. 29, d et 2. 
Nigro-nitens unicolor, rostro et pedibus nigerrimis. 
Long. tota 10°8, alee 5:2, candze 5:2. 


138. Motorurus £NeEvs (Wagl.), Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 192, note. 
Sallé, no. 28. Cordova, ¢ et 2. 


139. Cacicus MONTEZUM (Less.), Cont. Zool. pl. 7.—C. &i- 
fasciatus, Spix ?—Ostinops bifasciatus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 187. 


Sallé, no. 26. Cordova, ¢ et 2. 


Castaneus : capite toto cum corpore subtus nigricantibus, hoc colore 
ventrem versus in castaneum transeunte: tibiis et alis subtus 


301 


nigris : cauda flavissima : rectricibus duabus mediis solum nigris : 
rostro nigro, dimidio apicali ruberrimo. 

Long. tota 17:0, alee 9-3, caudee 7:0. 

2. Mari similis, sed minor. 

Long. tota 14:0, alze 7:6, caude 6:0. 


140. CasstcuLus prevosri (Less.), Bp. Consp. p. 428. 
Sallé, no. 27. 


141. SrurNeLLA urppocrepis, Wagl., Isis, 1832, p- 281; Cas- 
sin, Pr. Ac. Phil. iv. p. 90. 

Sallé, no. 135, 2. 

This bird is clearly distinguishable from the §. udoviciana by its 
smaller size and the smaller breast-mark. But the name hippocrepis 
was established upon Cuban specimens. Are they quite the same as 
this Mexican bird ? 


142. IcreRUs MELANOCEPHALUS (Wagl.), Cassin, B. Cal. pl. xxi. 
p. 137. 
Sallé, no. 60. 


143. IcreRvs MESOMELAS (Wagl.), Isis, 1829, p. 755.—I. atri- 
gularis, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 22. p. 73. — Oriolus musicus, Cabot. 
Boston Journ. N. H. iv. 465. 


Sallé, no. 61. Cordova. 


144. IcrERUS cucULLaTUs, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p.436; Cassin, 
B. Cal. pl. 8. p. 42. 
Sallé, no. 63. Cordova, ¢ et 2. 


145. IcreRUs pRosTHEMELAS (Strickl.), Cont.Orn. 1850, p- 120. 
pl. 62. 

Sallé, no. 63. Cordova. 

This species has the under tail-coverts yellow. I think the bird 
resembling this, but with these parts black, which Mr. Strickland 
mentions in his description of I. prosthemelas, is probably a distinct 
species ; but the whole group requires to be thoroughly revised and 
worked out before additional names are given. 


146. Banantvorus arrinis (Townshend).—Xanthornus affinis, 
Townsh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1851, p. 113, cum tab. 
Sallé, no. 146. Cordova, 3, 3 juv. et 2. 


CoccoTHRAUSTINZ. 


147. HeEpYMELES LUDOVICIANUS (Linn.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 17. 
fig. 2. 
Sallé, no. 154, ¢ et 2. Cordova. 


148. GontapHEA CZRULEA (Linn.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. xxiv. f.6. 
Sallé, no. 155. Cordova. 


302 


149. GONIAPHEA PARELLINA (Bp.).— Cyanoloxia parellina, 
Bp. Consp. p. 502. 


Sallé, no. 159. Cordova, 2. 


é. Brunnea unicolor : alis caudaque intus fuscis. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°6, caudze 2°0. 

The bill of this specimen is slightly larger than that of a male 
G. parellina in my collection, but it otherwise agrees with it in di- 
mensions. 


150. GontAPHEA concRETA (DuBus).—Cyanoloxia concreta, 
DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxii. p. 150 (1855). 

Sallé, no. 175. Orizaba. 

M. Sallé’s collection contains a single specimen of this rare species. 


151. CARDINALIS VIRGINIANUS, Bp. Consp. p. 501. 
Sallé, no. 152, ¢ juv. Cordova. 


152. SPERMOPHILA MORELLETI, Bp. Consp. p. 497? 
Sallé, no. 165. Cordova, 3 juv. et 2. 


? juv. Supra rufescenti-cinereus: pileo summo et capitis lateribus 
cum alis caudaque nigris: tectricum alarium fascia duplici cum 
speculo primariarum basali et tectricibus subalaribus albis : sub- 
tus pallide rufescenti-ochraceus, gutture albicante. & junior 
aut $ rufescenti-olivaceus, subtus dilutior, ochracescentior: alis 
caudaque fuscis, ochraceo bifasciatis. 

My belief is that these are both young stages of a black and white 
species of Spermophila, probably Sp. morelleti, of which I have an 
adult specimen from Honduras. I have an example of the same 
bird as M. Sallé’s, showing more black on the back and traces of the 
pectoral band, from Orizaba, collected by Botteri. 

Mr. Lawrence’s Sp. albigularis (described in the Annals Lye. N. Y. 
v. p. 124) is also probably referable to this same species. 


TANAGRINE. 


153. Prrytus potioGasteR, DuBus: antea, p. 66. 
Sallé, no. 151. Cordova. 


154. Satrator arriceps, Less. Cent. Zool. pl. 69 : antea, p. 69. 
Sallé, no. 49. Cordova. 


155. SauraTor MAGNoOIDES, Lafr.: antea, p. 69. 
Sallé, no. 50. Cordova. 


156. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafr.): antea, p. 85. 
Sallé, no. 66. Cordova. 


157. CHLOROSPINGUS OPHTHALMICUS (Dubus) : antea, p. 89. 
Sallé, no. 132. Cordova. 


a. * = 


303 


- 158. Lanio avrantrus, Lafr. : antea, p. 119. 
Sallé, no. 158. Orizaba, 2. 


159. Pa@nicornravrts RUBICOIDES (Lafr.).—Saltator rubi- 
eus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. iv. 90: antea, p. 120. 


Sallé, no. 141. Cordova. 

M. Sallé’s collection contains a fine series of specimens of this 
bird, showing every stage of transition between the brown plumage 
of the young and the rosy red of the adult. They appear to be 
rather variable in size. 


160. PyRANGA &xsTIVA (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 139. Cordova, 3 et 2. 


161. Pyranca ERYTHROMELENA (Licht.): antea, p. 126. 
Sallé, no. 143, Cordova. 


162. Rampnocerus SANGUINOLENTUS (Less.) : antea, p- 132. 
Sallé, no. 138. Cordova. 


163. Tanacra apzas, Licht. : antea, p. 235. 
Sallé, no. 142. Cordova. 


164. Tanacra DIAcomus, Less.: antea, ps 233. 
Sallé, no. 140. Cordova. 


165. EvpHonria ELEGANTISSIMA (Bp.). — Pipra galericulata, 
Giraud: antea, p. 272. 


Sallé, no. 147, 


166. EvpHonra AFFINIS, Less.: anéea, p. 274, 
Sallé, no. 213. Orizaba. 


167. EvpHonia HIRUNDINACEA, Bp. : antea, p. 278. 
Sallg no. 148. Cordova. 


168. Evpnonra ~—? 

Sallé, no. 187. 

Olivacea eneo tincta: pileo antico flavo: abdomine medio et crisso 
castaneis flavo miztis. 

Long. tota 3°7, alee 2°4, caude 1-2, 

This seems to be a female of an undescribed Euphonia. 


FRINGILLINZ. 
169. CurysomiTrRis MEXICANA (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p- 435. 
—Fringilla texensis, Giraud, B. Texas, pl. 5. fig. 1. 
Sallé, no. 149, $. Cordova. 


304 


170. Curysomitris NoTAaTA (DuBus), Bp. Consp. p. 516. — 
Carduelis magellanica, Audubon ? 


Sallé, no. 198, d et 2. Orizaba. 


171. Carpopacus HzMoRRHOUS (Licht.).— Carp. frontalis, 
Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 166.—Fring. hemorrhoa, Licht. Preis —Verz. 
1831, sp. 57; Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 525. — Pyrrhula frontalis, Sw. 
Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 435. — Pyrrhulinota hemorrhoa, Bp. Compt. 
Rend. 1856. 

Sallé, no. 181, ¢. S. Andres Gorion. 

There is not the least doubt about the perfect distinctness of this 
bird from Carpodacus rhodocolpus, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 166 (Carp. 
familiaris, Mc Call, -Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vi. p. 61; Cassin, B. Cal. 
pl. xiii. p. 73), but to which species is Say’s name frontalis really 
applicable? It appears to me, and I believe Prince Bonaparte is 
also of the same opinion, that the latter bird is that which ought to 
bear Say’s name. These two Carpodaci may be distinguished by 
the following diagnoses :— 

C. HzmoRRHOUS, fronte et superciliis latis cum gutture toto 
coccineis. 

C. rHopoco.tpus, paulo minor : capite toto et gutture cum pec- 
tore rosaceo-coccineo perfusis. 

A fourth or, if C. obscurus is a valid species, a fifth American 
bird of this genus has recently been described by Baird under the 
name C. cassinii (v. Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vi. 119). 


EMBERIZINZ. 


172. Sprza crris (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 145. Cordova, g et 2. 


173. Sp1za cyanea (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 166. Cordova, ¢ juv. et ?. 


174. VoLATINIA JACARINA (Linn.). 
Sallé, no. 163. Cordova. 


175. PHONIPARA PUSILLA (Sw.), Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 159. 
—Tiaris pusillus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 438.—Ttaris olivaceus, 
Cassin in Pr. Ac. Phil. iv. p. 91, et al. auct. nec Linn. 


Sallé, no. 172. Cordova. 


176. Prre1to macuxatus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 434. 
Sallé, no. 144. Maltrato. 


177. Prr1to ruscus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 434; Cassin, B. 
Cal. pl. 17. p. 124? 

Sallé, no. 168. San Andres Chalchicomula. 

Dr. Baird has recently separated a bird from this species under 
the name of P. mesoleucus (Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vii. p. 119). The 


305 


present examples do not exactly agree with the characters assigned 
by him to either ‘of the species, but from its locality there is little 
doubt of its being the true P. fuscus of Swainson. 


178. ArmopHILA RUFESCENS, Sw., Bp. Consp. p. 486. 
Sallé, no. 156. Cordova. 


179. Armopuita surERcILiosA, Sw., Bp. Consp. p. 486. 
Sallé, no. 158. Cordova. 


180. Zonorricuia Mystaca.is, Hartlaub, R. Z, 1852, p. 3, 
Sallé, no. 192. 


181. ZonorricHia —— ? 
Sallé, no. 194. 


182. PasseRcuLUS ALAUDINUS, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 18; Compt. 
Rend. May 1856. 


Sallé, no. 169, 6. Cordova. 


183. PassercuLus zonarius, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1856, sed 
DESCRIPTIO NULLA! (= Peuceea lincolni, Aud. ?) 


Sallé, no. 177, ¢ et 2. Cordova. 


Supra fuscus nigro striatus, pileo utrinque rufo, medialiter autem 
(sicut superciliis) fusco: subtus albus, vitta lata pectorali et hy- 
pochondriis cum crisso pallide rufescenti-fuscis, nigro striatis : 
gutture quoque albo, nigro sparsim striato: loris albidis : rostro 
pallido : pedibus flavidis. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°3, caudze 2°2. 


184. PasserRcuLUS 4 
Sallé, no. 202. 


185. Passercutus ——-? 
Sallé, no. 196. 


186. SprzELua socia.ts (Wilson). 
Sallé, no. 179. Orizaba. 


I have a specimen of this same bird procured near Orizaba by M. 
Botteri. 


187. CoruRNICULUS HENSLOW1I, Audub. (teste Bp.). 
Sallé, no. 161. Cordova. 


188. CorurnicuLus ? 
Sallé, no. 176. Orizaba. 
189. CorurRNICcCULUS 2 


Sallé, no. 195. 


. These two birds are both rather obscure in plumage, and are not 
| very good specimens, 


No. CCCXX.——Procrrpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


306 


190. Junco crnEREvs (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 435.—Juaco 
pheonotus, Wagler, Isis, 1827, p. 526. — Niphea rufidorsis, Licht. 
Nomencl. p. 43. 

Sallé, no. 157. El Jacale. 

There is no question, I believe, that this bird is strictly congeneric 
with Niphea hyemalis and N. oregona. And all three species ought 
to bear the generic name Junco, established by Wagler in 1827. 


191. EMBERNAGRA RUFIVIRGATA, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
1851, v. p. 112. pl. 5. fig. 2. 
Sallé, no. 153. Cordova. 


192. GrosPizopsis MELANOTIS, Bp. Compt. Rend. May 1856, 
note. 

Sallé, no. 193. 

This is certainly a remarkable bird, and I hardly know what to 
make of it. The single specimen obtained is immature, and the 
wings are unfortunately imperfect. In my opinion, however, it has 
nothing to do with Passerculus geospizopsis, Bp. (which the author 
now considers the type of this genus under the name Geospizopsis 
typus), that bird being, I believe, nothing more than the female of 
a species of Phrygilus allied to P. unicolor (vide P. Z. 8. 1855, 
p- 160). 


193. Orocorys curysoLa{ma, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 525. 


Sallé, no. 

The American species of this genus require a searching revision. 
I have not access to specimens of the other species except the South 
American O. peregrina. 


PsItTACcID&. 

194. Pronus senrxis (Spix), Av. Bras. i. pl. 31. fig. 1.—Ps. 
leucorhynchus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 438. 

Sallé, no. 1. Cordova. 

Though this bird is figured as Brazilian by Spix, I believe Southern 
Mexico to be its true habitat, and that it does not range south of the 
Isthmus of Panama. 

195. Psrrracuna LINEo.LaTA, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vi. p. 372. 
—< Myjiopsitta tigrina, Souancé,” Bp. Compt. Rend. May 1856. 


‘Sallé, no. 2. Cordova. nas" 
This is the only example I have yet seen of this interesting Parrot. 


PiciDz. 
196. Dryocopus scapuLaris (Vig.) (teste Malherbio). 
Sallé, no. 17. Cordova. 
197. Dryvocopus reRyTHRopPs (Cuyv.), DesMurs, Icon. Orn. 
pl. 37 (teste Malherbio). 
Sallé, no. 18. Cordova, ¢. 


; 


307 


198. Cotapres mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 440. 
Sallé, no. 19. Suapam, ?. 


199. MeLANERPES FORMICIVORUS (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, 
p- 439; Cassin, B. Cal. pl. 2. p. 7—M. melanopogon, Bp. Consp. 
p- 115. 


Sallé, no. 22, 3 et ?. 

My belief is that Malherbe is quite right in separating this species 
from the South American M. flavigularis (M. formicivorus, Bp. 
Consp. p. 115. sp. 5, nee Licht.). The two species are rightly di- 
stinguished by Prince Bonaparte (Consp. p. 115), but his synonymy 
and localities are both wrong. Both the terms melanopogon and 
Sormicivorus are primarily applicable to this Mexican species, and the 
other from the northern portion of S. America must be called flavi- 
gularis, Malherbe. The female of the present bird has the nape red ; 
in the other female this part is black. 


200. Cenrurus sanracruzl, Bp. P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 116. 


Sallé, no. 20. Cordova. 
Agrees with Guatimala specimens. 


20.1. CHLORONERPES YUCATANENSIS, Cabot, Bost. Journ. N. H. 
vy. p. 92.—P. eruginosus, Licht. m Mus. ee 


Sallé, no. 21, g et 2. Cordova. 


Clare olivaceus: alis ertus et caude marginibus aurulente brunneis: 
subtus flavidus, olivaceo transversim dense vittatus: pileo nigri- 
cante : capite laterali et gula albidis, hac olivaceo striata. 

3. Stria superciliari et nucha lata cum macula rictali coccineis. 

?. Nucha solum angustiore coccinea. 

Long. tota 9:0, ale 5:0, caude 3:4. 

This bird is distinguishable at a glance from the southern C. ru- 
biginosus (with which it is sometimes united) by its larger size and 
clear olive-green back. It is commonly known by Lichtenstein’s 
MS. name. 


202. CHLORONERPES OLEAGINEUS, Reichb. Handb. d. Sp. Orn. 
—P. oleagineus, Licht. in Mus. Berol. 
Sallé, no. 189, ?. 


Ex olivaceo-brunneus, dorso aurescentiore : capite et cauda nigri- 
cantioribus : capitis lateribus albidioribus: alis subtus nigris albo 
vittatis. 

Long. tota 5:5, ale 3-9, caudz 2°4. 

This Mexican species is very closely allied to, if not identical with, 

C. fumigatus of South America. 


203. Picus scaxaris, Wagler, Isis, 1829.—Picus parvus, Cabot, 
Journ. Boston N. H. Soc. v. p. 92. 

Sallé, no. 25, d et 2. 

The bird figured as P. scalaris in the Journ. Ac. Se. Phil. (vol. i. 


308 


pl. 9. p. 55) is, I believe, not this species, but Pieus nuttalli, Gambel 
(Picus wilsoni, Malherbe, R. Z. 1849, p. 529), distinguishable from 
the present by its larger size and purer white below. 


204. Prcus varius, Linn., Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 9. fig. 2. 
Sallé, no. 24. Cordova, ¢ juv. aut ?. 


205. Picus sarpinit, Malh. R. Z. 1845, p. 374 (teste Bp.). 
Sallé, no. 23. El Jacale. 


206. Picus canceLLAtus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 510 (teste Bp.). 
Sallé, no. 23 bis. San Andres, Suapam. 


RAMPHASTID. 


207. RaAMPHASTOS CARINATUS, Sw., Gould, Mon. Ramph. pl. 7, 
et ed. i. pl. 2. 


Sallé, no. 14. Cordova. 


208. AULACORHAMPHUS PRASINUS, Gould, Mon. Ramph, ed. ii. 
pl. 47. 
Sallé, no. 13. Cordova. 


Cucucip2. 


209. Dromococcyx MExiIcANus, Bp. Compt. Rend. May 1856. 

Sallé, no. 209. Cordova. 

I agree with Prince Bonaparte that there is little difference between 
this and the Brazilian D. phesianellus. But M. Sallé’s specimen is 
not quite adult, and, as the bird is not known to occur in interme- 
diate localities, I think the species are likely eventually to turn out 
distinct. 


210. Praya mexicana (Sw.), Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 440 ?—Piaya 
cayana, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. iv. p. 91.—Coecyzus viridirostris, 
Hartl. in Naumannia, ii. pt. vi. p. 55. — Piaya viridirostris, Bp. 
Compt. Rend. May 1856. 

Sallé, no. 44. Cordova. 

Mr. Cassin seems to consider this northern representative of P. 
cayana “precisely similar”’ to the S. American bird. Prince Bona- 
parte says it is an excellent species, and applies to it a name of the 
Prince of Wurtemburg, to which, I believe, no description has been 
attached, except that it is “certainly distinet from the cayana.” 
According to what I consider P. eayana (i. e. Cayenne specimens), 
this species differs in its rather larger size, lighter throat, more cine- 
reous chest and darker belly. The under surface of the tail is 
blacker (and not more rufous as Mr. Swainson says) than in the 
S. American bird. 

I possess a similar example from Guatimala, and another, barely 

separable, from Bogota (P. mehleri, Bp. ?). 


309 


211. CroropHAGa SULCIROSTRIS, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p- 440; 
Anim. in Menag. p. 322. 

Sallé, no. 46. Cordova. 

This bird is badly characterized in Swainson’s original description, 
but well distinguished in the third part of his ‘Animals in Menageries.’ 
It may easily be recognized by the longitudinal grooves of the beak. 


CoLtumB&. 
212. CuLora@nas rLAvrrostris, Wael. Isis, 1831, p. 410; Bp. 
Consp. ii. 52; Lawrence, Ann. Liye. Na¥.v. p: 115. 
Sallé, no. 31. Cordova. 


213. CHLoR@NAS FASCIATA, Say, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 183. — Col. 
monilis, Vigors in Beechey’s Voy. pl. 10. 


Sallé, no. 183. 


214. CHLor@Nas speciosa (Gm.).— Lepidenas speciosa, Bp. 
Consp. ii. p. 54. 


Sallé, no. 32. Cordova. 


215. Lepropriza RUFAXILLA (Rich. & Bern.), Bp. Consp. ii. 
p- 75. 

Sallé, no. 33. Cordova, 3 et 2. 

These specimens do not perfectly agree with the South American 
examples of L. rufazilla in the British Museum. The nape is much 
bluer, the grey descending over the nape and the neck, which has 
no bronzy colouring. The sides of the head are paler, and shoulders 
somewhat lighter, and there is rather more white on the tail. The 
whole size is somewhat larger, and the wings and tail longer. 


216. GroTRYGON MONTANA (Linn.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 72. 
Sallé, no. 34. Cordova, 3 et 2. 


217. PERISTERA CINEREA (Temm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 75. 
Sallé, no. 37, S et 2. Cordova. 


218. ZENAIDA LEUCOPTERA (Linn.).—C. trudeauii, Aud. 
Sallé, no. 35. Cordova. 


219. ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS (Linn.), Wils. Am. Orn. y. 
pl. 43. fig. 1 ; Bp. Consp. ii. p- 84. 
Sallé, no. 36. Cordova. 


220. SCARDAFELLA INCA (Less.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 85. 
Sallé, no. 38. Cordova. 


OponTorHoRIN2. 


221. OponTorHorvs GuTTaTus, Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. xxviii. 
Sallé, no. 40. Cordova. 


310 


222. OpoNToPHORUS THORACICUS (Gambel).— Ortyx thora- 
cicus, Gambel, Pr. Ac. Phil. (1847).— Odontophorus lineolatus, 
Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. xxxii. 


Sallé, no. 41. Cordova. 


Mr. Gambel’s name for this bird has every claim to preference 
over Natterer’s unpublished MS. title. 


223. Orryx PECTORALIS, Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. v. 
Sallé, no. 43. Cordova. 


PENELOPINE. 
224. ORTALIDA POLIOCEPHALA, Wagl., Cassin, B. Cal. p. 267. 
pl. 44. 


Sallé, no. 42. Cordova. 

This seems to be the bird figured by Mr. Cassin as O. polio- 
cephala, but is it not more like Wagler’s O. vetula? Of this latter 
the describer says, “cum specie precedenti (i. e. O. vetula) simili 
non confundenda”’! Vide Isis, 1830, p. 1112. 


TINAMIDZ. 


225. NoTHOCERCUS SALLI, Bp. Compt. Rend. May 1856. 
Sallé, no. 225. Cordova. 


ARDEID&. 


226. Buroripes virescens (Linn.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 128. 
Sallé, no. 16. Cordova. 


227. Boraurus LENTIGINOSUS (Mont.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 65. 
fig. 3. 


Sallé, no. 15. Cordova. 


ScoLopacip2. 
228. GALLINAGO wILsont (Temm.), Wils. Am. Orn. vi. pl. 47. 
fig. 1; Jard. Wils. Orn. ii. p. 220. 
Sallé, no. 72. 


229. Toranus soviTarius (Wils.), Am. Orn. pl. 58. fig. 3. 
Sallé, no. 74. Cordova. 


230. TRINGOIDES ? 
Sallé, no, 212 bis. 


An imperfect skin of a bird in immature state. 


231. TrRINGA pecToRaLis, Say, Bp. Am. Orn. iv. pl. 23. fig. 2. 
Sallé, no. 73. Cordova. 


311 


232. TrinGa pusiuya, Wilson, Am. Orn. v. p. 32; Aud. B. Am. 
8vo, v. p. 280. pl. 337. 


Sallé, no. 212. 


233. QUERQUEDULA CYANOPTERA (Vieill.), Cassin, B. Cal. p. 82. 
pl. 15. 


July 22, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


1. On a New TANAGER OF THE GENUS CALLISTE. 
By Puiuie Lurvey Scuarer, M.A., F.Z.S. erc. 


Mr. P. L. Sclater exhibited two specimens of a new Tanager of 
the genus Calliste (making a fifty-second species of that form) which 
he had just received from MM. Jules and Edouard Verreaux of 
Paris, and characterized it under the name of 


CALLISTE RUFIGENIS. 


C. cerulescenti-viridis, interscapulio obscuriore : loris, capitis la- 
teribus et regione auriculari cum mento summo rufis: alarum 
remigibus fusco-nigris, cuprescenti-viridi limbatis : cauda fusco- 
nigra virescente marginata: subtus virescentior quam supra, 
abdomine medio, tibiis et tectricibus subalaribus albescenti- 
ochraceis : erisso rufescenti-ochraceo : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°7, caude 1°7. 

Hab. Venezuela (Verreauz). 

Remark.—This Calliste is rather noticeable for showing less de- 
cided tints of colouring than is usual in birds of this group. It may, 
I think, most naturally be placed next to Calliste labradorides 
(Boiss.), but it is readily distinguishable from that species and its 
congeners by the rufous ear-coverts and want of black colouring on 
the back. 


2. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PrerRopPpus or AUSTRALIA. 
By J. K. E. FarrHoume. 


The acquisition of a Flying Fox to the Gardens of the Society, 
induces me to bring before your notice a few observations I have 
made on the habits of this animal in the country about Moreton Bay, 
on the east coast of Australia, about lat. 27° south. 

The flying fox is well known even in the southern parts of Au- 
stralia in the summer months ; but by far the largest flights are seen 
in the warmer latitudes. The attention is generally attracted to them 
(just as daylight disappears) by the heavy flapping sound of their 


312 


wings, as they fly in great numbers overhead, all in the same direc- 
tion. These flights often continue to pass for many hours together on 
the way to their feeding-places, generally about the banks of rivers, 
where the tree known as the Flooded-gum grows, on the leaves of 
which they feed. Though scattered over a large extent of country 
while feeding at night, they all contrive to assemble again to spend 
the heat of the day together, and when the flight is large, the scene 
of congregation is most extraordinary. I am fortunate enough to 
have known two of these places of assembly—one on a small island 
in Moreton Bay, covered with dense scrub or jungle ; another in the 
scrub, close to my former residence, about forty miles inland from 
the Bay. In the latter spot the scrub consists of the usual under- 
growth of smaller trees, mixed with dush ropes, or lianes, and over- 
topped by enormous Moreton Bay pine-trees (Araucaria Cunning- 
hami). On the nearly horizontal branches of the pines, as well as 
on the lower trees around, the flying foxes hang in vast numbers. I 
can never forget my astonishment as I approached this spot for the 
first time, being taken to it for the purpose of shooting some of the 
animals for the natives. The space occupied by the flight was, as 
near as I could judge, about 400 or 500 yards square, and in this, 
every tree was more or less loaded with them, all hanging with their 
heads downwards, and uttering a sound difficult to describe, but 
not unlike that of young rooks when crying for food. All that were 
not snarling and fighting for places, were steadily fanning themselves 
with their wings half extended as they hung. On our approach, 
most of those nearest to us took to flight, only to alight again on the 
next tree, or to wheel round and round in the air above the spot. 
On my firing a shot, the din increased, and continued to such an ex- 
tent, that after I had shot what the blacks required, I was glad to 
get away from it. Many had young ones clinging to them, and 
suckling at the breast. This flight met in the same spot for several 
days, and then disappeared. The flesh of the flying fox is like that 
of a rabbit in appearance, but is strongly flavoured by the food on 
which the animal feeds. 

On the coast of Moreton Bay the natives live principally on fish, 
and the arrival of the flying foxes on the little island of St. Helena 
is hailed by them as a change of diet. The flights only appear in 
the warmer months of the year, even in lat. 26°, and most likely 
migrate into the tropical latitudes during the colder months, like 
many of our Australian birds. 

At Moreton Bay there is no difficulty in procuring any number of 
young flying foxes, as the island on which they congregate is close 
to the anchorage for ships. 


313 


3. First Srers TOWARDS A MONOGRAPH OF THE RECENT 
Species or Petatoconcuus, A GENUS OF VERMETIDZ. 
By Puiuie P. CARPENTER. 


Genus PetaLoconcaus, Lea. 


H. C. Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1843, vol. ix. p. 229; Woodw. 
Man. Moll. pt. iii. p. 462; B.M. Cat. Mazatlan Moll. p. 308. 


Animal ignotum. 

Operculum (speciebus ii.) parvum, corneum, diaphanum, tenuis- 
simum, parum concavum ; cicatrice centrali; anfractibus paucis, 
viz apparentibus. 

Testa extus Bivonie similis; intus transversim rarissime sep- 
tata ; anfractibus medianis laminis elongatis spiralibus varie dispo- 
sitis, cameram sepe pene secantibus; plerumque duabus, plica 
columellart una. 

Hab, Mare Mediterraneum ; Oceanum Atlanticum, Pacificum, 
Indicum. 


Shell of corkscrew growth, glomerate, or single, affixed by one 
side of the whirls; earlier and later whirls open; middle whirls 
divided by spiral laminz, often of complex structure, which gra- 
dually pass away at each end; generally two, nearly meeting, with 
a third rudimentary, forming a columellar ‘plait. 

The elimination of the species is a work requirmg great care; as 
some outside exactly resemble certain species of Bivonia; and as 
the internal structure varies according to the position in which the 
shell is broken, a few whorls often altering the character very deci- 
dedly. The structure was first observed by Lea in fossil species ; 
it was not noticed, however, in subsequent works till the publication 
of the third part of Woodward’s Manual. In the mean time, having 
carefully observed the structure in the Mazatlan species, Dr. Gray 
kindly allowed me to examine the specimens in the British Museum 
collection, and Mr. Cuming entrusted to my care the suspected 
specimens among his invaluable stores. The result of these inqui- 
ries is now offered, simply as a provisional introduction to the sub- 
ject; in the hope that those who have the means of laying open 
specimens from top to bottom will do so, and especially that those 
who have access to them in a living state will inquire what pecu- 
liarity in the animal is co-ordinate with so remarkable a structure 
in the shell. 


A. Laminis ab azxi procedentibus. 


I. PETALOCONCHUS MACROPHRAGMA, 0. s. (fig. 1.) 
B.M. Mazatlan Cat. no. 359. p. 309. 


P. t. parva, dextrali, dense purpureo-fusca ; cylindracea, solute 
spirali, marginibus spire sepe subparallelis ; plerumque glome- 
rante, interdum solitaria; basi ad conchas, seu altera ad al- 
teram, constricte adherente, sepe erodente ; superficie rugis 


314 


irregularibus spiralibus haud extantibus, et rugulis incrementi 
ornata ; intus, anfr. primis et ultimis quoad iv. apertis ; 
mediis laminatis ; lamina superiore multo majore, prius con- 
spicua, a columella extante; primum simplici; dein angulo 
recto reflexa, extus carinis 1.-lii. guarum ii. acutissime ; la- 
mina inferiore simplici, a columella extante, altere juxta 
carinam fere attingente ; lamina tertia minima, intercalante, 
inferiori pene attingente ; laminis tenuissimis, albis, diaphanis, 
lineis inerementi conspicuis ; pagina interna maxime nitente, 
transversim haud septato. 
Diam. spire *23, aperture 07. 
Hab. Mazatlan; haud rare Uvanillis, Cumis, Muricibus, &c., 
adheerentes ; Reigen. Panama. Mus. Cuming. 
In this little species, the structure is the most delicate and com- 
plex of any of the species examined. For particulars v. B.M. Cat. 


2. PETALOCONCHUS COCHLIDIUM, 2. s. (fig. 2.) 


P. t. irregulariter spirali, glomerata, anfr. plurimis confertis ; 
spire marginibus fere parallelis; dense rubro-fusca; rugis 
spiralibus iil. in basi aliis, interstitiis cancellatis, profunde in- 
terpunctatis ; sculptura sepe obsoleta; intus, laminis duabus 
ab axi procedentibus, tenuissimis ; superiore majore, ad angu- 
lam obtusam curvata, carinis duabus validis labrum versus in- 
structa ; inferiore minore, alteram versus procedente, interstitio 
satis magno ; lamina tertia parva intus super inferiorem sita. 

Diam. spire *2, aperture ‘08 poll. 

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming. 

This species is known from P. macrophragma by the upper 
lamina being bent at a more obtuse angle, and by the third lamma 
being proportionally large, growing out of the second. The shell is 
of a lighter colour, and of larger growth. Occasionally other small 
keels and plaits are seen. In one specimen (near the attachment of 
the locality ticket) occurs the extremely unusual appearance of a 
septum traversing the lamine. Sometimes there is a false appear- 
ance of septa in shells of this genus, from other Vermetide growing 
in the same group, or from adventitious matter. 


3. PETALOCONCHUS FLAVESCENS, ? n. s. (fig. 3.) 


P. t. irregulariter spirali, glomerata, parva ; anfractibus maxime 
confertis, marginibus spire subparallelis ; rubido-flavescente ; 
rugis spiralibus iii.-iv. validis, transversis minoribus, confertis, 
interstitiis parum punctatis ; sculptura interdum obsoleta ; 
intus per maximam partem laminata, laminis duabus ab axi 
procedentibus, tenuissimis ; superiore majore, fornicata ; infe- 
riore recta, interstitio magno; per anfractus paucos lamina 
superiore bicarinata, per anfr. pauciores lam. inferiore bifur- 
cata, laminulis subparallelis. 

Diam. spire “14, aperture -06 poll. 

Hab. Sicilia. Mus. Cuming. 

This shell may have been already described by Phil. as a Vermetus, 


315 


but as the Bivonie can hardly be discriminated from the Petalo- 
conchi by external characters, it seemed presumptuous to attempt a 
union. Shell externally closely allied to B. subcancellata, Phil., 
from which it is principally known by the smaller size and stronger 
sculpture. Internally it most resembles P. cochlidium, from which 
it may be distinguished by the absence of keels on the upper lamina 
during a large part of the length ; and by the general absence of the 
third plait, which, when it appears, is like another fold of the lower 
lamina in the same direction. 


B. Laminis a parietibus procedentibus. 


4. Peratoconcuus varians?, D’Orb. (fig. 4.) 


? An Fermetus varians, B.M. Cat. D’Orb. Moll. p- 47. no. 405. 

P. t. nigro-fusea, irregulariter spirali ; sculptura rugis spiralibus 
et rugulis transversis, plerumque haud valde expressis, vari- 
ante; intus anfr. plurimis plicis solum instructa; in medio 
laminis duabus tenuibus a parietibus superiore et inferiore, 
parte axin versus, arcuatim procedentibus, equalibus, haud 
valde approximatis, rarius extus reflexis ; plica columellari 
centrali parva ; pagina interna maxime nitente. 

Diam. spiree -3, aperture 08 poll. 

Hab. St. Vincent’s, W. I. (W.B. Carpenter) ; Honduras (Dyson) ; 
? Brazils (D’ Orbigny). 

As far as can be judged from a partial examination of D’Orbigny’s 
type specimen, this is his Vermetus varians, in which Dr. Gray 
found two opercula “ orbicular, thin, nucleus central ; ” apparently 
paucispiral, like that of Serpulorbis made nearly flat. At the same 
time it is not safe to speak of shells of this genus without an exa- 
mination of the whole length. The laminz appear to degenerate 
into plaits during the principal part of their growth, but when deve- 
loped closely approximate the next species. 


5. PETALOCONCHUS RENISECTUS, 0.5. (fig. 5.) 


P. t. wrregulariter spirali, azi lata, nigro-fusca ; anfractibus rugis 
spiralibus et rugulis transversis, sepe ad intersectiones nodosis, 
varie ornatis ; laminis per anfr. plurimos continuis, duabus, 
equalibus, tenuioribus, a partetibus, parte axin versus, proceden- 
tibus, arcuatim medium versus continuis, interstitio haud parvo, 
extus, labrum versus carinatis ; camera externa majore, renti- 
JSormi ; plica una centrali, columellari. 
iam. spiree ‘4, aperturz *1 poll. 

Hab. In Oceano ? Indico. Mus. Cuming. 


Variat (a) ¢. eleganter rugis spiralibus nodosa. 

Variat (4) quoque seulptura pene obsoleta. 

Hab. In Insulis Philippinarum ; legit H. Cuming. 

The species is described from a large group of very regular growth, 
of which the accretions warrant its being supposed East Indian. 
Specimens from the Philippines also appear not separable specifically. 


316 


It is known from P. varians by the much greater length of the 
lamine, and, in its most developed part, by a strong keel on the 
outer edge of each, not seen in the portion sketched. 


5 (c). PeTALOCONCHUS? RENISECTUS, var. WoopWaRDII. 


P.t. P. renisecto simili, sed multo minore, confertissima, axi 
compacta ; vertice nucleoso Rissoideo ; operculo parvo, dimidio 
aperture equante, corneo, tenuissimo, extus parum concavo, 
paucispirali, cicatrice centrali. 

Diam. spire *15, aperturee “06. 

Hab. ? Sp. glom. in Mus. Cuming. 

This specimen has the habit of a distinct species: nevertheless as 
the inner structure appears exactly the same, and as the shells are 
most compactly crowded, it appears probable that the small size is 
due to the circumstances of habitat. It will be observed that the 
cperculum presents a type of structure very distinct from that of 
Bivonia glomerata and its congeners, as well as from Vermetus, and 
much more nearly related to Siphonium. As it agrees with that of 
P. varians, it is fair to conclude that the other species are not 
unlike. The opercula were so very frail, that after digestion in weak 
alkali to remove the animal matter, it was not found practicable to 
preserve them. This accounts for their absence from the other 
species. 


6. PETALOCONCHUS NERINZXOIDES, n. s. (fig. 6.) 


P. t. P. renisecto simili; sed rubro-fusca, rugulis spiralibus plu- 

vibus ; intus solida ; laminis ut in P. renisecto sitis, sed 

- validis, labrum versus sepe biangulatis ; camera externa 

minore. 

Diam. spire *3, aperturze ‘1 poll. 

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming. 

Although the plan of structure is the same as in P. reniformis, 
yet the remarkable strength of the laminz, smallness of the outer 
chamber, and difference of colour, appear to justify at least a tem- 
porary separation. In Mr, Cuming’s group, the creatures have 
stretched their tubes so long that even the straight part is often 
found laminated ; and transverse septa are seen at the other end. 
In some parts the body only occupies about a third of the section 
of the shell. 


7. PETALOCONCHUS CEREUS, N. s. (fig. 7.) 


P.t. haud parva, irregulariter spirali, cerea, solida, albida, au- 
rantio tincta; anfractibus planatis, ad sedem angulatis, 
nodosis ; laminis parietalibus tenuibus, curtis, in medio sitis, 
subperpendicularibus, parum arcuatis, interstitio haud parvo ; 
camera externa majore; plica una parva columellari, in medio 
sita. 

Diam. spire *56, aperture °18 poll. 

Hab. In Insulis Philipinarum; legit H. Cuming. Sp. unic. in 

Museo suo. 


317 


This is the largest species as yet found, and very remarkable for 
its waxen aspect. : 


8. PETALOCONCHUS OCTOSECTUS, Nn. 8. (fig. 8.) 

P. t. irregulariter spirali; albida, seu flavido tincta ; rugulis 
spiralibus et transversis viv sculpta ; basi haud planata, haud 
nodosa ; laminis ut in P. cereo sitis, sed camera externa mi- 
nore. ' 

Diam. spire *38, aperture -15 poll. 

Hab. ? 8. Africa. Mus. Cuming. 

The section of this species (as of the last) resembles a figure 8. 

It differs from P. cereus in the absence of the remarkable structure 
at the base, and in the comparatively small size of the outer chamber. 


9. PrraLoconcuvs, sp. ind. 
Hab. Tahiti. Mus. Cuming. 
This specimen is sufficiently perfect to prove its genus; but not 
to describe as a species. 
P. P. Carpenter. 
July 11th, 1856. 


Sections of Petaloconchi generally at greatest development. 


1. macrophragma. 2. cochlidium. 3. flavescens. 


4. varians. 5. renisecius. 6. nerineoides. 


7. cereus. 8. octosectus, 


The above are taken from sketches drawn by the eye only under the micro- 
scope. Where large groups had to be held in strange positions, it was not found 
practicable to use the camera, nor did I feel at liberty to break specimens not my 
own to obtain a favourable section. The figure of No. 5 contains the finest, of 
No. 6 the coarsest growth: each occasionally approaches the other. The differ- 

ence between No. 7 and No. 8 is rather exaggerated in the latter.—P. P.C. 


318 


4, Descriptions or TWENTY-SEVEN New Species or LANpD- 
SHELLS, COLLECTED RY M. SaLLé IN THE STaTE oF VERA 
Cruz, Mexico. By Dr. L. PFEIFrer. 


(Mollusca, Pl. XXXV.) 


1. Hexix Corpovana, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, 
tenui, undique subgranulata et breviter pilosa, cornea, superne 
fasciis 2 angusiis, rufis cincta; spira plana; sutura profunda, 
canaliculata ; anfr. 4} turgidis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo 
supra peripheriam obsolete sulcato, antice descendente, subtus 
rotundato ; umbilico + diametri subequante ; apertura perob- 
liqua, lunato-circulari ; perist. tenui, marginibus conniventibus, 
supero expanso, basali reflexiusculo. 

Diam. maj. 121, min. 104, alt. 5 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


2. Hetix Veracruzensis, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, 
tenerrima, striatula, pellucida, nitidissima, pallide rubello- 
cornea ; spira parum elevata, vertice subtili ; sutura subcrenu- 
lato-marginata ; anfr. 5 vix convexiusculis, ultimo lato, non 
descendente, depresso-rotundato ; umbilico pervio, + diametri 
vie @equante; apertura obliqua, lunato-ovali ; perist. recto, 
acuto, marginibus subconniventibus, columellari arcuato-declivt, 
vie reflexiusculo? 

Diam. maj. 124, min. 103, alt. 5 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


3. Butimus sutrHurevs, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV.f. 11.) B. testa 
anguste umbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, striatula, striis 
spiralibus confertissimis decussata, nitida, pallide sulphurea ; 
spira conica, apice acuta, concolore ; anfr. 63 convexiusculis, 
ultimo spira breviore, basi rotundato ; columella subrecedente ; 
apertura obliqua, ovali ; perist. simplice, tenui, margine dextro 
breviter expanso, superne sinuato, columellari triangulatim 
dilatato, reflexo. 

Long. 29, diam. 12 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


4. Buttmus coriaAceus, Pfr. B. testa anguste perforata, ovato- 
conica, solidula, sub lente obsoletissime decussato-granulata, 
fusco-cornea, haud nitente; anfr. 6 convexiusculis, summis 
nigro-fuscis, sequentibus castaneo-fasciatis, ultimo spira bre- 
viore, obsolete angulato, basi subattenuato ; columella arcuata ; 
apertura parum obliqua, elliptico-ovali ; perist. simplice, recto, 
margine columellari albido, nitido, fornicatim reflexo. 

Long. 18, diam. 9 mill. 

Hash. Cordova. 


5. Bunimus Marrenst, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, turrito- 
oblonga, tenui, striatula et distanter chordato-costata, diaphana, 
albido-hyalina ; spira turrita, obtusula ; anfr. 6 conveais, ulti- 


i 
: 
4 


Mollusca. XXXV. 


oc. L.0. 


Pr 


—e ee 


319 


mo 2 longitudinis vin equante, rotundato ; columella medio 
subdentato-plicata ; apertura parum obliqua, elliptico-ovali ; pe- 
rist. simplice, recto, margine columellari late reflexo, sublibero. 
Long. 94, diam. 4} mill. 
Hab. Cordova. 


6. Butimus cosratTo-striatus, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, tur- 


rita, tenui, conferte striata et costulis irregularihus munita, 
diaphana, cereo-hyalina ; spira regulariter attenuata, acutius- 
cula; anfr. 7 convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis formante, 
basi rotundato ; columella substriata, filari ; apertura viz ob- 
liqua, oblonga ; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus subparallelis, 
columellari simplice. 

Long. 73, diam. 23 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


7. Butimus Drovitt, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. f. 12.) B. testa sub- 
obtecte perforata, ovato-conica, tenui, ruguloso-striata (stri:s 
spiralibus obsoletissime decussata), pallide straminea, strigis 
et fasciis latis spadiceis interruptis ornata ; spira coniea, acu- 
tiuscula ; anfr. 6 convexiusculis, ultimo spiram vix superante, 
antice subvaricoso; columella substricta, compressa ; apertura 
obliqua, ovali ; perist. tenui, expansiusculo, margine columellari 
dilatato, abrupte reflexo. 

Long. 24, diam. 103 mill. ™ 

Hab. Cordova. 


8. Buiimus aurir.Luus, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV.f.10.) B. testa per- 
forata, ovato-conica tenui, sub lente minutissime decussata, 
nitida, albida, strigis angustis flexuosis fulvo-aureis ornata ; 
spira convexiusculo-conica, acuta; anfr. 55 convexiusculis, 
ultimo spiram paulo superante, juxta perforationem angustam 
subattenuato, unicolore lutescente ; columella intrante, leviter 
arcuata; apertura vir obliqua, oblonga; perist. tenui, bre- 
viter expanso, margine columellari compresso, superne dilatato, 
reflexo. 

Long. 22, diam. 10 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


9. SumpuLopsis SALLeAnNa, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. f. 15, 16.) S. testa 
subsemiovata, solidula, striatula, lineisque spiralibus impressis 
obsoletis notata, nitida, corneo-straminea; spira parvula, ob- 
tusa; anfr. viz 2}, ultimo magno, inflato; columella arcuata, 
subacuta ; apertura perobliqua, lunato-rotundata, intus mar- 
garitacea ; perist. simplice, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, 
dextro expansiusculo, antrorsum dilatato, 

Diam. maj. 15, min. 12, alt. 7} mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


10. Srmputorsis Corpovana, Pfr. 8S. testa subsemiglobosa, 
tenuissima, levissime striatula, pellucida, nitidissima, virenti- 


320 


cornea; spira minuta, vix prominula; sutura canaliculata ; 
anfr. 23, ultimo inflato ; columella tenui, papyraceo-marginata ; 
apertura perobliqua, fere circulari; perist. simplice, recto, 
margine dextro superne antrorsum dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 15, min. 114, alt. 7 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


11. Sprraxts SuurrLewortut, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV.f. 8.) Sp. 
testa oblongo-glandiformi, tenuiuscula, levigata, lineis im- 
pressis irregularibus notata, lucida, corneo-flavescente, strigis 
variciformibus virenti-fulvis notata ; spira conica, obtusula ; 
sutura levi, sublacera; anfr. 7, superis vix convexiusculis, ul- 
timo antice descendente, 2 longitudinis fere equante, basi 
subattenuato ; lamina columellari leviter torta, subincrassata, 
basi vie truncatula ; apertura anguste semiovali, superne longe 
acuminata, intus margaritacea; perist. simplice, marginibus 
callo tenui junctis, dextro medio dilatato. 

Long. 33, diam. 13} mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


12. Sprraxis TuRGIDULA, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. f. 9.) Sp. testa 
ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, striatula, nitida, pallide flavescente, 
strigis variciformibus, subimpressis, pellucidis notata ; spira 
conica, obtusiuscula ; sutura crenulata; anfr. 8 infra suturam 
turgidulis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; lamina columel- 
lari crassa, alba, leviter torta, basi truncata; apertura subver- 
ticali, sinuoso-semiovali, intus albido-margaritacea ; perist. 
simplice, margine dextro medio antrorsum dilatato. 

Long. 31, diam. 12} mill. 

#Tab. Cordova. 


13. Sprraxis AuRiIcULACEA, Pfr. Sp. testa fusiformi-oblonga, 
tenera, levigata, pellucida, nitida, rubello-eornea ; spira elon- 
gato-conica, obtusula; sutura marginata; anfr. 7 convexius- 
culis, ultimo spira vie longiore, infra medium dilatato ; lamina 
columellari parum torta, alba, filari, minime truncata ; aper- 
tura sinuato-semiovali, intus leviter margaritacea ; perist. sim- 
plice, margine dextro medio fere angulatim producto. 

Long. 16, diam. 6 maill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


14, Acuatina (VARICELLA) Orn1zAB4, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. f. 6.) 
A. testa oblongo-conica, solidula, longitudinaliter striata, ni- 
tida, olivaceo-fusca, varicibus subprominulis pallidis irregu- 
lariter munita ; spira elongato-conica, apice obtusula; sutura 
levissime marginata ; anfr.7% convexiusculis, ultimo spira bre- 
viore, deorsum leviore ; columella subcallosa, arcuata, oblique 
truncata; apertura verticali, sinuato-ovali ; perist. recto, mar- 
gine dextro obtuso, vix flecuoso, pallide limbato. 

Long. 42, diam. 18 mill. 

Hab. In Vuleano Orizaba. 


321 


15. Acwattna (VARICELLA) specrosa, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. f. 7.) 
A. testa conico-ovata, solidula, longitudinaliter conferte plicata, 
nitida, carnea, varicibus sulciformibus, albidis, subflexuosis, ir- 
regulariter distantibus munita ; spira conica, apice acutiuscula ; 
sutura eleganter nodulato-crenata ; anfr. 8 vix convexius- 
culis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, prope suturam turgidulo, 
deorsum sublevigato ; columella arcuata, late truncata ; aper- 
tura verticali, sinuato-semiovali ; perist. recto, margine dextro 
Jlexuoso. 

Long. 29, diam. 134 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


16. Acwatina (VariceLLta) Corpovana, Pfr. 4, tes tatur- 
rito-oblonga, solidula, longitudinaliter plicata, nitida, alaba- 
strina; sptra elongato-conica, apice obtusa; sutura marginata, 
conferte nodulata ; anfr. 74 parum convexis, ultimo spira paulo 
breviore, varicibus nonnullis impressis, obsoletis munito, basi 
via attenuato ; columella substricta, transverse truncata ; aper- 
tura subverticali, sinuato-semiovali ; perist. simplice, margine 
dextro medio fere angulatim producto, subinflexo. 

Long. 20, diam. 6 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


17. ACHATINA MARGARITACEA, Pfr. A. testa oblonga, tenui, sub- 
levigata, sub lente levissime et irregulariter plicatula, pellu- 
cida, nitida, lutescenti-hyalina ; spira brevi, conica, acutiuscula ; 
sutura subcanaliculata, marginata; anfr. 54 convexiusculis, 
ultimo 2 longitudinis superante, basi vie attenuato ; columella 
leviter arcuata, abrupte truncata; apertura verticali, acumi- 
nato-semiovali ; perist. simplice, margine dextro leviter antror- 
‘sum arcuato. 

Long. 94, diam. 33 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


18. AcwaTina ampreua, Pfr. 4. testa imperforata, ovato- 
conica, solida, levigata, opaca, albida ; spira conica, obtusula; 
anfr. 7 convexis, ultimo spira paulo breviore, basi rotundato ; 
columella verticali, subintorta, subtruncata ; apertura verticali, 
trapezto-ovali ; perist. recto, margine dextro subrepando, colu- 
melle parallelo. 

Long. 22, diam. 10 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


19. Cytinpretia Boucarnpi (Sallé, MSS.), Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. 
f.1.) OC. testa arcuato-rimata, clavato-cylindracea, truncata, 
tenuiuscula, costulis capillaribus, confertis, subarcuatis munita, 
in interstitiis sub lente transverso-striata, corneo-fulva ; su- 
tura levi, vix marginata; anfr. superst. 9-11 viv converis, 
ultimo antice soluto, oblique descendente, dorso angulato, infra 
medium obtuse carinato ; apertura angulato-oblonga, plica 


No. CCCXXI.—Procrepincs or THE ZooLoGicaL Society. 


322 


valida, torta columelle coarctata; perist. albo, breviter ex- 
panso. 

Long. 52-56, diam. 13 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


20. CyLinpRELLA Aprostoma, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. f. 4,5.) C. 
testa subrimata, subulata, subarcuatim striatula, diaphana, 
albido-cornea ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice integra, acu- 
tiuscula ; anfr. 22-24 conveviusculis, ultimo breviter protracto, 
dorso angulato, antice distinctius striato; apertura subverti- 
cali, oblique piriformi ; perist. albo, undique reflewiuseulo, mar- 
gine dextro superne subsinuoso. 

Long. 17, diam. 2+ mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


21. CyLInpRELLA votyGyRA, Pfr. (Pl. XXXV. f. 2, 3.) C. 
testa profunde rimata, subulata, gracili, costulis filaribus, con- 
fertis, leviter arcuatis sculpta, opaca, cornea ; spira regulariter 
attenuata, apice integra, acutiuscula; anfr. 24-27 convexis, 
ultimo breviter soluto, dorso et basi subcompresso ; apertura 
vie obliqua, subcirculari, in fundo subtriangulari ; perist. un- 
dique expanso et reflexiusculo. 

Long. 173-214, diam. 2} mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


22. Proservina (Ceres) SaLtiteana, Cuming. (Pl. XXXV. 
f. 21,22.) Pr. testa imperforata, conoidea, solidula, superne 
striis incrementi et granulis minutis exasperata, lutea vel rosea, 
epidermide opaca, albida, decidua, partim obducta; spira con- 
vexo-conoidea, mucronata; anfr. 8 vie convexiusculis, ultimo 
non descendente, medio compresse et acute carinato, basi con- 


vexo, levigato, callo nitido, luteo magis minusve obducto ; aper-. 


tura perobliqua, subtriangulari, lamellis § coarctata ; parieta- 
libus 2, columellari \ subtorta, 3 in pariete basali, mediana 
maxima ; perist. luteo, subincrassato, obtuso. ‘ 

Diam. maj. 23, min. 21, alt. fere 12 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


23. Hexircina Hetors, Sall¢, MSS. (Pl. XXXV.f. 17.) 4H. 
testa turbinato-globosa, solidula, levissime striatula, striis spi- 
ralibus sub lente obsolete decussata, nitida, subunicolore lutea 
vel cingulo purpurascente, sursum diluto ornata ; spira convexo- 
conoidea, acuminata; sutura pallida; anfr. 6 convexis, ultimo 
peripheria via subangulato, basi planiusculo, callo nitido, cir- 
cumscripto munito; columella arcuata, filari; apertura dia- 
gonali, subsemicirculari ; perist. tenuiusculo, expanso, margine 
dextro leviter filexuoso. 

Opere. ?—Diam. maj. 93-11, min, 83-95, alt. 7-8 mill. 

Hab, Cordova. 


eer ree ary 
- ~ 
~ 


” 


323 


24. Hexicrna notara, Sallé, MSS. (Pl. XXXYV. f. 18, 19, 20.) 
Hi. testa globoso-turbinata, solidula, striata et liris subdi- 
stantibus, levibus circumdata, carnea vel straminea ; spira con- 
vexiusculo-conica, acuta ; anfr. 54 vie convexiusculis, ultimo 
spiram subequante, conveciore ; columella brevi, basi tubercu- 
lata, callum crassum, circumscriptum retrorsum emittente ; 
apertura fere diagonali, subsemicirculari ; perist. calloso, in- 
erassato, albo, angulatim patente.— Opere. tenue, margine 
externo purpureo. 

Diam. maj. 84, min. 7, alt. 7 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


25. Hexicina CorpiLtLer®, Sallé, MSS. #2. testa depresse 
globoso-conica, solida, striatula, opaca, albida, fascia | rubra 
supra peripheriam, nonnullisque pallidioribus, obsoletis cincta ; 
spira conoidea, sursum fusco-carnea, apice acuta ; anfr. Sz vie 
convexiuseulis, ultimo depresse rotundato ; columella extus vix 
impressa, callosa, basi in nodulum terminata, callum emittente 
crassiusculum, circumscriptum ; apertura diagonali, triangu- 
luri-semiovali; perist. calloso-incrassato, angulatim patente, 
margine basali in tuberculum columelle transeunte.—Operc. 
corneum, castaneum. 

Diam. maj. 124, min. 103, alt. 8 mill. 


B. Paulo major, unicolor fuseo-carnea, impressione columellari 
distinctiore. 
Hab. In monte Orizaba, 12,000' supra Qceanum. 


26. Cycuostoma (CyctopHorus) Bovcarn1, Sallé, MSS. 
(Pl. XXXV. f. 25.) C. testa latiuscule umbilicata, conoideo- 
depressa, solida, impressionibus malleatis undique tuberculato- 
rugosa et liris obsoletis distantibus munita, epidermide fulva, 
saturatius fasciata vestita; spira breviter conoidea, obtusa ; 
anfr. 5 modice convewxis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo ro- 
tundato, antice interdum breviter soluto ; apertura parum 
obliqua, subangulato-ovali, intus margaritacea ; perist. sim- 
plice, recto, continuo, superne obsolete angulato, margine co- 
lumellari leviter arcuato.—Opere. tenuissimum, fulvum, pla- 
num. - 

Diam. maj. 36, min. 30, alt. 18-19 mill. 

Hab. Cordova. 


27. CycLtostroma (CHoNDROPOMA) Corpovanum, Pfr. Ch. 
testa rimato-perforata, turrita, integra, tenui, longitudinaliter 
confertim plicata, haud nitente, pallide fulva, fasciis interrup- 
lis castaneis ornata; spira reyulariter turrita, sursum plerum- 
que violacea, apice submamillari nitida, cornea; anfr. 7-7} 
perconvexis, ultimo non soluto ; apertura verticali, ovali ; perist. 
duplice ; interno albo, breviter porrecto, externo subdilatato, 


ieee ra 


324 


horizontaliter patente, concentrice striato, castaneo maculato, 
superne producto, ad anfr. penultimum subexciso.—Opere. albi- 


dum. 
Long. 13-153, diam. 6-74 mill. 
Hab. Cordova. 


DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XXXV. 


1. Cylindrella Boucardi, Pfr. 
3. —— polygyra, Pfr. 
5. —— apiostoma, Pfr. 
6. Achatina (Varicella) Orizabe, Pfr. 
7. —— (Varicella) speciosa, Pfr. 
8. Spiraxis Shuttleworthi, Pfr. 
turgidula, Pfr. 
10. Bulimus aurifluus, Pfr. 
: sulphureus, Pfr. 
12. —— Drouéti, Pfr. 

13,14. Helix caduca and var., Pfr. 

15,16. Simpulopsis Salleana, Pfr. 

17. Helicina Heloisze, Sallé. . 

18,19, 20. notata and var., Pfr. 

21,22. Proserpina (Ceres) Salleana, Cuming. 
eolina, Duclos (for comparison). 
25. Cyclophorus Boucardi, Salle. 


5, Descriptions oF Firry-rE1iGHT New Species or HELicea 
FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cuming, Esa. 
By Dr. L. PFreirrer. 


1. Virrina Fiemrinet, Pfr. V. testa subdepressa, peripheria 
auriformis ; solidula, superne plicato-striata striisque spiralibus 
sub lente notata, eneo-micante, olivaceo-fulva ; spira parum elata ; 
sutura anguste albomarginata ; anfr. 43 convewviusculis, ultimo 
magno, infra medium obsoletissime angulato, basi levigato, niti- 
diore ; apertura diagonali, lunato-ovali, intus margaritacea; pe- 
rist. simplice, margine dextro subrepando, columellari arcuato, 
superne triangulatim reflexo, adnato. 

Diam. maj. 33, min. 24, alt. 17-18 mill. 

Hab. Scinde, India (Dr. Alex. Fleming). 


2. VirrinA Puanti, Pfr. V. testa depressa, ambitu subauri- 
formi, tenuissima, levigata, nitidissima, pellucida, albido-hyalina ; 
spira parvula, plana; sutura vie impressa, submarginata ; anfr. 
vie 3 planiusculis, ultimo magno, superne vix convexiore, ad 
suturam striatulo, subtus inflato, membranaceo-marginato ; aper- 
tura magna, diagonali, lunato-ovali; perist. simplice, margine 
dextro antrorsum arcuato, columellari tenuissima. 

Diam. maj. 12, min. 8, alt. 6 mill. 

Hab. Natal (Mr. Plant). 


3. Virrina Borneensis, Pfr. V. testa depresso-globosa, tenuis- 
sima, striatula, striis spiralibus nonnullis impressis notata, pellu- 


325 


cida, pallide cornea; spira’brevissime conoidea, albida; sutura 
submarginata; anfr. 4 celeriter accrescentibus, superis viv con- 
vewis, ultimo subdepresso-rotundato, basi oblique ruguloso ; aper- 
tura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; perist. simplice, levissime inflexo, 
margine columellari brevi, strictiusculo, filari. 

Diam. maj. 15, min. 112, alt. 9 mill. 

Hab. Borneo. 


4, Virrrna CeLesensis, Pfr. V. testa helicoidea, solidula, stria- 
tula, nitida, coffeacea; spira breviter conoidea, obtusula ; sutura 
pallide marginata ; anfr. 4 conveviusculis, sensim accrescentibus, 
ultimo basi parum convewxo, pallido; apertura diagonali, lunato- 
rotundata ; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus subconvergentibus, 
columellari arcuato, subcalloso. 

Diam. maj. 115, min. 9, alt. 7 mill. 

Hab. Celebes (Mrs. Ida Pfeiffer). 


5. Virrina Ips, Pfr. V. testa depresso-globosa, ambitu subovali, 


tenui, arcuato-striatula, nitida, pellucida, lutescenti-cornea ; spira 
viv elevata; sutura levi ; anfr. 4 convewiusculis, ultimo mugno, 
inflato, basi non impresso ; apertura diagonali, rotundato-lunari ; 
perist. simplice, marginibus conniventibus, regulariter arcuatis, 
columellari brevissime recedente, subcalloso. 

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 7 mill. 

Hab. Celebes (Mrs. Ida Pfeiffer), 


6. Virrina? Comorensis, Pfr. V. testa subglobosa, tenui, ru- 


goso-striata, vie nitidula, diaphana, virenti-cornea, punctis et 
strigis luteis variegata ; spira convexa, obtusa; anfr. 3 convevis, 
rapide accrescentibus, ultimo inflato ; apertura fere diagonali, 
lunato-ovali, intus margaritacea, albo variegata ; perist. simplice, 
recto, marginibus convergentibus, regulariter arcuatis, columellari 
filari. 

Diam. maj. 215, min. 163, alt. 13-14 mill. 

Hab. Mayotte, Comoro Islands (Mr. Cloué). 

Shape very similar to that of Helix aperta, Born. 


7. Virrina Darnavont, Pfr. V. testa semiovata, pertenui, sub 
lente irregulariter striatula punctisque impressis notata, oleoso- 
micante, pallide virenti-cornea; spira convexa, obtusa; sutura 
anguste marginata ; anfr. vic 3 convexis, rapide accrescentibus, 
ultimo magno ; apertura subdiagonali, sublunato-ovali, intus le- 
viter margaritacea ; perist. simplice, brevissime inflexo, margini- 
bus approximatis, dextro antrorsum dilatato, columellari arcuato, 
anguste membranaceo-marginato. 

Diam. maj. 16, min. 12, alt. 7} mill. 

Hab. Sennaar, Interior of Africa (Mr. Darnaud). 


8, Virrina Sennaarrensis, Pfr. V. testa depressa, tenui, ob- 
lique rugosa, nitidula, pellucida, corneo-virente, plerumque luteo 


326 


nigro obducta ; spira sublurbinata, mucronata ; anfr. 3 convevis, 
sensim accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, peripheria obsolete angu- 
lato ; apertura perobliqua, lunato-circulari ; perist. tenui, subin- 
flexo, marginibus convergentibus, columellari vie dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 63, min. 53, alt. 3 mill. 

Hab. Sennaar, Interior of Africa (Mr. Darnaud). 


9. Virgina Leucospira, Pfr. V. testa depresse subglobosa, am- 
bitu ovali, tenuissima, striatula, pellucida, nitida, lutescenti- hya- 
lina ; spira parum conveea, alba; sutura vie submarginata ; anfr. 
4 convewiusculis, penuliimo sensim pellucido-radiato, ultimo ro- 
tundato ; apertura obliqua, lunato-subcirculari; perist. tenui, 
marginibus conniventibus, subinflexis, dextro antrorsum valde ar- 
cuato, columellari substricto, brevi, filari. 

Diam. maj. 135, min. 114, alt. 83 mill. 

Hab. Australia. 


10. Succrnca Puantt, Pfr. SS. testa conico-ovata, tenuiuscula, 
rugulosa, diaphana, sordide cornea; spira brevi, subpapillata ; 
anfr. vir 25, penultimo convexo, ultimo 2 longitudinis superante, 
medio turgido ; columella substricte recedente, superne levissime 
calloso-plicata ; apertura fere diagonali, ubique incumbente, acu- 
minato-ovali ; perist. simplice, margine dextro regulariter arcuato. 

Long. 5, diam. 33, alt. 23 mill. 

Hab. Cape Natal (Mr. Plant). 


11. SuccrnwA AsPERULA, Pfr. S. testa ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, 
striis rugosis subasperata, diaphana, corneo-rubella ; spira turbi- 
nata, acuta; anfr. 34 convevis, ultimo ventroso, 2 longitudinis 
Jormante ; columella leviter arcuata, compressa, albida ; apertura 
oblique, undique incumbente, subregulariter ovali, intus marg..ri- 
tacea ; perist. simplice, marginibus subsymmetricis. 

Long. 103, diam. 6, alt. 5 mill. 

Hab. Flagstaff Hill, St. Helena. 


12. Hexix Kermanpeci, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, turbinata, 
tenui, superne subdistanter striata, hyalina; spira convewiusculo- 
turbinata, subacuminata ; anfr. 54-6 convewis, lente accrescenti- 
bus, ultimo subangulato, antice rotundato ; apertura vix obliqua, 
lunari; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus distantibus, columellari 
superne subreflexo, adnato. 

Diam. maj. 33, min. 34, alt. 24 mill. 

Hab. Sunday Island, Kermandec Group (Lieut. Chimmo, R.N.). 


13. Hetix Opmirta, Pfr. H. testa subperforata, depresse turbinato- 
globosa, tenuissima, membranacea, radiato-rugata et lineis spira- 
libus minutissimis sub lente sculpta, pellucida, virenti-cornea ; 
spira subconoidea, superne alba; anfr. 5 convexiusculis, sensim 
accrescentibus, ultimo peripheria subangulato, antice rotundato, 
basi inflato ; apertura fere diagonali, rotundato-lunuri ; perist. 


327 


simplice, marginibus devtro et basali subinflexis, columellari fere 
verticali, superne subreflexo. 

Diam. maj. 20, min, 17, alt. 114 mill. 

Hab. Mount Ophir, Malacca ( Dr. Traill). 

Vitrina heliciformis, Pfr. 1854, is an imperfect form of this species. 


14. Hewix Sarprayt, Pfr. H. testa perforata, subturbinata, soli- 
dula; superne arcuato-plicata striisque spiralibus eleganter gra- 
nulata, isabellina ; spira convexiusculo-conica, obtusula ; sutura 
subcanaliculata ; anfr. 6 convexis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo 
peripheria carina acuta, compressa, antice evanescente munito, 
basi convexo, leviore; apertura diagonali, subangulato-lunari, 
intus margaritacea ; perist. simplice, obtusulo, margine columel- 
lari fere verticali, superne triangulatim reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, alt. 114 mill. 

Hab. Neilgherries, India (Mr. Conway Shiplay). 


15. Henix acauxes, Pfr. H. testa vir perforata, turbinata, 
tenui, oblique rugosa, diaphana, pallide cornea; spira conoidea, 
acutiuscula ; anfr. 54 conveviusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo 
peripheria carinato, antice non descendente, basi conveviore ; aper- 
tura obliqua, subangulato-lunari ; perist. simplice, recto, margine 
columellari superne anguste reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 74 mill. 

Hab. Neilgherries, India (Mr. Conway Shiplay). 


16. Hexntx Cavasarica, Pfr. H. testa perforata, turbinato-len- 
tiformi, tenui, levigata, superne liris 6 argutis, filiformibus cincta, 
diaphana, cornea ; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6 convexius- 
culis, sensim accrescentibus, ullimo non descendente, acute cari- 
nato, bust convero; apertura parum obliqua, angulato-lunari ; 
perist. simplice, recto, marginibus vix convergentibus, columellari 
arcuato, superne viz reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 93, min. 83, alt. 44 mill. 

Hab. Old Calabar, Guinea. 


17. Heuix Darwaunt, Pfr. H. testa perforata, depresse co- 
noideo-globosa, tenui, rugoso-striata, cornea, fasciis opacis albidis 
notata ; spira conoidea ; anfr. fere 5 via conveviusculis, sensim 
accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, rotundato ; apertura vir 
obliqua, rotundato-lunari; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus 
subconvergentibus, columellari superne dilatato, patente. 

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 5 mill. 

Hab. Sennaar, Interior of Africa (Mr. Darnaud). 


18. Henix arcuta, Pfr. H. testa subclause perforata, depressa, 
tenui, superne argute et confertim arcuato-striata, corneo-fusca ; | 
spira parum elevata, obtusa; sutura subcrenulata; anfr. 4% cele- 
riter accrescentibus, superis vix convexiusculis, ultimo peripheria 
carina fusiformi cinclo, antice non descendente, basi leviore, luteo- 
virente, medio excavato; apertura diagonali, ampla, lunato-ro- 


328 


tundata, intus margaritacea ; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus 
conniventibus, columellari superne in laminam brevem callosam 
reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 36, min. 29, alt. 18 mill. 

Hab. Tenga Hills, Java (C. Shiplay, Esq.). 


19. Hevrx Cuimmot1, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, convexo-depressa, 
tenuiuscula, confertim plicato-striata, cornea, rufo irregulariter 
maculata ; spira parum elevata; anfr.5 convexis, sensim accres- 
centidus, ultimo non descendente, subdepresso-rotundato ; um- 
bilico conico, 4 diametri subequante; apertura parum obliqua, 
rotundato-lunori ; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus conver- 
gentibus. 

Diam. maj. 33, min. 3, alt. 14 mill. 


Hab. Sunday Island, Kermandec Group (Lieut. Chimmo, R.N.). 


20. Hewix conrerta, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, conoidea, solida, 
striis incrementi irregularibus et confertissimis spiralibus decus- 
satula, sericea, fulvida; spira conoidea, obtusa; sutura pallide 
marginata ; anfr. vie 5 convexiusculis, sensim acerescentibus, 
ultimo peripheria angulato, ad suturam turgidulo, basi convexo, 
juxta umbilicum angustum compresso ; apertura perobliqua, sub- 
tetragono-lunari; perist. obtuso, margine supero recto, basali 
incrassato, reflexiusculo, columellari declivi, subdentato, superne 
triangulatim reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 343, min. 30, alt. 20 mill. 

Hab. ? 


21. Hexix Damanoyt, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, globoso-de- 
pressa, tenuiuscula, oblique striata, parum nitente, saturate 
Susca, fasciis latis nigris, unica lutea mediana et superpositis non- 
nullis hydrophanis albidis ornata ; spira vix elevata, obtusa ; anfr. 
4 convexiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo inflato, oblique 
malleato-plicato ; columella declivi, compressa, dilatata, alba; 
apertura obliqua, truncato-ovali, intus albida; perist. albo, late 
expanso et reflexiusculo. 

Diam. maj. 47, min. 37, alt. 28 mill. 

Hab. Philippine Islands (Mr. Damahoy). 


22. Hetix Meosamsensis, Pfr. H. testa obtecte umbilicata, 
conoideo-depressa, solida, subdistanter rugoso-striata, undique 
minute granulata, cinnamomea; spira conoideo-convera, obtusa ; 
anfr. 5 planiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo antice descen- 
dente, peripheria subcarinato, utrinque conveviore ; apertura per- 
obliqua, tetragono-lunari ; perist. albo, refleco, marginibus callo 
junctis, columellari dilatato, adnato, stricto, ad dextram “uni- 
dentato. 

Diam. maj. 32, min. 26, alt. 15 mill. 

Hab. Meobamba, Peru (Mr. Porte). 


23. HeLix AMMIRALIS, Pfr. H. festa umbilicata, turbinato-de- 


329 


pressa, solidula, undique subruditer striata, fulva vel lutescente, 
plerumque fascia unica peripherica nigro-castanea ornata; spira 
regulariter conoidea; anfr. 6} vie conveviusculis, lente accres- 
centibus, ultimo antice vir descendente, peripheria carinato, basi 
convexo, circa umbilicum angustum, castaneum subcompresso ; 
apertura obliqua, lunari ; perist. hepatico, breviter expanso, mar- 
gine columellari superne fornicatim reflezo. 

Diam. maj. 36, min. 33, alt. 20 mill. 

Hab. China (Admiral Cecille). 


24. Hexrx mucipa, Pfr. A. testa umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, 
tenuiuscula, striatula, saturate rufa, quasi mucore obducta ; spira 
conoidea, obtusula ; anfr.5 convezis, sensim accrescentibus, uitimo 
rotundato, antice descendente, circa umbilicum infundibuliformem 
subangulato ; apertura fere diagonali, rotundato-lunari, intus 
nitida, carnea ; perist. breviter expanso, marginibus via.convergen- 
tibus, columellari superne triangulatim dilatato, patente. 

Diam. maj. 20, min. 162, alt. 11 mill. 

Hab. Percy’s Island (Lieut. Chimmo, R.N.). 


25. Hertrx Gurinzu, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, cari- 


nala, tenui, plicis subdistantibus retrorsum descendentibus sculpta, 
pellucida, pallide cornea, seriebus macularum rufarum ornata ; 
spira vir elevata ; anfr. 5 sensim accrescentibus, prope suturam 
turgidis, ultimo superne subacute carinato, antice non descendente, 
subtus perinflato, circa umbilicum (% diametri occupantem) coni- 
cum levigato, subangulato ; apertura vir obliqua, subangulato- 
lunari ; perist. tenui, undique breviler expanso, margine columel- 
lari superne dilatato, patente. 

Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 9 mill. 

Hab. Meobamba, Peru (Mr. Gueinzius). 


26. Heuix sastpentaTa, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, conoideo- 
subsemiglobosa, solida, oblique striata, alba, fasciis 2 castaneis et 
1 angustiore aurantiaca prope suturam ornata; spira convexo- 
conoidea, obtusa; anfr. 5 convevis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo 
carinato, antice perdeflexo, basi planiusculo ; umbilico angusto, 

' pervio ; apertura horizontali, elliptica ; perist. continuo, undique 
reflevo, margine basali medio dente | valido, obtuso armato. 

Diam. maj. 26, min. 20, alt. 11 mill. 

Hab. Philippine Islands. 


27. Butimus pozxostyius, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, oblongo- 
ovata, tenui, oblique confertim striata, pallide fulvescenti-carnea, 
fasciis 3 nigricantibus (1 suturali, | infraperipherica, tertia co- 
lumellari) ornata ; spira convexo-conica, apice obtusula, nigro- 
violacea ; anfr. 5 modice convexis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo 
spira paulo breviore ;\ columella compressa, plana, fusca, basi 


330 


subtruncata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-oblonga ; perist. cas- 
taneo, anguste reflexo. 

Long. 37, diam. 24 mill. 

Hab. Philippine Islands. 


28. Butimus 1nzevatis, Pfr. B. testa anguste umbilicata, ob- 
lique fusiformi, tenuiuscula, levigata, nitida, alba unicolore vel 
strigis latis ramosis violaceo-nigricantibus picta ; spira gracili, 
conica, acuta; anfr. 6 vir convexiusculis, ultimo spira longiore, 
antice subascendente, latere aperturali planulato, basi subatte- 
nuato ; apertura subverticali, elongato-auriformi, intus violaceo- 
limbata ; columella violacea, superne oblique plicata ; perist. albo, 
late expanso, margine columellari plano, patente, superne flecuoso. 

Long. 43, diam. 13 mill. 

Hab. Banks of the Maranhon. 


29. Butimus Gurtnzi, Pfr. B. testa profunde rimata, oblongo- 
conica, tenui, sublevigata, nitida, albida, strigis angustis fuscis, 
basin versus undulatis, ornata; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6 
convexiusculis, ultimo spira vie breviore, basi subattenuato, ad 
rimam violaceo; columella compressa, subtorta, violacea; aper- 
tura vie obliqua, truncato-oblonga, intus lilacina; perist. tenui, 
margine dextro superne valde curvato, late expanso, columellari 
patente. 

Long. 23, diam. 10 mill. 

Hab. Meobamba, Peru (Mr. Gueinzius). 


30. Butimus crarus, Pfr. B. testa rimato-umbilicata, ovato- 
oblonga, tenui, laevigata, nitida, diaphana, sub epidermide fugace 
Sulvescente-albida ; spira elongata, convexo-conica, obtusula ; 
anfr. 53 modice convewis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi 
rotundato ; columella leviter arcuata ; apertura obliqua, truncato- 
ovali ; perist. tenui, marginibus conniventibus, dextro breviter ex- 
panso, columellari dilatato, patente. 

Long. 16, diam. 73 mill. 

Hab. Meobamba, Peru (Mr. Gueinzius). 


31. Buximus LactirLuvus, Pfr. B. testa breviter rimato-perfo- 
rata, fusiformi-turrita, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, cornea, strigis 
lacteis subserratis notata; spira turrita, apice acutiuscula, sepe 
nigro-cornea; anfr. 10-11 convewiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis 
subequante, basi attenuato, compresso ; columella leviter arcuata ; 
apertura vir obliqua, ovali-oblonga ; perist. tenui, margine dextro 
anguste expanso, columellari a basi dilatato, fornicatim reflexo. 

Long. 163-17, diam. 42 mill. 

Hab. Chili. 


32. Butimus Froripanvus, Pfr. B. testa anguste perforata, 
ovato-turrita, sublevigata, griseo-hyalina, strigis et maculis opa- 
cis, albis notata ; spira elongato-conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6} 
convexiusculis, superis interrupte fusco-fasciatis, ultimo 2 longi- 


331 


tudinis subequante, infra medium subangulato, basi attenuato ; 
columella subtorta, recedente ; apertura parum obliqua, ovali ; 
perist. tenui, margine dextro anguste expanso, columellari dila- 
tato, reflexo, fere adnato. 

Long. 152-17, diam. 7% mill. 

Hab. Florida. 


33. Butimus pistans, Pfr. B. testa compresse umbilicata, ovato- 
conica, tenuiuscula, costis subarcuatis, chordeformibus subdistan- 
tibus sculpta, subdiaphana, albida ; spira elevato-conica, obtusula; 
anfr. 7 convevis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi rotundato ; 
columella profunde subtorta ; apertura parum obliqua, acuminato- 
subovali ; perist. tenui, marginibus convergentibus, dextro breviter 
expanso, columellari dilatato, patente. 

Long. 223, diam. 103 mill. 


Hab. Isle of Karah, Gulf of Persia. 


34, Buximus axstrvus, Pfr. B. testa umbilicata, oblongo-turrita, 
solidula, irregulariter striata, albida ; spira elongata, convevius- 
culo-conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6 modice convexis, ultimo 4 lon- 
gitudinis subequante, basi vir attenuato ; columella subrecedente ; 
apertura parum obliqua, acuminato-ovali ; perist. tenui, margine 
dextro anguste expanso, columellari dilatato, fornicatim reflexo. 

Long. 17, diam. 72 mill. 

Hab. Meobamba, Peru (Mr. Gueinzius). 


35. Butimus Cuarsonniert, Pfr. B. testa profunde rimata, 
ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, confertim costulato-striata, diaphana, 
corneo-albida ; spira elevato-conica, obtusa ; anfr. 6 convexius- 
culis, ultimo spira paulo breviore, juxta umbilicum rimeformem 
subcompresso ; columella substricta ; apertura parum obliqua, 
elliptico-ovali ; perist. tenui, marginibus approximatis, dextro 
perarcuato, breviter expanso, columellari sursum dilatato, patente. 

Long. 15, diam. 8 mill. 

Hab. Isle of Karah, Gulf of Persia. 


36. Burimus Tisetanvs, Pfr. B. testa profunde rimata, ovato- 
oblonga, pupeformi, solidula, striatula, albida, strigis et maculis 
corneis irregulariter notata ; spira subcylindrica, sensim in conum 
obtusulum attenuata; anfr. 8-81 viz conveziusculis, ad suturam 
plicatulis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, antice ascendente, 
busi compresso ; columella subplicata ; apertura verticali, sinuato- 
ovali ; perist. albolabiato, expanso, marginibus callo subjunctis, 
columellari refleviusculo. 

Long. 32, diam. 11 mill. 

Hab, Tibet. 


37. Butimus Cocurncurnensis, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, 
Susiformi-ovata, solida, levigata, nitida, pallide sulphurea vel 
albida; spira convewiusculo-turrita, apice obtusula; sutura levi, 
pallida ; anfr. 6-7, superis planiusculis, sequentibus conveziori- 


332 


bus, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi attenuato, subcom- 
presso ; columella funiformi, leviter torta ; apertura parum obli- 
qua, elliptico-ovali ; perist. subincrassato, margine dextro breviter 
expanso, columellari dilatato, adnato. 

Long. 39, diam. 17 mill. 

Hab. Cochin China. 


38. Buxtimus curon, Pfr. B. testa perforata, oblonga, solida, 
striatula, alba ; spira elongata, in conum acutiusculum terminata ; 
anfr. 7-8 modice convezis, ultimo 4 longitudinis paulo superante, 
antice subascendente, basi rotundato ; apertura verticali, ovato- 
lunari ; perist. calloso, marginibus callo junctis, columellari brevi, 
substricto, dilatato, patente. 

Long. 12, diam. 53 mill. 

Hab. India; Punjaub, Kurrachee, mouth of the Indus (Mr. Con- 

way Shiplay). 


39. Buxrmus Kanarensis, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, conico- 
ovata, solidula, striatula et irregulariter malleato-impressa, alba; 
spira conica, sursum interdum grisea, apice obtusa; anfr. 5 con- 
vexis, ultimo spiram vix superante, oblique descendente, basi ro- 
tundata ; columella vie arcuata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovali ; 
perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, sub- 
appresso. 

Long. 14, diam. 8 mill. 

Hab. Kanai, Sandwich Islands. 


40. Busrmus Lorraini, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, ovato- 
conica, tenui, rugata, subepidermide fulvida, glutinosa, alba; spira 
convexiusculo-conica, obtusula; anfr. 4 convexis, ultimo spiram 
paulo superante, basi parum attenuato ; columella compressa, levi- 
ter arcuato ; apertura obliqua, acuminato-ovali, intus margari- 
taceo-albida ; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari anguste 
refleco, subadnato. 

Long. 2Q, diam. 9 mill. 

Hab. Isle of Penang (Mr. Lorrain). 


41. Butimus Woopwarpt, Pfr. B. testa perforata, ovato-tur- 
rita, solidula, striata et submalleata, nitidula, fulvido-alba; spira 
elongato-conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 8 convewiusculis, ultimo spira 
paulo breviore, basi subattenuato ; columella recedente ; apertura 
obliqua, ovali-oblonga ; perist. simplice, recto, margine dextro 
leviter arcuato, columellari sursum dilatato, fornicatim reflezo, 
perforationem angustam semitegente. 

Long. 31, diam. 13} mill. 

Hab. Andes of Peru. 


42. Butrmus CasteLneavt, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, fusi- 
formi-turrita, tenuiuscula, striatula (sub lente decussatula), nitida, 
griseo-albida, punctis raris pellucidis conspersa ; spira elongato- 
conica, apice acuta, cornea ; anfr. 7 convewviusculis, ultimo 2 lon- 


333 


gitudinis subequante, basi attenuato ; columella substricta ; aper- 
tura obliqua, oblonga, intus carnea ; perist. simplice, recto, mar- 
gine columellari sursum dilatato, fornicato-reflexo. 

Long. 20, diam. 8} mill. 

Hab. Rio Pampas, Bolivia (Mr. Castelneau). 


43. Buximus niGroapicatus, Pfr. B. testa perforata, ovato- 
conica, tenuiuscula, striata, nitida, albida, fasciis nigricantibus 
crebris, superioribus moniliformibus, ornata; spira conica, apice 
acutiuscula, nigra ; anfr. 53 parum convevis, ultimo spira paulo 
longiore, ventroso ; columella levissime arcuata ; apertura obliqua, 
elliptico-ovali ; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari superne 
late reflevo, subappresso. 

Long. 22, diam. 114 mill. 

Hab. Rio Pampas, Bolivia (Mr. Castelneau). 


44, BuLimus sTenacME, Pfr. B. testa umbilicata, ovato-turrita, 
solidula, ruguloso-striata, albida, strigis angustis pallide corneis 
variegata ; spira elongata, apicem versus acutiusculum attenuata ; 
anfr. 7 convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, juxta 
umbilicum angustum subcompresso ; apertura obliqua, oblongo- 
ovali, intus fusco-carnea; perist. simplice, recto, margine colu- 
mellari superne dilatato, fornicatim reflezo. 

Long. 204, diam. 9 mill. 

Hab. Bolivia. 


45. Butimus monacuus, Pfr. B. testa anguste perforata, ob- 
longo-turrita, tenui, striatula, diaphana, sordide cornea; spira 
convexo-turrita, apice acutiuscula; anfr. 74 vix convexiusculis, 
ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi parum attenuato, rotundato ; 
columella recedente ; apertura obliqua, oblongo-ovali ; perist. 
simplice, recto, margine columellari sursum dilatato, reflexo. 

Long. 31, diam. 113 mill. 

Hab. Meobamba, Peru (Mr. Gueinzius). 


46. ParTuLA puRPURASCENS, Pfr. P. testa perforata, ovato- 
conica, solidu, oblique striata striisque spiralibus confertis di- 
stincte decussata, nitida, purpurascenti-fusca ; spira convexo- 
conica, acuta; sutura levi; anfr. 54 vir conveziusculis, ultimo 
spiram subequante, peripheria subangulato, basi rotundato ; colu- 
mella leviter arcuata ; apertura parum obliqua, truncato-oblonga ; 
perist. fusco-violaceo, undique patente et reflexiusculo. 

Long. 22, diam. 14 mill. 

Hab, ——? 


47. PARTULA CALLIFERA, Pfr. P. testa umbilicata, ovato-conica, 
solida, sublevigata (sub lente punctulato-striata), albida; spira 
convexiusculo-conica, obiusula; sutura levi; anfr. 5 convexius- 
culis, ultimo spira paulo longiore, inflato; columella subverticali, 
superne tuberculifera, intus plicata; apertura vir obliqua, sinuato- 
oblonga, dente profundo parietali coarctata; perist. incrassato, 


334 


dilatato, marginibus callo junctis, dextro supra medium callo ob- 
longo intus munito. 

Long. 19, diam. 11 mill. 

Hab. ——? 


48. Parruta LavicaTa, Pfr. P. testa profunde rimata, ovato- 
conica, solida, levigata (sub lente vie striatula), nitida, lutescente ; 
spira conica, oblusula; sutura mediocri; anfr. 5 convexiusculis, 
ultimo spiram subequante, prope suturam tumidiore, basi rotun- 
dato ; columella supra medium introrsum nodoso-plicata ; apertura 
vie obliqua, oblonga, tuberculo profundo anfractus penultimi co- 
arctato ; perist. crasso, albo, undique patente, margine columellari 
superne dilatato, adnato. 

Long. 20, diam. 10 mill. 

Hab. [ 


49. Parruxa tivacina, Pfr. P. testa subobtecte perforata, ovato- 
conica, solida, sub lente spiraliter striata, nitidula, lilacina; spira 
conica, acuta; sutura levi; anfr. 54 vix convexiusculis, ultimo 
spiram subequante, rotundato; columella superne tuberculo sub- 
circumscripto munita ; apertura obliqua, truncato- oblonga ; perist. 
incrassato, ulbido, breviter expanso, margine columellari fere 
adnato. 

Long. 173, diam. 10 mill. 

Hab. Marquesas Islands. 


50. ACHATINELLA (ACHATINELLASTRUM) OvuM, Pfr. A. 
testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, globoso-conica, solida, ruguloso- 
striata, nitidula, albida; spira concaviusculo-conica, apice acuta ; 
sutura profunde mayginata ; anfr. 54, superis planis, sequentibus 
convevis, ultimo inflato, spira vix breviore ; piica columellari 
crassa, tuberculiformi, pallide lilacea ; apertura diagonali, sinuato- 
semicirculari ; perist. recto, nigro-fusco, limbato, intus crenato- 
labiato. 

Long. 194, diam. 13 mill. 

Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb). 


51. ACHATINELLA (LAMINELLA) FARCIMEN, Pfr. A. testa si- 
nistrorsa, subperforata, oblongo-conica, solidula, rugulosa, sub 
epidermide nigricante albida ; spira superne in conum acutum nu- 
dum terminata; anfr. 7, superis planis, 2 ultimis perconvevis, 
ultimo 4 longitudinis paulo superante, medio subangulato ; plica 
columellari compressa, obliqua ; apertura obliqua, semiovali, intus 
alba; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari subpatente. 

Long. 19, diam. 9 mill. 

Hab. Mani, Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb). 


52. AcwaTrne“iLA (LasBreLia) cALiosa, Pfr. A. testa imper- 
forata, dextrorsa, fusiformi-oblonga, solida, leviter striatula, sub 
epidermide tenui fulvida alba; spira elongata, ventroso-conica, 


vit 


335 


apice obtusula ; sutura sublacera; anfr. 8 planiusculis, ultimo 1. 
longitudinis paulo superante, basi attenuato ; plica columellari 
acute dentiformi, alba ; apertura vir obliqua, acuminato-elliptica ; 
perist. calloso, obtuso, margine dextro intus obsolete dentato. 
Long. 16, diam. 6 mill. 
Hab. Oahu, Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb). 


53. ACHATINA (VarIcELLA) GuaprLoupensis, Pfr. 4. testa 
oblongo-turrita, teaui, levigata, nitidissima, pellucida, virenti- 
cornea, varicibus arcuatis, vir prominulis, castaneo-marginatis 
passim munita ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice obtusa ; anfr. 7 
convexiusculis, ultimo + longitudinis subequante, basi attenuato ; 
columella perarcuata, basi anguste truncata i apertura vie obliqua, 
acuminato-ovali ; perist. tenui, margine dextro antrorsum dilatato, 
rufo-limbato. 

Long. 14, diam. 42 mill. 

Hab. In insula Guadeloupe (Mr. Caillet). 


54. Sprraxis Sanpwicuensis, Pfr. Sp. testa subperforata, ob- 
longo-turrita, solidula, cerea ; spira turrita, obtusula ; anfr. 7+ 
planiusculis, infra suturam plicatis, ultimo 2 longitudinis paulo 
superante ; columella compressa, torta ; apertura vix obligua, 
ovali ; perist. simplice, marginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro an- 
trorsum subdilatato, columellari subreflexo. 

Long. 9, diam. 3 mill. 

Hab. Sandwich Islands ( Dr. Newcomb). 


55. SPrRaxis OBsOLETA, Pfr. Sp. testa subperforata, oblongo- 
turrita, tenui, levissime striatula, pellucida, nitida, pallide cornea ; 
Spira convexiusculo-turrita, obtusa 3 sutura marginata ; anfr. 64 
convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis Sormante ; columella acuta, 
medio leviter torta ; apertura viz obligua, elliptico-ovali ; perist. 
simplice, margine columellari brevissime reflexo, subadnato 

Long. 8, diam. 3 mill. 

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb), 


56. ToRNATELLINA Gouxnr, Pfr. T. testa ovato-conica, tenui, 
sublevigata, pellucida, cornea ; spira elongato-conica, apice obtu- 
sula; anfr. 51 convexis, ultimo = longitudinis subequante, rotun- 
dato ; apertura obliqua, erecto-lunari, lamella valida intrante pa- 
rietali et plica crassa triangulari columelle coarctata ; perist. 
recto, tenui. 

Long. 4, diam. 21 mill. 

Hab. ? 


57. TORNATELLINA Newcomsat, Pfr. T testa perforata, ovato- 
lurrita, tenui, sublevigata, parum nitida, diaphana, pallide cornea ; 
spira subrectilineari, conica, obtusula ; anfr. 7 subplanis, ultimo 
3 longitudinis vix formante, basi convexo; apertura obliqua, ro- 


336 


tundato-lunari, lamella mediocri parietali et plicis 2 parallelis 
columelle coarctata ; perist. simplice, recto. 

Long. 4, diam. 23 mill. 

Hab. Sandwich Islands (Dr. Newcomb). 


58. TORNATELLINA PERFORATA, Pfr. T. testa perforata, ovato- 
turrita, arcuato-striata, tenui, albido-hyalina ; spira elongata, 
apice acuta; anfr. 7 convexis, ad suturam distanter plicatulis, 
ultimo 4 longitudinis paulo superante ; lamella parietali minuta ; 
apertura vix obligua, sinuato-ovali, acuminata ; columella lamina 
torta munita ; perist. tenui, margine dextro recto, superne antror- 
sum arcuato, basali expanso, columellari fornicatim reflexo, patente. 

Long. 18, diam. 7} mill. 

Hab. Venezuela. 


. Descriptions oF SrxtTEEN New Species or PNEUMONO- 
POMA, FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. CumING, Esa. 
By Dr. L. Prerrrer. 


A. OpisOPHTHALMA. 


1. Diptommatina Canrori, Pfr. D. testa subrimata, sinis- 
trorsa, ovato-oblonga, tenuiuscula, confertim et oblique plicata, 
albida ; spira ovata, in conum acutiusculum terminata ; anfr. 
6 convexiusculis, ultimo ascendente, 4 longitudinis vix super- 
ante ; apertura subverticali, circulari ; perist. subsimplice, con- 
tinuo, superne adnato, ceterum breviter expanso. 

Long. 2, diam. 1 mill. 

Hab. Lord Howe’s Island, New Hebrides (Mr. Maegillivray). 


2. TRUNCATELLA CryLantca, Pfr. Tr. festa subrimata, atte- 
nuato-cylindracea, striatula, pellucida, nitida, corneo-rufa vel 
flavescente ; anfr. superst. 4, supremis 2 rotundatis, reliquis 
planioribus, omnibus ad suturam plicato-crenatis, ultimo basi 
non compresso ; apertura verticali, ampla, angulato-subovali ; 
perist. continuo, margine dextro tenui, expansiusculo, columel- 
lari leviter arcuato, appresso. 

Long. 6, diam. 2 mill. 

Hab. Ceylon. 


3. TRUNCATELLA TERES, Pfr. Tr. testa vix subrimata, cylin- 
drica, tenuiuscula, longitudinaliter magis minusve distincte 
costulata, pellucida, nitida, rufo-cornea; sutura marginata, 
valide plicato-crenata ; anfr. superst. 4 subequalibus, convex- 
iusculis, ultimo basi breviter cristato, calloso, albido ; aper- 
tura verticali, late ovali, superne angulata, ad dextram dila- 
tata; perist. simplice, continuo, margine dextro expansiusculo, 
columellari adnato. 

Long. 6, diam. 2 mill. 

Hab. Isle of Mauritius, and Trinity Bay, Australia. 


337 


4. TRUNCATELLA BarBapensis, Pfr. Tr. testa subrimata, 
cylindracea, sursum vix attenuata, solidula, costulis confertis, 
obtusis, subrectis regulariter seulpta, sericina, rufo-cornea ; 
sutura profunda ; anfr. superst. 43 perconvexis, lente accres- 
centibus, ultimo basi crista albida, antice peristoma cingente 
munito; apertura verticali, ovali, superne subrotundata, basi 
subeffusa ; perist. continuo, margine dextro expanso et reflex- 
tusculo, perarcuato, columellari subadnato. 

Long. 61, diam. 2 mill. 

Hab, Island of Barbadoes, West Indies. 


B. EcroraTHatma. 


5. CycLostoma (Cyctorus) paucinum, Pfr. C. testa umbili- 
cata, depressa, solidula, subangulata, daucina vel albida 3 Spira 
parum elevata ; sutura simplice ; anfr. 42 convexis, sensim ac- 
crescentibus, superioribus spiraliter striatis, ultimo rugoso, 
carina mediocri, antice evanescente munito ; umbilico conico, 
= diametri paulo superante ; apertura parum obliqua, subcir- 
culari ; perist. simplice, recto, ad anfr. penultimum breviter 
interrupto. Opere. anguste et obsolete spiratum. 

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 6 mill. 

Hab. Salomon’s Islands. 


6. CycLtosroma (OptstHororvs) Cocuincuinenss, Pfr. C. 
testa late umbilicata, discoidea, solida, vix striatula, sub epi- 
dermide fulvida alba, radiis pellucidis notata ; spira subplana, 
medio viz elevata ; anfr. 5 convexis, ultimo terete, antice soluto, 
pone aperturam spiraculo versus anfr. penultimum curvato mu. 
nito ; apertura circulari ; perist. subsimplice, viz expansiusculo, 
superne levissime inciso. Opere. ? 

Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 7 mill. 

Hab. Cochin China. 


7. CycLosroma (OrisrHororus) EURYoMPHALUM, Pfr. C. 
testa late umbilicata, depressa, subdiscoidea, solidula, striatula, 
lutescente, strigis angulosis castaneis, superne latis, subtus linea- 
ribus, picta ; spira plana, vertice nigro viz prominulo ; anfr. 41, 
prope suturam canaliculatam subangulatis, ultimo antice vir 
descendente, 4 mill. pone aperturam spiraculo brevi retroflexo 
munito ; umbilico dimidium diametri Jere oceupante ; apertura 
diagonal, subcireulari ; perist. duplice, interno breviter ex- 
panso, ad anfr. penultimum subinciso, externo superne alatim 
dilatato, latere dextro patente, sinistro obsoleto. Opere. cal- 
careum, angustispirum. 

Diam. maj. 15, min. 12, alt. 4 mill. 

Hab. Borneo. 


8. CycLtosroma (CycLornorvs) Surpxayt, Pfr. C. testa um- 
bilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, membranaceo-striata, Sulva, cas- 


No. CCCXXII.—Procrepings or THE ZooOLoGIcaL Society 


338 


taneo oblique strigata; spira vir elevata; anfr. 4 convevis, 
ultimo terete ; umbilico = diametri oceupante ; apertura obli- 
qua, subcirculari ; perist. simplice, recto, ad anfractum conti- 
guum viz interrupto. Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 3 mill. 

Hab. Neilgherries, India (Mr. Conway Shiplay). 


9. CycLostoma (LEepTropomaA) sicnatumM, Pfr. C. testa per- 
Sorata, globoso-turbinata, tenui, sub lente decussatula et lineis 
filaribus, subelevatis, subdistantibus cincta, diaphana, lutes- 
centi-cornea, strigis confertis rufis fulgurata ; spira turbinata, 
acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 converis, ultimo spiram subequante, 5- 
lirato ; apertura diagonali, subcirculari ; perist. subincrassato, 
patente, marginibus fere contiguis, columellari angustiore. 
Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 11, min. 82, alt. 82 mill. 

Hab. Borneo. 


10. Cyctostoma (LepTorpomMa) pupLicatum, Pfr. C. testa 
anguste umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solidula, undique confer- 
tim spiraliter striata lirisque filiformibus distantibus cincta, 
fulva, strigis fulguratis rufis ornata ; spira elevata, acutius- 
cula; anfr. 5 convexis, ultimo superne turgido, infra medium 
carina levi munito; apertura obliqua, subangulato-cireulari ; 
perist. subcontinuo, albo, duplice, interno viz porrecto, externo 
expanso et reflexiusculo, latere sinistro quasi abscisso. Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 7 mill. 

Hab. 2 


11. Cyctosroma (Cyciostomus) Borvyin1, Pfr. C. testa ob- 
tecte perforata, globoso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, spiraliter obso- 
lete lirata ; griseo et fulvido variegata, spadiceo multifasciata ; 
spira turbinata ; anfr. fere 6 turgidis, celeriter accrescentibus, 
ultimo ventroso, peripheria carina | compressa, albida munito, 
circa umbilicum confertim spiraliter lirato ; apertura subverti- 
cali, oblongo-rotundata, intus nigricanti-sanguinea ; perist. 
tenui,'ad anfr. penultimum subemarginato, superne producto, 
margine dextro et basali late patente, columellari angusto, supra 
umbilicum dilatato, adnato. Opere. ? 

Diam. maj. 29, min. 23, alt. 25 mill. 

Hab. Nos-bé, Madagascar (Mr. Boivin). 


12. CycLosroma (CycLostomvus) microcHasma, Pfr. C. testa 
umbilicata, depresse turbinato-globosa, tenuiuscula, spiraliter 
confertim lirata, striis incrementi vix decussatula, albido-lutes- 
cente; spira turbinata, obtusula; anfr. 44 convexis, ultimo 
terete, infra peripheriam fascia latiuscula castanea ornato ; 
umbilico conico, + diametri fere occupante ; apertura parum 
obliqua, parvula, fere circulari ; perist. tenui, vix expansius- 


339 


culo, marginibus fere contiguis, ad anfr. penultimum callo brevi 
junctis. Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 18, min. 154, alt. 12 mill. 

Hab. Madagascar. 


13. CycLtosroma (CycLostomvs) SARCODES, Pfr. C. testa 
umbilicata, turbinata, solidula, liris obtusis subconfertis striis. 
que ulas transgredientibus creberrimis sculpta, carnea, fusco- 
violaceo uni- vel plurifasciata ; spira turbinata, acutiuscula ; 
anfr. 5 convexis, ultimo circa umbilicum angustum, subpervium 
iris angustioribus, prominentioribus munito ; apertura fere 
verticali, ovali-rotundata ; perist. anguste expanso, breviter 
adnato, superne subangulato. Opere. ? 

Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, alt. 14 mill. 

Hab. Madagascar. 


14. Carautus Cuminer, Pfr. C. testa vir rimata, turrito- 
Susiformi, solidula, subgranulato-striata, daucino-fusca ; spira 
convexo-turrita, apice acutiuscula ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 
8 viz convexiusculis, penultimo convexiore, ultimo attenuato, 
basi axin vix excedente ; carina umbilicali compressa, albida, 
angulatim patula; periomphalo mediocri, turgido, distinctius 
striato ; apertura subcirculari 3 perist. albo, continuo, incras- 
sato, fornicatim patente, superne anguste adnato, ceterum di- 
latato, basi longe producto, canali infundibuliformi perforato. 

Long. 202, diam. medio 7 mill. 

Hab. Ceylon (Mr. Thwattes). 


15. Hexicrna Ip, Pfr. testa conoideo-depressa, tenuius- 
eula, striata, lineis spiralibus impressis distantibus sculpta, 
nitida, lutea vel carnea 3 Spira conoidea, acutiuscula 3 anfr. 5 
planiusculis, ultimo peripheria subangulato, basi convexiore ; 
callo basalt tenui, concolore ; columella brevi, antrorsum sub- 
dentata; apertura diagonali, subsemicirculari 3 perist. acuto, 
breviter expanso, intus labiato. Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 8, min. 62, alt. 41 mill. 

Hab. Ceram (Mrs. Ida Pfeiffer). 


16. Hexicrna virens, Pfr. JZ. testa conoidea, solida, striatula 
et sub lente minute spiraliter striata, carinata, nitida, albido- 
virente ; spira convexo-conoidea, apice acuta; sutura margi- 
nata, carina interdum prominente ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculis, 
summis interdum rufo-fasciatis, ultimo antice vix descendente, 
peripheria acute albocarinato, basi parum convexo ; apertura 
diagonali, subtriangulari-semiovali ; columella brevi, superne 
leviter impressa, callum emittente ctreumscriptum, luteum, sub- 
granulatum ; perist. acuto, albo, expanso. Opere. tenue, cas- 
taneum. 

Diam. maj. 112, min. 10, alt. 8 mill. 

Hab. if 


340 


7. DescripTions or Four New Species or KELLIADZ IN THE 
CoLtEecTion or Hueu Cuming, Ese. 
By Sytvanus HAntey. 


1. Montacuta Coauimsensis. WM. testa ovata vel obovata, 
inequilaterali, antice obtusissime angulata, postice longiore et 
late rotundata ; tenui, subpellucida, maxime compressa, infra 
epidermidem lutescentem albida (intus albo-submargaritacea), 
concentrice et argutissime rugulosa ; margine ventrali integro, 
convexo ; margine dorsali utrinque, prope nates acutissimas, 
subretuso vel subrecto, antice subdeclivi, postice vix declivi, 
lunula angustissima planulata impressa; fossula ligamentali 
apicali late trigona inter dentes duos laterales (altera in valvula 
subobsoletos) breves divergentes prominentesque occlusa. 

Lat. 2 poll. 

Hab. Coquimbo, in fine sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). 

The cartilage-pit is attached to the umbo, and edged below with 

acurved rim. The lateral scars are large, and well marked ; the 
pallial line is perceptibly simple. It is a somewhat aberrant species. 


2. KELLIA TELLINOIDES. 4K. testa rotundato-ovali, rarius 
subrhombea, subequilaterali, solidiuscula, haud pellucida, ni- 
tida, candida, levi, subventricosa ; margine ventrali intus 
simplice, postice arcuato, antice subrecto, ascendente ; margine 
dorsali utrinque subrecto et vix declivi ; umbonibus prominulis ; 
natibus acutis ; superficie interna submargaritacea; impres- 
sionibus muscularibus magnis (presertim antica) ; linea pal- 
liari simplice ; in utroque valvula dentibus lateralibus duobus, 
validis, subequidistantibus et dente unico apicali antico. 

Lat. 2 poll. 

Hab. Baclayon, Isle of Bohol, Philippines, under stones. 

The shape, as in most of the Kelliade, is wont to vary. It is 

obtusely rounded behind, and in front is either very bluntly peaked, 
or obliquely subtruncated at the ventral corner. 


3. Pyruina mactroipes. PP. festa transversim subtrigona, 
equilaterali vel subequilaterali, utringue rotundata, magis 
minusve solida, compresso-convexa, extus albido-lutescente, intus 
alba, nitida, levi (sub lente minutissime punctulata) ; margine 
ventrali integro, subrecto, in medio subretuso; margine dorsali 
utrinque subrecto et subequaliter declivi ; natibus acutis, pro- 
minentibus, haud recurvis ; cardine utriusque valvule dentibus 
lateralibus duobus, solidis, subtrigonis, approximatis, in v. si- 
nistra cum cardinali unico obliquo, acuto, angusto, et in v. 
dextra cum tuberculo dentiformi ad basim d. lateralis antici 
superimposito. 

Lat. 53; poll. 

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. 

The muscular impressions are well developed, and the simplicity 


of the pallial line clearly perceptible. Allied to Bornia corbuloides 
of Philippi. 


ee Pe ee 
ore ve 5 alls alten ne ee ee 


Aor WaeTUP HT 2 HK 
“TT SOM 


(A 


341 


4. PyTHInA NucuLoIpEs. P. testa ovata, obtuse subcunei- 
Sormi, valde inequilaterali, postice duplo longiore et rotundato- 
subattenuata, antice rotundato-subtruncata ; 8olidiuscula, con- 
vera, levi, extus intusque albida, nitida ; margine ventrali 
crenato, convexo, postice acclivi; margine dorsali antice ab- 
rupte declivi et (vix subconvexo) postice convexo et modice declivi ; 
natibus subacutis; superficie interna sulcis obsoletis inferne 
ornata: cardine valvule dextre dente laterali flexo, solido, 
brevi, prominente, approximato, postice subtruncato, et dente 
apicali valido, trigono, prominente, unico; valvule sinistre 
dente laterali longiore, solidiusculo, postice truncato, et car- 
dinalibus duobus, quorum apicalis oblique prominet, minorque 
contiguus est sublaminaris. 

Long. 3, lat. 2 poll. 

Hab. Huacna, Society Islands, under stones on reefs (Cuming). 

The shape resembles that of Nucula nucleus. The narrow carti- 

lage is attached to the front of the lateral tooth: the hinge-margin 
exhibits a minute shagreen-like crenulation ; the muscular impres- 
sions are strongly marked, and the pallial line perceptibly simple. 
Récluz’s description of his Erycina donacina would apply to this 
shell, were it not for the dentition. 


November 11, 1856. 


Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On a New Species or Squirrew (ScruRus MACROTIS) FROM 
Borneo. By J. E. Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S. erc. 


(Mammalia, Pl. XLVI.) 


Among the specimens of animals which the British Museum has 
lately received from Mr. Wallace from Sarawak, is a large, well-marked 
species of Squirrel, particular for having very large, longish pen- 
cilled ears like the European species, with a broad white streak on 
the upper part of each side, and a very broad full tail, grisled, with 
large white tips to the hairs. 


Sciurus macrotis. (PI. XLVI.) 


Ears large, with large pencil of elongate hairs. Dark chestnut- 
brown, very minutely grisled with pale tips to the hairs. Rump, out- 
side of thighs and base of tail redder ; point of thighs bright bay ; 
feet. blackish ; upper part of the side with a broad pale streak ; 
cheeks and inner side of legs paler; chin, throat, and beneath white 5 
tail very broad, with very long white-tipped hairs. 

Length 13, tail 11=24 inches. 

Hab. Sarawak (Mr. Wallace). . 


342 


2. OBSERVATIONS ON A Livinc AFRICAN LEPIDOSIREN IN THE 
Crystat Pauace. By J. E. Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S. Accom- 
PANIED BY A Note rrom Mr. A. D. Barrett. 


(Reptilia, Pl. XI.) 


This animal has been exhibited for some months at the Crystal 
Palace, appears to be in good health, and has increased in size. 

Mr. W. Hawkins, in the ‘ Illustrated News’ (Supp. 20 Sept. 1856), 
which gives a very good figure of the animal from life, observes :— 

‘The three living specimens of this animal were brought to En- 
gland from the Gambia, enclosed in balls of hard clay, where they 
had been for eight months without showing any signs of life, until 
those balls of hard clay were immersed in water, which caused the 
clay to crack and break up, discovering dark-coloured egg-like forms, 
which also presently burst, liberating their inmates, which briskly 
swam or rather dashed through the water, showing unmistakeable 
signs of life by feeding voraciously upon very large worms, small 
frogs and pieces of meat that were presented them.” 

The Lepidosiren uses its tail to propel itself forward and upward 
towards the surface of the water. The subulate limbs are very much 
elongated ; the front ones are furnished with a narrow membrana- 
ceous margin of nearly equal width the whole length of the hinder 
edge; the hinder one has a narrow membrane on the middle of the 
outer side ; they are exceedingly mobile and flexible, and are used by 
the animal to direct its motions, and are more like feet than fins, 
especially when they are within reach of some fixed body which the 
animal can use as a fulerum. 

There are two processes on each side over the base of the anterior 
members, which have been regarded as gills by some authors *; they 
are coloured like the rest of the body, and I could not discover, even 
when examined by a hand-magnifier of one inch focal length, that 
they were pervaded by any peculiar vascular structure, or furnished 
with any cirri or other processes usually found on the external gills of 
Batrachia. They scarcely moved during the time that I was exa- 
mining the specimen, except when the animal was swimming, when 
they were used like the larger members, apparently to assist in di- 
recting its motions, and they evidently form part of the anterior mem- 
bers. They are placed rather close together somewhat above the 
base of the elongated finned filament. These limbs are used to sup- 
port the animal some height above the surface of the gravel when it 
is at rest. 

Indeed, all the motions of the animal much more resemble those 
of a Triton or Lissotriton than of an eel-shaped fish. 

The upper and lower surfaces of the head are furnished with lines 
of mucous pores placed in a symmetrical manner on the two sides, 
similar to the pores observable on the head and chin of different 
kinds of fish, and of Tritons and Lissotritons: and there is a distinct 


* See Peters, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 348. 


343 


continuous line of pores, like the lateral line of fish and Tritons, 
which is continued on the tail some distance behind the base of the 
hinder members, but becoming less distinct at the hinder part of 
the series. 

The eyes are of moderate size, scarcely raised above the surface, 
round, without any eyelids; the pupil is black, small, circular, less 
than one-third the diameter of the globe, with a narrow golden iris. 

The Mud Fish is generally to be obseryed swimming about under 
the water, or resting at the bottom of the tank, supporting itself by 
its members, an inch and a half or two inches above the surface 
of the gravel, with its nose generally in the corner, bent down and 
partly hidden in the gravel. ' 

The mouth is firmly closed by the overhanging upper lip, except 
in front, where there is a small oblong, transverse, horizontal open- 
ing on the outer edge of the lips, admitting the water to the small 
open external nostrils, which are on the middle of the under side of 
the upper lip. This opening does not extend to the hinder part of 
the lips, which are closed behind it, so that water cannot enter the 
mouth in that direction except through the nostrils. 

In this quiescent state the lateral gill-opening is generally closed, 
but sometimes it is slightly elevated, and a small current appears to 
be emitted now and then from it, as if a small quantity of water were 
taken in by the nostrils and emitted by the gill-flap; but this action 
is not continuous nor very distinctly visible. 

While remaining under the water the animal sometimes opens the 
mouth to its full extent, leaving it open for some time, dilating the 
throat by the action of the os hyoides ; when fully dilated it closes 
its mouth, opens the gill-aperture, and contracting the throat emits 
a strong current of water through the lateral gill-aperture. 

It occasionally but at uncertain periods rises perpendicularly to the 
top of the water, until the front part of the head and the whole 
mouth are exposed above the water ; it then opens its mouth, which 
it retains open for a time, dilates its throat, as if taking in all the air 
it can contain, closes the mouth, descends under the surface and con- 
tracts its throat, as if it were forcing the air into the lungs (sometimes 
during this action one or two very small bubbles of air are emitted at 
the gill-aperture), and then the animal takes up its old position near 
the bottom of the vase. 

Tonce saw the animal ascend and so take in air almost imme- 
diately after it had been passing a fresh supply of water to its gills. 
When I have been observing it, it appeared to take in air more fre- 
quently than water *. It often rises with its body perpendicular, as 


* Mr. W. Hawkins in the ‘ Illustrated News’ observes :—“ It is seeu habitually 
torise to the surface of the water for a larger supply of atmospheric air, thrusting 
its open mouth above the surface.” 

Dr. Holbrook appears to have observed the same habit in the Necturus macu- 
losus (which is probably the larva of the Hell-bender or Protonopsis horrida). 
He states that that animal in confinement ‘ ascends to the surface (of the water), 
taking in a mouthful of air, and sinks again with it to the bottom.”—Amer. 
Herpet. i. 113. 


344 


if it were going to.take in free air, but descends again without reaching 
the surface of the water. 

The organs of respiration of this animal are twofold :— 

1. Well-organized gills on the inner edge of the branchial arches, 
as in fishes, and a regular gill-cover with a small oblong aperture in 
front of the base of the anterior members (see Owen, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. xviii. t. 25. f. 3, t. 26. f. 1). 

2. Two well-developed cellular lungs of nearly equal size (see 
Owen, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. t. 25. f. 3, t. 26. f. 1, 2). 

3. The nostrils are close together, situated on the under side of 
the inner lip, with their internal opening on the side of the mouth 
between the lips and the outer edge of the large inner series of teeth ; 
the passage is short, as a probe is easily passed from the one open- 
ing to the other, and the inner nostrils are very evident in the living 
animal when it opens its mouth to take in air. 

M. Bischoff observed these interior nostrils also in the Curamuru 
or Lepidosiren paradowa of the Brazils. 

The animal is, therefore, provided with well-developed organs for 
both aérial and aquatic respiration, and its manner of breathing is 
perfectly conformable to this organization: it is consequently the 
most perfectly amphibious animal, equally adapted for living on land 
or in water, that has come under my observation. 

The character which best separates the Batrachian—as the Toad, 
Frog and Salamander—from the Fish, is, that in both the larva and 
perfect state they are provided with an external and internal nostril, 
and it is through this nostril that these animals take in or emit the 
air which they respire ; while in fish, the water which they respire 
is taken in by the mouth, and after passing over the gills is emitted 
by the lateral aperture of the gill-flap ; the nostril being only a sac, 
without any communication with the cavity of the mouth. 

When a Batrachian respires, the mouth is kept closed, the throat 
being used like a pair of bellows to force the air into the lungs ; and 
if the mouth is kept open, the animal dies for want of the power 
of respiring. In fish, on the contrary, the mouth is always more 
or less open, the fish either constantly gulping in the water, then 
closing the mouth or lips, and emitting it by the lateral opening ; 
or the mouth is partially open, and the animal uses its tongue 
and the hinder internal edge of the lip as a kind of valve, by which 
the cavity of the mouth is closed and the water is forced to pass 
through the gills. 

The Lepidosirens appear to take in water by the nostrils, and at 
the same time to respire both air as Batrachians and water as fish. 

The generality of the Amphibia, as the Toads, Frogs, and Efts or 
Salamanders, are organized for aquatic respiration in their young and 
lower state, and: for aérial respiration in their adult condition; but 
this animal has both kinds of organs in a state fit for perfect use at 
the same time, and the animal evidently uses them simultaneously. 

It appears to me that the Mud-fish is much more nearly related 
to the Amphibia than to any fish that I am acquainted with; at the 
same time it evidently forms a particular group in that class. 


hhArne Kent Puy ar 
a le), yf: Punrese, a 


345 


Dr. Daniel, who has lived for several years on the Gambia and on 
Macarthy’s Islands, informs me that the Lepidosiren, like the Mud 
Eel or true Siren, is only found in the rice-fields, which are for more 
than half the year under water, and that they are only procured by 
the natives towards the end of the dry season, when they are dug 
out of the nearly-dried mud. They are eaten fried, and like Eels 
have a rich oily flavour. 

The habit of living in the mud is common to several Amphibia ; 
thus the Mud-eel, or Siren lacertina, which has lungs and external 
gills, lives chiefly in mud, being dug out when the ditches of the 
rice-fields in Carolina are cleared. The Hell-bender or Mud-devil 
(Protonopsis horrida) and the Congo Snake (Amphiuma), which 
have internal gills and lungs and a small lateral gill-opening, live 
sunk in the mud often to the depth of 2 or 3 feet, especially in winter ; 
and they and the Siren lacertina will live for some time out of water, 


wm he 
u Avtar hte Hom fudiiort reh 
yo 


_ 
—— ms, 
MO. ¥7..20 2: will 

inal ys. 


twu-ponea ligaru: uuey project themselves forward on their bony 
arms by the elastic spring of the tail exserted sideways ; their pro- 
gress is nearly as fast as a man will leisurely walk.”—Zool. Journ. 
iv. 243. 

“The Indians say that these fishes carry water within them for a 
supply on their journey. There appears to be some truth in this 
statement, for I have observed that the bodies of the Hassar do not 
get dry like those of other fishes when taken out of the water; and 
if the moisture be absorbed, or they are wiped dry with a cloth, they 


. have such a power of secretion that they become instantly moist 


again ; indeed it is scarcely possible to dry the surface while the fish 
is living.””"—Loce. cit. 243: ~ 

Dr. Hancock further observes, that a fish which he thinks is Lori- 
caria pleistomus “is not only furnished with the common appendages 
for swimming, but also with four strong bony supporters, one attached 
to each of the pectoral and belly fins (i. e. constituting the first ray 
of each), by which the animal creeps on the bottom of the river, and 


344 


if it were going to-take in free air, but descends again without reaching 
the surface of the water. 

The organs of respiration of this animal are twofold :— 

1. Well-organized gills on the inner edge of the branchial arches, 
as in fishes, and a regular gill-cover with a small oblong aperture in 
front of the base of the anterior members (see Owen, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. xviii. t. 25. f. 3, t. 26. f. 1). 

2. Two well-developed cellular lungs of nearly equal size (see 
Owen, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. t. 25. f. 3, t. 26. f. 1, 2). 

3. The nostrils are close together, situated on the under side of 
the inner lip, with their internal opening on the side of the mouth 
between the lips and the outer edge of the large inner series of teeth ; 
the passage is short, as a probe is easily passed from the one open- 
ing to the other, and the inner nostrils are very evident in the living 
animal when it opens its mouth to take in air. 

M. Bischoff observed these interior nostrils olen += 4h 7 
1 

7 
bot] 
peri 
mos 
or ii 

T 
Fro; 
perf 
and 
air V 
is ta 
by t] 
with 

Ww 
being 
if th 
TO : je a 
or less open, the fish either constantly gulping in the water, then 
closing the mouth or lips, and emitting it by the lateral opening ; 
or the mouth is partially open, and the animal uses its tongue 
and the hinder internal edge of the lip as a kind of valve, by which 
the cavity of the mouth is closed and the water is forced to pass 
through the gills. 

The Lepidosirens appear to take in water by the nostrils, and at 
the same time to respire both air as Batrachians and water as fish. 

The generality of the Amphibia, as the Toads, Frogs, and Efts or 
Salamanders, are organized for aquatic respiration in their young and 
lower state, and: for aérial respiration in their adult condition ; but 
this animal has both kinds of organs in a state fit for perfect use at 
the same time, and the animal evidently uses them simultaneously. 

It appears to me that the Mud-fish is much more nearly related 
to the Amphibia than to any fish that I am acquainted with ; at the 
same time it evidently forms a particular group in that class. 


345 


Dr. Daniel, who has lived for several years on the Gambia and on 
Macarthy’s Islands, informs me that the Lepidosiren, like the Mud 
Eel or true Siren, is only found in the rice-fields, which are for more 
than half the year under water, and that they are only procured by 
the natives towards the end of the dry season, when they are dug 
out of the nearly-dried mud. They are eaten fried, and like Eels 
have a rich oily flavour. 

The habit of living in the mud is common to several Amphibia ; 
thus the Mud-eel, or Siren lacertina, which has lungs and external 
gills, lives chiefly in mud, being dug out when the ditches of the 
rice-fields in Carolina are cleared. The Hell-bender or Mud-devil 
(Protonopsis horrida) and the Congo Snake (Amphiuma), which 
have internal gills and lungs and a small lateral gill-opening, live 
sunk in the mud often to the depth of 2 or 3 feet, especially in winter ; 
and they and the Stren lacertina will live for some time out of water, 
and are said sometimes to leave it voluntarily. 

Aquatic animals much more frequently bury themselves in the 
mud than is generally supposed. The common English Frogs and 
the large Efts bury themselves in the mud during the greater part of 
the winter, and this also is the case with Dytisci and other aquatic 
insects. 

But some fish also, which have only gills adapted for aquatic re- 
Spiration, have the same habit. Dr. Hancock observes, ‘“‘ When the 
water is leaving the pools in which they commonly reside, the Yar- 
row (a species of Esoz, Linn.), as well as the round-headed Hassar 
(Callichthys littoralis), bury themselves in the mud, while all other 
fishes perish for want of their natural element, or are picked up by 
rapacious birds. The flat-headed Hassar (Doras costata), on the con- 
trary, simultaneously quits the place and marches overland in search 
of water, travelling for a whole night, as is asserted by the Indians, 
in search of their object. I have ascertained by trial that they will 
live many hours out of water even when exposed to the sun’s rays. 
Their motion over land is described to be somewhat like that of a 
two-polled lizard: they project themselves forward on their bony 
arms by the elastic spring of the tail exserted sideways ; their pro- 
gress is nearly as fast as a man will leisurely walk.”—Zool. Journ. 
iv. 243. 

“The Indians say that these fishes carry water within them for a 
supply on their journey. There appears to be some truth in this 
statement, for I have observed that the bodies of the Hassar do not 
get dry like those of other fishes when taken out of the water; and 
if the moisture be absorbed, or they are wiped dry with a cloth, they 
- have such a power of secretion that they become instantly moist 
again ; indeed it is scarcely possible to dry the surface while the fish 
is living.”—Loe. cit. 243. ~ 

Dr. Hancock further observes, that a fish which he thinks is Lori- 
caria pleistomus “is not only furnished with the common appendages 
for swimming, but also with four strong bony supporters, one attached 
to each of the pectoral and belly fins (i. e. constituting the first ray 
of each), by which the animal creeps on the bottom of the river, and 


346 


perhaps where there is little or no water, also being as it seems partly 
amphibious,”’—Loce. cit. 243. 

From this account, it appears that the habits of these fish bear 
very little relation to those of the Mud-fish. 

It is well known that many freshwater Mollusca which respire free 
air, and I believe some of those which are furnished with pectiniform ~ 
gills for aquatic respiration, as Paludine and Valvate, in the warmer 
climates, such as India, where the waters of the streams or ponds are 
dried up, bury themselves in the mud to a considerable depth like 
the Mud-fish, and like them remain in a torpid state until the return 
of the rainy season. 

Sir William Jardine has described the kind of cocoon in the clay 
in which the Mud-fish are brought to this country; but I am in- 
formed by Mr. Bartlett that the cavity is always furnished with a 
small aperture opposite to where the nose of the animal is placed. 

In referring this animal to the class of Fishes, authors have laid 
great stress on the fact of its being provided with a lateral line. 
Thus M. Duméril, in the last essay on the subject, notices the line, 
‘which is ramified on the sides of the head as in Chimera,” over- 
looking the fact that the Triton eristatus, the common Eft, has 
similar lines on both the sides and head. He compares the gill-rays 
and branchial aperture to that of Mormyrus and Cobitis, but they — 
are equally like those of Protonopsis ; and he compares the nostrils 
to those of the Lamprey, overlooking the fact that the animal is 
provided with nostrils communicating with the cavity of the mouth, 
See Erp. Générale, ix. 213. 

I have been informed that this genus is found in other parts of 
Africa, as Senegal, where it is called Tobal, and the White Nile, 
from whence M. Armaud sent specimens to the Paris Museum in 
1843 ; and Dr. Peters found a species in Quillemanes, which Peters 
and J. Miiller have called Rhinoeryptes amphibia. 


In reply to a note I had addressed to him, I have received the 
following interesting communication from Mr. Bartlett, who at the 
same time informed me that he intended to have communicated it 
to the next meeting of the Society :— 

“ Crystal Palace, Sydenham, 
November 17th, 1856. 

“Dear Sir,—In reply to your note respecting the living Mud- 
fish, I beg to say that in the month of June last I received from 
Western Africa a case containing four specimens of this animal ; each 
specimen was imbedded in a block of dry hard muddy clay, about 
the size of a quartern loaf; these blocks of clay were each sown up 
in a piece of canvas to prevent the clay crumbling or falling to pieces. 
According to the instructions I received from Capt. Chamberlayne 
(the gentleman who sent them), I placed them in a tank of fresh 
water at the temperature of 83 degrees ; in doing this a portion of the 
clay crumbled off one of them and partly exposed the case in which 
the animal was contained ; I was watching the operation when sud- 
denly the case or cocoon rose to the surface of the water. I at first 


347 


thought the animal contamed in it must be dead, but I shortly after- 
wards observed a slight motion: apparently the animal was endea- 
vouring to extricate itself, and this it soon afterwards accomplished 
by breaking through the side of its tough covering; it swam about 
immediately, and by diving into the mud and clay, which by this 
time had become softened, rendered it difficult to make further ob- 
servations ; I removed the case or cocoon, which still floated, and 
which I now send for your examination. On the following morning I 
found that two more of the animals had made their appearance ; their 
cases however were not to be seen—they evidently remained imbedded 
in the soft clay. In the course of the next day the fourth animal 
suddenly floated to the surface enveloped in its case; as it showed no 
signs of life I removed it, and found the animal had been dead some 
time, as it was much decomposed. At the time these animals first 
made their appearance they were very thin, and about 9 inches long ; 
they began to feed immediately upon earth-worms, small frogs, Jish, 
&c., occasionally taking raw flesh. I saw them sometimes attack 
each other, and one of them (I imagine in endeavouring to escape) 
leaped out of the tank into the large basin in the Crystal Palace in 
which the tank was standing (this specimen is still at large among 
the water-lilies, &c.). The remaining two lived together for some 
time, apparently on good terms; but in the month of August the one 
now remaining in the tank seized its companion and devoured nearly 
half of it, leaving only the head and about half the length of its 
body. In feeding, this creature masticates the food much, frequently 
putting it forward almost quite out of its mouth and then gradually 
chewing it back again, and often (when fed upon raw flesh), after 
having so chewed it for some time, it will throw it out altogether. 
The growth of these animals is most extraordinary: in June, as I 
have before stated, they were about 9 inches long; in three months 
they attained their present size, which cannot be less than 18 inches 
in length. It rises frequently perpendicularly to the surface to 
breathe, and at other times it supports itself on its fin-like append- 
ages, and with the aid of its tail raises its body from the ground, 
the fins being bent or curved backwards. The movement of this 
animal is generally very slow, and would give one an idea that it was 
very sluggish ; this however I have good reason to know is not the 
case, as in attempting to capture the one at liberty in the large basin 
it darted away with the rapidity of an arrow. I have reason also to 
believe the animal finds its food as much by scent as sight. With 
reference to the cocoon which I herewith send for your examination, 
the end covering the nose of the animal is rather pointed, and has an 
aperture about the size of a pin’s head, which I have no doubt enables 
the animal to breathe through during its state of torpor. The ani- 
mal when in its case is coiled nearly twice round, and I observed in 
each of the blocks of clay a small hole about the size of a mouse- 
hole, which was quite smooth on the inside, as though the animal 
had crept through it. 
“I am, dear Sir, 
¢ * Faithfully yours, 
“A.D. Bartiert.”’ 


348 


Cocoon of the Mud-fish (Lepidosiren annectens). 


A. Breathing-hole at nose. 

B. A thin partition. 

C. An attaching band that passes through the space 
where the animal bends, as in a, fig. D. 


Fig. D. 


D. A sketch of the animal in the cocoon. 
a. The position of the band C. b. The head, nose and eyes. 


3. Nore sur we MessaGer ov SERPENTAIRE DU CaP DE 
Bonne-EsPERANCE (SERPENTARIUS REPTILIVORUS, Davp.). 
Par M. Juves VERREAUX. 


Tous les naturalistes modernes s’accordent aujourd’hui 4 regarder 
Poiseau dont il est question eomme un vrai rapace, et ils ont d’autant 
plus raison, qu’il en a tous les caractéres; seulement c’est un de 
ces types représentant dans cette famille la méme place qu’occupe le 
Cariama cristata, Cuv., dans celle des Gralles. 

Cette question ¢tant complétement dlucidée, nous allons donner 
sur cette espéce des détails de mceurs plus exacts que ceux donnés 
par devanciers, ayant été favorisés, mieux qu’eux, non seulement par 
un séjour de plus de vingt ans, mais encore par les voyages con- 
sécutifs que nous avons entrepris dans l’intérieur des terres, la ot 
peu de naturalistes avant nous avaient été 4 méme de pénétrer. 

Reconnaissant comme tout le monde que les Cathartes et les Vau- 
tours sont des oiseaux de la plus grande utilité, nous avions pensé 
il y a bien des années que le Serpentaire était aussi un de ces oiseaux 
qui, aprés eux, était destin¢é 4 rendre d’immenses services a Phu- 
manite. 

Nous commencerons donc par dire que bien que cette espéce de 
P Afrique Australe soit répandue sur presque tous les points de cette 


349 


partie du monde, elle n’est nulle part aussi abondante que sur la 
céte est en partant de la ville du Cap. 

On ne la trouve que par paire, et l’on peut dire qu’a partir de 
quelques lieues de la ville, il n’est guére d’habitation qui ne posséde 
son couple, qui parait méme faire partie intégrante de la propriété 
dont il ne dépasse pas les limites s’il n’est pas dérangé; du reste, 
les lois et les colons leur accordent toute leur protection, ils ne sont 
nullement inquiétés ; cela tient aux services qu’ils rendent en dé- 
truisant chaque année une immense quantité de reptiles de toutes 
espéces qui font la base de leur nourriture, et surtout des serpents 
excessivement venimeux. 

Comme la nature est prévoyante dans tout ce qu’elle fait, elle a 
donné a chaque étre ses moyens de conservation. Aussi le Serpentaire 
a-t-il été modelé sur un moule appropri¢ 4 son genre de vie; c’est 
donc 4 cet effet que les jambes et les tarses étant trés-allongés, son 
ceil pergant peut découvrir 4 une trés-grande distance la proie qui, 
ne se doutant guére de son apparition, est souvent étendue sur le 
sable ou sur les plantes grasses qui tapissent le sol. 

La forme élégante et majestueuse de cet oiseau devient en ce mo- 
ment surtout plus gracieuse encore ; c’est 14 qu’il développe toute sa 
ruse afin de surprendre le reptile qu’il veut attaquer; aussi n’ap- 
proche-t-il qu’avec la plus grande circonspection, les plumes du col 
et du derriére de la téte dressées en avant annoncent le moment 
de la lutte: se ruant d’un bond sur l’animal, il le frappe du pied 
avec tant de force, que souvent il le terrasse du premier coup. 

Cependant, s’il n’a pas réussi, et que le serpent furieux se dresse 
en épanouissant la peau de son cou comme cela arrive pour les espéces 
les plus dangereuses, l’oiseau foreé de rétrograder, fait un bond en 
arri¢re en attendant qu’il puisse saisir le moment opportun de re- 
commencer. 

Dressé en partie sur lui-méme le serpent furieux fait mouvoir sa 
langue avec la dextérité de l’éclair, et pousse des sifflemens aigus 
qui retentissent au loin et semble tenir en respect son ennemi; mais 
celui-ci dont le courage redouble 4 mesure que les difficultés aug- 
mentent, entr’ouvre les ailes, et revenant sur le reptile lui asséne de 
nouveau de ces coups de pied terribles, dont personne ne peut se 
faire une idée, et qui ne tardent pas 4 le mettre hors de combat. 
Cependant, nous avons vu quelquefois de*ces serpents s’élancer sur 
le Serpentaire, mais soit en ouvrant les ailes dont les premiéres ré- 
miges seulement servent en quelque sorte de bouclier, soit en sautant 
en arriére, ou sur les cétés, il est certain d’éviter par ce manége la 
morsure de son antagoniste, qui, épuisé de fatigue, retombe toujours 
a plat sur le sol,—moment que choisit l’oiseau pour redoubler ses 
coups de massue qui, en lui mutilant la colonne vertébrale, achévent 
de lui retirer toutes ses forces. 

C’est alors que le Serpentaire victorieux s’élangant comme une 
fléche et posant le pied sur le cou du serpent, juste derriére la téte, 
commence 4 l’avaler, chose qu'il pratique en prenant la queue 
d’abord ; et comme cette opération n’est pas de longue durée, méme 
pour des reptiles de 5 4 6 pieds de longueur, sur plus de quatre 


350 


pouces de diamétre, dés qu’il arrive 4 la téte, il ne manque jamais 
d’en briser le crane par plusieurs coups de bec qui le mutilent com- 
plétement.—L’ opération faite, oiseau reprend sa course lentement 
jusqu’au lieu de son domicile, ot il reste des heures entiéres repu, 
la téte rentrée dans les épaules.—Comme la majeure partie des 
oiseaux de proie, le Serpentaire rejette, sinon les plumes ou les poils, 
du moins les écailles des reptiles qu’il avale, et cela par pelottes 
comme les autres. I] est étonnant de voir la prodigieuse dilatation 
de la bouche de cet oiseau, car nous avons ¢té témoin qu’il pouvait 
avaler des reptiles de plus de 6 pouces de circonférence.—Bien que 
le couple ne se quitte jamais, ils ne se secondent pas mutuellement 
pour terrasser une proie, et chacun chasse pour son compte. 

Levaillant, qui le premier a donné une bonne figure et une exacte 
description du plumage de cet oiseau, ayant, comme nous, eu le 
malheur de perdre ses observations, aura sans doute faussé ses sou- 
venirs lorsqu’il tenait la plume pour en décrire les mceurs, car ce 
qu'il dit au sujet de l’aile de l’oiseau qui lui servirait de massue, 
n’est pas exact, puisqu’elle ne lui sert que de bouclier: c’est avec 
la plante du pied qu’il terrasse ses ennemis. Nous en somme d’autant 
plus persuadé, qu’ayant suivi pas 4 pas le savant voyageur, mieux 
que personne nous avons été 4 méme de lui rendre cette justice con- 
sciencieuse que peu de personnes avant nous s’accordaient a lui allouer. 
—Puissent les voyageurs suivre son exemple! et la science d’obser- 
vation, celle que nous regardons comme la clef de toutes les sciences 
naturelles fera plus de progrés.—Nous ajouterons que c’est en juillet 
que le Serpentaire a son plus beau plumage. Le male, qui est un 
peu plus petit que la femelle, a une coloration plus pale, plus grise 
et plus blanche. C’est aussi vers le milieu de ce mois que commen- 
cent les amours, et tous deux travaillent 4 la construction ou au re- 
platrage du nid ot plutét de l’aire qui doit contenir la nouvelle fa- 
mille. Cette aire est presque toujours placée sur la sommité d’un 
buisson élevé et trés-touffu, le plus souvent un Mimosa. Elle est 
composée de buchettes et de terre, le centre en est garni de substances 
moelleuses, soit de plumes ou de laine, quelque fois méme du pollen 
des plantes; il est facile de compter le nombre d’années par les diverses 
couches qui la composent, comme pour les Aigles chaque année ap- 
porte au nid une couche nonvelle.—I] arrive souvent que les branches 
qui l’entourent poussant sur les cétés des jets, le cachent complétement 
a la vue, ce qui devient une sécurité de plus pour la famille-—Nous 
avons observé que dans les pays boisés, le Serpentaire faisait son aire 
sur les grands arbres. Du reste, n’importe ow il se trouve, le couple 
s’y retire chaque soir pour y passer la nuit.—C’est en aotit qu’a lieu 
la ponte, elle est généralement de deux ceufs, quelquefois trois. 
Ces derniers sont 4 peu prés du volume de ceux d’une oie, mais d’une 
forme plus ronde d’un bout ; leur couleur est d’un blane pur sans 
aucune trace de taches. Au bout de six semaines les jeunes éclosent ; 
ils sont alors recouverts d’un duvet blanc, qui au bout de cing & six 
autres semaines laisse poindre ga et 14 des plumes ; ces derniéres ont 
A la teinte prés la méme coloration que celles de l’adulte. 

Ce qu’il y a de plus terrible et de plus fatigant pour les parents, 


351 


e’est que la faiblesse des pieds des jeunes les forcant de rester au 
moins six mois dans leur nid, ils sont tous deux obligés de chasser 
sans reliche pour assouvir l’appétit dévorant de leurs enfans qui ab- 
sorbent une quantité si considérable de reptiles, qu’elle surpasse de 
beaucoup celles des adultes. Ce qui oblige les pére et mére A des 
courses lointaines et 4 avoir recours, soit aux tortues, aux lezards, et 
méme 4 de gros insectes comme des Sauterelles quand la disette des 
premiers se fait sentir. Mais la becquée ne se donne qu’avee des 
objets qui ont déji subi une préparation dans le jabot, du moins, 
lorsque les jeunes sont encore trop faibles pour manger d’une autre 
facon ; car une fois assez forts pour avaler des reptiles complets, les 
parents ne se donnent plus cette peine, et les apportent tout entiers 
en ayant le soin de les choisir d’une taille proportionnée, ou en les 
morcelant pour en faciliter la digestion. Rien de plus curieux que 
de voir ces oiseaux qui ont acquis tout leur développement, se mou- 
voir sur leurs tarses 4 l’aide de leurs talons, ce qui leur donne une 
tournure fort originale. 

Nous avons remarqué que pendant la couvaison, le male seul était 
chargé de nourrir sa femelle qui n’abandonne jamais ses ceufs ; aussi 
est-il facile de reconnaitre par la présence des débris d’ossemens le 
local choisi pour ’habitation de ces oiseaux. 

Comme presque tous les grands oiseaux de proie, le couple Ser- 
pentaire ne souffre aucune autre espéce dans le canton qu’il a choisi 
pour son domaine, mais en revanche les petits oiseaux, et principale- 
ment les diverses espéces des Cisserins, choisissent-ils le voisinage 

de leur domicile pour y construire leurs nids qui sont suspendus 
tout autour de cette aire ; il semble que ces fréles eréatures cherchent, 
en agissant ainsi, 4 se mettre sous la protection des hétes qui habi- 
tent le palais du canton. Chose étrange que la domination! le droit 
du plus fort semble toujours étre le point de ralliement de toutes 
les craintes. II faut dire qu’en cette circonstance ces petits oiseaux 
devinent juste, car les serpents sont si nombreux que souvent ils sont 
victimes de leur voracité, tandis qu’ils ne redoutent en aucune facon 
celle des Serpentaires qui s’enorgueillisent en quelque sorte de leur 
supériorité tant ils laissent approcher d’eux ces petites eréatures.— 
Nous avons possédé pendant notre séjour au Cap de Bonne-Espé- 
rance un grand nombre de ces oiseaux, et depuis bien des années 
nous avions formé le souhait de voir introduire cette espéce dans nos 
colonies, lorsqu’en 1826 A notre retour au Cap, nous décidames M. 
Freycinet, ex-gouverneur de l’ile Bourbon (aujourd’hui de la Ré- 
union), 4 prendre plusieurs de ces couples pour en faire l’essai A 
Cayenne, ov il se rendait pour prendre le méme poste qu’il venait 
de quitter.— Pendant longues années nous avions cru cette tentative 
en plein succés, lorsque nous apprimes que par la faute méme des 
colons elle n’avait pas réussi, ceux-ci ayant détruit volontairement 
une des choses les plus utiles 4 leur conservation. Enfin comme nous 
venons de le dire, ayant eu en notre possession un nombre considéra- 
ble de ces oiseaux, et ayant fait toutes les études possibles sur leurs 
mceurs, nous pouvons aujourd’hui répondre de la réussite de leur 
acclimatation, non-seulement dans les colonies d’Amérique et des 


352 


Indes, mais encore dans celle de Algérie ot ces oiseaux rendraient 
un service immense. Réduit 4 l’état de domesticité, le Serpentaire 
se contente de viandes de toutes espéces ; ce serait un excellent ser- 
gent de ville pour les basses cours, car comme |’Agami il mettrait 
ordre dés que quelques combats s’engageraient. Malheureusement 
le nombre considérable d’espéces d’animaux que nous tenions en- 
semble nous ont toujours empéché de voir cette esptce se reproduire 
chez nous.—Nous avons eu la preuve que s’il avait été possible de 
les tenir dans un espace plus grand et plus isolé, ces oiseaux auraient 
produit comme en pleine liberté ; les trois ceufs non 4 terme que nous 
avons trouvés nous ont fourni cette preure. 

Nous pensons done que si on voulait introduire en Algérie d’abord 
un certain nombre de ces oiseaux on rendrait A cette colonie et aux 
autres un service réel, car le Serpentaire se chargerait de purger le 
sol od on le transporterait des reptiles nombreux qui causent chaque 
jour tant de calamités. 

Nous recommandons aussi de porter la plus vive attention sur les 
diverses espéces de Grues, et principalement sur la Caronculée, qui, 
comme le Serpentaire, détruit un nombre infini de reptiles. 

Comme ce dernier elle vivrait dans les mémes climats et s’y repro- 
duirait: celles que nous avons eues en notre possession se nourris- 
saient de viande, de reptiles, d’insectes et méme de grains. 

On la trouve dans les plaines arides surtout sur la céte est, presque 
toujours isolée excepté vers la saison des amours. Mais, dés que 
les jeunes sont en état de reproduire, la famille se disperse. Il en 
est de méme des jeunes Serpentaires qui sont chassés par leurs parents 
lorsque l’Age leur permet de s’accoupler, ce qui n’a lieu qu’a la se- 
conde année. Comme il y a généralement mile et femelle dans la 
méme couvée, ils ne se quittent pas et imitent leurs parens en se choi- 
sissant un domaine convenable, souvent 4 une grande distance du lieu 
de leur naissance. 

Nous saisissons cette occasion pour signaler aux Ornithologistes 
la différence que nous avons observée dans les Serpentaires de la partie 
orientale de l'Afrique, car ici ils sont d’une taille inférieure et d’une 
teinte beaucoup plus pile en tout, différence qui nous semble par sa 
constance devoir former une espéce distincte, pour laquelle nous pro- 
poserions le nom de Serpentarius orientalis, si elle était reconnue 
comme telle. 


Paris, le 9 septembre 1856, 
17 Rue St. Louis, au Marais. 


4. On THE AusTRALIAN Ducone (HALIcoRE AUSTRALIS), 
By Mr. FarrRHOLME. 


Moreton Bay, on the east coast of Australia (lat. 27° 8), is a re- 
gion of great interest to the zoologist. The southern end of it is 
formed by two long islands, extending together about sixty miles, 
within which the Bay is studded with a number of beautiful islets. 
On the small island of St. Helena, one of those vast congregations of 


353 


flying foxes takes place, which I have endeavoured to describe in a 
former paper. 

The Dugong (Halicore australis) is still found there in consi- 
derable numbers, though I fear it is rapidly decreasing, as the chase 
of it in whale-boats manned by natives forms one of the great 
attractions of the Bay. 

The blacks prefer the flesh and blubber to any other food, and the 
white people have found in its oil qualities similar to those of cod- 
liver oil, having used it successfully in some cases of consumption 
or debility. The native name for the Dagong is “ Yungan.”’ It is 
about 9 or 10 feet long when full-grown, and contains from five to 
eight gallons of oil. It feeds on a grass-like sea-weed growing on 
the large flats of the Bay, some parts of which are exposed at low 
water. As the tide recedes, the Dugongs retire into deeper water 
from the feeding-grounds. The natives tell us, that before white 
people eame amongst them, and introduced boats and harpoons, they 
used to cateh “‘ yungan” by placing large nets across the channels 
through which they knew the animals would pass from the feeding- 
grounds. Since the establishment of a Pilot Station at Moreton 
Bay, the blacks have acquired great dexterity in the use of the whale- 
boat and harpoon, and are now constantly employed in the pursuit, 
either for themselves as food, or for Europeans, who collect the oil 
for sale. The chase is conducted with great caution and silence. 
The harpooner stands in the bow, and directs the steersman by the 
movement of the hand. As the Dugong must rise at intervals to 
blow, he endeavours to calculate the exact spot of rising, and launches 
the harpoon as it reaches the surface. Having only a short rope to 
the harpoon, the Dugong often drags the boat with considerable ve- 
locity, but is very soon exhausted. 

The blacks have a grand feast over one, stripping off the whole 
of the flesh and blubber in one large sheet, leaving the carcass entire. 
Thus anyone wishing to procure skeletons entire could do so by 
going amongst the natives with a supply of tobacco and a little flour, 
as the Moreton Bay tribe has always been very friendly with the 
whites. : 

I regret to say that some entire skeletons which were being sent 
to England by a friend of mine, were placed with a large collection 
of shells in a vessel which was unfortunately burnt. 

I have no doubt that the Dugong abounds in the bays and straits 
north of lat. 27°; but in none of these will the same facility be 
offered of procuring specimens as at Moreton Bay, where the blacks 
are so friendly, and are so well acquainted with the habits of this 
animal, : 


5. Tue Buackxs or Moreton Bay AND THE PORPOISES. 
By Mr. FarrHOLME. 


Between the two long islands which form the south part of More- 
ton Bay, is a passage known as the South Passage, formerly used 


CCCXXIII.—ProcereEpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


354 


for ships entering the Bay, but now given up. Near the deserted 
Pilot Station at Amity Point, some of the natives may constantly be 
found during the warmer months of the year fishing for “Mullet,” a 
very fine fish about the size of a mackerel. In this pursuit they, 
are assisted in a most wonderful manner by the Porpoises, It seems 
that from time immemorial a sort of understanding has existed be- 
tween the blacks and the Porpoises for their mutual advantage, and 
the former pretend to know all the Porpoises about the spot, and 
even have names for them. 

The beach here consists of shelving sand, and near the shore are 
small hillocks of sand, on which the blacks sit, watching for the ap- 
pearance of a shoal of Mullet. Their nets, which are used by hand, 
and are stretched on a frame about 4 feet wide, lie ready on the 
beach. On seeing a shoal, several of the men run down, and with 
their spears make a peculiar splashing in the water. Whether the 
Porpoises really understand this as a signal, or think it is the fish, 
it is difficult to determine, but the result is always the same; they 
at once come in towards the shore, driving the Mullet before them. 
As they near the edge, a number of the blacks with spears and hand- 
nets quickly divide to the right and left, and dash into the water. 
The Porpoises being outside the shoal, numbers of fish are secured 
before they can break away. In the scene of apparent confusion 
that takes place, the blacks and Porpoises are seen splashing about 
close to each other. So fearless are the latter, that strangers, who 
have expressed doubts as to their tameness, have often been shown 
that they will take a fish from the end of a spear, when held to 
them. 

For my own part I cannot doubt that the understanding is real, 
and that the natives know these Porpoises, and that strange Por- 
poises would not show so little fear of the natives. The oldest men 
of the tribe say that the same kind of fishing has always been carried 
on as long as they can remember. 

Porpoises abound in the Bay, but in xo other part do the natives 
fish with their assistance. 


6. MoLLUSCA NOVA COLLECTIONIS CUMINGIAN4, DESCRIPTA A 
GuiILreLMo DunKER, MArBURGENSI. 


1. TROCHUS FLAVIDUS. 


Tr. testa conica, solidula, unicolore pallide flavida, nitida ; apice 
acuto, granoso ; anfractibus levigatis planis 10, infera supera- 
que suture parte cingulo elevato instructis ; striis incrementi 
tenerrimis ; anfractu ultimo obtuse angulato ; basi convexius- 
cula suleis quinis notata ; apertura subtetragona. 

Patria ignota. 

Species Trocho dubio, Phil., affinis est, qui vero colore olivaceo, 
pictura albo vel rufo flammulata, testa majore et latiore, anfractu 
ultimo magis angulato statim dignoscitur. Specimen, quod esset 
unicum 5 lin. altum, 43 latum est. 


355 


2. TROCHUS PALLIDULUS. 


Tr. testa conica, levigata, in apice acuta ibique granulosa, flavida, 
be Byrd lineolis_ pallide luteis picta ; anfractibus 10 planis ad suturam 
prominulis ideoque subimbricatis, superioribus cingulo obsoleto 
notatis, ultimo in cireuitu rotundato ; basi convexa, in medio 
sulcis nonnullis spiralibus arata ; apertura subtetragona. 
Patria ignota. 
Altitudo teste 7 lin. ejusque diametros 5 lin. Species nostra a 
Trocho Laugieri, Payr., in primis differt colore, testa tenuiore et 
majore. 


BI oo 3. TRocHUS FLAMMIGER. 


‘ Tr. testa conica, solida, glabra, fiavo-albida, lineis undulatis vel 
flammulis luteis picta ; anfractibus plano-converis 10, sutura 
distincta divisis, ultimo in circuitu obtuse angulato; basi con- 
vextuscula unicolore lutea, in medio alba, sulcis paucis umbili- 
caribus signata ; apertura rotundato-tetragona. 

Patria ignota. 

Species forma sua Trocho, qui antecedit, similis, pictura et testa 
solida differt. 

He tres species ad genus Leachanum Zizyphinus dictum—idem, 
quod Calliostoma, Sow.,—pertinent. 


Tp sa, 4. Burira Cuminerana. 


- B. testa angusta, subulato-turrita, flavo-albida, partim subceru- 
lescente ; anfractibus 10-11 convexiusculis, sutura satis pro- 
Sunda divisis, superioribus longitudine costatis transversimque 
cancellatis, inferioribus obsolete striatis, infra suturam creni- 
Seris, ultimo subinflato 2 totius teste equante ; labro externo 
sulcis striisque incrementi notato ; columella arcuata; Sauct- 
bus albis. 

Patria ignota. 
Hee species, pene 13 lin. longa, Bullie turrite, Gray (Zool. of 

Beechey’s Voyage, p. 126), peraffinis, ad genus Leiodomus Swain- 

soni pertinet, quod vero non satis firmatum esse videtur. 


5. BuLiia ELEGANS. 


B. testa solida, pallide lutescente, elongato-turrita, in apice ob- 
tusa; anfractibus 8 planiusculis, levibus, politis, sutura profunda 
callosa interdum castanea disjunctis, in superiore parte plici- 
feris, plicis albis sulco spirali cancellatis ideoque nodulis gemi- 
nis instructis, ultimo tenuilirato ad basin carina pallide fusca 
notato, dimidia totius teste parte paullo breviore; labro in- 
crassato levissimo columellaque parum sinuata albis ; faucibus 
Suscis. 

Patria ignota. 

Hee Bulliarum species elegantissima Buccino Natalensi Kraussano 

certe peraffinis, statura majore, testa solidiore, labro incrassato intus 
levissimo plicisque sulco spirali quasi binodoso distinguenda est. 


356 


6. PLEUROTOMA CONCINNA. 


Pl. testa acute-turrita, subfusiformi, solidula, unicolore rufes- 
cente, in rostro rosea, costulis lineisque elevatis cincta ; anfrac- 
tibus circa 10 perparum convexis, sutura haud distincta se- 
junctis, ultimo spire altitudinem pene equante ; canali subob- 
liquo ; labri incisura profunda. 

Patria ignota est. 

Testa circiter 12 lin. longa, 33 lin. lata, elegantissimarum una est 
sui generis; anfractus ultimus costulis multis validioribus et subtilio- 
ribus cinctus est ; costa, si a sutura inde numeras, secunda, que labri 
fissura terminatur, tuberculorum undulatorum serie duplici cingitur. 
Costularum interstitia sub vitro oblique clathrata vel reticulata ap- 
parent.—Cochlea nostra ad Pleurotomas proprie sit dictas pertinens, 
habitu peene Pleurotome virginis, Lam., sed multo minor, colore ru- 
fescente et imprimis rostro roseo ab aliis speciebus primo obtutu facile 
distinguenda est. 


7. TrorpHon Morrist. 


Tr. testa solida, ovato-fusiformi, in apice acuta ; anfractibus con- 
vexis longitudine plicatis transversimque tenuicostatis et liratis, 
ultimo subventroso ceteris longiore ; labro sulcato ; cauda 
brevi, subrimata ; canali aperto, paullum incurvo. 

Patria ignota. 

Testa 14 lin. longa, 73 lin. lata, ovato-acuta, subfusiformis. An- 
fractus 7 convexi sutura profunda disjuncti, plicis vel costis 10 zequi- 
distantibus et liris transversis cingulisque elevatis instructi. Aper- 
tura ovata in canalem brevem apertum sensim transit. Color totius 
testee albus; apicem versus flavescit. Fauces fasciis tribus fuscis 
notate sunt. An Murex costularis, Lam. Enc. Méth. 419. f. 8? 
Varices 7 indicat auctor: in figura 10 numerantur. Species Fuso 
cinereo, Say, Amer. Conch. t. 29, sane peraffinis, testa multo majore, 
anfractibus tumidioribus ideoque sutura profundiore et sculptura 
distinctiore satis discrepare videtur. 


8. CoMINELLA ELONGATA. 


C. testa ovato-acuta, subfusiformi, costis inequalibus subnodosis 
lirisque subtilioribus cincta, griseo fuscoque variegata ; anfrac- 
tibus convexis ; labro sulcato ; lubio superne uniplicato ; eanali 
longiusculo, paullulum incurvo. 

Patria ignota. 

Heec species magnitudine et statura elongata fusiformi insignis, 
22 lin. longa, 9 lin. lata est. Anfractus 7 convexi infra suturam 
haud profundam paullo appressi, costis numerosis plus minusve di- 
stinctis subnodosis cinguntur: ultimus eorum circiter 2 totius teste 
adzequat ; apertura angusta ; labrum intus incrassatum et sulcatum ; 
labium superne plica vel potius costa unica valida in tubereulum ob- 
soletum exeunte instructum. Pictura parum insignis: fundus albi- 
dus et lutescens strigis maculisque irregularibus variegatus est ; fauces 
fuscescentes; labrum album. Fusorum genus plica columelle defi- 
ciente satis distinctum est, ne dicam de ipsius animalis natura, 


357 


9. ADAMSIA TYPICA. 


A. testa crassa, ponderosa, ovato-acuta, subturrita, longitudine 
plicato-costata, costulis minutissimis confertis scabris subsqua- 
mosis aquidistantibus cincta, albida, passim subrosea, Susco 
eingulata, cingulis in costarum interstitiis magis conspicuis ; 
anfractibus 7 convexis, ultimo circiter 4 totius teste equante ; 
cauda brevi, truncata; labro acuto, paullulum expanso, intus 
suleato et incrassato ; apertura angusta ; columella levissima ; 
Saucibus lacteis. 

- Patria: ad Philippinarum insulas habitare dicitur hzec cochlea. 

Species 15 lin. longa, 8 lin. lata, ad hoc usque tempus certe raris- 

sima, ad Cominellas maxime accedit, a quibus vero aperture indole 
valde differt, cum costa valida in labii superiore parte insidente, qua 
Cominelle insignes sunt, hee cochlea plane careat. Preeterea sculp- 
tura et totus testee habitus tam singularis est, ut eam pro novi generis 
typo habendam esse putaverim. 


10. PURPURA FASCIATA. 

P. testa ovata, solidiuscula, subgrisea fusco fasciata ; spira exser- 
tiuscula, acuta, subgradata ; anfractibus tumidis, supra carina- 
tis, transversim costulatis, costulis aperturam versus subimbri- 
catis, anfractu ultimo ceteris pene triplo majore, tumido, bica- 
rinato, carinis nodiferis ; apertura pallide fulva; labro acuto, 
intus sulcato, sulcis in margine fuscis. 

Patria ignota est. 

Species elegans 12 lin. longa; preesertim fasciis vivide fuscis in 

fundo griseo-rubente insignis, ab omnibus quas novimus Purpuris 
veris satis distincta est. 


11. CyTHEREA SUBTRIGONA. 


C. testa solida, ovato-trigona, modice convexa, concentrice obso- 
leteque striata, pene levi, inequilatera, antice brevi subtrun- 
cata, postice preducta, cuneiformi, carina obtusa ab umbonibus 
prominentibus ad latus posticum decurrente ; lunula lanceolata. 

Patria ignota. 

Species subtrigona, circiter 2 poll. longa, antice brevis, alta, pos- 
tice producta et attenuata. Margo cardinalis anticus et posticus 
pene rectilinei et valde declives sunt ; margo basalis anticus linea 
peene orbiculata terminatus est. Umbones subacuti se invicem fere 
tangentes valde porrecti sunt. Area lata subcordiformis, lunula lan- 
ceolata fossula levi circumscribitur. Ligamentum crassum breve. 
Cardo dentibus validis munitus est; dentes mediani vel primarii 
longiores sunt ut in Cythereis solent ; dens lateralis posticus subti- 
liter granulato-striatus. Impressiones et linea palliaris ut in Cy- 
therea lusoria peene se offerunt. Color internus albus in dorso vio- 
laceus est. Statu integro testa ab epidermide cornea tegitur. Long., 
alt. et crass. ratio hee est: 100, 86, 48. 


12. PecruncuLus GrayANus. 
P. testa suborbiculart, convexa, solida, inequilaterali, subglabra, 


358 


alba, pallide rubente et carneola, fammis rufis lineolisque nu- 
merosis acute angulatis varie picta, epidermide villosa induta, 
intus sordide alba, musculis pallioque fuscis ; umbonibus tu- 
midis. 

Longitudo speciminum majorum 25 lin. Long., altit. et crass. 
tatio hee est: 100, 88, 62. 

Patria Nova Seelandia. Attulit clar. Earle. 

Testa hujus speciei transversa, suborbicularis antice rotundata 
brevis, postice paullum attenuata et longior, concentrice obsoleteque 
striata, lineis radiantibus subtilissimis confertissimis instructa peene 
glabrata; umbones tumidi. Color et pictura aliis Pectunculis re- 
spondent, flammulee linezeque acute angulatee rufze in fundo albido et 
rubente umbones inflatos versus sensim clariores fiunt. Color inter- 
nus albidus in regione pallii et musculorum fuscus est. Musculi in 
speciminibus adultis valde elevati apparent. Crenze in valvarum 
margine -basali crassee utrinque sensim minores evadunt, in regione 
musculorum plane evanescunt. Cardinis dentes laterales crassi, me- 
diani obsoletissimi vel evanidi. Epidermis villosa plurimam partem 
detrivit. Ligamenti area parva. 

Inter Pectunculos, qui nobis innotuerunt, hee species ad Pect. 
flammeum, Reeve (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843), maxime accedit. 


7. MyTILACEA NOVA COLLECTIONIS CUMINGIAN, DESCRIPTA A 
Guru. DUNKER. 


1. Myrinus sPLENDENS. 


M. testa elongato-ovata, concentrice striata; epidermide splen- 
dente fusca et nigricante in mediis valvis viridi ; pagina in- 
terna livido-rubente, marginem inferiorem et posticum versus 
albida, margaritacea ; umbonibus tumidis, gibbosis. 

Hab. Ad litus Peruanum. 

Concha magnitudine Myfili edulis ambitu variat, nam modo est 
elongato-subtrigona, modo ovata. Umbones valde tumidi et gibbosi 
sub epidermide rubentes. Epidermis nitida maximam partem ob- 
scure fusca, in mediis valvis vivide viridis vel e viride nigricans, inter- 
dum zonis fuscis et virescentibus yariegata. Sub vitro lineole sub- 
tilissimee undulate ab umbonibus radiantes conspiciuntur. Cardo 
prorsus edentulus, margo totus simplex, ab epidermide late involutus. 
Fossula ad ligamentum recipiendum haud profunda. 


2. MyTILUS ROSTRATUS. 


M. testa ovato-acuta, ventrosa, solida, unicolore fusco-violacea, 
longitudinaliter costata, costis mature furcatis; epidermide 
nigra ; apicibus rostriformibus extrinsecus curvatis; cardine 
dentibus nonnullis munito. 

Haé. In litore insule Van Diemen. 

Testa 205 lin. longa, 8} lin. alta, 7 lin. lata. Altitudo maxima 

in mediis valvis sita est. Valvarum ambitus plus minusve ovatus, 
ita ut nullibi angulus distinctus sit et margines unus in alterum sen- 


359 


sim transeant. Pars media basalis semper est ventrosa. Coste ab 
apicibus acutis rostriformibus exeuntes, in omni incremeuti stadio 
pluries diffinduntur marginem posticum versus seepius evanescentes. 
Totus margo crenulis cireumdatur. Cardo denticulis duobus vel 
tribus in utraque valva munitus est ; interdum denticulus unus dex- 
tree valvee a tuberculis duobus sinistre recipitur. Ligamentum 
crassum et latum satis profunde immersum est. Pagina interna 
parum nitet. ' 

Species nostra Mytilo purpurato (Modiole, Lam.) affinis, qui 
testa minore, solidiore, apicibus obtusis, cardine tenerrime crenato, 
costis crassioribus aliisque notis differt. 


3. MyTiILus HORRIDUS. 


M. testa magna, crassa, oblique ovata, postice dilatata, modice 
convexa, concentrice plicoso-striata, alba, epidermide fusca 
lamellosa, postice horride barbata vestita ; umbonibus magnis, 
obtusis, curvatis ; dorso et latere postico equaliter arcuatis, 
basi antice valde sinuata. 

Hab. Inlitore Nove Hollandiz septentrionali. 

Concha magna, crassa, 60 lin. longa, 32 lin. alta, 20 Iin. lata est. 
Margo dorsalis areum zqualem formans, in marginem posticum 
peene circularem sensim transit. Margo ventris antice valde sinuatus 
est. Umbones obtusi, inflexi et disjuncti, eetate progrediente erosi. 
Epidermis crassa lamellosa in postico conchz latere pilis et setis hor- 
ridis obducta est. Ligamentum crassum pro magnitudine teste 
breve. Cardo prorsus edentulus. Colo pagine interne sordide 
albus languidus, omni pzene nitore margaritaceo caret. Species hzec 
magnifica a Mytilo torto, Dkr., preesertim rima recta distinguitur. 


4. Myrtinus ATROPURPUREUS. 


M. testa oblongo-ovali, subtrigona, modice convexa, purpurea, epi- 

_ dermide atra obducta, concentrice striata, sulcis radiantibus 
subtilissimis confertissimis exarata ; dorso subcompresso, in 
medio equaliter curvato, interdum angulato ; umbonibus termi- 
nalibus subtumidis, incurvis paullulum distantibus ; margine 
basali anterius plus minusve sinuato; cardine utriusque valve 
denticulis nonnullis munito. 

Hab. In Africa occidentali. Suspicor hance speciem in aqua dulci 
vel semisalsa vixisse, nam ejusdem byssus contexta est cum Melania 
cujusdam fragmentis. _ 

Concha adulta 15 lin. longa, 9 lin. alta, tenuis, habitu inconstans, 
formam Mytili edulis junioris interdum refert. Testa tota purpurea 
aut fusco-purpurascens, intus iridescens, epidermide nigerrima nitida 
vestita, sulcisque radiantibus plurimis confertissimis 150 usque ad 160 
instructa est, qui quidem sulci in regione apicum partim dichotomi 
sunt et valvarum marginem versus validiores fiunt. Apices in speci- 
minibus adultis decorticati et erosi, margarita splendente insignes 
sunt. Quot sulci, tot crenulis margo circumdatur. 

Mytilus niger, Gmel. p. 3362, le Dotel Adansonii (Hist. du Senée. 
p- 211. t. 15. f. 3) certe species peraffinis est, sed illius testa sub — 


360 


epidermide nitidissime lactea vocatur. Preeterea “le Dotel”? major, 
minore sulcorum numero instructus est, nam centenos tantum suleos 
in €O numeravit auctor.—Clar. Sylv. Hanley in describendo Mytilo 
mgro (An Tilustr. and Descr. Cat. of Recent Shells, pt. ii. p. 245 7) 
nostram ipsam concham ante oculos habuisse videtur.—Mytilus 
striatulus, L. Schrot. Einl. vol. iii. p. 449. t. 9. f. 16, statura aliena 
striisque in latere basali deficiendibus imprimis distinguendus esse 
videtur, Mytilus tenuistriatus, Dkr. Moll. Guin. p. 47. t. 9. f. 1, 
2, 3, species multo minor, ad Volsellas pzene aceedit. 


5. Mytriztus Morris. 


M. testa ovato-trigona, modice convexa, fusco-purpurea, epider- 
mide cornea vestita, concentrice striata, costulis confertis gra- 
nosis mature furcatis sculpta; dorso parum comp: esso, suban- 
gulato ; umbonibus terminalibus incurvis ; margine baseos fere 
recto ; cardine utriusque valve denticulis nonnullis instructo ; 
marginibus crenis parvis circumdatis. 

Hab. Ad Guineam. 

Testa formam Mytili atropurpurei pene refert, sed habitu minore, 
costulis granosis mature fureatis et epidermide obscure cornea facile 
distingui potest. Mytilus senegalensis, Lam., valvis angustis et mar- 
gine dorsali postico basi subparallelo imprimis differt- 


6. Myritus ADAMSIANUS. 


M. testa ovato-trigona, utrinque obtuse carinata, solidula, costis 
mature bifidis eleganter granosis sculpta, fusco-purpurascente 
et albida ; epidermide cornea vestita ; umbonibus terminalibus ; 
margine crenato. 

Hab. Ad Isthmum Panamense (Cuming). 

Testa parva 10 lin. longa, 5} lin. alta, 4} lin. lata, Mytilo Magel- 
lanico juvenili similis est, sed costulis confertis altioribus, distinctis- 
sime granosis facile distinguitur. Margo basalis pzene rectilineus. 
Color utrinque fusco-purpurascens, venter albidus. Facies interna 
albida, marginem versus livida et vivide margaritacea. Fossula ad 
ligamentum recipiendum satis profunda. Apices acuti terminales. 
Cardo in valva sinistra dentibus duobus, in dextra unico tantum in- 
structus. 


7. MytTiLus ogpscurvs. 


M. testa ovata, parva, solidula, concentrice obsoleteque striata, 
albida, aliquantulum rufescente, epidermide obscure cornea 
opaca vestita; apicibus obtusis incurvis sepius decorticatis, 
paullo distantibus ; facie interna parum margaritacea ; cardine 
prorsus edentulo ; extremitate antica intus paullulum exea- 
vata. 

Hab. Ad Sydney urbem Nove Hollandie. 

Concha parva 102 lin. tantum longa, 6 lin. alta et 4} lin. lata, 

Mytilo eduli nondum adulto, qui pellucidus Penn. dicitur, haud dis- 
similis est. 


361 


8. MyriLus curvATus. 


M. testa parva, solidula, subtrigona, rufo-violacea, in dorso alta, 
in basi valde arcuata, costulis dichotomis instructa ; epider- 
mide fusco-cornea vestita ; umbonibus parvis inflexis ; toto 
margine excepta fissura crenulato ; cardine in valva uér uque 
denticulis duobus vel tribus munito. 

Hab. Ad Philippinarum insulam Luzon. 

Conchula parva, vix 6 lin. longa, 4 lin. alta, 23 lin. lata, forma 
pene trigona insignis. Margo cardinalis declivis leviter arcuatus 
eum margine posteriore alto angulum obtusum format ; margo basalis 
in fissura, que ad byssum emittendam destinata est, valde curvata. 
Umbones perparum recedentes. Costulze furcatee marginem versus 
posticum distinctiores evadunt. Fossula ad ligamentum recipiendum 
satis profunda. Pagina interna marginem versus vivide iridescens. 


9.. VOLSELLA GUBERNACULUM. 


V. testa ovata, valde fornicata, utrinque subangulata, concentrice 
rugoso-striata, pallide flavescente, virgis inequalibus violaceis 
radiata, epidermide cornea vestita ; umbonibus prominentibus 
incurvis violaceis perparum distantibus ; ligamento bret. 

Patria ignota. 

Testa subsolida, antice attenuata, postice lata et rotundata, 18 lin. 
longa, 11 lin. alta, 83 lin. lata, preesertim dorso valde fornicato et 
basi parum sinuata peene recta insignis est. Umbones incurvi violacei, 
nitentes, glabrati marginem anticum previssimum eminent. Ligamen- 
tum pro magnitudine teste breve, paullo immersum est. Color val- 
varum internus pallide luteus, umbones versus violaceus. 


10. VoLSELLA ARATA. 


V. testa elongata, subrhombea, tumida, liris costisque postice 
crassioribus arata, colore antice lacteo vel pallide rubente, 
postice fusco-violaceo, epidermide crassa obscure cornea. 

Hab. In Novee Hollandiz litore septentrionali. 

Concha 29 lin. longa, 12 lin. alta, 103 lin. crassa, quoad formam 
Volselle rhomboidee, Hanl., affinis est. Valvze linea obliqua pallida 
ab umbonibus tumidis ad posticam baseos partem paullo sinuatam 
decurrente et colore duplici in duas partes dividuntur. Strize incre- 
menti, et parte fissee, inde a linea illa obliqua validiores fiunt, ita ut 
testa sulcis exarata appareat. Facies interna nitorem margaritaceum 
languidum prebet. Ligamentum angustum longum totum pene 
marginem cardinalem tenet. 


11. VouseLLa FortTuUNE!. 


V.. testa parvula, ovato-oblonga, subtrigona, utrinque obtuse cari- 
nata, concentrice rugose striata, superius violacea, inferius al- 
bida, epidermide virente obducta ; margine baseos subrecto ; 
dorso subanygulato ; umbonibus parvulis prominulis. 

Hab. Mare Chinense. Attulit clar. Fortune. 

Conchula parva, 54 lin. longa, 23 lin. alta, 2 lin. lata, habitu My- 


362 


tili minimi, sed umbonibus recedentibus magis ad Volsellas accedit. 
Strize concentricee antice rugose. Cardo plane edentulns. Liga- 
mentum longum et tenue. Pagina interna superius pulcherrime vio- 
lacea et margaritacea. 


12. VoLSELLA SUBPURPUREA. 


V. testa elongato-ovali, angusta, tenui, subpurpurea, epidermide 
cornea nitida induta, concentrice tenerrimeque striata, striis 
obsoletissimis ab umbonibus radiantibus marginem posticum 
versus evanescentibus instructa, antrorsum angustata, posterio- 
rem partem versus parum dilatata, in medio dorso subfornicata 
paullulum angulata, margine baseos subsinuata ; umbonibus 
parvis, in speciminibus adultis decorticatis parum prominen- 
tibus. 

Hab. In Senegallio flumine. 

Testa 15 lin. longa, 53 lin. alta, 54 lin. lata, sculptura, colore et 

cardinis structura Volselle tristi affinis, preesertim margine cardinis 
multo longiore, basi subsinuata et valvis tumidioribus differt. 


13.. VOLSELLA TRISTIS. 


V. testa elongata, recta, tenui, fusco-purpureo et albido variegata, 
concentrice obsoleteque striata, pene glabrata, suleis ab apici- 
bus radiantibus confertissimis, tenuissimis, sub vitro tantum 
perspicuis, instructa ; epidermide nitida cornea vestita; facie 
interna albida et livida marginem versus iridescente. 

Hab. Ad Chusan teste Benson. 

Concha forma angusta, longe porrecta insignis, 153!" longa, 64!’ 
alta et 43!" crassa est. Altitudo ejus maxima in 3? longitudinis vel 
eo in loco sita est, ubi margo dorsalis antieus, quem ligamentum 
breve et tenue occupat, finem habet. Margo ventralis perparum ar- 
cuatus pene rectus, antrorsum paullo adscendit et mucrone vel potius 
ala parvula parum ultra apices prominente terminatur, in qua cos- 
tule nonnulle observantur. Preterea monendum est, marginem 
dorsalem plicis nonnullis obsoletissimis instructum esse. Internus 
testee color livido-albus parum margaritaceus. Cardo utriusque 
valve sub apicibus dentibus parvulis4d—5 munitus. Preeterea in fine 
ligamenti, quod fossulam haud profundam tenet, crenarum 10-12 
series observari potest, quae Nuenlarum cardinem in mentem vocant. 


14. VoLsELLA PERFRAGILIS. 


V. testa elongata, recta, compressa, tenerrima, subdiaphana, pa- 
rum splendida, pallide cornea, postice virescente maculisque 
minimis pallide fuscis aspersa, striis incrementi concentricis 
tenuissimis instructa, costa obsoletissima recta ab umbonibus 
prominulis ad posticam baseos partem decurrente, margine dor- 
sali recto longissimo, margine ventrali antice ascendente ; liga- 
mento perlongo, angusto, margarita marginem posteriorem versus 
iridescente. 

Hab. Ad imsulas Moluccenses. 


363 


Species singularis sesquipollicem longa, dimidium alta, 34 lin. 
crassa, Modiole eleganti, Gray (Spic. Zool. t. 6. f. 14; Wood, Ind. 
p- 235), affinis, margine dorsi recto, umbonibus minoribus, testaque 
compressa preesertim differt. 


15. VoLsELLA UNDULATA. 


V. testa oblonga, fragili, concentrice tenuissimeque striata, glabra, 
nitida, pellucente, albida, picturis undulatis variegata lineisque 
rufis ab umbonibus minutis ad latus posticum decurrentibus 
ornata, ventre plerumque unicolore ; epidermide tenera virente ; 
margine baseos postice aliquantulum sinuato, pene recto ; dorso 
postice fornicato. 

Hab. Ad insulas Moluccenses. 

Testa 11 lin. longa, 5 lin. alta, 3 lin. lata, ad Volsellam Japonicam 


proxime accedit, sed statura breviore et basi subsinuata imprimis 
differt. 


16. VoLsELLA JAPONICA. 


V.. testa oblonga, recta, convexa, tenui, nitida, concentrice tenuis- 
simeque striata, pene prorsus glabra, alba, maculis undulatis 
et angulatis rufis varie picta lineisque ab umbonibus gracilibus 
prominulis incurvis ad latus posticum radiantibus ornata, mar- 
gine dorsali et basali fere rectis ; ligamento longo, angusto ; 
epidermide tenera pallide cornea subvirente. 

Hab. In litore maris Japonici. i 

Concha gracilis 15 lin. longa, 7 lin. alta et 3} lin. crassa, splen- 

_dore et pictura elegantissima insignis est. 


17. VoLSELLA GLABERRIMA. 


V. testa oblonga, recta, tenui, convexa, nitidissima, subpellucida, 
concentrice obsoletissimeque. striata, glaberrima, fusco-cornea, 
subviolacea, picturis undulatis fuscis, zonis concentricis lineis- 
que gracilibus pallidis ab umbonibus prominulis ad latus posti- 
cum radiantibus ornata; epidermide tenui virescente vestita ; 
margine cardinali recto; ligamento longo, angusto, immerso ; 
margine basali leviter arcuato. 

Hab. Mare Australe prope urbem Sydney. 

Species Vols. Japonice affinis, sed valvis majoribus et latioribus 

vel potius. altioribus, margine ventris magis arcuato et lineis radian- 
tibus pallidis in fundo obscuriore satis diversa. 


18. VoLSELLA INCONSTANS. 


V. testa tenui, ovato-oblonga, antice ventrosa, lateribus oblique 
obtusequé carinata, concentrice idque tenerrime striata, pene 
levi, albida, in dorso interdum violaceo lividove maculata, vel 
tota violacea, epidermide cornea, tenui, nitida vestita ; umbo- 
nibus tumidis, sepius decorticatis. 

» Hab. In litore insule Van Diemen. 
Concha pro ztate variabilis. Testa enim junior brevis plerumque 


364 


marginem basalem rectum vel adeo leviter arcuatam ostendit, zetate 
vero progrediente valve marginem baseos posticum versus extendun- 
tur, quo fit, ut venter sinum levem formet. Pars valvarum antica 
umbonibus rotundatis valde productis habitum Lithophagorum pre 
se fert. Carina obtusa ab umbonibus ad latus posticum decurrens, 
in adultis speciminibus distinctior esse solet, quam in pullis. Liga- 
mentum tenue et angustum. Testa si epidermis detrivit, splendorem 
margaritaceum szepius offert. Cardo denticulis plane caret. Speci- 
men quod exstat maximum 13 lin. longum, 6 lin. altum et 5 lin. 
latum est. Valve nonnullee antice costulis duabus obsoletissimis 
notatee sunt. 


19. VoLSELLA SUBSULCATA. 


V. testa ovato-oblonga, tumida, alba, in dorso livido- vel rufo- 
fusca, utrinque costulata, costulis granosis, nonnullis furcatis, 
in dorso oblique divaricatis ; epidermide fusco-cornea, postice 
setigera; carina obtusa ab umbonibus parvis ad latus posticum 
decurrente. 

Hab. Ad Philippinarum insulam Manilam. 

Hee concha 13 lin. longa, 64 lin. alta, 54 lin. lata inter Volsellam 
setigeram, Dkr. et sulcatam, Lam., quasi intermedia est species. 
Testa habitu varians carina obtusa ab umbonibus decurrente plus 
minusye conspicua instructa est. Umbones plerumque decorticati, 
parvi, obtusi. Costule granosz in dorso et latere postico magis per- 
spicuz sunt, quam in latere ventris, ubi sensim evanescunt, exceptis 
iis costulis paucis, que ante umbones jacent. Testa semper est du- 
plici coloris, dorsum livido- vel rufo-fuscum, venter paullo sinuatus 
albus. Facies interna in speciminibus adultis impressiones muscu- 
lares fortes ostendit. Cardo denticulis nonnullis munitus est. Ex- 
cepta baseos parte aliquantulum sinuata totus margo crenis parvulis 
circumdatur. Ligamentum crassum profunde immersum est. 


20. VOLSELLA SETIGERA. 


V. testa ovato-oblonga, tumida, subcylindrica, concentrice striata, 
antice et postice tenuiter sulcata, alba, epidermide viridi-cornea, 
postice setigera induta, setis brevibus sparsis ; umbonibus tu- 
midis, incurvis ; margine utrinque crenato. 

Patria ignota. 

Testa 12 lin. longa, 6 lin. alta, 5 lin. crassa est. Margo dorsalis 
paullo declivis postice in areum levem sensim transit, margo ventris 
pene rectilineus. Valve costulis subgranosis ab apicibus utrinque 
decurrentibus instructze sunt; epidermis posticum valvarum latus 
versus, ab ea inde parte, ubi costulz incipiunt, setis sparsis tegitur, 
quas quidem setas plerumque mutilatas invenies. Valvarum pars 
media transversim striata, basin versus subrugosa est. Hee species 
forma haud insolita, costularum structura ad Lanistinas accedit. 


21. VoLSELLA FLAVIDA. 
V. testa oblonga, tenui, inflata, lineis concentricis tenuibus eleva- 


365 


tis sculpta, flavida, linea ab umbonibus ad basin oblique decur- 
rente colore pallidiore signata; umbonibus tumidis ; margine 
ventrali postice sinuato. 

Hab. In sinu ad Manilam. 

Testa tenuis et convexa, 16 lin. longa, 8 lin. alta, 64 lin. lata est. 
Margo dorsalis anterior rectus, antrorsum paullo inclinatus, posticus 
arcuatus in extremitatem posticam basin versus productam sensim 
transit ; margo ventris postice sinuatus, antice Jeviter arcuatus ; ex- 
tremitas antica rotundata ultra apices parum prosilit. Strix concen- 
trice graciles distantes et elevate lineas concentricas subtilissimas 
sub vitro tantum conspicuas includunt. 

Species Modiole vestita, Phil. (Enum. Moll. vol. ii. PN A a Be 
f. 12), affinis, testa paullulum longiore, tenuiore, parum spleadente, 
epidermide pallidiore, forma graciliore postice magis producta, um- 
bonibus minoribus striisque concentricis elevatis differt. Preterea 
nostra species tegumento tomentoso, a quo Volsella vestita includi- 
tur, prorsus carere videtur. Exstat varietas colore obscuriore, testa 
postice magis producta insignis. 


22. VOLSELLA SPLENDIDA. 


V., testa oblonga, inflata, alba, epidermide obscure castanea splen- 
dida obducta, concentrice striata ; margine dorsali arcuato, 
subangulato, ventrali postice sinuato, extremitate antica parum 
producta, latere postico subdilatato rotundata ; sulco levi co- 
lore pallidiore terminata ab umbonibus tumidis ad sinum baseos 
decurrente. 

Patria California. 

Testa 14 lin. longa, 8 lin. alta, totidem crassa, Volselle vestite 

nec non flavide affinis, valvis latioribus, colore obscuriore et sulco ab 
umbonibus decurrente imprimis differt. 


23. Moprotarca (VoLsELLA) suBTorRTA. 


V. testa parvula pene inequivalvi subtorta, ovata, subtrapezina, 
concentriee striata et rugosa, fusca, epidermide sublamellosa 
induta, dorso parum arcuato, basi antice parum sinuata, umbo- 
nibus parvulis recedentibus statu integro igcurvis, extremitate 
antica producta. 

Hab. In Nove Hollandiz litore septentrionali. 

Species parvula angusta 4 lin. longa, 2 lin. alta, 15 lin. lata, ha- 
bitu et presertim formatione extremitatis antices Modiolarcam tra- 
pezinam in mentem vocat. Valvule pene inequales subtorte epi- 
dermide partem posticam versus sublamellosa teguntur. Apices in 
speciminibus adultis erosi sunt, imo specimina exstant, magnam par- 
tem decorticata. Ligamentum tenue profunde immersum est. Im- 
pressiones musculares fortes et pro exiguitate teste magne sunt. 
Species nostra generi Grayano Modiolarce ut adnumeretur necesse 
est. 


24. LANIsTINA NANA. 
L. testa minima, ovata, concentrice striata, pallide cornea, rufo 


366 


variegata, pellucida, sulco ab umbonibus parvulis ad basin de- 
currente insigni. 
Hab. Port Lincoln. 
Testa minima, vix 2 lin. longa, tenuissima, pellucens, lineis rufis 
undulatis et reticulatis picta, antice et postice tenuiter costulata. 
Pagina interna margaritacea; margo cardinis tenuissime crenulatus. 


25. LANISTINA CONCINNA. 


L. testa parvula, fragili, ovata, modice convexa, flava lineis non- 
nullis presertim apices versus undulatis et angulatis fuscis 
picta, epidermide viridi pellucente vestita, sulcis ab apicibus 
parvulis incurvis utroque latere radiantibus instructa, 

Hab. Ad Philippinarum insulam Zeba (Cuming). 

Species 7 lin. longa, 34 lin. alta, 24 lin. crassa, antice angustata, 
postice dilatata, paullulum compressa. Margo dorsalis sequaliter 
parumque arcuatus, basalis pzne rectilineus. Extremitas antica an- 
gusta arcuata, costulis nonnullis signata, ultra apices minutos incur- 
vos prominens. Costulz plane marginem versus ex parte furcillatz 
in latere postico 20-24 numerantur ; interstitia earum latitudinem 
non excedunt. 

Differt hee species a Modiola strigata, Hanl. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1844), testa minus convexa, postice magis dilatata, umbonibus haud 
tumidis costulisque latioribus planis partim dichotomis. 


26. CRENELLA BULLA. 

C. testa fragili, oblique elliptica, bullata, alba, striis tenerrimis 
confertissimis ab umbonibus radiantibus sub vitro tantum eog- 
noscentibus undique instructa, epidermide tenuissima pallida 
obducta ; umbonibus incurvis gracilibus anticis ; ligamento 
brevi; toto margine intus subtiliter crenulato. 

Hab. Ad Philippinarum insulam Luzon. 

Testa tenuissima, perfragilis, pellucida, tota alba, 5 lin. longa, 
4 lin. alta, 4 lin. crassa, subglobosa vel bullata, ambitum fere exacte 
ellipticum refert, si modo angulum obtusum, quem margo cardinalis 
posticus cum latere postico format, non respicis. 


November 25, 1856. 
J. 8. Gaskoin, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair. 


Mr. Tegetmeier brought before the notice of the Members living 
specimens and preparations illustrating the very remarkable pecu- 
liarities existing in the skulls of the feather-crested variety of the 
domestic Fowl, now known as Polish. In these birds, the anterior 
portion of the frontal bone is expanded into a large spherical tube- 
rosity or cyst, which is partly osseous and partly membranous; the 


367 


anterior portions of the brain are entirely contained in this tuberosity, 
being protected from external injury solely by the feathers of the 
crest and the integuments ; the posterior portions are situated, as 


No. 1.—Skull of Crested Hen (var. Golden-spangled Polish), showing sphe- 
rica] tuberosity and deficient intermaxillary bones. 


No. 2.—Longitudinal vertical section of the skull of a Crested Cock (var. Silver- 
spangled Polish), showing the shape of the cavity containing the encephalon. 


usual, in the cavity of the cranium: as the communication between 
it and the tuberosity is constricted, the brain necessarily assumes 
the form of an hour-glass, the anterior being the larger portion. 

This very extraordinary structure, which is well developed even 
before the escape of the chick from the shell, was noticed by Peter 
Borelli in 1656, and again described with many errors by Blumen- 
bach in ‘De Nisus formativi Aberrationibus,’ 1813. Blumenbach 
states that it is confined to the females, which is incorrect ; that the 
fowls are remarkably stupid, whereas their instincts do not appear 
to differ in the slightest degree from those of the other non-incu- 
bating varieties of domestic fowl ; and lastly, that the tuberosity is 
caused by a tight constriction of the integuments, which however does 
not exist. 

Pallas, who also notices the peculiarity, erroneously attributes it 


368 


to a cross with the Numidian meleagris ; and the description of a 
very old specimen in the Catalogue of the Museum of the College 
of Surgeons, states it to be the result of disease, whereas it is the 
normal condition of all largely crested fowls. 

An intimate connexion exists between the size of the tuberosity 
and that of the feathered crest, so that those chickens- may be se- 
lected at birth that will eventually possess the largest crests. 

The intermaxillary bones are usually more or less deficient in all 
the varieties of crested fowls, the nostrils arched, and the comb when 
present is crescentic or bicorned. Several of the varieties of crested 
fowls are destitute of fleshy wattles, their place being supplied by a 
ruff or beard of feathers ; there is, however, no corresponding alter- 
ation in the lower maxillary bone. 


Mr. Woodward exhibited preparations of the mantle and oral 
apparatus of the recent British Terebratula (T. caput-serpentis), 
specimens of which had been forwarded in a living state from Oban, 
Argyle, by J. Leckenby, Esq., of Scarborough. It appears that this 
shell, although a native of the deep sea, can live a week out of water, 
if placed in a bottle or tin-box with moist sea-weed. The valves are 
so accurately adjusted as to prevent the escape of the contained 
fluid. The mantle, arms and cirri of this species are frosted over 
with radiated spicula, composed of carbonate of lime, as described 
by Oscar Schmidt, and form a beautiful object for the polariscope. 
To the paleontologist this structural peculiarity is extremely inter- 
esting, as it explains the preservation of many parts of the internal 
organization, including the delicate cirri in fossil Brachiopoda. 


Mr. Fraser exhibited a considerable number of Birds, from the 
collection of T. C. Eyton, Esq., and more particularly drew attention 
to a singular variety of Ramphestos discolorus, Linn., in which the 
blood-red colouring of the abdomen and upper tail-coverts was re- 
placed by chrome-yellow. 

The specimen was procured from Rio de Janeiro. 

He next directed attention to a species of Trogon, which is so 
nearly allied to Trogon collaris, Vieill., that by most writers it might 
be considered as identical with, or a mere variety of that species. 
This bird, for which Mr. Fraser proposed the name of Trogon Eytoni, 
differs, however, in having the mandibles larger and more robust ; 
the plumage of the neck and breast of a fine eoppery bronze, instead 
of green; the central tail-feathers bronze instead of green ; and the 
barring of the wing-coverts and lateral tail-feathers broader, and 
consequently more distinct. } 

Total length, 93 inches; bill, 2; wing, 43 ; tail, 53. 

Hab. Rio de Janeiro. 

The third specimen was a fine species of Juida (which Mr. Fraser 
proposed to call Juida Eytoni), nearly allied to Juida longicauda, 


PROG. bee Reptilia. Xia. 


ae ee 
Bosy iS 


ay CHELODINA EXPANSA 


369 


Swains., but differing from that species in having the whole of the 
body and wings of a fine oil-green, instead of bluish-green, and in 
having the velvety-black marks near the tips of the wing-coverts and 
scapularies more conspicuous than in that species; the lower parts 
of the back and upper tail-coverts of a lovely purple, changing into 
green on their edges and tips, in lieu of dark bronzy-purple ; the 
band across the abdomen dark coppery-brown. 

‘Total length, 193 inches ; bill, 12; wing, 8; tail, 14; tarsi, 13. 

Hab. W. Africa: precise locality unknown. 


The Secretary read the following— 


Norice or a New Species or TRICHOTROPIS, FROM THE CoL- 
LECTION OF HuGuH Cumine, Ese. By Artuur Apams, 
F.L.S., etc. 


TRICHOTROPIS ER A. Adams. 


T. testa ovato-fusiformi, viz rimata, alba, tenui; spira elata ; an- 
Sractibus septem convewis, liris elevatis, spiralibus et lamellis 
tenuibus longitudinalibus concinne cancellatis, interstitiis trans- 
versim striatis; apertura ovali, antice producta, canali obsoleta; 
labio levi, rotundato, antice subrefleco ; labro margine simplici, 
acuto. 

Long. 13 poll. 

Hab. Chiriqui, Veragua (Mr. T. Bridges). Mus. Cuming. 

I have much pleasure in naming this elegant addition to the genus 
Trichotropis after the distinguished American conchologist Dr. 
Gould. Ina recent state the shell is probably covered with a thin 
light-brown epidermis. It differs from the typical genus in the 
eanal of the aperture being almost obsolete. 


December 9, 1856. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


Professor Owen read a paper entitled “Osteological Contributions 
to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees and Orangs (Troglodytes, 
Pithecus), No. V1.,”’ which will be published in the Transactions of 
the Society. 

The following papers were also read :— 


1. DescrirTion or A New Speciges oF CHELODINA FROM 
AustrRaLiA. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., erc. 


(Reptilia, Pl. XII.) 
Mr. Stutchbury, who has recently returned from Australia, 
No. CCCXXIV.—Procrepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


370 


brought with him a series of animals which he collected during his 
geological researches. 

In examining this collection with the intention of selecting those 
specimens which will be interesting additions to the very rich col- 
lection of Australian animals in the British Museum (including al- 
most all the species described by Mr. Gould and other recent writers 
on the fauna of that continent), I was pleased to discover what ap- 
pears to be a very distinct species of the Australian genus of Long- 
necked freshwater Tortoises (Chelodina). 

To the description of this species I have added a short note on 
the peculiarities of two other species. 


CHELODINA EXPANSA, n. Ss. (Pl. XII. adult and young.) 


Shell oblong, rather depressed, broader behind, brown; plates 
thin, with short, narrow inosculating grooves w the margins flat- 
tened, expanded ; the side of the back regularly convex ; the lateral 
marginal plates rather broad, not revolute. The sternum flat, bluntly 
keeled on the sides, yellow. Head, neck and limbs dark olive 
above; chin, throat, and under side of the limbs whitish. 

Shell, length 11, breadth 8 inches. Neck 8 inches long. 

The young shell is like the adult, but the lateral margins are 
slightly revolute on the edges, though the plates are broad like the 
adult. The under side of the margin yellow, with a triangular black 
spot on the front edge of each shield ; the dorsal shield thin, with 
three distant concentric grooves, with a rather rugose, moderate- 
sized areola; the areola of the costal plate subcentral ; the areola 
of the first vertebral plate is subcentral, of the second, third, fourth 
and fifth vertebral plate it is on the middle of the hinder margin ; 
the areola of the marginal plate is on the hinder outer margin. 
The front vertebral shield is large, and as broad as long; the others 
are much broader than long, the third being the shortest. 

This species differs from Chelodina longicollis, C. oblonga and C. 
Colliei, in the generally expanded form, and especially in the breadth 
and non-revolution of the lateral margin, and in the side of the 
sternum not being so sharply keeled as in the two latter species. 

It differs from Chelodina sulcifera in the membranous character 
of the shields, and also in the sternum being narrow in front, like 
that of C. oblonga and C. Colliei, and not expanded and broader, as 
in C. longicollis and C. sulcifera. 


CHELODINA LONGICOLLIS. 


A fine shell of the adult animal of this species, larger than any I 
have hitherto received, was in the collection. 

The shell is rather convex and swollen on the sides, with a deep, 
broad, rounded concavity along the centre of the second, third and 
fourth vertebral plate, about two-thirds the width of the plates. The 
black sutural lines on the sternum are narrow and uniform. 

Length of the shell 83; width 6 inches. 


371 


Curtymys Macquaria. 


Two adult specimens of this kind were also in the series. They 
are both much darker than the two specimens in the British Museum 
Collection. They are also peculiar for having a very distinct, deep, 
narrow, interrupted groove along the vertebral line, deepest and 
widest on the fourth vertebral plate. The discal shields are also 
marked with rather deep distinct radiating grooves, which are evi- 
dently indentations in the bones of the animal, only covered by the 
very thin skin-like shields. 

Shell, length 11, breadth 8 inches. 


2. On sume Fish rrom Asta Minor anv Patestine. By Sir 
Joun Ricwarpson, C.B., F.R.S. L. & Ep. etc. 


Through the kindness of Dr. Gray of the British Museum, I have 
been permitted to examine a small collection of Fish made by H. 
Poole, Esq., in Palestine and Asia Minor. Though they do not pre- 
sent to the ichthyologist any novel generic forms, they are interest- 
ing on account of the localities in which they were found. 


Cyprinopon Hammonis, Cuv. et Val. xviii. 169, 


This small fish was taken in a marshy spot, on the immediate 
beach of the Dead Sea, at Usdum, the supposed site of Sodom. The 
marsh, which contained some very small puddles of salt-water in 
which the fish were swimming, and from whence they were scooped 
out with ease by the hands, is fed by a saline spring which issues a 
little higher up, and is so little above the level of the sea, that Mr. 
Poole believed that the fish were washed into the pools by the waves. 
The opinion that the exhalations of the Dead Sea are immediately 
fatal to animal life, and that not even a bird can fly over it, has long 
been exploded. One of Mr. Poole’s companions bathed in it daily 
with impunity, and even fancied that in diving he had discovered 
the remains of a ruined city under its waters, opposite to Usdum. 
Mr. Poole also observed ducks diving in it, and concluded, justly we 
think, that they must have found something edible to induce them 
to repeat that act, which they did frequently. 

Lieut. Lynch of the U.S. Navy examined the water of the Dead 
Sea (Exp. to Jordan, &c. p. 377) with a powerful microscope, and 
found that it contained no animalcule and no vestige of animal 
matter. Its specific gravity was 1:13, compared with distilled water 
as 1:0, while water of the Atlantic from lat. 25° N. and 52° W. 
longitude was 1:02. Another examination of the water of the Dead 
Sea, quoted on the last page of Lieut. Lynch’s book, gives its spe- 
cific gravity as 1°227 at temp. 60°, and the solid saline matter as 
267 in 1000. Specimens of the water taken up by Mr. Poole have 
been deposited at the Geological Society, together with examples of 
the water in which the fish were found, and of the salt spring which 
fed the marsh. 


372 


With respect to the Cyprinodonts, several of the species inhabit 
salt and fresh waters indifferently, the C. Hammonis being one of the 
number. It was originally discovered by Ehrenberg in the springs 
of the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon, and subsequently in great plenty in 
other districts of Egypt and Syria. M. Eloy found it in the waters 
of Damascus, and Riippell states that it is an inhabitant of all 
parts of the Red Sea, and also of the fresh-water springs at Tor, 
which have a temperature of 263° of Reaumur or 91°°6 of Fahr. 
This is also the temperature of one of the hot springs of Cannea in 
Ceylon, inhabited by the Ambassis thermalis. M. Renaud, on send- 
ing examples of this Ambassis to Cuvier, stated that the heat of the 
spring was 115° Fahr.; but there is reason to infer, either that his 
thermometer was incorrect, or that he took the temperature of the 
feeding spring only. 

When Dr. Davy visited the springs in October 1817, the hottest 
well raised the thermometer to 107°, but he was told that the heat 
fluctuated, and had been observed as high as 110° F. There are in 
all seven wells, their temperatures being various, and that of one of 
them as low as 86°. In one only, in which the thermometer stood 
at 91°, did he observe fish. He thought it probable that all the 
wells were supplied with water from the same source (Davy’s 
Travels in Ceylon, p. 44). 

In an excursion from the south side of the Sea of Marmora to the 
Asiatic Olympus, Mr. Poole obtained several Cyprinoids and some 
Gobies chiefly from Lake Apollonia or Apollonitis near Broussa, and 
from the River Gemlek that falls into the Sinus Cianus. He also 
caught some Trout on the summit of Olympus itself. The specimens 
are unfortunately so much decayed that their original forms cannot be 
ascertained with sufficient precision, but they have much resemblance 
to the common Salmo fario of Linnzeus, and like it have two longi- 
tudinal rows of teeth on the vomer, without a cluster on the front 
of that bone. The Cyprinoids and Gobies are in good condition. 


Cyprinus Biruynicus, Richardson. 


The Cyprini resemble one another so closely, that it is matter of 
extreme difficulty to determine the species when unaided by correctly 
labelled specimens. One of Mr. Poole’s fish, caught in Lake Apol- 
lonitis, has the four minute barbels of Cyprinus carpis, but differs 
from that typical form in the great compression of its body, while 
it does not agree so perfectly with C. elatus, hungaricus, Nord- 
manni, and other species with deep bodies, described and figured 
in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ as to be referable with confidence to 
any of them. In general form, the origin of the barbels, position of 
the fins, and numbers of their rays, as well as in the outline of the 
preorbitar and rest of the suborbitar scale bones, it corresponds more 
closely with C. flavipinnis than with any other member of this group 
noticed in that work ; but as flavipinnis belongs to the Indian Ar- 
chipelago, a minute comparison of specimens is necessary to esta- 
blish their identity. Hence I have designated Mr. Poole’s fish by a 


373 


geographical appellation, and shall proceed to mention the ty 
tions of its various external parts. Its rays are, D. 4/18; A. 3|45, 
the last one divided to the base; P. 19; V.9; C. 195. 

Head a very little less than a fourth of the total length, measured 
to the tips of the caudal lobes, or a third of the length measured to 
near the end of the scales on the base of that fin. Height of the 
body greatest at the front of the dorsal, and equal to a third of the 
length measured to the tips of the Gdatral caudal rays, and conse- 
quently sensibly exceeding the length of the head. The greatest 
thickness of the fish is in the temporal region at the upper anterior 
angle of the operculum, and the length of the transverse diameter 
at that place is contained two and a half times in the height of the 
body ; but posterior to the head, the thickness nowhere exceeds a 
third of the height. The body thins off from the lateral line to the 
acute edge of the back, and the sides below are also flattened in, but 
the edge of the belly is flat to the width of the transverse insertion 
of the ventrals, or about equal to the diameter of the eye. 

In profile the fish resembles, as we have said, C. flavipinnis, as 
represented by pl. 457 of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ but the scales 
are probably smaller, there being thirty-seven in our fish on the 
lateral line, which runs perfectly straight at mid-height throughout. 
Snout obtuse. Barbels like those of the species just referred: to, 
but more slender and considerably shorter. Eyes close to the pro- 
file, about a diameter and a half of the orbit apart transversely, one 
diameter from the end of the snout, and one and three-quarters an- 
terior to the gill-opening ; the diameter being to the length of the 
head as 1: 3°75. Length of the dorsal equal to the vertical distance 
between the upper surface of the ventrals and the summit of the 
back. The first ray of the fin stands midway between the end of the 
snout and the base of the caudal; the ventrals being attached imme- 
diately beneath the second soft ray. The fourth stiffray is as usual 
robust and denticulated posteriorly, while the three shorter, gra- 
duated, anterior stiff rays are incumbent on its base. The third 
anal ray is similar to the fourth dorsal one, and stands directly under 
the last two branching rays of the dorsal. 

Teeth.—The lower pharyngeal bone is on the whole crescentic, 
but of irregular form. With its fellow it embraces the lower part of 
the gullet in nearly a half-circle. On its interior edge there is a row 
of about twelve small, acutely subulate teeth. At its middle there 
are three larger obtuse teeth, which stand one before the other in an 
antero-posterior (or dermo- central) direction, and are contiguous or 
incumbent on each other. The most interior one is obtusely. conical, 
with a minute central cusp: the next, which is slightly the largest 
of the three, is worn on the exterior side ; and the outer one is worn 
on both sides, but still blunt on the suiamait : besides these three there 
are two much smaller and more chisel-shaped ones, abreast of the” 
second of the larger ones, and on its mesial side. There are thus 
five molar teeth on each lower pharyngeal bone, and a row of aci- 
cular or subulate tooth-like rakers on its inner border. 


374 
Levuciscus APoLuLoniTis, Richardson. 


The difficulty of grouping and describing the numerous species of 
this genus is acknowledged by all who have made the attempt. M. 
Valenciennes has shown that the labours of Agassiz, Bonaparte and 
other first-rate ichthyologists on the Leucisci have been by no means 
successful, nor has he himself been more fortunate in his endeavours ; 
the small groups of species described in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons” 
being far from sufficiently precise to do away with the necessity of 
reviewing almost the whole genus before any member of it brought 
from a new locality can be rightly placed. The entire question of 
geographical distribution rests on the correct recognition of species 5 
and a great advance inichthyological science will be made, when the 
Cyprinoids of Asiatic Turkey, Persia, and Affghanistan shall be col- 
lected and described, so as to complete the missing links between 
the European and Indian forms. Enlightened travellers, therefore, 
like Mr. Poole, who bring home specimens of freshwater fishes from 
these countries, merit a grateful commendation from a Natural 
History Society. The specimen that we have now particularly to 
notice has a strong resemblance to the English Red-eye or Rudd, 
the Rotengle of the French, and the Leuciscus erythrophthalmus of 
Cuvier, which is the type of the subgenus Scardinius of Bonaparte. 
In this group the mandible ascends obliquely in front of the upper 
jaw, so that when the mouth is shut it forms the most anterior point 
of the fish. It happens that Mr. Poole’s specimen is exactly of the 
same size with the figure of the Rudd in Mr. Yarrell’s beautiful 
work, so that an exact comparison can be made between them, and 
the most striking difference is that the Rudd has a slightly greater 
height of body. The length of the head, the position of the dorsal 
fin, the decurvature of the lateral line, and the numbers of rays im 
the fins, are the same in both. The ventrals, however, are a little 
further forward in L. Apollonitis, so that the tips of the pectorals 
overlap them a little, and the scales are a trifle smaller, numbering 
two more on the lateral line. In the Asiatic fish, moreover, the pro- 
file from the point of the snout to the dorsal is less arched, being 
uearly straight ; and the number of the pharyngeal teeth being dif- 
ferent in the two species, we obtain a precise distinctive mark. Those 
of Apollonitis number five in the inferior or exterior row, all denticu- 
lated within and hooked at the point ; while the three forming the 
interior row are very short, and are likewise denticulated on their 
interior sides. L. erythrophthalmus has only four teeth in the in- 
ferior row. 

As in most Leucisci the second dorsal ray is unbranched and 
tapering, and the first, which is shorter, is applied closely to its base 
without the intervention of membrane. In this species the second 

. ay is the tallest in the fin, and it is perfectly flexible, without any of 
that stiffness which is characteristic of Agassiz’ genus Rhodeus, in 
which moreover the pharyngeal teeth are chisel-shaped. The first 
ray of the dorsal stands on the highest point of the back, and exactly 
midway between the tip of the snout and the extremities of the 


375 


middle rays of the caudal ; while the middle of the dorsal is in the 
middle of the total length measured to the points of the caudal rays. 
The insertion of the ventrals again is midway between the point of 
the snout and the base of the caudal. 

Rays :—Br. 3-3; D. 10; A. 13, last ray deeply divided; V. 9; 
C. 198; P..15-or 163 

Body much compressed, thinning off rapidly towards the belly : its 
greatest thickness is considerably above the middle, and is equal to 
between a third and a fourth of its utmost height. Lateral line 
traced along the lower third of the height, parallel to the curve of 
the ventral edge, and consequently very concave upwards. It is 
composed of forty-two scales. Under the front of the dorsal, where 
the body is highest, there are seven rows of scales above the row 
which forms the lateral line and four below, or twelve in all. The 
scales are dotted with black on the edges, and traversed by about 
four radiating lines on the exposed disk and two or three shorter 
ones on the covered base, all issuing from the same point. Head 
small, its length being contained four times and a half in the total 
length of the fish, measured to the tips of the caudal lobes, and being 
consequently perceptibly less than the height of the fish. Its breadth 
between the eyes is a very little in excess of the diameter of the eye, 
and is greater than the thickness of the body. Preorbitar scale bone 
nearly rectangular, with the corners rounded off, a little longer than 
high, and traversed by an unbranched muco-duct, which is continu- 
ous with the muciferous tube of the other suborbitars: the second 
of these bones is narrower than the third one. 

Mandible ascending and shutting against the front of the upper 
jaw. Its joint is directly beneath the anterior curve of the orbit. 
The eye is nearer to the tip of the snout than to the gill-opening, 
and its diameter rather exceeds a third of the length of the head. 
First ray of the dorsal standing midway between the tip of the snout 
and the extremity of the middle caudal ray ; while the middle of the 
fin is equidistant from the tip of the snout and the distal puints of 
the caudal lobes. Tips of the pectorals slightly overlapping the base 
_ of the ventrals, which lies midway between the end of the snout and 
the base of the caudal. The greatest height of body is at the front 
of the dorsal, and rather exceeds one-fourth of the entire length of 
the fish. 

M. Valenciennes remarks that descriptions, even when aided by 
good figures, do not suffice to discriminate the nearly resembling 
species of Leuciscus ; hence this or any other proposed new species 
cannot be considered as properly established until it has been com- 
pared with authentic specimens of the known forms. 


Levciscus Cu (Richardson). 


This Leuciseus was caught by Mr. Poole in the River Gemlek, 
_ anciently named Cius, which falls into the Propontis near the pro- 
montory of Posidium. Like the preceding one it belongs to the 
group of species which have the dorsal placed over the space between 
the ventrals and anal, but in this instance considerably nearer the 


376 


former. Its pharyngeal teeth are in two rows, viz. five inferior taller 
ones, and two interior shorter ones, all incurved at the tips, and some 
of them distinctly denticulated on the inner edge, others only obso- 
letely so. 

Rays:—D. 10; A. 11, the last one deeply divided, and the front 
one short and incumbent; V.9; P. 18; C. 19. 

In general form this fish resembles the Leuciseus Baldnert more 
nearly than it does any of the other species figured in the ‘ Histoire 
des Poissons,’ but the head is a little longer, and the snout does not 
bulge out at the nostrils; the last ray of the dorsal also stands a 
little before the anus, and the anal does not occupy so much space 
as in L. Baldneri. Of the figures given by Yarrell, it has most like- 
ness to the Graining or L. Lancastriensis. 

Length of the head contained four times in the length of the fish 
up to the base of the caudal, or four and a half times in the length 
when that fin is included. The form of the head is conical. The 
eye approaches the upper profile, and its diameter measures about a 
fourth of the length of the head ; it is situated a little more than a 
diameter from the tip of the snout, and nearly two diameters from 
the extreme edge of the gill-cover. Preorbitar subtriangular, with 
its corners irregularly rounded off, and its oral border traversed by 
a muciferous tube having short lateral branches. The remainder of 
the suborbital chain unites imperceptibly with the silvery integument 
of the cheek, but is indicated by its muciferous tube skirting the 
under curve of the orbit. When the head is allowed to dry, however, 
the second and third suborbitars are perceived to be very narrow, and 
the fourth one much broader. 

The height of the body is about one-fifth of the total length to 
the tips of the caudal, or, more exactly, a fourth of the length up to 
the end of the scales on that fin. It is a very little less than the 
length of the head. The thickness of the fish is greatest at the nape, 
which is much rounded, and is equal to half the greatest height of 
the body. The back is more obtuse than the belly. Lateral line 
decurved, running more than a third of the height from the rim of 
the belly, and traced on forty-seven scales. There are seven rows . 
above the lateral line at the ventrals, and four below, making with 
the one contributing to form the line, twelve in all. Of these, two 
scales are below the upper ventral ray. There are about seventeen 
short lines on the base of a scale, and twelve or fourteen longer ones 
on the exposed disk, all radiating from one point. The concentric 
lines of structure are crowded, but very evident. 


APPENDIX. 


Museum of Practical Geology, 
Jermyn Street, 
November 27th, 1856. 
My pear Sir Ropericxk, 


I hasten to give you the results obtained in the exami- 
nation of waters which were forwarded to me by Mr. Reeks :— 


Proc. Z.S. Molhisca.. XXXVI. 


L.Cyindrella. Ghiestreghti Pf 2 ©. tarris Pi*. 3.C.clawa Pf 
4,5 Helix metePfrand var.6.7 HLombei Pf and var 4 
8.H Greville: Pf 


W.West imap. 


GB Sowerby delei bin 


377 


1. Brine spring near Usdum with fish. Temp. 90° F. Spec. 
grav. 17035. 

2. North End near Jordan. Temp. 83° F. Spec. grav. 1:196. 

3. Dead Sea, Usdum, South End. Temp. 83° F. Spee. grav. 
1-204. 

4. El Lisan (Peninsula), North End. Spec. grav. 1-200. 

No. 1 smelt strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen, and contained a 
good deal of suspended matters. No. 2 pretty clear ; less sulphu- 
retted hydrogen. Nos. 3 and 4 clear, and no sulphuretted hydro- 

en. 
I remain, 
My dear Sir Roderick, 
Yours very sincerely, 
A. W. Horman. 
Sir Roderick Murchison, 
Se. Se. 


Calculated evaporation from the area of the Dead Sea at temp. 
84° F. (58°6 dew-point) 1,500,000,000 gallons, or 6,500,000 tons. 
Assumed area 320 square miles (H. Poole). 


3. Descriptions or NINETEEN New Species or Lanp-SHELLs, 
FRoM Mr. H. Cumine’s CoLLECTION, COLLECTED ny M. 
GHIESBREGHT AT Cutapa, Mexico. By Dr. L. Preirrer. 


(Mollusca, Pl. XXXVI.) 


1. Srmputorsis Cutapensis, Pfr. 8S. testa depresse globosa, 
tenuissima, confertim striata, nitida, pellucida, cornea ; spira 
minuta, parum prominula ; sutura canaliculata ; anfr. 21 con- 
vexis, ultimo magno ; columella tenui, arcuata ; apertura dia- 
gonali, lunato-circulari ; perist. simplice, recto, margine dextro 
superne subrecedente. 

Diam. maj. 83, min. 63, alt. 44 mill. 


2. Hewix wELictompnHata, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, 
solida, oblique costulata, nitidula, pallide lutescenti-cornea ; 
spira via elevata; anfr. 54 convexiusculis, ultimo antice sub- 
deflexo, supra medium subcarinato, basi inflato, circa umbili- 
cum, 4 diametri fere equantem, scalariformem subcompresso, 
antice constricto et scrobiculato; apertura diagonali, rotun- 
dato-lunari, dente lingueformi, sublibero parietis coarctata ; 
perist. albo, angulatim refleco, margine supero subhorizontali, 
dextro et basali acute unidentatis. 

Diam. maj. 12, min. 104, alt. 51 mill. 


3. Hextix Curapensis, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, 
solidula, striata, nitida, albido-cornea, ad suturam Susculo- 
fasciata; spira breviter conoidea; anfr. 53. conveviusculis, 
ultimo antice deflexo, superne turgido, subtus constricto, basi 


378 


inflato; umbilico parvo, subregulari, pervio ; apertura diago- 
nali, magna, sinuato-lunari, dente parvulo, tenut, obliquo, libero 
parietis subcoarctata ; perist. albo, breviter refleco, marginibus 
conniventibus, supero subascendente, deatro dente descendente et 
basali denticulo obsoleto munito. 

Diam. maj. 104, min. 9, alt. 6 mill. 


4. Sprraxis Euvptycra, Pfr. Sp. testa turrita, solidula, plicis 
compressis, superne distantibus, deorsum confertioribus sculpta, 
nitidula, cereo-albida ; spira regulariter attenuata, acutius- 
cula; sutura plicis excurrentibus crenata ; anfr. 9-95 conveais, 
ultimo + longitudinis vie equante, rotundato ; lamina columel- 
lari leviter torta, subrefleca, non truncata ; apertura viz ob- 
liqua, oblonga; perist. simplice, margine dextro antrorsum 
subarcuato. 

Long. 93, diam. 2$ mill. 


5. Sprraxis pupiA, Pfr. Sp. testa turrito-oblonga, solidula, 
plicis confertis, validis, obtusis munita, nitidula, corneo-albida, 
strigis castaneis in medio anfr. ultimi evanescentibus irregu- 
lariter picta, subvaricosa; spira elongata, apice acuta; anfr. 
9 convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis non attingente ; lamina 
columellari tenui, torta, ad basin apertura subverticali, sub- 
rhombeam canalem formante ; perist. simplice, marginibus callo 
tenui junctis, dextro antrorsum leviter arcuato, basi recedente. 

Long. 94, diam. fere 4} mill. 


6. Sprraxis Brconica, Pfr. Sp. testa subfusiformi, utrinque 
conico-attenuata, solidula, levigata, nitida, pallide rubenti- 
cornea; spira conica, acutiuscula; sutura marginata; anfr. 7 
vie convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi valde 
attenuato; lamina columellari callosa, torta, non truncata ; 
apertura subverticali, angustissima, acuminato-oblonga ; perist. 
simplice, margine dextro valde antrorsum arcuato. 

Long. 133, diam. 6 mill. 


7, Sprraxis caTenaTa, Pfr. Sp. testa subfusiformi-oblonga, 
solidula, nitida, irregulariter striatula, corneo-lutescente, fascia 
castanea suturali, alteraque maculatim interrupta supra me- 
dium anfr. ultimi ornata ; spira conica, obtusula; anfr. 6 
modice convewxis, ultimo spira paulo longiore, basi subattenuato ; 
lamina columellari callosa, torta, non truncata ; apertura ver- 
ticali, angusta, acuminata, sinuato-semiovali ; perist. simplice, 
margine deatro superne sinuoso, tum antrorsum arcuato. 

Long. 11, diam. 4 mill. 


8. SPIRAXIs OBLONGA, Pfr. Sp. testa oblonga, solidula, levi- 
gata, nitida, cornea; spira elongato-conica, apice obtusa ; 
sutura levi, late marginata ; anfr. 5 planis, ultimo spiram vix 
superante, basi minime attenuato ; lamina columellari com- 
pressa, alte torta, basi non truncata ; apertura verticali, an- 


379 


guste ovali, longe acuminata ; perist. simplice, margine dextro 
leviter antrorsum arcuato. 
Long. 92, diam. 42 mill. 


9. Sprraxis PARVULA, Pfr. Sp. testa subfusiformi-oblonga, 
tenut, lineis impressis irregulariter notata, nitida, pellucida, 
cornea, obsolete rufo-strigata ; spira conica, acutiuscula; su- 
tura rufo-marginata; anfr. 6 convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitu- 
dinis formante, basi attenuato ; lamina columellari: subineras- 
sata, torta, non truncata ; apertura anguste semiovali, longe 
acuminata ; perist. simplice, margine dextro valde antrorsum 
arcuato. 

Long. 8, diam. vix 4 mill. 


10. Acnatina Curapensis, Pfr. 4. testa cylindraceo-turrita, 
solidula, conferte plicato-striata, nitida, pellucida, cerea ; 
spira gracili, apice obtusula; sutura subcrenulata marginata ; 
anfr. 9-10 convewis, ultimo 1 longitudinis subequante, basi 
rotundato ; columella subcallosa, strictiuscula, basi oblique 
truncata ; apertura subverticali, tetragono-ovali ; perist. sim- 
plice, recto. 

Long. 16, diam, 32 mill. 


11. Acwarina TrRypanopss, Pfr. 4. testa cylindraceo-turrita, 
solidula, conferte plicata, nitidula, subdiaphana, albido-cerea ; 
spira subregulariter attenuata, obtusula ; sutura subcrenulata ; 
anfr. 12, superis perconvezis, sequentibus planioribus, ultimo 1 
longitudinis vie equante, basi rotundato ; columella brevi, 
leviter arcuata, oblique truncata ; apertura subobliqua, ellip- 
tico-ovali ; perist. simplice, margine dextro leviter antrorsum 
arcuato. 

Long. 13, diam. 3 mill. 


12, Acwatina (OLEACINA) PULCHELLA, Pfr. 4. testa oblonga, 
tenuiuscula, sublevigata (sub lente arcuatin et trregulariter 
striatula), nitida, corneo-albida, obsolete luteo-strigata ; spira 
convexo-conica, acutiuscula ; sutura anguste marginata ; anfr. 
6 modice convewis, ultimo 2 longitudinis vix aquante, basi sub- 
attenuato ;. columella substricta, anguste truncata 3 apertura 
verticali, sinuato-semiovali, longe acuminata ; perist. simplice, 
margine dextro antrorsum vie dilatato. 

Long. 103, diam. 32 mill. 


13. Acwatina (OLEAcina) Guresprecutt, Pfr. 4. testa fu- 
siformi, tenera longitudinaliter conferte plicata, striis tenuis- 
simis undique decussata, sub epidermide pallide fulva albida ; 
spira concaviusculo-conica, apice obtusa; sutura erenulato- 
Jilomarginata ; anfr. 7 convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo su- 
perante, superne turgido, basi valde attenuato ; columella ad 
basin aperture transverse truncata, prope basin plica obliqua 


380 


munita; apertura angusta, acuminato-semiovali ; perist. sim- 
plice, rufulo-limbato. 
Long. 52, diam. 19 mill. 


14. Cynoyprecia Guressrecutt, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. f. 1.) C. 
‘testa arcuato-rimata, cylindraceo-turrita, truncata, solida, 
nigro-fusca; spira sensim attenuata, torte truncata ; anfr. 
superst. 10-11 vix convexiusculis, superis conferte striatis, in- 
ferioribus leviter flexuose plicatis, ultimo antice soluto, striato, 
dorso angulato, infra medium obtuse earinato ; apertura ob- 
liqua, subangulato-ovali, basi subeffusa, intus plica valida, com- 
pressa columelle coarctata ; perist. continuo, flecuoso, albido, 
undique breviter reflexo. 


Long. 82, diam. 22 mill. 
B. Testa tenui, cinnamomea, anfr. superst. 13-16. 


15. CyninpreLts TuRRIS, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. f. 2.) C. testa 
profunde subangulato-rimata, cylindraceo-turrita, truncata, 
tenui, confertissme subarcuato-striata, diaphana, oleoso-micante, 
rufa vel fulvida ; spira sursum valde attenuata, magis minusve 
truncata ; anfr. superst. 18-24 subplanulatis, ultimo antice 
soluto, dorso et basi carinato, medio angulato ; apertura parum 
obliqua, rhombeo-ovali, plica levi columelle basi canaliculata ; 
perist. continuo, albo, undique expanso et reflexiusculo. 

Long. 68-72, diam. 14 mill. 


16. CyxinpRELLA ciava, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. f. 3.) C. testa 
profunde arcuato-rimata, turrito-cylindracea, truncata, tenui- 
uscula, confertim arcuato-striata, diaphana, parum nitida, 
fulva ; spira sursum parum attenuata, latiuscule truncata ; 
anfr. superst. 16-21 modice convewis, ultimo breviter soluto, 
dorso et basi carinato, latere filocarinato ; apertura rhombeo- 
ovali, plica levi profunda columelle coarctata, basi canalicu- 
lata ; perist. continuo, albo, undique expanso et reflexiusculo. 

Long. 42-57, diam. 9-10 mill. 


17. Hexicina Cutarensis, Pfr. H. testa globoso-turbinata, 
tenui, striatula et sub lente magis minusve distincte malleata, 
rubello-cornea, obsolete saturatius fasciata ; spira turbinata, 
acuta; anfr. 6 convewiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, peri- 
pheria obsoletissime subangulato ; columella brevi, antrorsum 
in denticulum desinente, superne callum crassiusculum, circum- 
scriptum emittente ; apertura ohliqua, acuminato-subovali ; 
perist. albo, late expanso, ad insertiones angustato.—Opere. 
tenue, nigro-purpurascens, nucleo pallido. 

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 9 mill. 


18. Henicrna srevitaseis, Pfr. H. testa globoso-turbinata, 
solidula, striatula, striis spiralibus confertis sub lente decus- 
sata, parum nitida, fulvida vel lutescente, interdum fascia | 
rubra cincta ; spira convexo-conica, acuta; anfr.5 via con- 


4. 
Ni x 
(5c ate 
per |! 
b iM ia’ 
pyle 
. 


381 
vexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, spira breviore ; columella leviter 
arcuata, basi subsimplice, callum emittente tenuem, diffusum ; 
apertura obliqua, fere semicirculari ; perist. undique brevissime 
expanso. 
Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 5 mill. 


19. Hexicina GuiespreGcuTi, Pfr. H. testa conoidea, soli- 
dula, acute carinata, striis incrementi et antrorsum descenden- 
tibus sub lente decussatula, sulcisque spiralibus remotis sculpta, 
pallide lutea, ad suturam et carinam albo-fasciata ; spira con- 
vexo-conoidea, submucronata ; anfr. 54 vix convexiusculis, ul- 
timo utringue convexiore ; columella brevi, superne impressa, 
basi tuberculata, callum emittente nitidum, diffusum; aper- 
tura perobliqua, fere triangulari ; perist. calloso, late expanso 
et reflexiusculo, ad carinam subrostrato.—Operc. solidulum, 
nigro-castaneum. 

Diam. maj. 193, min. 16, alt. 10 mill. 


Descriptions oF E1GHTEEN New Species or Lanp-SHELLS 
COLLECTED ON THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS, FROM THE COoL- 
LECTION OF Mr. H. Cumine. By Dr. L. Preirrer. 


(Mollusea, Pl. XXXVI.) 


1. Hetrx meta, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. f. 4, 5.) H. testa subobtecte 
perforata, coniformi, tenuiuscula, vix striatula, nitida, colo- 
ribus varia ; spira turbinata, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6-63 convex- 
qusculis, ultimo infra medium obtuse subangulato, basi modice 
convexo ; apertura diagonali, rhombeo-ovali ; perist. reflexi- 
usculo, margine dextro subflexuoso, basali refleco, cum columel- 
lari subverticali, triangulatim supra perforationem reflexo, an- 
gulum indistinctum formante. 

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 26 mill. 


a. Unicolor vitrina, perist. albo. 

B. Citrina, fascia suturali et vitta purpurascenti-nigra ‘pone pe- 
ristoma nigro-violaceum ornata. 

y- Nigra, fascia | suturali pallida ornata, perist. nigro. 


_ 2. Hexrx praciostoma, Pfr. H. testa oblique umbilicata, 
trochiformi, tenuiuscula, leviter striata, nitida, fulva ; spira 
conica, acutiuseula; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 6 convex- 
iusculis, ultimo antice vix descendente, carinato, basi plani- 
usculo; apertura perobliqua, subrhombea; perist. simplice, 
marginibus convergentibus, dextro late expanso, antrorsum 
arcuato, basali reflexo, cum columellari triangulatim dilatato, 
libero, umbilicum non claudente angulum obtusum formante. 

Diam. maj. 233, min. 19, alt. 21 mill. 


3. Herrx masuscuna, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, 
suborbiculata, solidula, oblique striata et irregulariter malleata, 


382 


nitida, purpurascenti-fusca ; spira viv elevata, medio plana ; 

anfr. 53 parum convexis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo antice 

viz descendente, peripheria obtuse angulato, basi circa umbi- 

licum infundibuliformem, magnum subcompresso; apertura 

diagonali, lunari, intus margaritacea ; perist. calloso, albido, 

reflexiusculo, marginibus callo tenui junctis, basali perarcuato. 
Diam. maj. 44, min. 39, alt. 16 mill. 


4. Hextrx quercina, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, globoso-conoi- 
dea, solida, oblique striata et impresso-punctata, rufo-castanea ; 
spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; tn, r. 5 modice convexis, ultimo 
rotundato, antice vix descendente, juxta umbilicum angustum 
leviter canaliculato ; apertura fere diagonali, rotundato-lunari, 
intus cerulescenti-albida ; perist. calloso, albo, brevissime re- 
flexo, margine columellari triangulatim dilatato, libero. 

Diam. maj. 36, min. 31, alt. 23 mill. 


5. Hetix Homsront, Pfr. H. testa angustissime umbilicata, 
conotdeo-subglobosa, tenuiuscula, oblique striata et pilis brevibus 
rigidis obsita, saturate castanea ; spira breviter conoidea, acu- 
tiuscula ; anfr. 5} convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo 
via descendente, peripheria subangulato, basi inflato; aper- 
tura fere verticali, subauriformi-lunari, intus albida ; perist. 
albo, marginibus remotis, supero brevi, subhorizontali, expanso, 
basali subflexuoso, breviter reflexo, ad umbilicum dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 18 mill. 


This is prohably the H. Fanellei, Hombr. & Jacq., figured in the 
Voy. au Pole Sud, Atl. pl. 4. f. 15-18, but the name has been pre- 
occupied by Le Guillon, 1842. 


6. Hetrx Lomset, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. f. 6, 7.) H. testa imper- 
Sorata, depresso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, striatula et striis le- 
vissimis antrorsum descendentibus decussatula, albida, fasciis 
2 latis fulvo-fuscis, maculisque variis nigricantibus notata ; 
spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexis, ultimo depresso- 
rotundato, antice descendente, peripheria subangulato (angulo 
antice evanescente) ; columella intrante, declivi, lata, excavata, 
alba; apertura perobliqua, lunato-ovali ; perist. albo, margi- 
nibus conniventibus, dextro late expanso, basali lato, plano. 

Diam. maj. 31, min. 24, alt. 17 mill. 


B. Lutescens, nigro late bifasciata. 
y. Albida, strigis obliquis diaphano-griseis picta. 


7. Hevix FLEXILABRIS, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, turbinata, 
solidula, striolis obliquis et levissimis antrorsum descendentibus 
subgranulata, fulvido-albida, fasciis nigro-castaneis latis vel 
angustis ornata ; spira turbinata, obtusula; anfr. 5} convexi- 
usculis, ultimo antice descendente, peripheria obsoletissime sub- 
angulato ; columella intrante, compressa, subarcuato-declivi ; 
apertura perobliqua, lunato-elliptica ; perist. late expanso, 


383 


marginibus conniventibus, dextro flecuoso, reflexiusculo, colu- 
mellari sursum adnato. 
Diam. maj. 27, min. 214, alt. 23 mill. 


Nearly allied to H. contformis, Fér., from which it differs by its 
whorls being less convex, the aperture elliptically produced, and the 
peristome, 


Q W- °°3. Henrx puTuisica, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, trochiformi, 
, ju solidula, striatula et rugis distinctis subdistantibus, antrorsum 
(uf descendentibus sculpta, opaca, sordide alba; spira regulariter 
conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 planiusculis, ultimo vix descen- 
dente, paulo convexiore, subangulato, basi virenti-fulvo, radiato- 
striato, sulcis nonnullis spiralibus notato, nitido ; columella 
declivi, compressa, strictiuscula, lata, subexcavata ; apertura 
perobliqua, truncato-elliptica ; perist. subincrassato, margini- 
bus vix convergentibus, dextro breviter reflewo, antrorsum ar- 
cuato, basali lato, patente. 
Diam. maj. 23, min. 18, alt. 20 mill. 


This shell differs from H. vewillaris, Pfr., by its solid structure, 
the spire being highly conical, the distant folds, the peristome, &c. 


9. Hexrx xipuias, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressissima, te- 
nutuscula, oblique striata, albido-cornea, fasciis 4 angustis easta- 
nets, medianis 2 carine acute, albe contiguis, ornata; spira 
vie elevata vel subimmersa; sutura carina marginata; anfr. 
5 convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente ; 
umbilico + diametri equante ; apertura perobliqua, angulato- 
lunari ; perist. simplice, recto, marginibus subconvergentibus, 
dextro antrorsum arcuato, columellari subincrassato, basi no- 
dulum callosum gerente. 

Diam. maj. 18, min. 153, alt. 43-5 mill. 


8. Paulo minor, fusca, fasciis obsoletis. 


To be compared with H. entomostoma, Jacq. Voy. Péle Sud, Atl. 
pl. 7. f. 22-25. 


10. Hexrx sepacea, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, conoideo-semi- 
globosa, solidula, substriata, parum nitida, sebacea; spira 
convexo-conoidea, obtusa; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 6 con- 
vexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, ob- 
solete angulato ; umbilico aperto, + Giametri vie equante ; 
apertura perobliqua, lunato-ovali; perist. subsimplice, margi- 
nibus convergentibus, dextro recto, antrorsum arcuato, basali 
subincrassato, ad umbilicum vix dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 174, min. 15, alt. 10 mill. 


11. H. rustoma, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, striatula 
et quincuncialiter punctata ( pilosa’), aurantiaco-fusca ; spira 
plana; anfr. 4% convewis, ultimo alto, inflato, antice sensim 
descendente et rufescente, basi circa umbilicum infundibuli- 


384 


formem subangulato; apertura obliqua, elegantissime rotun- 
dato-lunari ; perist. subincrassato, undique breviter reflexo, 
Susco-carneo, marginibus conniventibus, callo junctis, columel- 
lari vix dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 21, min. 174, alt. 11 mill. 


12. Hexix ursina, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenui- 
uscula, striatula et sublente punctulata, vix nitidula, saturate 
brunnea ; spira brevissime conoidea, vertice subtili; anfr. 55 
modice convexis, ultimo majore, inflato, non descendente, circa 
umbilicum angustum, pervium subcompresso; apertura dia- 
gonali, lunato-ovali, intus lilaceo-margaritacea ; perist. tenut, 
marginibus distantibus, dextro arcuato, breviter expanso, co-— 
lumellari declivi, reflexiusculo, ad umbilicum dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 104 mill. 


13. Hetrx murina, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depresse turbi- 
nato-globosa, tenui, ruguloso-striata, granulato-subasperata, 
saturate rufa; spira breviter conoidea, obtusula ; anfr. fere 5 
convexis, ultimo inflato, antice vix descendente, circa umbilicum 
mediocrem, pervium subcompresso ; apertura diagonali, lunato- 
rotundata, intus submargaritacea ; perist. fusco-carneo, undi- 
que breviter expanso, marginibus subconvergentibus, columellari 
superne dilatato, fornicatim reflexo. 

Diam. maj. 15, min. 12, alt. 9 mill. 


14. Partuta stricosa, Pfr. P. testa perforata, oblongo- 
conica, solidula, obsoletissime decussatula, subopaca, albida, 
strigis irregularibus fulvis vel rufis ornata ; spira conica, apice 
acuta; anfr. 5 subplanis, ultimo spira vix breviore, basi sub- 
attenuato, rotundato ; columella superne subtorta, basi subno- 
dosa; apertura vix obliqua, truncato-ovali, interdum callo 
nodiformi parietis coarctata ; perist. albo, calloso, undique sub- 
e@qualiter patente. 

Long. 17-18, diam. 9 mill. 


15. Parruta minuta, Pfr. P. testa perforata, globoso-conica, 
tenui, striatula striisque spiralibus subgranulata, pallide ful- 
vescente, diaphana; spira brevi, conica, obtusula; anfr. 4 
convexis, ultimo globoso, 2 longitudinis formante; columella 
subsimplice, leviter recedente ; apertura parum obliqua, ovali ; 
perist. tenui, albo, marginibus approximatis, dextro superne 
perarcuato, expanso, columellari latiore, patente. 


Long. 103, diam, 7 mill. 


16. Cyctosroma (Lerroroma) Hanieyanum, Pfr. C. testa 
vic perforata, globoso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, striis spiralibus 
confertissimis subundulatis, lirisque nonnullis levibus obtusis 
cincta, fulvida, flammis angulosis fuscis marmorata ; spira 
turbinata, apice acutiusculo, nigricante ; anfr. 5 convezis, 
ultimo inflato, circa perforationem subclausam pallide ; aper- 


385 


tura obliqua, subangulato-circulari ; perist. subduplice interno 
via interrupto, adnato, externo patente, concentrice striatulo, 
latere sinistro dilatato, Sornicatim refleco.—Opere. planum, 
Sulvum. 

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 10 mill. 


17. Hewicina GRATIOSA, Pfr. A. testa subgloboso-turbinata, 
tenuiuscula, striatula, striolis spiralibus obsoletissime notata, 
nitida, pellucida, fuscescenti-rubra vel lutea; spira conoidea, 
acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexiusculis, ultimo subcarinato, antice 
rotundato; columella subrecedente, alba, callum .emittente 
albidum ; apertura obliqua, subtriangulato-semicirculari 3 pe- 
rist. undique breviter expanso.—Operc. tenue, solidum, car- 
neum. 

Diam. maj. 9, min. 73, alt. fere 6 mill. 


18. Hexicrna suavis, Pfr. H. testa turbinata, tenui, nitidis- 
sima, superne striatula striisque spiralibus conferte notata, 
rubella, albido-marmorata, vel lutea aut carnea, pallide rubro 
variegata ; spira conoidea, acuta 3 anfr. fere 5 convexiusculis, 
ultimo compresse et acute carinato, basi convexiore ; columella 
brevi, basi subdentata, callum emittente crassiusculum diffusum ; 
apertura obliqua, subtriangulari ; perist. albo, margine supero 
breviter expanso, basali refleciusculo.—Opere.? 

Diam. maj. 102, min. 83, alt. 62 mill. 

Besides the described new species, there were in the same collection 
from the Admiralty Islands, Helix Nove Hibernia, Quoy, Sringilla, 
Pfr. (beautiful and large varieties), migratoria, Pfr., Sachalensis, 
Pfr., motacilla, Pfr., Cleryi, Recl., helicinoides, Jacq., pyzis, Hinds, 
Grimardi, Desh., hrevipila, Pfr., Pfeifferi, Phil., &e. 


5. DESCRIPTIONS oF Tuirty-THREE New Species or Lanp- 
SHELLS, FROM THE CoLtection or H. Cuming, Esa. 
By Dr. L. Pretrrer. 


(Mollusca, Pl. XXXVI -) 


1. Hexrx cuoriosa, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, depresse ovata, 
crassa, ponderosa, oblique conferte plicato-striata lirisque crebris 
obtusis subreguluribus cincta, Sulvida, strigis singulis pallidis et 
saturatioribus notata ; spira convera, obtusa, nuda, sub lente 
granulata, apice subtilissimo ; anfr. 33 rapide accrescentibus, ul- 
timo perinflato; apertura diagonali, lunato-ovali, intus rubella 
perist. crassissimo, breviter expanso, marginibus callo crasso 
junctis, columellari adnato. 

Diam. maj. 64, min. 50, alt. 39 mill. 

Hab. Madagascar. 


2. Heurx pvucriuis, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, discoidea, tenui, 
No. CCCXXV.—Procerrpines oF THE ZooLogicat Soctety. 


386 


sub lente confertim striatula, albido-hyalina ; spira plana ; anfr. 
fere 5 subplanis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, de- 
presso, peripheria rotundato, basi vie conveviore ; umbilico per- 
spectivo, + diametri superante; apertura obliqua, late lunari ; 
perist. simplice, recto, marginibus vix convergentibus, columellari 
brevi, verticali, cum basali subangulatim juncto. 

Diam. maj. 63, min. 53, alt. 2 mill. 

Hab. Drayton Range, North Australia (Mr. Stutchbury). 


3. Hexix Srutcusurys, Pfr. H. testa sub obtecte perforata, 
turbinato-globosa, tenui, superne sub lente minute granulata, pal- 
lide fulva, ad suturam et supra medium rufo-fasciata ; spira 
convexo-conoidea, obtusula; anfr. 5 convexiusculis, ultimo rotun- 
dato, antice vix descendente, basi levigato ; apertura diagonali, 
rotundato-lunari ; perist. tenui, marginibus subconvergentibus, 
dextro vie expansiusculo, basali breviter reflexo, columellari for- 
nicatim dilatato, umbilicum angustissimum fere tegente. 

Diam. maj. 153, min. 133, alt. 10 mill. 

Hab. Drayton Range, North Australia (Mr. Stutchbury). 


4, Hewrx peta, Pfr. H. testa sub obtecte perforata, trochiformi, 
tenuiuscula, striatula et foveolata, opaca, carneo-albida; spira 
regulariter conica, apice acuta ; anfr. 6 planis, ultimo non de- 
scendente, subacute carinato, basi convexiusculo ; apertura fere 
diagonali, angulato-lunari ; perist. simplice, margine dextro recto, 
basali refleriusculo, columellari supra perforationem dilatato, pa- 
tente. 

Diam. maj. 8, min. 74, alt. 63 mill. 

Hab. Drayton Range, North Australia (Mr. Stutchbury). 


5. Hexrx piicutosa, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, turbinato-globu- 
losa, tenuiuscula, superne confertim plicosa, diaphana, parum ni- 
tida, rubello-cornea ; spira conoidea, vertice subtili; anfr. 4} 
conveviusculis, ultimo supra medium subangulato, antice rotundato, 
vir descendente, basi inflato, circa umbilicum angustum, pervium 
subcompresso ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; perist. albido, 
marginibus subconniventibus, dextro expansiusculo, columellari 
sursum dilatato, cum basali angulum obtusum formante. 

Diam. maj. 16, min. 13, alt. 10 mill. 

Hab. Drayton Range, North Australia (Mr. Siutchbury). 


6. Hexuix castrensis, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, conoideo-~ 
semiglobosa, solida, rugoso-plicatula et irregulariter subgranulata, 
pallide fulvida, strigis fuscis crebris regulariter radiata ; spira 
convexiusculo-conoidea, obtusula ; anfr. 4 vix convexiusculis, ultimo 
medio subacute carinato, antice breviter descendente, inflato, basi 
pallidiore ; apertura perobliqua, subtriangulari-lunari ; perist. 
albo, margine deatro arcuato, breviter reflezo, basali dilatato, ad- 
nato, introrsum dentibus 2 obtusis pliceformibus munito. 

Diam. maj. 25, min. 21, alt. 15 mill. 

Hab. West Indies. 


387 


7. Hexurx Linpsrepri, Pfr. H. testa sinistrorsa, perforata, 
conoideo-lenticulari, carinata, tenui, diaphana, superne undulato- 
striata et minutissime granulata, parum nitida, rubello-lutescente ; 
spira regulariter elevata, obtusa; sutura lineari ; anfr. 6 pla- 
niusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, supra 
medium acute carinato, basi convexo, nitidissimo, non decussato, 
circa perforationem non apertam albido ; apertura fere diagonali, 
securiformi ; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari in lami- 
nam brevem revolutam dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 352, min. 3], alt. 14 mill. 

Hab. Malacca (Rev. F. W. Lindstedt). 


8. Hexrx Bourcurenari, Pfr. A. testa umbilicata, globoso- 
depressa, tenui, minutissime malleato-striata, parum nitente, dia- 
phana, carnea; spira breviter conoidea, vertice subtili, luteo ; 
anfr. 6 convexiusculis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotun- 
dato, antice viv descendente; umbilico angusto, vir pervio ; aper- 
tura obliqua, rotundato-lunari ; perist. intus albolabiato, margini- 
bus vie convergentibus, dextro recto, basali reflexiusculo, ad umbi- 
licum dilatato, patulo. 

Diam. maj. 19, min. 16, alt. 11 mill. 

Hab. Crimea. 


9. Hexrx Apearps, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, cari- 
nata, tenuiuscula, striata, alba, fascia Suscula supera ornata ; 
spira vie elevata, vertice obtusiusculo, corneo ; anfr.4 convexius- 
culis, ultimo non descendente, supra peripheriam subacute carinato, 
basi inflato ; umbilico perspectivo, +. diametri fere equante ; aper- 
tura fere diagonali, lunato-rotundata, ad carinam viv angulata ; 
perist. recto, intus levissime labiato, marginibus conniventibus, 
columellari subpatulo. 

Diam. maj. 6, min. 5d, alt. fere 3 mill. 

Hab. Adelaide, Australia. 


10. Heurx cHionopiscus, Pfr. H. testa subobtecte umbilicata, 
conoideo-lentiformi, carinata, solida, rugoso-striatula, opaca, 
nivea ; spira convexiusculo-conoidea, nucleo leviusculo, obtuso ; 
anfr. 5 viv convexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter deflexo, infra 
Suturam linearem turgidulo, peripheria magis minusve acute cari- 
nato, basi convexo ; apertura diagonali, rhombeo-lunari 3 perist. 
subcalloso, marginibus subparallelis, dextro recto, basali per- 
arcuato, reflewo, versus umbilicum sensim dilatato, lamina lata 
adnata illum fere claudente. 

Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 13 mill. 

Hab. Crimea. 


11. Hextx Grevinxer, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 8.) H. teste 
imperforata, conica, solida, striatula et plicis validis oblique an- 
trorsum descendentibus, interdum malleato-interruptis munita, 
castanea, strigis sparsis nigricantibus notata; spira conoidea, 


383 


apice rosea, acutiuscula ; anfr. 41 convewiusculis, rapide accres- 
centibus, penultimo subtus albo-calloso, ultimo antice descendente, 
peripheria obtuse sed distincte angulato; apertura perobliqua, 
truncato-oblonga, intus pallide cerulescente ; perist. nigro, ex- 
panso et refleco, marginibus parallelis, callo nigro junctis, colu- 
mellari dilatato, plano, adnato, dextrorsum subdentato, ad axin 
albido. 

Diam. maj. 49-58, min. 36-42, alt. 32-39 mill. 

Hab. Ceylon (Mr. Thwaites). 


12. Ennea instents, Pfr. £. testa breviter rimata, ovato-oblonga, 
tenuissima, oblique confertim striata, striisque spiralibus versus 
basin evanescentibus decussatula, nitida, pellucida, cereo-hyalina ; 
spira ovoidea, apice obtusa ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 7 con- 
vexiusculis, penultimo supra aperturam subplanato, ultimo % lon- 
gitudinis formante, antice arcuatim ascendente, juxta rimam sub- 
compresso ; columella recedente, dentato-plicata ; perist. tenui, 
albo, undique expanso, murgine columellari dilatato, patente. 

Long. 37, diam. 20 mill. 

Hab. Gaboon, Africa (Mr. Auboy). 


13. Bucimus Patavanensis, Pfr.  B. testa imperforata, ob- 
longa, solida, striatula, epidermide fusco-cinerea, castaneo varie 
strigata, sursum detrita munita ; spira convexiusculo-conica, apice 
obtusula; anfr. 5-514 modice convexis, ultimo spiram subequante 
vel breviore ; columella substricta, alhida ; apertura obliqua, trun- 
cato-ovali, intus griseo-cerulescente ; perist. calloso, nigricante, 
breviter reflexo. 

Long. 48-49, diam. 27 mill. 

Hab. Palawan (Dr. Trail/). 


14. Buximvus trerosus, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, ovato-oblonga, 
solida, striatula, epidermide subhydrophana, libro-cinerea, fusco 
irregulariter strigata et ad suturam ocellata obducta ; spira con- 
vexiusculo-conica, obtusa; anfr. 53 planiusculis, ultimo spira vir 
breviore, epidermide decidua circa columellam pallidam, compres- 
sam, substrictam saturate castanea, nitida ; apertura obliqua, 
ovali-oblonga, intus cerulescente; perist. castaneo-nigro, subin- 
crassato, revoluto, margine dextro leviter arcuato. 

Long. 40, diam. 21 mill. 

Hab. Palawan (Dr. Traill). 


15. Butimus Linpsrepti, Pfr. B. testa sinistrorsa, imperfo- 
rata, ovato-conica, solida, striatula, nitida, candida ; spira elon- 

' gato-conica, apice obtusula; anfr. 6% convexiusculis, ultimo 4 
longitudinis subequante, obsolete angulato, antice rotundato ; co- 
lumella subverticali, viv torta ; apertura fere diagonali, subsemi- 
circulari ; perist. leviter incrassato, expanso, marginibus callo 
concolore junctis. 

Long. 39, diam. 17 mill. 

Hab. Malacca (Rev. F. W. Lindstedt). 


389 


16. Butimus PAaRALLeEwus, Pfr. B. testa compresse umbilicata, 
Susiformi, tenuiuscula, striatula, Sulva, epidermide albida subreti- 
culata ; spira elongato-conica, obtusa ; anfr.7 modice convezis, 
ultimo spira paulo breviore, basi compresso ; columella superne 
leviter torto-plicata ; apertura verticali, oblonga, lateribus paral- 
lelis, basi effusa, utringue fusco-strigata ; perist. tenui, albo, ex- 
panso, margine dextro supra medium impresso, columellari latiore, 
sulco arcuato ab anfractu contiguo separato. 

Long. 22, diam. 7 mill. 

Hab. St. Catherine’s, Brazil. 


17. Buxtimus CaTHARIN”, Pfr. B. testa breviter rimata, sub- 
perforata, fusiformi, solidula, undique leviter punctato-rugulosa, 
albida, punctis corneis substrigatim conspersa ; Spira ventroso-tur- 
rita, apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 8} convexiusculis, ultimo 3 longi- 
tudinis vir attingente, basi crista valida, compressa et pone illam 
minore munito, antice interne et externe interrupte nigro-strigato ; 
apertura obliqua, subseptemdentata ; plica | lamelleformi in pa- 
riete, secunda subquadrangulari ad columellam, tertia obliqua in 
latere sinistro baseos effuse, 3 subequalibus et 1 minuta in mar- 
gine dextro; perist. albo, undique modice expanso. 

Long. 23-25, diam. 73-8 mill. 

Hab. St. Catherine’s, Brazil. 


18. Buximus SUGILLATUs, Pfr. B. testa anguste umbilicata, ob- 
longo-turrita, tenui, irregulariter plicato-striata, cornea, strigis 
subpunctatis opacis albis, singulisque rufis notata ; spira elon- 
gato-conica, acuta ; sutura levissime crenulata ; anfr. 9 convexis, 
ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi subcompresso ; columella 
leviter et stricte recedente ; apertura parum obliqua, oblonga ; 
perist. simplice, margine dextro recto, columellari sursum dilatato, 
Sornicatim reflexo. 

Long. 24, diam. 92 mill. 

Hab. Bolivia. 


19. Buximus Gay, Pfr. B. testa subobtecte umbilicata, conico- 
ovata, solidula, fusca, fasciis angustis albis varie ornata ; spira 
conica, obtusa; anfr. 5 modice convevis, ultimo spiram paulo 
Superante, basi rotundato; columella leviter arcuata ; apertura 
parum obliqua, truncato-ovali, intus albida } perist. simplice, mar- 
gine dextro recto, columellari perdilatato, umbilicum angustum 
Sere tegente. 

Long. 27, diam. 16 mill. 

Hab. Bolivia. 


20. Butimus Sasatiert, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, ovato-ob- 
longa, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, irregulariter striatula, strigis un- 
dulatis pallide lutescentibus et saturate brunneis alternantibus 
picta; spira conica, sursum pallidiore, apice obtuso ; anfr. 6 
parum convevis, ultimo spira paulo breviore, infra medium obso- 
lete angulato ; columella stricta, violaceo-fusca ; apertura parum 


* 


390 


obliqua, anguste elliptica ; perist. simplice, recto, margine colu- 
mellari sursum dilatato, reflexo, subadnato. 

Long. 22, diam. 12 mill; ap. 11 mill. longa, 53 lata. 

Hab. Banks of the “ Fleuve blanc,” China? (Mr. Sabatier). 


21. Bunimus Duratueyt, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, oblongo- 
turrita, tenui, confertim plicatula, nitida, albida, fasciis 6-7 in- 
terruptis spadiceis ornata; spira elongata, apice acuta ; anfr. 7 
convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi attenuato ; 
columella vix arcuata, subrecedente ; apertura vix obliqua, ellip- 
tico-oblonga ; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari papy- 
raceo, superne reflexo, subadnato. 

Long. 31, diam. 12 mill. ; ap. 133 mill. longa, 6} lata. 

Hab. Brazils (Mr. Dutailly). 


22. Butimus puicuuatus, Pfr. B. testa umbilicata, ovato- 
conica, tenuiuscula, plicis levibus, subvariciformibus sculpta, haud 
nitente, pallide grisea, strigis angustissimis albis et fuscis irregu- 
lariter picta; spira conica, acuta ; anfr. 7 converiusculis, ultimo 
spira paulo breviore, basi circa umbilicum mediocrem, rotundum 
subcompresso ; columella substricta ; apertura viz obliqua, ellip- 
tico-oblonga ; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari a basi 
dilatato, subfornicatim reflexo. : 

Long. 23, diam. 113 mill. 

Hab. Bolivia. 


23. Buximus Crovkt, Pfr. B. testa perforata, ovato-turrita, so- 
lidula, striata et interdum submaileata, alba, strigis, maculis et 
punctis corneo-fascis irregulariter notata ; spira elongato-conica, 
acutiuscula; anfr. 7 modice convexis, ultimo 4 longitudinis vir 
equante, subangulato, circa perforationem non perviam corneo- 
areoloto ; columella breviter recedente ; apertura obliqua, sinuato- 
ovali, intus fuscula ; perist. breviter expanso, margine columellari 
superne dilatato, refleco, tum angulo obtuso ad basin descendente. 

Long. 22, diam. 10 mill. 

Hab. Brazil (Mr. Cloué). 


24, Butimus puncricutatus, Pfr. B. testa profunde et com- 
presse umbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, nitida, 
albida, punctis pellucidis raris conspersa ; spira elongato-conica, 
acutiuscula ; anfr. 7 planiusculis, summis lutescentibus, ultimo 
spira breviore, antice ascendente, basi levissime compresso ; colu- 
mella subrecedente, leviter arcuata; apertura subverticali, ob- 
longo-ovali ; perist. simplice, margine dextro breviter expanso, 
columellari perdilatato, subflexuoso, patente. 

Long. 29, diam. 125 mill. 

Hab. Bolivia. 


25. PARTULA ALABASTRINA, Pfr. P. testa compresse umbilicata, 
oblongo-conica, tenui, levissime striatula, vie nitidula, lutescenti- 
alabastrina ; spira conica, obtusula ; anfr. 5% convezis, ultimo 


391 


spiram viv superante, basi attenuato, subcompresso ; apertura 
parum obliqua, oblique truncato-oblonga ; columella substricte re- 
cedente ; perist. albo, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, dextro 
late expanso, columellari latissimo, patente. 

Long. 23, diam. 11 mill. 

Hab. Salomon’s Islands. 


26. Cyctostroma (Cyciotus) Linpstept1, Pfr. C. testa um- 
bilicata, depressa, subdiscoidea, distincte striata, strigis fulguran- 
tibus nigro-fuscis et luteis, superne latis, subtus linearibus picta ; 
spira viz elevata ; anfr. 4 convevis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo 
terete, vix descendente ; umbilico lato, 4 diametri superante ; aper- 
tura obliqua, subcirculari ; perist. breviter adnato, duplicato ; in- 
terno expansiusculo, externo albo, undique subequaliter patente.— 
Operc. Cycloti. 

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt.4 mill. 

Hab. Mount Ophir, Malacca (Rev. F. W. Lindstedt). 


27. CarauLus HamastTomus, Pfr. C. testa breviter et profunde 
rimata, ovali-pyramidali, tenuiuscula, conferte striatula, parum 
nitente, diaphana, citrina ; spira convewiusculo-turrita, apice sub- 
acuta ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 8 convexis, ultimo vir atte- 
nuato, basi avin excedente ; carina umbilicali valida, compressa, 
antrorsum vix dilatata ; periomphalo lato, costulato-striato ; aper- 
tura subcirculari; perist. fusco-sanguineo, simplice, ad anfrac- 
tum contiguum angustato, lateribus rectangule late patente et re- 
voluto, basi subproducto, canali mediocri perforato. 

Long. 27-28, diam. 11-12 mill. 

Hab. Ceylon (Mr. Thwaites). 


28. Henicina (ALCADIA) RHAMPHOSTYLA, Pfr. H. testa co- 
noideo-globosa, solida, sublevigata, albida vel lutescente; spira 
breviter conoidea, obtusula ; anfr. 41, superis vix conveziusculis, 
ultimo magno, rotundato ; columella lata, superne in cailum cras- 
sum, semicircularem dilatata, basi dextrorsum curvata; apertura 
obliqua, subsemicirculari ; perist. expanso, tenui, intus calloso, 
margine dextro subrepando, basali sinu profundo ab extremitate 
rostriformi columelle disjuncto, preterea plica pone columellam 
intrante munito.— Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 154, min. 13, alt. 12 mill. 

Hab. ? 


29. Hericina Norroxixensis, Pfr. H. testa depresso-turbinata, 
solidula, leviter striata, albida ; spira conoidea, versus apicem 
minute papillarem lutescente; anfr. 5 vie convexiusculis, ultimo 
antice rugoso, peripheria subangulato, basi planiuseulo, callo gra- 
nuloso ‘nitido circumscripto et epidermide fulva decidua obducto ; 
columella brevi, arcuata; apertura fere diagonali, subtriangulari- 
lunari ; perist. simplice, recto, margine basali subincrassato.— 
Opere. testaceum, pallidum. 

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 8 mill. 

Hab. Norfolk Islands. 


392 


30. Heticrna picrecua, Pfr. H. testa conoideo-depressa, tenui, 
sub lente tenuiter et subconferte lirata, parum nitida, diaphana, 
pallide cornea, ad suturam rubro-maculata ; spira breviter conoi- 
dea; anfr. 4 conveaiusculis, ultimo subangulato, basi callo tenut 
subcircumscripto obducto; columella brevissima, simplice, tenut ; 
apertura parum obliqua, semiovali ; perist. simplice, recto, mar- 
gine basali angulum rectum cum columella formante.—Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 4, min. 33, alt. 2 mill. 

Hab. Norfolk Islands. 


31. Hericina Draytonensis, Pfr. H. testa conoidea, solidula, 
ruguloso-striata striisque spiralibus nonnullis notata, parum nitida, 
carnea ; spira conoidea, apice mucronulata, lutea; anfr. 4% pla- 
niusculis, ultimo subcarinato, basi convexiore, callo tenui, subdif- 
Fuso obducto; apertura diagonali, triangulari-semiovali ; perist. 
albo, breviter expanso, margine basali leviter arcuato, angulatim 
cum columella brevi, simplice juncto.—Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 54, min. 44, alt. 31 mill. 
Hab. Drayton Range, North Australia. 


32. Hextcina Heares, Pfr. H. testa subdepressa, tenuiuscula, 
striatula et subgranulata, parum nitida, fasciis latis saturate pur- 
pureis et albis picta; spira brevissime conoidea, mucronulata ; 
anfr. 5 vix convexiusculis, ultimo lato, peripheria subcarinato, 
basi circa callum fulvo-aurantiacum, circumscriptum albo ; aper- 
tura perobliqua, triangulari-semiovali ; columella brevi, perar- 
cuaia; perist. reflero, lete aurantiaco, margine basali levissime 
arcuato, immediate in callum basalem continuato.—Operc. ? 

Diam. maj. 14, min. 114, alt. 74 mill. 


B. Lutea, spira et fascia unica anfr. ultimi supera purpureis, callo 
basali et peristomate igneis. 
Hab. Island of Granada, West Indies (named after R. W. Heate, 
Esq., Lieut.-Governor of the Island). 


33. Hexicina rura, Pfr. H. testa subconoideo-depressa, soli- 
dula, subrugoso-striata et punctulata, nitida, rufa; spira subco- 
noideo-convexa, vertice subtili ; anfr. 4, superis planiusculis, 
ultimo lato, depresso, peripheria subrotundato ; apertura diago- 
nali, late semiovali ; columella verticaliter ab anfr. penultimo de- 
scendente, leviter curvata, antice in tuberculum desinente, callum 
basalem emittente subgranulatum, circumscriptum ; perist. bre- 
viter expanso, albe-limbato.— Operc. concolor. 

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 63 mill. 


3. Pallide straminea, perist. intus pallide aurantiaco. 
y. Minor, rufa. 

Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 53 mill. 

Hab. Haiti (Mr. Sallé). 


uoshpor EN LOLS SX OCVaVe 


dri IPUUPe NT YW 
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mM o +1 


DOSDDOD Pe’ 
- ad 7 Ww 


5 “UL JIOA BP ¢ 
CUT eR “NL 7 LT STOMP . 


TIN OCT ONO yoy 


Pl] BUTTE BY) ¢ TF 'D0 


393 


6. Descriptions or Two New Spercixs or MELAmpus, FROM 
Mr. Cumine’s Contection. By Dr. L. Preirrer. 


1. Metampus ositoneus, Pfr. M. testa subrimata, oblonga, 
solida, levigata, fulvido-carnea, albido obsolete fasciata et stri- 
gata, strigisque variciformibus irregularibus fusculis notata ; spira 
convero-conoidea, apice mucronulata, plerumque fusca; sutura 
lineari, lacera ; anfr. 8-9 vir convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitu- 
dinis formante, prope suturam subangustato, basi saccato ; aper- 
lura verticali, angusta, callo profundo nodiformi parietali et plica 
columellari obliqua, compressa coarctata ; perist. Susco-limbato, 
margine dextro acuto, intus callo albo, subplicifero munito, colu- 
mellari incrassato, adnato. 

Long. 114, diam. 6 mill. 


B. Paulo minor, gracilior, castaneus, albo-trifasciatus. 

Hab. Island of Bermuda. 

Habitu similis M. cingulato, sed evidenter affinior M. angiostomo, 
Desh., a quo differt’statura, numero anfractuum et callo marginis 
dextri non denticulato. 


2. MeLampus (OpHIcARDELUS) Stutcusuryt, Pfr. MW. testa 
subumbilicata, Susiformi-ovata, solidula, striatula, superne liris 
obtuse elevatis circumdata, opaca, nigro-fusca, albo trifasciata ; 
spira convexo-conica, apice acuta, interdum suberosa 3 sutura 
linear, deorsum sublacera ; anfr. 7 planis, ultimo Sere % longitu- 
dinis formante, infra medium obsolete spiraliter striato, basi 
parum attenuato ; apertura subverticali, semiovali ; plica parie- 
tali | compressa, alba, intrante, extus in carinam subacutam, peri- 
omphalum infundibuliformem cingentem producta ; plica columel- 
lari compressa, oblique vix ascendente ; perist. acuto, margine 
dextro inermi, superne repando, columellari fornicatim reflero, li- 
bero, umbilicum simulante. 

Long. 16, diam. 8 mill. 

Port Curtis, Australia (Mr. Stutchbury). 


7. CATALOGUE or A CoLLecTION or MamMaia FROM NEPAL, 
Sixim, anp TIBET, PRESENTED TO THE Hon. East Inpra 
Company sy B. H. Honeson, Esa., 1n 1853*. By Taomas 
Horsrietp, M.D., F.R.S., evc. 


(Mammalia, Pl. XLVIIL.-L.) 


1. SEmMNopiITHECUS SCHISTACEUs, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. ix. 
p. 1212; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p- 6. 

Presbytes Entellus, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 1. 

Langur, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


* Those marked with an asterisk were discovered since the publication of the 


wie of Mammalia presented to the British Museum by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
in 1846. 


394 


2. Macacus Ruesuvs, Desm., Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 2. 


Macacus (Pithex) oinops, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. ix. p. 1211 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


*3. MEGADERMA scHisTaces, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. 
p- 889, with a figure (1847) ; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. 
p- 101 (1855). 

Megaderma Lyra, Geoffr. apud Kelaart, Prodr. Faunz Zeylanice, 
Mammalia, p. 11. 

Hab. Sikim Tarai. 


*4, RHINOLOPHUS PERNIGER, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xii. 
p- 414 (1843), xvi. p. 896; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 484 ; 
Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n.s. xvi. p. 102 (1855). 

Hab. Central regions of the Sub-Himalaya. 


5. RutnoLopuus TRAGATUS, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. iv. p. 699; 
Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 22; Catal. Hodgson’s Coll. p. 2; 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 484; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
n. 8. Xvi. p. 102 (1855). 

Hab. Central hilly regions, Nepal. 


6. HippostpEROsS ARMIGER, Hodgs. J. A. 8. Beng. iv. p. 699; 
Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 24; Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 3; 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 488. 

Hab. Nepal; Central hilly regions. 


*7, VESPERTILIO SILIGORENSIS, Hodgson, Horsfield, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. n. s. xvi. p. 102 (1855). 
Hab. Nepal; Central Hills. 


*8. VesperTILio Darsecincensis, Hodgson, Horsfield, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. n.s. xvi. p. 102 (1855). 

Hab. Nepal; Central Hills. 

* Differs only from the English VY. mystacinus in having the tips 
of the fur of the back brighter.’”-—R. H. Tomes, Ann. N. H. 1856, 
p. 27. 


*9. ScoropHitus CoroMANDELICUs, F. Cuvier, sp. 

Vespertilio coromandelicus, Lesch. & Cuv. Nouv. Ann. de la Mus. ; 
Schinz, Syst. Mamm. p. 171; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. 
p- 103 (1855). 

Hab. Nepal. 


*10. Murina su1Lius, Temm. sp. 

Vespertilio suillus, Temm. Monogr. ii. p. 224. t. 56. f. 4, 5, 6. 
Murina suillus, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 259. 

Hab. Nepal. 


395 


*11. Barspastettus Dausentroni, Mém. Acad. Par. 1759, ii. 
p- 8; Bell, Brit. Quad. 

Barbastellus communis, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 13. 

Hab. Nepal. 


*12. Ptecotus Homocnrovws, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. xvi. 
p- 894; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. p. 103 (1855). 
Hab. Central regions of the Sub-Himalaya. 


*13. Puecorus Darsevincensis, Hodgson, Horsfield, Ann. 
Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. p. 103 (1855). 
Hab. Nepal; Central Hills. 


*14. Lasturus Prarsont, Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. East India 
Comp. Museum, p. 36 (1851); Ann. Nat. Hist. n.s. xvi. p. 103 
(1855) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 524. 

Hab. Darjeling. 


*15. Nycricesus nivicotus, Hodgson; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. n.s. xvi. p. 104 (1855). 
Hab. Nepal. 


16. Fenris Tigris, Linn. ; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. 
p- 43. 
Hab. Tarai of Nepal. 


17. Fexis Uncra, Erxleb. Syst. Mamm. p. 508. 


Leopardus Uncia, Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. p. 41. 

Uncia Irbis, Ehrenb. sp.; Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 394 
1854). 

( he Uncioides, Hodgson, MSS. List of Mamm. presented to 

E. I. C. Museum (1852) ; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. p. 105 
(1855). 

P ker of Tibetans, Hodgson. 
Hab, Tibet. 


18. FeLis MACROSCELOIDES, Hodgson, Cale. Journ. N. H. iv. 
p- 286; Ill. P. Z. 8. 1853, Mamm. t. 38; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. 
Hist. n.s. xvi. p. 105 (1855). 

Felis macroscelis, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. xi. p. 275. 

Felis, n. sp., Tickell, J. A. 8. Beng. xii., with a figure. 

Lamchitia of Tibetans, Hodgson. 

Hab. Bengal ; Tibet. 


19. Ferris Murmensis, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 10. 
Varietas nigra, Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. p. 105 (1855). 
Murmi Cat, Hodgson. 

Hab. Hilly regions. 


396 


*20. Fexis Caarutont, Gray, Brit. Mus. 

Uncia Charitoni, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 394 (1854). 
Felis Duvancelli, Hodgson, MSS. 1852. 

Hab. Hilly regions. 


21. Feris parpocHrRovs, Hodgson. 


Felis pardochrous, Hodgs. Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. p. 286. 

Felis (Leopardus) pardochrous, Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. 
E. I. C. p. 47. 

Hab. Hilly regions. 


22. Fexis (Lynx) Cuavs, Giildenst. ; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. 
Mus. E. I. C. p. 50. 

Chaus lybicus, Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 45 ; Catal. 
Hodgs. Coll. p. 7. 

Bowbhow, Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Hills and Tarai of Nepal. 


23. Prionopon PARDICOLOR, Hodgs. Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 
p. 57; J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 909; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. 
E. I. C. p. 52. 

Linsang pardicolor, Gray. 

Hab. Hills of Nepal. 


24. Viverra ZisetTua, Linn.; Gray & Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. 
11. t.5; Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 52; Hodgs. Catal. p. 7; 
Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 54. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills and Tarai. 


25. Viverricuta Inpica, Geoffr. sp. ; Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 
x. p. 909; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 58. 

Viverricula Malaccensis, Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 48 ; 
Hodgs. Catal. p. 8. 

Sayer, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


*26, Parapoxurus strictus, Hodgson (Pl. XLVII.); Hors- 
field, Ann. Nat. Hist. n.s. p. 105 (1855). 
Hab. Nepal; Plains. 


*27, PARADOXURUS QUADRISCRIPTUS, Hodgson (Pl. XLVIII.) ; 
Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n.s. xvi. p. 106 (1855). 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


28. Parapoxurus Gray, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 118. 

Paguma Grayi, Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 54 ; Catal. 
Hodgs. Coll. p. 9; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 66. 

Paradoxurus nipalensis, Hodgson, As. Res. xix. p. 76. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


397 


29. Hymna striata, Zimm. 

Hyena virgata, Hodgson, MSS. 1852. 

Hyena striata, Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. p. 107. 
Lakerbagha, Nepal, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tarai of Nepal. 


30. Cuon primzvus, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 
pp- 205, 412; Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 73; Catal. Hodgs. 
Coll. p. 10 ; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 73. 

Hab. Hills and Plains. 


31. Canis aureus, Linn. (Catal. Hodgson’s Coll. p. 11; Hors- 
field, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 80). 

Sacalius indicus, Hodgs, J. A. 8. Beng. x. p. 918. 

Siyar of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Plains. 


32. Vutrpes Beneatensis, Shaw, sp.; Gray, Catal. Mamm. 
Brit. Mus. p. 61; Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 11; Horsfield, Catal. 
Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 84. 

Vulpes indicus, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. x. p. 918. 

Lomer of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


33. VULPES MONTANUS, Pearson, Beng. Sport. Mag. iv. p. 126 
(1836) ; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p.12; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. 
Mus. E. I. C. p. 87. 

Wamu of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


34. VULPES FERRILATUS, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 278, 
fig. (1842); Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 12. 

Iger of Tibetans, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


*35. Lupus LanicEeR, Hodgson ; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. n. s. 
xvi. p. 107 (1855). 

Changu of Tibetans, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


36. Herrrstes Nyuxa, Hodgs. J. A.S. Beng. v. p. 236 ; Gray, 
Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 8; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. 
p- 92. 

Hab. Plains of Nepal. 


37. Urva cancrivora, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 561; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 8; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. 
E. I. C. p. 93. 

Hab. Tibet. 


395 


38. Marres FLavicuta, Boddaert, sp.; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. 
Coll. p. 12; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 98. 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


39. MusreLa cantcuLa, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 279 
(1842); Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. p. 287 ; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. 
b ES. 


Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


*40. Musreta stricrporsa, Hodgson (Pl. XLIX.) ; Gray, 
P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 191 ; Horsfield, Ann. N. H. n. s. xvi. p. 107 (1855). 
Hab. Sikim. 


41. Musreva (Putorrus) Karuran, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. iv. 
p- 702 ; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 102. 

Mustela Kathiah, v. auriventer, Hodgs. J. A. 8S. Beng. x. p. 909 ; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 13. 

Kathia Nyul, Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Kachars. 


*42. Purorius TrpeTanus, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. xviii. pt. 1. 
p- 446 (1849); Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 105. 

Tibetan Stoat, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


43. Hexictis Nrpatensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 237; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 14; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. 
E. I. C. p. 108; Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1853, p. 191. 

Oker of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Tibet. 


*44, Arnctonyx Isonyx, Hodgson, MSS. (PI. L.) 


2? Arctonyz collaris, F. Cuv. 
Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


This species was discovered by Mr. Hodgson seven years back in 
the Tarai of Nepal, and is considered by him to be distinct from the 
A. collaris, but, upon comparison with specimens of A. collaris at 
the British Museum and the India House, its value as a distinct 
species requires more specimens for comparison. 


*45, MeLES LEucuRus, Hodgson, sp.; Gray, Ann. N. H. xii. 
n.s. p. 221; P. Z. S. 1853, p. 191; Horsfield, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
n.s. xvi. p. 108 (1855). 

Taxidea leucurus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 763 (1847), with 
a figure. 

Pseudomeles leucurus, Hodgson, MSS. 1852. 

Tumpha of Tibetans, Hodgson. 

Hab. Plains of Tibet. 


399 


46. Lurra Cainensis ?, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1836 ; Catal. Mamm. 
Br. Mus. p. 71 ; Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 14; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. 
Mus. E. I. C. p. 116; Ann. N. H. n. s. xvi. p. 109 (1855). 

Iutra Tarayensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. viii. p. 319 (1839) ; 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 99. 

Udh of Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills and Tarai. 


*47, Aonyx Siximensis, Hodgson ; Horsfield, Ann. N. H. n. s. 
xvi. p. 109 (1855). 

Hab. Nepal; Hills and Tarai. 

Aonyx sikimensis :—Snout to vent 24 inches ; tail 13; head 41 ; 
palma 25; planta 33. Colour: a medial earthy brown, paler below, 
especially on head and neck.— Hodgson, MSS. 


48. Hexarcros Trseranus, Cuvier ; Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. 
Mus. p. 73; Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 15; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. 
Mus. E. I. C. p. 124. 

Bhalu of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; hilly regions. 


49. AILURUS FULGENS, F. Cuvier ; Hardwicke, Trans. Linn. Soc. 
xv. p. 161; Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 75; Catal. Hodgs. 
Coll. p. 15; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 126. 

Ailurus ochraceus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 1118. 

Hab. Nepal. 


50. Taupa micruRA, Hodgson, J. A.S. Beng. x. p. 910; Gray, 
Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. p. 75 ; Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 16; Hors- 
field, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 129. 

? Talpa eryptura, Blyth. 

Purium of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


*51. Sorex murinvs, Linn. ; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 16; 
Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 134; Ann. N. H. nvs. 
xvi. p-110; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1855, p. 28; Tomes, Ann. N. H. 
n. 8. xvii. p. 15.(1856). 

Chuchunder, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Plains. 


*52. Sorex saTuratTior, Hodgson; Horsfield, Ann. N. H.n.s. 
xvi. p. 110 (1855) ; Tomes, Ann. N. H. n.s. xvii. p. 22. 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


*53. Sorex Leucors, Hodgson; Horsfield, Ann. N. H. n. s. 
xvi. p. 111 (1855) ; Tomes, Ann. N. H. n. s. xvii. p. 22. 

White-lipped Shrew, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


400 


54. Sorex pyemzus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 910; Ann. 
N. H. xv. p. 269; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 16; Horsfield, Ann. 
N. H. ns. xvi. p. 111; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1855, p. 32 ; Tomes, 
Ann. N. H. n.s. xvii. p. 20. 

Hab. Nepal; Central Hills. 


55. SorEX NEMORtIvAGUS, Hodgson, Cale. Journ. N. H. iv. 
p- 288; Ann. N. H. xv. p. 269; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 16 ; 
Horsfield, Ann. N. H. n. s. xvi. p. 111; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 
1855, p. 31; Tomes, Ann. N. H. n.s. xvii. p. 18° 

Hab. Nepal; Central Hills. 


*56. Sorex soccatus, Hodgson, Ann. N. H. xv. p. 270; ? Blyth, 
J. A. S. Beng. 1855, p. 30; Tomes, Ann. N. H. n.s. MV Pee 
Hab. Nepal; Central Hills. 


*57, SORICULUS NIGRESCENS, Gray, sp. 


Corsira nigrescens, Gray, Ann. N. H. x. p. 261 (1842). 
Soriculus nigrescens, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1855, p. 36. 
Sorex Sikimensis, Hodgson, Ann. N. H. iii. n. s. p. 203; Hors- 
field, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 136; Ann. N. H. n.s. xvi. 
re 
R Sorex soccatus, Hodgs. Cale. Journ. N. H. iv. p. 288 (not de- 
scribed). ; 
Sorex aterrimus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1843, p. 128? 
Chika of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 
Hab. Nepal. 


*58. Corsrra (?) caupata, Hodgson, sp. 

Sorex caudatus, Hodgson, Ann. N. H. n. s. iii. p. 203 ; Horsfield, 
Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 135; Ann. N. H. n.s. xvi. p. 111. 

Corsira (?) caudata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 1855, p. 37; Tomes, 
Ann. N. H. n. s. xvii. p. 27. 

Hab. Sikim and Darjeeling. 

«« After a very careful comparison of two specimens of C. caudata, 
in the Museum at the India House, with a specimen of the C. alpina 
of Europe, I concluded that they were very closely affined, if not 
perfectly identical. The naked compressed tip of the tail in the 
last-mentioned species, as remarked by Mr. Blyth, also occurs in one 
of the examples of C. caudata ; indeed, were this specimen to be 
placed along with the European species, it would be almost impos- 
sible to distinguish them.”’—R. F'. Tomes. 


59. Mus Nipatensis, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 915; Gray, 
Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 19. 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


*60. Mus Tarayensis, Hodgson; Horsfield, Ann. N. H. n.s. 
xvi. p. 112 (1855). 
Hab. Nepal ; Tarai; Plains. 


401 


*61. Mus Moruncensis, Hodgson; Horsfield, Ann. N. H. 
n. 8. Xvi. p. 112 (1855). 
Hab. Nepal, Tarai, Plains. 


*62. Mus pturimammis, Hodgson; Horsfield, Ann. N. H. n. s. 
xvi. p. 112 (1855). 

Hab. Nepal, Tarai, Plains. 

Remark.—This species, according to Mr. Hodgson, has eighteen 
teats. 


*63. Mus zjauicaupALis, Hodgson, Ann. N. H. n. s. iii. p- 203 ; 
Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p, 144. 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


*64. Mus caupatior, Hodgson, Ann. N. H. n. s. iii. p- 203 ; 
Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 144. 
Hab. Nepal ;. Hills. 


*65. Neopon S1xrmensts, Hodgson, Ann. N. H. n. s. iii. p. 203; 
Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 146. 

Phailchua of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Sikim, 7000 to 15,000 feet. 


*‘Snout to vent 4% inches; head 11; tail 12; palma ,%,ths; 
planta $ths. Weight 11 oz. Teats six in number. Intestines 30 
inches ; small 16 inches; great 14 inches. Czcum 6 inches, sacced 
and banded. Stomach bagpipe-shaped, with slight medial constric- 
tion and proximate orifices. 

“Breeds in hollow decayed fallen trees, or roots of trees. Nest 
saucer-shape, madeof soft grass. Young three or four.’”’—Hodgson, 
MSS. 


66. Arvicota ? Myorurrx, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 915. 

Mus ? Myothriz, Hodgson, Ann. N. H. 1845, p. 267 ; Gray, Catal. 
Hodgs. Coll. p. 15. 

Hab. Nepal; Central Hills. 


*67. ? Hysrrix Leucurus, Sykes, P. Z.S. 1831, p. 103 ; Gray, 
Catal. Hodgson’s Coll. p. 20. 

Hystriz Alophus, Hodgson, MSS. 1852. 

Sahi of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills and Plains. 


68. Lepus patiiees, Hodgson, J. A.'S. Beng. xi. p. 288. 
Lepus Taloi (Pallas), Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 127; 
Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 20. 
Rek, Rigong of the Tibetans, Hodgson. 
Hab. Tibet. 
No. CCCXXVI.—Proceepinés or THE ZooLocicaL Society 


402 


69. Lepus macrotus, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. ix. p. 1183 ; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 20; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. 
E.1.C. p. 147. 

Lepus ruficaudatus, Is. Geoffroy. 

Hab. Nepal; Plains. 


*70. CAPROLAGUS HISPIDUS, Pearson. 

Lepus hispidus, Pearson, Beng. Sport. Mag. 1843, p. 131. 

Caprolagus hispidus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 248; Hors- 
field, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 148. 

Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


71. Lacomys nirpavensis, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. x. p. 854; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 21; Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. 
E. I. C. p. 148. 

The Abra, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet; Nepal. 


72. Scrturus MAcRuROipEs, Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. N. H. 
1841, p. 220; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 22. 

Salheu of the Nepalese, Hodgson. 

Hab, Nepal; Hills. 


73. Scrurus Loxrian, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 915 ; Gray, 
Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 23 ; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E.I.C. p. 153. 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


74. Scrurus Loxrorpes, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng.v. p. 232; Gray, 
Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 23 ; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E.I.C. p. 153. 
Hat. Nepal; Hills. 


*75. Scrurus M‘Cievuannyt, Horsfield, P. Z. S. 1839; Catal. 
Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 151; Ann, Nat. Hist. n. s. xvi. p. 113. 

Sciurus Horsfieldi, Hodgson, MSS. 1852. 

Striped Squirrel, Hodgson. 

Hai. Sikim ; Assam (M‘Clelland). 


76. PrERomyYs NOBILIS, Gray. 


Sciuropterus nobilis, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1842, p. 263. 

Pteromys nobilis, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 22; Horsf. Catal. 
Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 160. 

Sciuropterus chrysothriz, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 67. 

Puraj-blakut of the Nepalese, Hodgson, 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


77. Preromys CANICEPS, Gray. 


Sciuropterus caniceps, Gray, Ann. N. H. 1842, p. 262. 

Pteromys caniceps, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 21; Horsf. Catal. 
Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 160. 

Sciuropterus senex, Hodgs. J. A. S,. Beng. xiii. p. 68. 

Suraj-blakut, Hodgson. 

Hab, Nepal; Hills. 


403 


78. Preromys MAGniFicus, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. v. p. 231 ; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p.22; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. 
p- 161. 

Suraj-blakut, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


79. ScruROPTERUS ALBONIGER, Hodgson, J. A.S. B. v. p. 231 ; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 22; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. 
p- 163. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


80. Arcromys TIBETANUS, Hodgson, J. A.S. Beng. xii. p. 409 ; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 24; Horsfield, Ann. N. H. n. s. xvi. 
p- 113. 

Jabra, or Kadia-peu, of the Tibetans, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


81. Ruizomys Baprus, Hodgs. Calcutta Journ, N. H. ii. p. 60; 
Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 24; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C, 
p- 165. 

Hab. Nepal and Sikim. 


82. PanruHators Hopesont, Abel, sp. 


Antilope Hodgsoni, Abel, Edin. Journ. Sci. 1827, p. 165. 

Panthalops Hodgsoni, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. xi. p. 282; Gray, 
Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. (1852) p. 53. 

Kemas Hodgsoni, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 26; Horsf. Catal, 
Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 166. . 

Cheru or Chwe, Tibetans, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


*83. Procapra picticaupA, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 334; 
Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 169 ; Gray, Catal. Mamm, 
Br. Mus. 1852, p. 55. 

Hab, Tibet. 


84. CAPRICORNIS BUBALINA, Hodgson, sp. 

Antilope bubalina, Hodgs. P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 12. 

Capricornis Thar, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 139. 

Capricornis bubalina, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 27; Horsf, 
Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 168. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills, 


85. Namoruepvus Gorat, Hardwicke, sp, 

Antilope Goral, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiv. p. 518. t, 14. 

Nemorhedus Goral, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 27; Catal. 
Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 112; Horsf. Catal. Mamm, Mus, E£.1I,C, 
p- 168. : 

Hab. Nepal; Hills, 


404 


86. Hemirracus Jemuatcus, H. Smith, sp. 

Capra Jemlaica, H. Smith, Griff. An. Kingd. iv. t. 194; Horsf. 
Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 170. 

Hemitragus Jemlaicus, Hodgson; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 28; 
Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 144. 

Hemitragus quadrimammis, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 254. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


87. Ovis Artes, Linn. 

Var. Ovis Hoonia, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. p. 348; Gray, 
Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 30; Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1852, p. 166. 

Hab. Tibet. 


*Var. Ovis Changluk, Hodgson, MSS. 1852. 
Changluk Sheep, Hodgson. 
Hab. Tibet. 


Var. Ovis Barwal, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 913; Gray, 
Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1852, p. 165. 

Ovis Ammonoides, var. I., Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 29. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


88. Ovis AMMonoipEs, Hodgson, sp. 

Ovis Ammonoides, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 236; Gray, Catal. 
Hodgs. Coll. p. 29. 

? Aigaceros Argali, Pallas, Zool. Ross. As. i. p. 231. t. 20, 21. 

Caprovis Argali, Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 174. 

Ovis Argali, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. i. p. 347. 

? Ovis Hodgsonii, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 65. 

Nyen or Bharal, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


. 89. Ovis Nanoor, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. iv. p. 492; Gray, 
Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 29. 

Pseudois Nahoor, Gray, Knowsley, Menag. p. 40 ; Catal. Mamm. 
Br. Mus. 1852, p. 177 ; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 176. 

Na, or Nawa, or Nahur, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


90. Moscuus mMoscuirervs, Linn. ; Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. 
p- 30; Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1852, p. 244; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. 
Mus. E. I. C. p. 177. 

Kastury of the Tibetans, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


91. Moscuus LeucoGasteR, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. viii. 
p. 203; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 31 ; Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 
1852, p. 245; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 177. 

Kastury, Hodgson. 

Hab. Tibet. 


405 


*92. ? Brsos FRONTALIS, Lambert, sp. 
Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


93. Porpuacus Grunniens, Linn. sp. 

Bos grunniens, Linn. 8. N. 12. i. p- 99. 

Poephagus grunniens, Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. p. 153; id. 
Ung. Furcip. p. 40 ; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p- 184. 

Bison Poephagus, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 25. 

Hab. Tibet. 


A figure of the calf of Poephagus grunniens is given in the Illus- 
trated Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, pl. 35. 


*94. Buporcas TAXICOLOR, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1850, 
p. 65. t. 1; Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1852, p. 45; Horsfield, 
P. Z. 8. 1853, Mamm. pl. 36. 

Nemorhedus taxicolor, Turner, P. Z. S. 1849. 

Takin, Hodgson. 

Hab. Eastern Himalaya (Assam). 


95. Rusa Dimorpue, Hodgson, J. A. 8. Beng. 1844, fig.; Ann. 
N. H. xiv. p. 74; Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 33; Catal. Mamm. 
Br. Mus. 1852, p- 209. 

Séving, Hodgson. 

Hab. Lower Hills and deep valleys of Central N epal. 


.*96. Cervus AFFINIs, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, p-. 721; 
Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1852, p. 199. 
Cervus tibetanus, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. 1850, p. 466. 
Starupchu or Shou, Hodgson. 
Hab. Tibet. 


97. Rusa Jara, Hodgson. 


Cervus Hippelaphus or Phursa Jarai, Hodgson. 

Rusa Hippelaphus, var., Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p- 34. 

Rusa Aristotelus, var., Gray, Catal. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 1852, 
p- 206. ' 

Jarai, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


98. CervuxLus MOSCHATUS, De Blainy. 

Stylocerus Ratwa, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p- 914. 

Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p- 31. 

Cervulus moschatus, Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I.C. p.190; 
Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1852, p- 218. 

Rathia, Hodgson. 

Hab. Nepal; Hills and Tarai. 


Var, Entirely black. 


Cervus melas, Ogilby, P. Z. S. in Royle’s Himal. p. 73. 
Hab. Nepal; Hills. 


406 


99. HygeLaruus porcinus, Zimm. sp. 
Cervus porcinus, Zimmerman, Schreb. t. 251. 


Hyelaphus porcinus, Sundevall, Pecora, 58; Horsfield, Catal. 


Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 189; Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1852, 


Pp: 


215. 
Axis porcinus, Hodgson, Gray, Catal. Hodgs. Coll. p. 33. 


Laghtind, Hodgson. 
Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


*100. Asinus K1ane, Moorcroft; Gray, Knowsley Menag. p. 72; 


Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p. 190. 


p- 


Asinus Hemionus (Pallas), Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. 1852, 
272. ; 

Kiang. 

Hab. Tibet. 


101. Sus rnpicus, Gray, Catal. Mamm. Br. Mus. p. 185. 

Sus Aper, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 911. 

Sus scrofa, var. Indicus, Horsf.Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. I. C. p.193. 
Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


*102. Porcunta Satvania, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1847, 


. 423; Horsfield, P. Z.S. 1853 ; Mamm. pl. 37. 


Pigmy Hog of the Saul Forest, Hodgson. 
Hab. Nepal; Tarai. 


103. MAnis PENTADACTYLA, Linn. 
Manis pentadactyla, Linn. ; Horsf. Catal. Mamm. Mus. E. 1. C. 


. 196. 


Manis crassicaudata, Griffith’s An, King. iii. p. 507. 
Bajarkit, Hodgson. 
Hab. Nepal; Hills, 


8. Descriprions oF CoLEOPTEROUS INSECTS IN THE COLLEC- 


TION OF THE British MusEUM, HITHERTO APPARENTLY 
UNNOTICED. By ApAm WHITE. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XL.) 


In addition to the species described in my previous paper, read on 


the 12th of February last, I have reason to believe that the following 
are also new. 


i. Devcation Wottastoni, n. s. (PI. XL. fig. 6.) 


D. aterrimus, capite post oculos in mare elongato, thorace levi- 
gato, lateribus inermibus, elytris dorso depressis, a basi ultra 
medium punctato-impressis, singulis lineis tribus levibus longi- 
tudinalibus. 

Hab. Lord Howe's Island. 


407 


Although this Longicorn differs in some particulars from either of 
the species of Mr. Wollaston’s most interesting genus, I am unwilling 
to form another genus for its reception till the group has been more 
studied. The antenne in the female are considerably longer than 
the elytra: in the male they are very long ; the head in the male is 
considerably produced behind the eyes; the thorax is twice con- 
stricted : above the surface is smooth, beneath before the fore legs it 
is delicately and closely transversely striated. — 


2. MoneILEeMa Auzo-pictum, n.s. (Pl. XL. fig. 7.) 


M. aterrimum, thorace elytrisque pilis albis variegatis ; oculis 
antice pilis albis marginatis, capite inter oculos pilis albis 
ornato. 

Long. lin. 81. 

Hab. Mexico. 


3. MONEILEMA LEVIDORSALE, n. s. 


M. aterrimum, supra leve, elytris lateribus valde compressis, basi 
punctatis, dorso carina separatis. 

Long. lin. 8. 

Hab. Mexico. 


4. MoneILeMa ? LONGIPES, n. 3. 


M. scabriuscule punctatum, aterrimum, pedibus elongatis crassis, 

thoracis lateribus obsolete tuberculatis ; tarsis subtus fulvis. 

Long. lin. 8. ; 

Hab. “China?” 

This species differs somewhat in form from the others ; it is longer 
and less squat ; the spine on each side of the thorax is almost obso- 
lete ; the legs, especially the femora, are longer and thicker; the 
cox have no spot of hairs. It is rather coarsely and generally 
punctured, even on the legs and the antenne; the tibize of all the 
legs are considerably bent at their origin. 

This was obtained on the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur, and is more 
likely to be from the west coast of America than from China. 


5. Antsocerus onca. (Pl. XL. fig. 8.) 

A. pallide ochraceus rufescenti tinctus ; capite thoraceque nigro 
maculatis et fasciatis ; elytris singulis 17-18 maculis nigris ; 
corpore subtus nigro fasciato ; antennis articulo tertio apice 
nigro-fasciculato ; tibiis tarsisque pallidis, tibiis apice nigris. 


6. ANIsocERUS CaPpuciINus. (Pl. XL. fig. 9.) 


A. ater, genis miniaceo vittatis ; scutello nigro ; elytris miniaceis, 
Jasciis tribus transversis et macula ante apicem nigris, sutura 
nigra. 


7. ANIsocERus puccissimus. (Pl. XL. fig. 10.) 


A. ater, genis miniaceo vittatis ; elytris sulphureis seu albido- 
Aavescentibus ; fascia basali angusta et scutello miniaceis, 


408 


fascia lata ante medium obscure miniacea ; marginibus apicali 
et laterali miniaceis ; punctis quatuor nigris in parte postica 
elytrorum, 

These three fine species of the peculiarly Brazilian genus Aniso- 
cerus are described in the second part of the Museum Catalogue of 
Longicorn Beetles, pp. 405, 406. It is just possible that the two 
last so-called species may eventually be found to be one. We have 
two specimens of the last which differ from each other in coloration, 
and probably connecting varieties may yet be sent to our collections 
from the banks of the Amazon. The 4. capucinus was first ob- 
tained at Para by J. P. George Smith, Esq. of Liverpool; the 4. 
dulcissimus was found on the Tapayos, a tributary of the Amazon, 
by Mr. Bates, who also sent the 4. Onca from Ega, a locality on the 
same great river, which has proved to be very prolific in insect life. 


8. PH&DINUS XANTHOMELAS, 0. 8. (PI. XL. fig. 11.) 


P. niger, abdomine subtus pallido, elytris sulphureis, apice macu- 
laque ante medium nigris; femoribus subtus ultra medium 
ciliatis. 

Long. lin. 63. 

Hab. Villa Nova, in ripis fluvii Amazon (Coll. Bates). 

Head wideish, black ; eyes ferruginous ; a yellow mark on the cly- 
peus, with many scattered punctures. Antennze with the two basal 
joints shining, the others dull; joints from the third to the tenth 
dilated triangularly at the tip on the inner edge ; terminal joint ob- 
long, sides parallel, tip pointed. Thorax densely punctured and 
hairy, a smooth spear-shaped space on the back in the middle, pointed 
in front, a tubercle on each side; scutellum black. Elytra rounded 
at the tip, of a sulphur-yellow, each broadly tipped with black, and 
having a subtriangular spot just before the middle ; each elytron with 
two parallel costee, evanescent about the middle just behind the black 
spot which lies across them. Under side of abdomen pale ochra- 
ceous ; legs black ; femora grooved beneath at the base, edges of the 
groove ciliated with pale hairs. 

Having only seen a single specimen of this curious species, I am 
unwilling to give it a new generic name, although its short form, 
simple sternum, grooved and ciliated femora, and the soft under side 
of abdomen, with other characters, show that it considerably differs 
trom Phedinus. 


9. PuH@seE concinnA, n.s. (Pl. XL. f. 12.) 


P. albido-pubescens, thorace postice pallide violaceo, elytris pallide 
violaceis, fascia latiuscula ante apicem alba, pedibus pallide 
flavis, antennis basi flavis, apice fuscis, capite bicornuto. 

Long. lin. 5-53. 

Hab. Ega, on the banks of the Amazon (Coll. Bates). 

A most delicately coloured species of the genus Phebe of Serville. 
The head, thorax, and body are clothed with a dense white pubes- 
eence ; the hinder part of the thorax has a pale violet band with a 
projecting lobe in front. The elytra are covered with a most deli- 


409 


cate pale violet pubescence, passing into white at the tip, and with a 
rather wide transverse white band before the tip, widest at the sutures. 
The antennez spring from a portion of the head, which divides each 
eye into two portions ; the first four joints are pale yellow, the others 
are brown ; the face has two projecting upturned horns, which are 
sharp and brown, and when viewed in front have a semicircular out- 
line. The abdominal segments beneath in the middle and at the 
end are tinged with yellowish-pink. The legs are of a delicate 
yellow. 


10. AGELASTA CALLIZONA, n.s. (Pl. XU. fig. 13.) 


A. nigra, supra pube curta griseola reticulata; elytris fascia trans- 
versa mediana rubescente albo-reticulata, apice rubescentibus ; 
Semoribus supra tibiis basi rubescentibus, tibiis apice nigro- 
fasciculatis, tarsis aurato-fulvis, articulis basalibus supra 
nigris. 

Long. lin. 6-94. 

Hab. Sarawak, Borneo (Coll. A. R. Wallace). 

Blackish, with scattered punctures ; the head, thorax, and elytra 
reticulated all over with a short griseous pubescence ; the elytra at 
the tip and a transverse band across the middle of a pinkish-red, re- 
ticulated with white ; sides of thorax, plate above, middle legs, and 
band behind base of hind legs pinkish-red ; femora on the upper side 
and tibiz, except at tip, pinkish-red ; tibiee at the ends black, and 
clothed thickly with hairs. Tarsi of a tawny golden-yellow, the 
base of the last joint above and the upper side of other joints black. 
Antennz blackish-brown, basal joint the longest, reticulated with 
griseous pubescence, five terminal joints short brown-black, the others 
ringed, the sixth joint pinkish-grey, except at the tip, which is black. 


11. AGELasta WALLACTI, n. s. 


A. capite nigro-fusco, ochraceo vittato ; thorace nigro-fusco late- 
ribus albidis, dorso ochraceo quinque-lineato tribus lineis abbre- 
viatis ; elytris nigro-fuscis, fascia lata alba transversa ; ely- 
tris singulis basi ochraceo uni-guttatis, apice quingue maculatis 
pedibus ochraceis, tarsis supra nigris. 

Cat. Longicorns, Brit. Mus. pt. 2. pl. 10. f. 10. 

Long. lin, 6-8. _ 

Hab. Borneo (Sarawak) (Coll. A. R. Wallace). 

Head blackish-brown, cheeks and face banded with ochraceous 
pubescence, crown with three ochraceous lines ; antennz dark ferru- 
ginous, outside of first joint and base of the four succeeding joints 
pale ochrey. Thorax blackish-brown, sides margined with whitish 
pubescence; the back with five longitudinal ochraceous lines, two 
extending from front to hind margins, the alternate three abbreviated. 
Seutellum of a deep blackish-brown. Elytra deep blackish-brown, 
with a very wide white pubescent band, which is continued on the 
underside of the thorax ; an ochraceous spot at the base, a little 
white spot on the suture behind the scutellum; each elytron with 


410 


five ochraceous marks on the apical half, three on the suture. Legs 
ochrey ; femora subferruginous ; tarsi above black ; claw, except at 
the base and tip, ochrey. 


12. AGeLasta amica,n.s. (PI. XL. fig. 14.) 


A. nigrescenti-fusca, capite thoraceque albo-lineatis elytris rujo- 
Suscis cinereo polystictis, punctis majoribus nigris, fasciis dua- 
bus subundatis nigris, anteriore interrupta. 

Long. lin. 6-63. 

Hab. Borneo (Sarawak) (Coll. A. R. Wallace). 

Blackish-brown ; head lineolated longitudinally with white. Tho- 
rax above with about ten white lineolets arranged longitudinally. 
Seutellum blackish, Elytra mostly covered with a light reddish- 
brown pubescence, varied with many small black dots, and with two 
transverse, somewhat waved, black bands, the anterior ones inter- 
rupted. Abdomen black, sides with white pubescence, edges ciliated 
with white ; undersides with greyish pubescence ; middle black, sides 
spotted with black. Legs cinereous ; tarsi and tips of tibiz black. 


13. AGeLasta POLYNESUS, N. 8s. 


A. nigro-brunnea, capite thoraceque cinereo lineatis ; scutello ei- 
nereo ; elytris cinereo irregulariter lineatis et notatis ; pedibus 
cinereo-pubescentibus. 

Cat. Longicorns, Brit. Mus. pt. 2. pl. 10. f. 9. 

Long. lin. 6-74. 

Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). 

Of a very dark ferruginous brown. Head with five cinereous lines 
and a short one behind each antenna. Thorax with seven cinereous 
pubescent lines, the central one the slightest ; scutellum cinereous ; 
elytra covered with many irregular pubescent cinereous lines and 
marks, well relieved by the dark blackish-brown background ; 
under side covered with whitish pubescent hairs ; abdomen down the 
middle nearly bare of hairs; legs with cinereous pubescence. 


14. Acetasta NewMaAnni,n.s. (PI. XL. fig. 15.) 


A. cerulescenti-cinerea pubescens, thorace nigro transversim uni- 

fasciato, elytris nigro bifasciatis et maculatis. 

Long. lin. 63. 

Hab. Borneo (Sarawak) (Coll. A. R. Wallace). 

The greater part of the insect covered with a bluish-grey pubes- 
cence, the head with some black marks, the antennze black, the five 
basal joints bluish-grey at the base; thorax above with a transverse 
black band, the front and hind margins running into the greyish 
pubescent part. Scutellum covered with grey pubescence. Elytra 
with two transverse black bands, one before the other behind the 
middle ; the parts clothed with greyish pubescence have a few black 
spots, those between the bands arranged transversely, those at the 
apex triangularly. 


INDEX. 


The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in 
Roman Characters; those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel 
information is given, in [¢alics; those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob- 


servations are made, in CapiraLs. 


Accipitres, 284 

Achatina ambigua, Pfr., n. sp., 321 

Chiapensis, Pfr., n. sp., 379 

—— corrosula, Pfr., n. sp., 35 

—— margaritacea, Pfr., n. sp., 321 

—— pallens, Pfr., n. sp., 35 

—— Shuttleworthi, Pfr., n. sp., 34. 

—— trypanodes, Pfr., n. sp., 379 

—— (Oleacina) Ghiesbreghti, P/r., n.sp., 
379 


— (——) pulchella, Pfr., n. sp. 379 
—— (Varicella) Cordovana, Pfr., n. sp., 
321 


— (——) Guadeloupensis, Pfr., n. sp., 
335 ; 

—— (——) Orizabe, Pfr, n. sp., 320 

—— (—) speciosa, Pfr., n. sp., 321 

Achatinella(Achatinellastrum)oyum, Pfr., 
n. sp., 334 

— (Labiella) callosa, Pfr., n. sp., 334 

—— (Lanminella) farcimen, Pfr., n. sp., 
334 

Achatinellastrum ovum, Pf;., n. sp. 334 

Acmea ancylus, Esch., 221 

—— mammillata, Esch., 222° 

marmorea, Esch., 222 

—— mitra, Esch., 222 

—— paleacea, Gould, 204 

patina, Esch., 221 

pelta, Desh., 221 

— persona, Esch., 221 

radiata, Esch., 221 . 

scabra, Nutt., 222 

— seutum, D’Orb., 222 

— scurra, D’Orb., 222 

— spectrum, Nutt., 222 

Acroleptes, Schiff., 271 

Actias luna, 5 

selene, 5 

Actinia vinosa, Holdsw., n. sp., 172 

Adamsia typica, Dunker, n. sp., 357 

Egaceros Argali, Pallas, 404 

githalus flaviceps, Scl., 37 

Agelaius coronatus, Vieill., 114 

Agelasta amica, White, n. sp., 410 


Agelasta callizona, White, n.sp., 409 
Newmanni, White, n. sp., 410 
—— Polynesus, White, n.sp., 410 
Wallacii, White, n.sp., 409 
Aglaia, Swains., 244 
atricapilla, Lafr., 259 
— aurulenta, Lafr., 250 
ceruleocephala, Sw., 262 
eayana, 1)’Orb., 254 
chilensis, Vig., 245 

— chrysoptera, Sw., 255 
—— citrinella, Sw., 247 

— cucullata, Sw., 253 
cyanicollis, Lafr., 262 
cyanocephala, Sw., 247 
cyanocephala, Lafr., 236 
—— cyanoptera, Sw., 254 
—— diva, Less., 264 

—— erythrotis, Jard., 241 
Fanny, Lafr., 142, 261 
Jjlava, Sw., 253 

gyrola, Lafr., 255 
gyroloides, Lafr., 255 
—— igniventris, D’Orb., 242 
labradorides, Boiss., 262 
—— melanota, Sw., 254 

—— melanotis, Sw., 248 
Mexicana, Lafr., 258 
—— montana, Lafr., 239 
—— nigrocincta, Bp., 261 
—— nigroviridis, Less., 260 
paradisea, Sw., 244 
—— peruviana, Sw., 255 
—— ruficervix, Prev, 259 
Schrankii, Lafr., 248 
striata, Lafr., 235 

tatao, Lafr., 244 

—— viridissima, Lafr., 256 
—— vittata, Darwin, 265 
— Wilsoni, Lafr., 18, 261 
— yeni, Lafr., 245 

Ailurus Fulgens, Cuv., 399 
ochraceus, Hodgs., 399 
Aimophila rufescens, Sw., 305 
—- superciliosa, Sw., 305 


412 


Alcadia rhamphostyla, Pfr., n. sp., 391 
Alcedinide, 286 

Alectrurine, 28 

Aletes, Carp., n. g., 226 

—— squamigerus, Carp., n. sp., 226 
Amalthea effodiens, Carp., n. sp., 5 
Grayana, Menke, 4 

Panamensis, H. & A. Adams, 3 
Amazilius arsinoe, Less., 287 
castaneiventris, Gould, n. sp., 150 
—— cerviniventris, Gould, n.sp., 150 
Dubusi, Boure., 287 

Riefferi, Bourc., 140, 287 
Ambassis thermalis, 372 

Ampeline, 299 

Ampelis cedrorum, Vieill., 299 
Amphibolide, 101 

Amphidesma decisa, Conr., 213 

— flavescens, Gould, 199 

roseum, Brod., 213 

—— rubrolineata, Conr., 212 
Amphiuma, 345 

Anabasitta, Lafr., 27 

Anabates atricapillus, 288 

— cervinigularis, Se/., 288 
erythropterus, Sclater, n. sp., 27 
Serruginolentus, Max., 288 
guianensis, 27 

—— rubiginosus, Sel., n. sp., 288 
— ruficaudatus, Lafr., 26 
squamiger, Lafr., 27 
Anabazenops rufo-superciliaris, Lafr., 289 
variegaticeps, Sc/., n. Sp.; 289 
Anaulus Lorraini, Pfr., 36 
Anisocerus capucinus, White, n. sp., 407 
dulcissimus, White, n. sp., 407 
—— onca, White, n. sp., 407 
Anisognathus igniventris, Scl., 242 
lacrimosus, Scl., 242 

Anodon ciconia, Gould, 202 
Nuttalliana, Lea, 218 
Oregonensis, Lea, 218 
Wahlamatensis, Lea, 218 
Anomalopteryx, Reichenb., 58 
Anthus Ludovicianus, Gin., 293 
Antilope bubalina, Hodgs., 403 

Goral, Hardw., 403 

Hodgsoni, Abel., 403 

Aonyx Sikimensis, Hodgs., 399 
Aphrodita aculeata, 105 

Aplysia depilans, 45 

Aplysiade, 45 

Aramides cayennensis, Gm., 143 
Arctomys tibetanus, Hodgs., 403 
Arctonyx collaris, 398 

Tsonyx, Hodgs., 398 

Ardeidae, 310 

Argobuccinium nodosum, Chemn., 209 
Arremon, Vieill., 80 

——- Abeillii, Less., 82 

affinis, D’Orb., 84 


INDEX. 


Arremon albifrenatus, Boiss., 88 
assimilis, Gray, 85 
atripileus, Lafr., 91 
aurantiirostris, Lafr., 83 
axillaris, Sclater, 82 
conirostris, Bp., 143 
— Devillii, Bp., n. sp., 81 
— D’Orbignii, Se/., n. sp., 81 
—— erythrorhynchus, Sel., 83 
flavipectus, Lafr., 90 
flavirostris, Sw., 81 
Srontalis, Tsch., 86 
giganteus, Bp., 69 
gutturalis, Lafr., 86 
leucopterus, Jard., 87 
— mystacalis, Sclater, 88 

- ophthalmicus, Dubus, 89 
pallidinucha, Boiss., 87 
palmarum, Gray, 84 
personatus, Cab., 89 

— polionotus, Bp., 81 

— rubrirostris, Lafr., 92 
—— rufinucha, Tsch., 87 

— ‘rufivertex, Lafr., 242 
— rufivertex, Gray, 259 
schistaceus, Boiss., 88 
—— Schlegeli, Lafr., 83 
semirufus, Boiss., 88 
semitorquatus, Sw., 82 
silens, Gray, 80 

—— spectabilis, Selater, 82 
—— superciliaris, Lafr., 92 
—— teniatus, Gray, 237 

—-— torquatus, Vieill., 80 
Arthemis saccata, Gould, 201 
Arvicola Myothrix, Hodgs., 401 
Asinus Hemionus, Pallas, 406 
— Kiang, Moorcroft, 406 
ASsIMINIA, 22 

Assiminia, Leach, 20, 21, 22 
—— fasciata, 23 

—— Grayana, Leach, 20, 21 
Assiminiade, H. & A. Adams, 24 
Asturina magnirostris, Gm., 285 
Athanas, 103 


| Athene infuscata, Temm., 285 


Allapetes albinucha, Cab., 86 
—— chrysopogon, 1 sp., 86 
pallidinucha, Cab., 88 
schistaceus, Cab., 88 
Aulacorhamphus prasinus, Gould, 308 
Auricula, 99 

Avicula sterna, Gould, 203 

Axis porcinus, Hodgs. 406 
Bananivorus affinis, Towns., 301 
Barbastellus communis, Gray, 395 
Daubentonii, 395 
Basileuterus Brasieri, Giraud, 292 
culicivorus, Cab., 292 
rufifrons, Sw., 291 
Basilinna leucotis, Vieill., 287 


Batagur Baska, Gray, 182 

—— ocellata, Gray, 182 
Bethylus, Cuv., 78 

Leverianus, Bp., 79 

—— medius, Bp., 79 

picatus, D’Orb., 79 

Bibos frontalis, Lambert, 405 
Bison poéphagus, Gray, 405 
Bithynia, 20 

Bornia corbuloides, Phil., 340 
Bos grunniens, Linn., 405 
Botaurus lentiginosus, Wils., 310 
BoTAuRUS STELLARIS, 54 
Buarremon, Bp., 84 

albifrenatus, Bp., 88 

—— albinuchus, Bp., 86 

—— assimilis, Bp., 85 
brunneinuchus, Lafr., 85, 302 
— chrysopogon, Sci., 86 
fulviceps, Bp., 88 

—— gutturalis, Bp., 86 

— latinuchus, Dubus, 87 

— leucopterus, Sel., 87 

—— pallidinuchus, Bp., 87 
personatus, Selater, 89 
—— phzopleurus, Sci., n. sp., 85 
— rufinuchus, Sel., 87 

— schistaceus, Bp., 88 

—— semirufus, Bp., 88 

—— torquatus, By., 84 

—— virenticeps, Bp., 85 

——- «xanthogenys, Cab., 86 
Buccinide, 42 

Buccinum Poulsoni, Nutt., 227 
Budorcas taxicolor, Hodgs., 405 
Buglodytes, Bp., 97 

albicilius, Bp., 97 

Bulimus estivus, Pfr., n. sp., 331 
—— aurifluus, Pfr., n. sp., 319 
eandelaris, Pfr., 186 

—— Castleneaui, Pfr., n. sp., 332 
— Catharine, Pfr., n. sp., 389 
— Charbonnieri, P/r., n. sp., 331 
— chion, Pfr., n. sp., 332 
—— clarus, Pfr., n. sp., 330 
— Clouei, Pfr., n.'sp., 390 
—— cochinchinensis, Pfr., n. sp., 331 
—— Cordovanus, Pfr., n.sp., 34 
—— coriaceus, Pfr., n. sp., 318 
— costato-striatus, Pfr., n. sp., 319 
—— cyathostomus, Pfr., n. sp., 34 
— Darnaudi, Pfr., n. sp., 34 
— distans, P/r., n.\sp., 331 
Drouéti, Pfr., n.sp., 319 
— Dutaillyi, P/r., n. sp., 390 
— excelsus, Gould, 203 

—— floridanus, Pfr., n. sp., 330 
— Gayi, Pfr., n. sp., 389 

— Gueinzii, P/r., n. sp., 330 
—— inequalis, Pfr., n. sp., 330 
—— Kanaiensis, Pfr., n. sp., 332 


INDEX. 413 


Bulimus lactifluus, Pfr., n. sp., 330 
—— lirosus, Pfr., n. sp., 388 
— Lindstedtii, Pfr., n.sp., 388 
—— Lorraini, Pfr., n. sp., 332 
—— Martensi, Pfr., n. sp., 318 
— monachus, Pfr., n. sp., 333 
—— nigroapicatus, Pfr., n. sp., 333 
Palawanensis, Pfr., n. sp., 388 
—— pallidior, Sow., 203 . 


| —— parallelus, Pfr., n. sp., 389 


—— pheostylus, Pfr., n. sp., 329 

— pliculatus, Pfr., n. sp., 390 

—— puncticulatus, Pfr., n.sp., 390 

—— Sabatieri, P/r., n. sp., 389 

segregatus, 186 

—— stenacme, Pfr., n. sp., 333 

— sugillatus, Pfr., n. sp., 389 

— sulphureus, P/r., n. sp., 318 

—— tibetanus, Pfr., n. sp., 331 

vegetus, Gould, 203 

vesicalis, Gould, 203 

—— Woodwardi, Pfr., n. sp., 332 

Bulla culcitella, Gould, 203 

nebulosa, Gould, 220 

— (Akera) culcitella, Gould, 203 

( Tornatina) cerealis, Gould, 203 

Bullia Cumingiana, Dunker, n. sp., 355 

elegans, Dunker, n. sp., 355 

Buteo insignatus, Cassin, 285 

Buthraupis, Cab., 239 

— chloronota, Sel, 240 

— cucullata, Sel., 239 

eximia, Cab., 240 

montana, Sel., 239 

Butorides virescens, Bp., 310 

Byssoarca pernoides, Carp., n.sp., 202 

Cacicus Lifasciatus, Spix, 300 

—— montezume, Less., 300 

Calcenas (Phlegcenas) Stairi, G. R. Gray, 
Nn. Sp., 7 

Celigena fulgens, Sw., 287 

Cereba cyanea, Linn., 140, 286 

Cerebide, 286 

Callichthys littoralis, 345 

Calliparea, Bp., 266 

Bourcieri, Bp., 266 

—— phenicotis, Bp., 266 

Callispiza cayana, Cab., 252 

—— citrinella, Cab., 247 

—— cyanoptera, Cab., 19, 255 

— festiva, Cab., 247 

— flaviventris, Cab., 257 

gyrola, Cab., 255 

—— nigroviridis, Cab., 260 

preciosa, Cab., 254 

—— punctata, Cab., 249 

tatao, Sch., 244 

—— thoracica, Cab., 248 

tricolor, Cab., 246 

vitriolina, Cab., 252 

Calliste, Bote, 244 


414 


Calliste albiventer, Gray, 256 
analis, Bp., 243 
argentea, Gray, 259 
argentea, 19 

—— Arthusi, Bp., 251 
Arthusi, 19 

—— atricerulea, Gray, 258 
—— atricapilla, Bp., 259 
atricapilla, 19 
atrocerulea, 19 

— aurulenta, 19 

— aurulenta, Gray, 250 
—— boliviana, Sel., 258 
—— boliviana, 19 

—— brasiliensis, Gray, 256 
— brasiliensis, 19 

— Bourcieri, Bp., 266 
— celicolor, Se/., 245 
— celicolor, 19 

—— ceruleocephala, Gray, 266 
calliparea, Gray, 266 
castaneoventris, Scl., 266 
castanonota, Scl., 19, 254 
—— cayana, Gray, 252 
cayana, Hartl., 254 
cayana, 19 

— chilensis, Gray, 245 
chrysonota, Scl., 252 
chrysophrys, Scl., 249 
— chrysotis, Dubus, 263 
chrysotis, 19 

—— citrinella, Gray, 247 
cyaneicollis, Sel., 262 
cyaneicollis, 18, 19 
—— cyaneiventris, Scl., 247 
cyaneiventris, 19 

—— cyanescens, Sci., n. sp., 260 
—— cyanolema, Bp., 252 
cyanolema, 19 

—— cyanoptera, Gray, 254 
—— cyanoptera, Gray, 19, 255 
cyanoventris, 255 
— cucullata, Gray, 253 
—— cucullata, 19 

—— Desmaresti, Gray, 256 
—— Desmaresti, 19 
diaconus, Gray, 233 
Janny, Gray, 261 

—— fastuosa, Gray, 266 
Jastuosa, 19 

—— festiva, Gray, 246 
festiva, 19 

—— flava, Gray, 253 

—— flava, 19 

flaviventris, Scl., 257 
Slaviventris, 19 

—— Francisce, Sel., 261 
Francisce, Lafr., 142 
—— frugilegus, Bp., 235 
—— graminea, Sel., 250 
—— graminea, 19 


INDEX. 


Calliste guttata, Scl., 249 
guttulata, Bp., 19, 249 
—— gyrola, Gray, 255 

— gyrola, 19 

—— gyroloides, Gray, 255 
gyroloides, 18, 19, 142 
icterocephala, Bp., 251 
—— icterocephala, 19 
inornata, Gould, 258 
—— inornata, 19 

—— labradorides, Gray, 262 
—— labradorides, 19 

—— lamprotis, Scl., 264 
—— larvata, Dubus, 260 
larvata, 18, 19, 142 
—— leucotis, Sc)., 259 
lunigera, Sel., 263 
lunigera, 19 

—— melanonota, Sel., 254, 265 
— Mericana, Gray, 257 
—— nigricincta, Gray, 261 
—— nigriviridis, Gray, 260 
—— nigroviridis, 19 

—— Parzudakii, Gray, 263 
Parzudakii, 19 

—— peruviana, Gray, 254 
—— peruviana, 19 

—— phenicotis, Bp., 266 
pretiosa, Bp., 254 

—— pulchra, Sel., 251 
pulchra, 19 

punctata, Gray, 248 
punctata, 19 

—— ruficapilla, Scl., 19, 252 
ruficervix, Sel., 259 
— ruficervix, 19 

—— rufigenis, Sc/., n. sp., 311 
—_ rufigula, 19 

—— rufigularis, Se/., 250 
—— Schranki, Gray, 248 
Schranki, 19 

— Sclateri, Zafr., 251 
— Selateri, 19. 
——tatao, Gray, 244 

tatao, 19 

—— thalassina, Strickl., 261 
thalassina, 18, 19 

—— thoracica, Gray, 247 
—— thoracica, 19 

— tricolor, Gray, 246 
— tricolor, 19 

—— Vassorii, Gray, 264 
venusta, Sel., 264 

— venusta, 19 

—- Vieilloti, Se/., n. sp., 257 
virescens, Scl., 250 
—— viridissima, Bp., 256 
—— vitriolina, Bp., 252 
—— vittata, Cab., 265 

—— xanthocephala, Se/,, 264 
—— wxanthocephala, Scl., 19, 264 


INDEX. 415 


- Calliste xanthogastra, Scl., 249. 


zwanthogastra, 19 

— Wilsoni, Gray, 261 

—— yeni, Bp., 245 

—— yeni, 19 

Callopoma saxosum, Gray, 44 
Callospiza barbadensis, Bp., 256 
boliviana, Bp., 258 

— brasiliensis, Bp., 256 

— calliparea, Tsch., 266 
eayennensis, Bp., 257 

— eyanicollis, Tsch., 262 

— guttata, Cab., 249 

— gyrola, Tsch., 255 

Mexicana, Sch., 257 
Schrankii, Tsch., 248 
wanthocephala, Tsch., 264 
yeni, Tsch., 245 

Calospiza, Gray, 244 

cayana, Sch., 252 

—— pulchra, Tsch., 251 
Calothorax Lucifer, Sow., 288 
— Eliza, Less., 288 

Calurus neoxenus, 63 

Calyptrea imbricata, 169 
Calyptreide, 3 

Campylopterus Cuvieri, Delattre, 140 
pampa, Less., 287 
Campylorhyncius, Spix, 97 

— griseus, Sch., 97 

zonatus, Less., 290 
Canceride, 134 

Canis aureus, Linn., 397 

Capra Jemlaica, H. Smith, 404 
Capricornis bubalina, Hodgs., 403 
Thar, Ogilby, 403 
Caprimulgide, 285 

Caprolagus hispidus, Pears., 402 
Caprovis Argali, Gray, 404 
Capulus mitrulus, Dunker, 3 
subrufus, D’Orb., 4 
Cardellina rubra, Sw., 292 
Cardinalis virginianus, Bp., 302 
Cardium Californianum, Conr., 217 
— cruentatum, Gould, n. sp., 201 
— luteolabrum, Gould, 201, 217 
— Nuttallii, Conr., 217 

—— quadragenarium, Conr., 217 
—— substriatum, Conr., 218 
xanthocheilum, Gould, 201, 217 . 
Carduelis magellanica, Aud., 304 
Carenochrous, Scl., 87 

Cariama cristata, Cuv., 348 
Carocolla, 99 

Carpodacus familiaris, McCall., 304 
Frontalis, Cab., 304 

— hemorrhous, Licht., 304 
—— rhodocolpus, Caé., 304 
Carpophaga, 136 

Carychium Myosotis, Mich., 22 
Caryothraustes, Reich., 64, 65 


Caryothraustes atro-olivaceus, Bp., 65 

brasiliensis, Cab., 66 

—— cayenensis, Bp., 66 

—— episcopus, Bp., 66 

Cassiculus Prevosti, Less., 301 

Cassis, 21 

Cataulus Cumingi, Pfr., n. sp., 339 

hemastomus, Pfr., n. sp., 391 

Catharus aurantiirostris, Hartl., 294 

immaculatus, Bp., 294 

Centropus Milo, Gould, n. sp., 136 

Centurus Santacruzi, Bp., 307 

subelegans, Bp., 143 

Cerambyx formosus, Oliv., 12 

Ceres, Gray, n. g., 100 

eolina, Gray, 100, 102 

Salleana, Gray, n. sp., 100, 102 

Cerithidea albonodosa, Carp., u. sp., 205 

fuscata, Gould, 206 

sacrata, Gould, 206 

— sacrata, Gould, 226 

Cerithium (Potamis) sacratum, Gould, 
206, 226 

Cerostoma, Conr., 229 

Nuttalli, Conr., 229 

Certhia americana, 290 

mexicana, Reich., 290 

Certhiide, 288 

Certhiola mexicana, Sel., n. sp., 286 

Crrvips, 151 

Cervulus moschatus, De Bl., 405 

Cervus Axis, 151 

Cervus Dama, 151 

Cervus affinis, Hodgs., 405 

— Hippelaphus, Hodgs., 405 

—— melas, Ogilby, 405 

porcinus, Zimm., 406 

tibetanus, Hodgs., 405 

Ceryle americana, Gm., 139, 286 

torquata, 139 

Cetoniade, 8, 14 

Cetonia (Prottia) procera, White, n.sp., 


17 
( ) Schaumii, White, n. sp., 17 

Chalcothraupis, Bp., 244 
argentea, Bp., 259 
atricapilla, Bp., 259 
atrocerulea, Bp., 258 
— nigrocincta, Bp., 261 
—— nigroviridis, Bp., 260 
ruficervix, Bp., 259 
Chama exogyra, Conr., 217 
— frondosa, 217 
Mexicana, 217 
pellucida, 217 
Chamepelia amazilia, Bp., 30 
Chamepetes Goudoti, Less., 30 
Chameza guatimalensis, Bp., 294 
Chaus lybicus, Gray, 396 
Chelodina Colliei, 370 
—— expansa, Gray, n.sp., 370 


416 


Chelodina longicollis, 370 

— oblonga, 370 

—— sulcifera, 370 

Chelymys Macquaria, 371 
Chemnitzia bicarinata, Carp-, n.sp., 171 
—— Bittiformis, Carp., n. sp., 171 
—— communis, C. B. Ad., 170 
Cumingii, Carp., u.sp., 170 
—— polyzonata, Carp.,n.sp.,170  * 
rubrofusca, Carp., n. sp-, 171 
tenuicula, Gould, 207 

— torquata, Gould, 207 
Chimera, 346 

Chione Californiensis, Desh., 216 
callosa, Desh., 216 
Nuttalli, Desh., 216 
straminea, Desh., 215 
Chirowiphia melanocephala, Vieill., 141 
Chiton acutus, Carp., 221 
armatus, Nutt., 221 

— muscosus, Gould, 221 

— Nuttalli, Carp., 221 
ornatus, Nutt., 221 
Chlorenas bicolor, Vieill., 50 
fasciata, Say, 309 

—— flavirostris, Wagl., 309 
rufina, Temm., 143 
speciosa, Gm., 309 
Chlorochrysa, Bp., 266 | 
calliparzea, Sel., 266 
pheenicotis, Sel., 266 
Chioronerpes Cecilii, Malh., 143 
oleagineus, Reichd., 307 
rubiginosus, 307 

—— yucatanensis, Cabot., 307 
Chlorophonia, Bp., 269 

frontalis, Bp., 270 
longipennis, Sel., 270 

—— occipitalis, Bp., 270 

—— Pretrii, Bp., 270 

viridis, Bp., 269 

Chlorornis, Reich., 77 

prasina, Cab., 78 
Chlorospingus, Cad., 89 

— albitemporalis, Scl., 89 
atripileus, Sel., 91 

—— canigularis, Cab., 90 

—— flavigularis, Sel., 91 

—— flavipectus, Cab., 90 
flaviventris, Sel., n. sp., 91 
— leucophrys, Cab., 89. 

— Lichtensteini, Sel., n. sp.,.30, 93 
—— melanotis, Sel., 92 

—— olivaceus, Se/., 90 

—— ophthalmicus, Dub., 302 
ophthalmicus, Se/., 89 

—— rubrirostris, Sel., 92 

—— spodocephalus, Bp., 91 
—— superciliaris, Se/., 92 

—— superciliaris, 30 

verticalis, Sel., 93 


INDEX. 


Chlorospingus verticalis, 30 

—— xanthophrys, Sci., n. sp., 30, 93 

Chlorostoma maculosum, Adams, 204 

Cholepus didactylus, 139 

Chrysallida, Carp., n. subg., 170 

communis, C. B. Ad., 170 

crebristriata, Carp., n. sp., 170 

Chrysomitris mexicana, Sw., 303 

notata, Dubus, 304 

Chrysopoga, Bp., 84, 86 

typica, Bp., 86 

Chrysothraupis, Bp., 244, 250 

arthus, Bp., 251 

aurulenta, Bp., 250 

— chrysotis, Bp., 263 

—— citrinella, Bp., 247 

— frugilegus, Bp., 236 

icterocephala, Bp., 251 

Parzudakii, Bp., 263 

—— Schrankii, Bp., 248 

thalassina, Bp., 262 

—— thoracica, Bp., 248 

wvanthocephala, Bp., 264 

Ciecaba gisella, Bp., 25 

Circaétus solitarius, Tsch., 145 

Cissopis, Vieill., 78 

—— bicolor, Vieill., 79 

—— Leveriana, Gray, 78 

— media, Sel., 79 

minor, 7'sch., 79 

Cissurus, Reich., 64 

Cistudo dentata, Gray, 183 

Cithara sinuata, Carp., n. sp.) 162 

Clausilia sennaariensis, Pfr., n. sp-, 36 

Clinteria atra, Wied., 15. 

biguttata, G. & P., 15 

— duealis, White, 15 

funeraria, G. & P., 15 

Hoffmeisteri, White, 15 

Cobitis, 346 

ar Fagen americana cerulea, Briss., 
4 


cerulescens, Vieill., 64 
canadensis, Briss., 65 

—— erythromelas, Vieill., 65 

viridis, Vieill., 66 
Coccothraustine, 301 

Coccyzus viridirostris, Hartl., 308 
Colaptes mewieanus, Sw., 307 

Colibris thalassina, Sw., 287 

Columba bicolor, Vieill., 30 - 
erythroptera, Gmel., 6 

—— leucophrys, Forster, 7 

— Trudeauii, Aud., 309 

vinacea, Temm., 30 

Columba, 30, 309 ' 
Columbella, 21 

Santa Barbarensis, Carp.,n. sp., 208 
Comarophagus, Boie, 113 

Cominella elongata, Dunker, n.sp-, 356 
Compsocoma, Cab., 238 


INDEX. 


Compsocoma elegans, Cab., 238 

flavinucha, Cadb., 238 

notabilis, Se/., 239 

—— sumptuosa, Sel., 238 

victorini, Cab., 238 

Concholepas antiquatus, H. & A. Adams, 3 

subrufus, H. & A. Adams, 4 

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawrence, 37 

Conopophaga cucullata, Se/., n. sp., 29 

Conus achatinus, Mke., 206 

—— comptus, Gould, 206 

—— purpurascens, Sow., 206 

pusillus, Gould, 206 

— ravus, Gould, 206 

Coracias cayana, Bodd., 70 

cayennensis, Gmel., 70 

Corbula polychroma, Gouldet Carp., n.sp., 
198 


Corsira caudata, Hodgs., 400 

—— nigrescens, Gray, 400 

Corvus collurio, Daud., 79 

— frugilegus, 40 

Leverianus, Shaw, 79 

Coturniculus Henslowii, Aud., 305 

Cotyle serripennis, Aud., 285 

Crangonide, 103, 105 

Crenella bulla, Dunker, n. sp., 366 

Crepidula aculeata, 225 

Californica, Nutt., 225 

—— explanata, Gould, 205, 225 

exuviata, Nutt., 205, 225 

—— minuta, Mid., 225 

navicelloides, Nutt., 225 

—— nummaria, Gould, 225 

—— perforans, Val., 205, 225 

rugosa, Nutt., n. sp., 224 

Crotophaga sulcirostris, Sw., 309 

Crucibulum auriculatum, Chemn., 168 

—— corrugatum, Carp., n. sp., 204 

—— Cumingii, var. Caribbeense, Carp., 
n. sp., 167 

—— imbricatum, var. Cumingii, Carp., 
n. sp., 167 

— —, var. Broderipii, Carp., n. sp., 
168 

—— pectinatum, Carp., n. sp., 168 

—— rude, Brod., 168 

— spinosum, Sow., 225 

—— spinosum, var. compresso-conicum, 
Carp., n. sp., 167 

— umbrella, Desh., 168 

violascens, Carp., n. sp., 166 

Cryptodon, Conr., 210 

— Nuttallii, Conr., 210 

Cryptomya Californica, Conr., 210 

Cuculide, 308 

Cuculus hyperythrus, Gould, n. sp., 96 

—— strenuus, Gould, n. sp., 96 

Cultellus, Conr., 212 

caribbeus, Conr., 212 

— Dombeii, Conr., 212 


417 


Cultellus strigillatus, Cony., 212 

Cuma suleata, Gray, 42 

Cuminyia Californica, Conr., 213 

Cuon primevus, Hodgs., 397 

Cyanicterus, Bp., 122 

venustus, Bp., 122 

Cyanocitta floridana, Bart., 300 

Cyanocorax luxuosus, Less., 300 

—— peruvianus, Cass., 300 

Cyanoloxia parellina, Bp., 302 

Cyanomyia quadricolor, Vieill., 287 

Cyanophonia, Bp., 271 

aureata, Bp., 272 

—— musica, Bp., 271 

Cyclas, 186 

Cyclina producta, Carp., n. sp., 161 

—— subquadrata, Hanl., 201 

Cyclope (Nasa) neritinea, Gray, 42 

Cyclophoride, 101 

Cyclophorus Shiplayi, P/r., n. sp., 337 

Cyclorhis flaviventris, Lafr., 299 

Cyclorhynchus brevirostris, Cab., 296 

Cyclostoma, 100 

elegans, 147 

truncatulum, Drap., 22 

—— (Chondropoma) Cordovanum, Pfr., 
n. sp., 323 

—— (Cyclophorus) Boucardi, Sallé, n.sp., 
323 


—— (——) Shiplayi, P/., n. sp., 337 
—— (Cyclotus) daucinum, Pfr., n. sp., 
337 


—— (——) Lindstedti, Pfr., n. sp., 391 

—— (Cyclostomus) Boivini, Pfr., n. sp., 
338 

— (——)microchasma, P/r., n. sp.,338 

—— (——) sarcodes, Pfr., n. sp., 339 

— (Leptopoma) duplicatum,P/r.,n.sp., 
338 


—— (—) Hanleyanum, P/,., n. sp., 
384 

—— (——-) signatum, Pfr., n. sp., 338 

—— (Opisthoporus) Cochinchinensis, 
Pfr., 1. 8p., 337 

—— (——) euryomphalum, Pfr., n. sp., 
337 

Cyclostomide, 99 

Cyclostomus Boivini, Pfr., n. sp., 338 

— microchasma, Pfr., n. sp., 338 

sarcodes, Pfr., n. sp., 339 

Cyclostrema excavata, Carp., n. sp., 169 

octolirata, Carp., n. sp., 169 

—— pentegoniostoma, Carp., n.sp., 169 

Cyclothurus didactylus, Linn., 139 

Cyclotus daucinus, Pfr., n. sp., 337 

Lindstedti, Pfr., n. sp., 391 

Cylindrella apiostoma, Pfr., n. sp., 322 

Boucardi, Pfr., n. sp., 321 

— clava, Pfr., n. sp., 380 

——- Ghiesbreghtii, Pfr., n. sp., 380 

—— polygyra, Pfr., n. sp., 322 


No. CCCXXVI.*—ProceepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 


418 


Cylindrella turris, Pfr., n. sp., 380 

Cypricardia Californica, Cour., 217 

—— Duperryi, Desh., 217 

Cypricia Nuttallii, Conr., 210 

Cyprinodon Hammonis, Cuv. et Val. 371 

Cyprinus Bithynicus, Richardson, n. sp., 
372 

carpis, 372 

elatus, 372 

—— flavipinnis, 372 

hungaricus, 372 

Nordmanni, 372 

Cypsnagra, Less., 112 

ruficollis, Gray, 112 

Cyrena altilis, Gould, 202 

ambigua, Desh., 186 

consobrina, Caill., 186 

Cor, Lam., 186 

—— LEuphratica, Bronn, 186 

Jfluminalis, Mill. 

——  Gemmeiiarii, Phil., 186 

— mexicana, 202 

Panormitana, Bivon, 186 

— triangularis, Desh., 186 

—— trigonula, Wood, 186 

Cytherea callosa, Conr., 216 

—— subtrigona, Dunker, n. sp., 357 

—— (Trigonella) crassatelloides, Conr., 
216 

Defrancia intercalaris, Carp., n. sp., 163 

serrata, Carp., n. sp., 163 

Delattria Henrici, Less., 287 

Rhami, Less., 287 

Dendrornis flavigastra, Sw., 289 

triangularis, Lafr., 289 

Deucalion Wollastoni, White, n. sp., 406 

Diaphonia, 16 

Diglossa baritula, Wagl., 286 

Diplodonta orbella, Gould, 202, 218 

—— semiaspera, 202 

Diplommatina Cantori, P/r., n. sp., 336 

DrnornIs CRASSUS, 55 

DINoRNIS ELEPHANTOPUS, Owen, 2. Sp., 
54 

DINORNIS GIGANTEUS, 55 

Diyoanis RoBUSTUS, 55 

Diucopis, Bp., 68 

atra, Bp., 67 

capistrata, Bp., 67 

—— fasciata, Bp., 68 

—— leucophea, Bp., 67 

—— speculigera, Sel., 68 

Diva, Sel., 264 

Vassori, Sel., 264 

Doliide, 43 

Donacobius, 97 

Donax Californicus, Conr., 260, 213 

— Conradi, Desh., 213 

—— culminatus, 200 

—— flexuosus, Gould, 200 

——- obesus, Gould, 200, 215 


INDEX. 


Donax rostratus, C. B. Ad., 200 

Doras costata, 345 

Dorx pentamera, Newmn., 9 

Dorysthenes, 9 

Dosinia callosa, Conr., 216 P 

Drillia punctato-striata, Carp., n. sp., 164: 

Dromococcyx mexicanus, Bp., 308 

Dryocopus erythrops, Cuv., 306 

scapularis, Vig., 306 

Dubusia, Bp., 237 

auricrissa, Scl., 236 

cyanocephala, Scl., 236 

— gigas, Bp., 240 

olivicyanea, Scl., 237 

—— Selysia, Bp., 237 

teeniata, Sel., 237 

Dulus palmarum, Bp., 84 

poliocephalus, Bp., 84 

Echinus mammillaris, 133 

Ectophthaima, Pft., 337 

Elenia texensis, Giraud, 296 

variegata, Sel., n. sp., 297 

Elateride, 9 

Emberiza flavifrons, Sparm., 271 

— fulviceps, Lafr., 88 

Emberizine, 30, 304 

Emberizoides macrurus, Gm., 30 

marginalis, Temm., 30 

Embernagra albinucha, D’Orb., 86 

—— conirostris, Bp., 143 

mexicana, Less., 86 

— rufinucha, Lafr., 87 

—_ rufivirgata, Lawr., 306 

—— silens, Lafr., 81 

—— striaticeps, Lafr., 143 

torquata, Lafr., 84 

Emeus, Reichenbach, 58 

Emys crassicollis, Bell, 182 

—— nigra, Blyth, 182 

ocellata, D. et B., 182 

tentoria, Blyth, 182 

Ennea insignis, Pfr., n. sp., 388 

Episcopus avis, Briss., 231 

Erato columbella, Mke., 206 

leucophea, Gould, 206 

—— Maugerie, var. Panamensis, Carp., 
n. sp., 162 

Erithacine, 293 

Erycina donacina, Récluz, 341 

Esox, Linn., 345 

Esox Lucius, 106 

Eucometis, Selater, n. g., 117 

— albicollis, Sel., 117 

—- cristata, Se/., 118 

— penicillata, Sel., 117 

Euphonia, Desm., 271 

— enea, Lund., 276 

—— affinis, Less., 274, 303 

aureata, D’Orb., 272 

bicolor, Strickl., 279 

brevirostris, Bp., 275 


Euphonia ceruleocephala, Sw., 271 
—— eastaneiventris, Vieill., 279 
—— cayana, By., 278 
—— Cayennensis, Gray, 279 
—— chalybea, Scl., 276 
——- chlorotica, Licht., 273 
chlorotica, Licht., 276 
—— cinerea, Lafr., 280 
—— celestis, Less., 272 
—— concinna, Se/., 275 
—— erassirostris, Scl., n. sp., 277 
—— elegantissima, Gray, 272 
—— elegantissima, Bp., 303 
—— flavifrons, Sel., 271 
— fortirostris, Lafr., 277 
—— frontalis, Scl., 270 
—— fulvierissa, Sei., n. sp., 276 
— hirundinacea, Bp., 278 
—— hirundinacea, Bp., 275, 303 
—— Jamaicensis, Sel., 280 
— laniirostris, Lafr., 277 
— laniirostris, Sel., 278 
—— leucopyga, Natt., 275 
—— longipennis, Dubus, 270 
—— melanura, Sel., 278 
—— minuta, Cab., 274 
—— musica, Gray, 271 
—— nhigricollis, Lafr., 272 
—— oceipitalis, Dubus, 270 
olivacea, Desm., 274 
pardalotes, Less., 276 
—— Pectoralis, Gray, 279 
—— plumbea, Natt., 281 
—— poliocephala, Natt., 281 

—— Pretrei, Lafr., 270 
—— pumila, Bp., 275 
—— pyrrhophrys, Scl., 270 
—— pyrrhuloides, Natt., 276 
—— ruficeps, Lafr., 276 
—— tufiventris, Gray, 279 
—— rufiveniris, 18 
—— Selateri, Bp., 271 
—— serrirostris, Lafr., 273 
——- strictifrons, Strickl., 275 
—— tibicen, Licht., 273 
—— trinitatis, Stricki., 274 
—— umbilicalis, Less., 279 
—— Violacea, Gray, 277 
—— viridis, Gray, 269 
—— xanthogastra, Sund., 275 
—— sp. nov. ? 303 
Euprepiste, Scl., 244 
Euryta fulgurata, Phil., 206 
Euscarthmus agilis, Sclater, 
albicristatus, 28 
— parulus, 28 
Euschemon, Scl., 244, 252 
Euspiza americana, Linn., 142 
Euthlypis lacrymosa, Cab., 291 
Luthraupis, Cab., 242 
—— analis, Cab., 243 


n. Sp., 28 


INDEX, 419 
Euthraupis Dubusia, Cab., 243 
Fasciolaria, 21 
—— bistriata, Carp., n. sp., 207 
—— salmo, Gray, 42 
Fasciolaride, 42 
Felis Charitoni, Gray, 396 

Chaus, Giildenst, 396 

—— Duvaucelii, Hodgs., 396 

macrosceloides, Hodgs., 395 

murmensis, Hodgs., 395 

bardochrous, Hodgs., 396 

—— tigris, Linn., 395 

—— uncia, Erxleb., 395 

uncioides, Hodgs., 395 

Fissurella, 101 

—— aspera, Esch., 223 

crenulata, Sow., 223 

—— densiclathrata, Reeve, 223 

exarata, Nutt., 223 

—— ornata, Nutzt., n. sp., 222 

Fissurellade, 101 

Fluvicola leucophrys, D’Orb., 28 

enanthoides, D’Orb., 28 

Formicariide, 294 

Formicariine, 29 

Formicarius moniliger, Se/., n. 8p. 294 

Fossar reticulatus, Ads., 205 

Fossarus (Zsapis) ovoideus, Gould, 205 

Fringilla autumnalis, Linn., 252 

—— bahamensis, Briss., 231 

—— cana, Gmel., 230 

cayenensis, Licht., 66 

celeno, Licht., 65 

—— episcopus, Licht., 66 

—— gnatho, Licht., 64 

—— hemorrhoa, Licht., 304 

—— Jamaica, Linn., 280 

—— jugularis, Max., 77 

——— macroura, Gm., 30 

— quadrivittata, Licht., 85 

— texensis, Giraud, 303 

—— viridis, Max., 66 

—— Zena, Linn., 231 

Fringilline, 303 

Furia, F. Cuv., 172 

—— horrens, F. Cuv., 175 

Furipterus, Bonap., 173 

—— cerulescens, Tomes, 

—— horrens, Tomes, 175 

Furnarius griseus, Swains., 97 

Fusus ambustus, Gould, 208 

—— pallidus, Gray, 41 

turbinelloides, 41 

Galbula melanogenia, Scl., 139 

Galline, 30 

Gallinago nobilis, Sel., n. sp., 31 

Wilsoni, Terom., 310 

Gallopavo sylvestris, Brisson, 62 

Ga.tus, 367 

Garruline, 300 

Geotrygon chiriquensis, Sel., n. sp., 143 


n.sp., 176 


——— 


420 


Geotrygon montana, Linn., 309 
Geranospiza gracilis, Temm., 285 
Geospizopsis melanotis, Bp., 306 
typus, Bp., 306 

Geronoaétus aguia, 145 

Gisella Harrisi, Bp., 25 
Glandinaria Californica, Nutt., 227 
Glossiptila, Sel., n. g., 269 
raficollis, Sel., 269 

Glyphis, Carp., n. g-, 223 

aspera, Carp., 223 

Gnathodon mendica, Gould, 200 
trigona, Petit, 200 

Goliathus Africanus, Lamarck, 14 
— Drurii, 14 

—— giganteus, 14 

Goniaphea cerulea, Linn., 301 
conereta, Dub., 302 
parellina, Bp., 302 

Gracula glauca, Sparm., 231 
Gralla, 31 

Grallaria guatimalensis, Prev., 294 
Granatellus Sallzi, Sel., 292 
Gyrola, Reichb., 244, 255 
chrysoptera, Bp., 255 
cyanoventris, Bp., 255 
viridissima, Bp., 256 

Halicore australis, 352 

Haliotis albicans, 147 

—— Californiensis, Swains., 223 

- Cracherodii, Leach, 223 
splendens, Reeve, 223 
Haminea vesicula, Gould, 203 
Harpyhaliaétus, 145 

Hedymmeles Ludoviciana, Linn., 301 
Heleodytes griseus, Cab., 97 

minor, Cab., 97 

Helictis nipalensis, Hodgs., 398 
Helicella nitida, 186 

Helicide, 99 

Helicina, 99, 100 

Helicina brevilabris, Pfr., n. sp., 380 
— Chiapensis, P/r., n, sp., 380 
— Cordillerz, Sallé, n.sp., 323 
—— Draytonensis, Pfr., n. sp.» 392 
—— Ghiesbreghtii, P/r., n.sp., 381 
— gratiosa, Pfr., n.sp., 325 ss 
—— Heatei, Pfr., n.sp., 392 

—— Heloise, Sallé, n.sp., 322 
— Ide, Pfr., n.sp., 339 : 
—— Norfolkensis, P/r., n. sp., 391 
—— notata, Sallé, n. sp., 323 
—pictella, P/r., 0. sp., 392 
— rufa, Pfr., n.sp., 392 

suavis, Pfr., n. sp., 385 

—— virens, Pfr., u.sp., 339 


—— (Alcadia) rhamphostyla, Pfr. n. 8p; 


391 
Helicinide, 101 
Heliomaster constantii, 140, 287 
— longirostris, Vieill., 140. 


INDEX. 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


| 
| 
| 


Helix, 99 

Helix acalles, Pfr., n.sp., 327 
Adelaide, Pfr., n.sp., 387 
—— alata, Pfr., n. sp., 33 

—— ammiralis, Pfr., n.sp-, 328 
—— angelica, Pfr., n. sp., 33 
— arguta, Pfr., n.sp., 327 
Bactriana, Hutton, 186 
basidentata, Pfr., n. sp., 329 
binaria, Pfr., n.sp., 33 
—— Bonrgnignatii, Pfr., n. sp-» 387 
brevipila, Pfir., 385 

—— Calabarica, Pfr., n. sp.) 327 
Californiensis, Lea, 220 
castrensis, Pfr., D. Sp-y 386 
—— Chiapensis, Pfr., n. sp-, 377 
— Chimmoi, Pfr., n.sp., 328 
—— chionodiscus, Pfr., n. sp., 387 
— Cleryi, Pfr., 385 

coagulata, Pfr., n. Sp- 32 
— Columbiana, Lea, 220 

—— conferta, Pfr., n.sp-; 328 
— cordovana, Pfr., n.sp., 318 
costata, 186 

Damahoyi, Pfr., n. sp-, 328 
Darnaudi, Pfr., n.sp., 327 
—— delta, Pfr., n.Sp-, 386 
ductilis, Pfr., n. sp., 385 
— eustoma, P/fr., n. sp., 383 
exserta, Pfr., n.sp., 32 
Fanellei, Hombr., 382 
fanula, Pfr., n. sp-, 33 
fidelis, Gray, 220 
flexilabris, Pfr., n.sp., 382 
—— fringilla, Pfr., 385 

—— Grevillei, Pfr., n.sp-, 387 
— Grimardi, Desh., 385 

— Gueinzii, Pfr., n. sp., 329 
—— Hainesi, Pfr., n. sp., 32 


| —— helicinoides, Jacq., 385 


—— helictomphala, P/r., n. sp., 377 
— Hombroni, Pfr., n. sp., 382 
— Kermandeci, Pfr., n. sp., 326 


| —— Lindstedti, P/r., n. sp., 387 


Lombei, Pfr., n. sp., 382 


| —— majuscula, Pfr., n. sp., 381 


—— meobambensis, P/r., n. sp., 328 
—— meta, Pfr., n.sp., 381 

— migratoria, Pfr., 385 

— Miguelina, Pfr., n.sp., 33 
— motacilla, Pfr., 385 

—— mucida, Pfr., n. sp., 329 
—— muorina, Pfr., n. sp., 384 
— Nickliniana, Lea, 220 
Nove-Hollandiea, Quoy, 385 
—— Nuttalliana, Lea, 220 

— omissa, Pfr., n.sp., 32 
—— Ophiria, Pfr., n. sp., 326 
—— Oregonensis, Lea, 220 

— Pfeifferi, Phil., 385 

—— phthisica, Pfr., n. sp., 383 


INDEX. 


Helix plagiostoma, P/r., n. sp., 381 
—— pliculosa, Pfr., n. sp., 386 
pulchella, 186 

— pyxis, Hinds, 385 

— quercina, Pfr., n. sp., 382 
— Sachalensis, Pfr., 385 

— sebacea, Pfr., n. sp., 383 
— Shiplayi, Pfr., n. sp., 327 
—— Siamensis, P/r., n. sp., 32 
strigella, 186 | 

—— Stutchburyi, Pfr., n. sp., 386 
— Townsendiana, Lea, 220 
— undina, Pfr., n. sp., 34 

— ursina, Pfr., n. sp., 384 
Vancouverensis, Lea, 220 
veracruzensis, Pfr., n. sp., 318 
— volutella, Pfr., n. sp., 33 
xiphias, Pfr., n. sp., 383 
Helmitheros rubricapillus, Wils., 291 
solitarius, Wilson, 291 

——, sp. nov. ?, 291 

Hemipharis, 16 

—— Emilia, White, n. sp., 16 
—— lde, White, n. sp., 16 
insularis, 16 

Hemispingus, Cab., 89, 91 
rubrirostris, Cab., 92 

—— superciliaris, Cab., 93 

— Feneris, Bp., 90 
Hemithraupis, Cab., 108, 109 
Slavicollis, Bp., 110 

—— guira, Cab., 109 

— melanoxantha, Cab., 110 
—— peruana, Bp., 111 

—— ruficeps, Cab., 111 
Hemitragus Jemlaicus, H. Smith, 404 
— quadrimammis, Hodgs., 404 
Henicocichla auricapilla, Gm., 293 
Herpestes Nyula, Hodgs., 397 
Herpetometra, Gray, 22 

Hipponyx antiquatus, Linn., 3 
australis, Menke, 3 

— barbatus, Sow., 3 

— costellatus, Carp., n. sp., 4 
foliaceus, Menke, 3 
Grayanus, Menke, 226 

— mitrula, Sow., 3 

— Panamensis, C. B. Adams, 3 
radiatus, Gray, 4 

— serratus, B. M. Cat. 

— subrufus, Lamk., 4 

— tuberculatus, Carp., n. sp., 4 
—— (Amalthea) effodiens, Carp., n. sp., 4 
— (——-) Grayanus, Menke, 4 
Hipposideros armiger, Hodgs., 394 
Hirundinide, 285 

Hirundo serripennis, Aud., 285 
— subfusca, Gould, n. sp., 137 
Hyena striata, Zirm., 397 
virgata, Hodgs., 397 
MHyelaphus porcinus, Zimm. 406 


421 


Hylocharis ceruleigularis, Gould, 140 
Hylophilus ceruleus, Max., 109 
cyanoleucus, 109 

—— guira, Max., 109 

leucophrys, Lafr., 93 

— melanoxanthus, Max., 110 
ruficeps, Max., 111 
Hyonycteris, LZ. e¢ P., 178 
albiventer, Tomes, n.s.,179 
— discifera, Licht. et Peters, 179 
Hypocephalus, 9 

Hypothlypis, Cab., 267 

callophrys, Cab., 268 

tridina, Cab., 267 
Hypothymis cesia, Licht., 299 
Hypotriorchis aurantius, Heerm., 285 
Semoralis, Temm., 285 
Hystrix Alophus, Hodgs., 401 
leucurus, Sykes, 401 
Tanthcenas hypeenochroa, Gould, n.sp., 136 
Icteria longicauda, 299 

—— velasquezi, Bp., 298 

viridis, 299 

Icterine, 29 

Icterus atrigularis, Less., 301 
cucullatus, Sw., 301 
melanocephalus, Wagl., 301 
mesomelas, Wagl., 301 
prosthemelas, Strickl., 301 
plumbea, Gin., 285 

Miolopha, Bp., 271 

Imperator, n.sp.?, Gray, 44 
Iotreron Eugeniz, Gould, n. sp., 137 
Ips gigas, Olivier, 10 

Tridornis, Sel., 242 

analis, Sel., 243 

— Dubusia, Sel., 242 

—— porphyrocephala, Se/., 243 
Tridosornis, Less., 242 

—— Dubusia, Strickl., 243 
rufivertex, Less., 243 
Isognomon costellata, Conr., 219 
Ixothraupis, Bp., 244, 248 
chrysogaster, Bp., 249 

—— guttulata, Bp., 249 

—— punctata, Bp., 249 

pusilla, Bp., 250 

Jacapa, Bp., 127 

Juida Eytoni, Fraser, n. sp., 368 
longicauda, Swains., 368 
Junco cinereus, Sw., 306 

—— pheonotus, Wagl., 306 

Kellia tellinoides, Hanley, n. sp., 340 
Kemas Hodgsoni, Gray, 403 
Kerivoula picta, 175 

Labiella callosa, Pfr., n. sp., 334 
Lacuna unifasciata, Carp., nu. sp., 205 
Lagomys nipalensis, Hodgs., 402 
Lamellicornia, 14 

Lamia nobilis, Fabr., 12 

Lamiada, 8, 12 


422 INDEX. 


Laminella farcimen, Pfr., n.sp., 334 
Lampornis Prevosti, Bourc., 287 
— veraguensis, Gould, 140 
Lamprospiza, Cab., 78 

habia, Cab., 78 

—— melanoleuca, Sei., 78 - 
Lamprotes, Swains., 121 

— albicristatus, Lafr., 121 

—— loricatus, Scl., 121 

—- rubricollis, Gray, 121 

— rubrigularis, Sw., 121 

—— viridis, Gray, 122 ~ 

Lanio, Vieill., 118 

atricapillus, Vieill., 118 
aurantius, Lafr., 119 
aurantius, Lafr., 303 

auritus, Dubus, 116 

—— cristata, Vieill., 115 

—— tenuirostris, Gray, 114 
versicolor, Lafr., 119 
Vieillotii, Lafr., 115 

Lanistina concinna, Dunk., n.sp., 366 
nana, Dunker, n. sp., 365 
Lanius aurantius, Lath., 118 
Leverianus, Gmel., 79 
picatus, Lath., 79 

Lasiurus Pearsoni, Horsf., 395 
Latyrus tumens, Carp., n. sp., 166 
Leda bellula, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 49 
— concinna, 4. Adams, n. sp., 48 
costellata, Sow., 48 

—— crenifera, Sow., 48 

— decora, A. Adams, n. sp., 50 
—— electa, 4. 4d ams, n. sp., 48 
—— fastidiosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 49 
—— fulgida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 50 
—— inconspicua, 4. Adams, n. sp., 49 
—— inornata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 48 
—— lepida, 4. Addams, nu. sp., 49 
lugubris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 49 
—— plicifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 50 
—— semisulcata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 50 
siliqua, Reeve, n.sp., 48 
Leguminaria, Sch., 211 

Leopardus Uncia, Gray, 395 
Lepidenas speciosa, Bp., 309 
Lepidosiren annectens, 342 
paradoxa, Pallas, 344 
Leptopoma duplicatum, P/r., n. sp., 338 
—— Hanleyanum, Pfr., n.sp., 384 
signatum, P/r., n. sp., 338 
Leptoptila rufaxilla, Bp., 309 
Lepus hispidus, Pearson, 402 
macrotus, Hodgs., 401 

—— pallipes, Hodgs., 401 

—— ruficaudatus, Geoftr., 402 
Taloi,-Pallas, 401 

Lethrus, 10 

Leuciscus Baldneri, 376 

—— Cii, Rehdson., n. sp., 375 
—— Apollonitis, Rchdson., n. sp., 376 


Leuciseus erythrophthalmus, Cuv., 374 

—— Lancasteriensis, 376 

Leucopygia, Swains., 112 

ruficollis, Sw., 112 

Leucozonia angulata, Gray, 43 

Lima tetrica, Gould, 203 

acuminata, Lam., 186 

auricularia, 186 

Hookeri, 186 

Limnea luteola, Lam., 186 

—— Nuttalliana, Lea, 220 

—— peregra, 186 

stagnalis, 186 

truncatula, Mull., 186 

Linsang pardicolor, Gray, 396 

Lissotriton, 342 

Lithodes antarctica, Homb. et Jacq., 133 

arctica, Lam., 133 

brevipes, Edw. et Lucas, 134 

Camschatica, Tilesius, 133 

—— granulosa, Homb. et Jacq., 134 

hystrix, Haan, 133 

Maia, 132, 133 

— (Echidnocerus) cibarius, 132 

—— (Petalocerus) Bellianus, White, n.sp., 
134 

Lithodomus falcatus, Gould, 202 

—— Gruneri, Phil., 202 

Lithophagus faleatus, Gould, 202 

Littorina, 20, 100 

—— planazis, Phil., 226 

—— quadrifasciata, 20 

—— tenebrata, Gould, 226 

Littorine, 20 

Livona pica, Linn., 204 

Lomis, 134 

— dentata, Haan, 134 

hirta, Edw., 134 

Longicornia, 8 

Lophornis Helene, Del., 288 

Loricaria pleistoma, 345 

Lorius chlorocercus, Gould, n.sp., 137 

Lottia pallida, Gray, 222 

pintadina, Gould, 221 

—— punetata, Gray, 222 

seabra, Jay, 222 

Loxia bonariensis, Gm., 235 

canadensis, Linn., 65 

— capsicum, Val., 77 

—— erythromelas, Gmel., 65 

—— fuliginosa, Daud., 64 

grossa, Linn., 63 

— gularis, Less., 74 

virens, Linn, 233 

virginica, Gm., 123 

Lucanida, 8 

Lucapina erenulata, Sow., 223 

Lucina Artemidis, Carp., n.sp., 201 

bella, Conr., 218 

Californica, Conr., 218 

—— Nuttalli, Conr., 218 


INDEX. 423 


Lucina orbelia, Gould, 202, 218 Modiola recta, Conr., 218 
—— pecten, Jay, 218 Modiolarea subtorta, Dunl., n. sp., 365 
Lupus laniger, Hodgs., 397 Modulus disculus, Phil., 205 
Lutra Chinensis, Gray, 399 dorsuosus, Gould, 205 
Lutraria ventricosa, Gould, 200 Molothrus eneus, Wagl., 300 

undulata, Gould, 200 Momotide, 285 
Lyonsia Californica, Conr., 199, 211 Momotus brasiliensis, Carp., 285 
—— nitida, Gould, 199, 211 Lessoni, Less., 139, 285 
Lynx Chaus, Gildenst., 396 Moneilema albo-pictum, White, n.sp., 407 
Macabra squamulata, Bp., 285 levidorsale, White, n.sp., 407 
Macacus Rhesus, Desm., 394 —— longipes, White, n. sp., 407 
Machera, Gould, 211 Monoceros brevidens, Conr., 229 


lucida, Conr., 211 brevidentatum, Gray, 229 
Mactra Californica, Conr., 214 engonatum, Conr., 228 
exoleta, Gray, 200 —— lapilloides, Nuétt., 229 
—— Marie, 4. Adams, n. sp., 53 —— maculatum, Gray, 229 
—— mendica, Gould, 200 —— punctatum, Gray, 229 
planulata, Conr., 214 —— punctulatum, Sow., 229 
undulata, Gould, 200 unicarinatum, Reeve, 228 
(Mactrella) laciniata,Carp.,n.sp.,161 | Montacuta Coquimbensis, Hanley, n. sp. 


Maia Camschatica, Tilesius, 133 340 
Malea ringens, Gray, 43 Mormyrus, 346 
Manacus Candei, Bp., 299 Moschus leucogaster, Hodgs., 404 


Mangelia acuticostata, Carp., n.sp., 162 moschiferus, Linn., 404 
——rigida, var. fuscoligata, Carp.,n.sp., | Motacilla campestris, Linn., 269 


163 guira, Linn., 109 

Manis pentadactyla, Linn., 496 velia, Linn., 267 

— crassicaudata, Griffith, 406 Motacilline, 293 

Margarornis brunnescens, Scl., n. sp., 27 Movia, Reichenbach, 58 

Marginella Jewettii, Carp., n. sp., 207 Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray, 405 

Martes flavigula, Bodd., 398 Murex, 229 

Megaderma Lyra, Geoffr., 394 costularis, Lam., 356 | 
schistacea, Hodgs., 394 Muricide, 41 

Megalomastoma complanatum,Pfr.,n.sp., | Murina, Gray, 180 

36 suillus, Temm., 394 

Megalophus mexicanus, Kp., 295 Mus equicaudalis, Hodgs., 401 

Melampus Bridgesii, Carp., n. sp., 161 — caudatior, Hodgs., 401 

— oblongus, Pfr., n. sp., 393 —— Morungensis, Hodgs., 401 

— Stutchburyi, Pfr., n. sp., 393 —- musculus, 38, 106 

Melanerpes flavigularis, 307 — Myothrix, Hodgs., 401 

—— formicivorus, Sw., 143, 307 —— nipalensis, Hodgs., 400 

—— melanopogon, Bp., 307 — nudo-plicatus, Gaskoin, n.sp., 38 

Meleagris Gallopavo, Linn., 62 —— plurimammis, Hodgs., 401 
mexicana, Gould, n.sp., 61 — tarayensis, Hodgs., 400 

Meles leucurus, Hodgs., 398 Muscicapa Brasierii, Giraud, 292 

Merula surinamensis, Briss., 114 — Derhamii, Giraud, 292 
tristis, Sw., 294 —— galeata, Licht., 117 

—— vulgaris, 40 melanops, Vieill., 117 

Micrastur concentricus, Less., 285 —— miniata, Sw., 292 

Milvulus tyrannus, Linn., 141, 297 | —— rubra, Linn., 123 

Mimine, 97 | vulnerata, Wagl., 292 

Mimus cerulescens, Sw., 294 | Muscicapine, 298 

— carolinensis, Linn., 294 | Muscivora mexicana, Sel., n. sp., 295 

—— longirostris, Lafr., 294 Mustela canigula, Hodgs., 398 

Miniopterus, 175 Kathiah, Hodgs., 398 

Mionectes oleaginus, Licht., 296 — strigidorsa, Hodgs., 398 

Mitra maura, Nutt., 227 Mygale Emilia, White, n. sp., 183, 185 


Mniotilta varia, Linn., 140, 291 
Mniotiltine, 291 versicolor, Walck., 183 
Modiola capax, Cour., 218 Zebra, 183 

—— nitens, Carp., n. sp., 202 Myiabeillia typica, Bp., 287 


rosea, Walck., 183 


424 INDEX. 


Myiadestes obscura, Lafr., 299 
Townshendi, 300 

unicolor, Sel., n. sp-; 299 
Myjiarchus mexicanus, Kp., 296 
Myiodioctes mitratus, Lath., 291 
pusillus, Wilson, 291 
Myiopsitta tigrina, Souancé, 306 
Mysia tumida, Conr., 215 
Mytilimeria, Conr. 211 

— Nuttalli, Conr., 211 

Mytilus Adamsianus, Dunk., n.sp., 360 
—— atropurpureus, Dunk., n.sp., 359 
—— bifurcatus, Conr., 219 
Californianus, Conr., 219 
—— curvatus, Dunk., n.sp., 361 
—— edulis, 219 

—— glomeratus, Gould, 202 
—— horridus, Dunker, n. sp., 359 
—— latissimus, 219 

— Morrisi, Dunker, n.sp., 360 
niger, Gmel., 359 

—— obscurus, Dunk., n. sp., 360 
rostratus, Dunker, n.sp., 355 
splendens, Dunker, n. sp., 358 
Nacella depicta, Hinds, 204 
Nemorhedus Goral, Hardw., 403 
taxicolor, Turner, 405 
Nanina, Risso, 42 

Narica ovoidea, Gould, 205 
Nasica flavigaster, Lafr., 289 
Natalus, Gray, 176 

stramineus, Gray, 178 
Natica Californica, Carp., n.sp., 227 
excavata, Carp., n.sp., 165 
Maroccana, 227 

Navicellus, 101 

Necturus maculosus, 343 
Nemosia, Vieill., 108 

—— albigularis, Se/., 111 

atra, Bp., 67 

— auricollis, Sel., n. sp., 111 
—— blanda, Licht., 112 
diademata, Steph., 241 
—— flavicollis, Vieill., 110 

—— fulvescens, Strickl., 112 
—— guira, Gray, 109 

—— guirina, Sel., 110 

insignis, Se/., n. Sp.» 110 
—— nigricollis, Vieill., 109 

— peruana, Sel., lll 

—— pileata, Vieill., 109 

—— rubrirostris, Lafr., 92 

—— rnficapilla, Vieill., 111 

—— ruficeps, Sel., 112 

sordida, Lafr., 112 

—— superciliaris, Lafr., 92 
verticalis, Lafr., 93 

Neornis, Hartl., 269 

cerulea, Hartl., 269 

Neodon sikimensis, Hodgs., 401 
Nerita (Syncera) hepatica, Gray, 20 


Neritina, 99, 101 

Neritinide, 100, 101 

Nesocichla eremita, Gould, 144 

Nestor hypopolius, 94 

notabilis, Gould, n.sp., 94 

Nika edulis, Risso, 102, 105 

Niphea hyemalis, 306 

oregona, 306 

rufidorsis, Licht., 306 

Nitidella Gouldii, Carp., n. sp., 208 

Nothocercus Sallei, Bp., 310 

Nucula Bellotii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 51 

castanea, 4. Adams, u.sp., 53 

—— crenulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 52 

—— gibba, 4. Addams, n.sp., 52 

— Layardii, 4. Adams, n.Sp-, 51 

margaritacea, 4. Ads., 0. Sp-, 51 

—— nitidula, 4. Adams, n.sp., 51 

—— nucleus, 341 

—— Paulula, 4. Adams, n.sp., 52 

—— Paytensis, 4. Adams, n. Sp. 51 

simplex, 4. d4dams, 0. Sp.; 52 

— Strangei, 4. ddams, nu. sp. 52 

—— striolata, 4. Adams, n.sp., 52 

suleata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 53 

Nyctale Harrisi, Cassin, 25 

Nyctalitinus albipunctatus, Kaup, 25 

Nycticejus nivicolus, Hodgs.; 395 

Nyctidromus americanus, Linn., 285 

Derbyanus, Gould, 285 

Obeliscus achates, Gould, 206 

clavulus, Ads., 206 

Octhoéca enanthoides, D’Orb., 28 

albidiema, Lafr., 28 

fumicolor, Sel., n. sp-, 28 

—— Lessoni, Sclater, 28 

—— leucophrys, D’Orb., 28 

—— rufipectoralis, D’Orb., 28 

Odontoglossa, 42 

Odostoma, D’Orb., 99 

Odostomia achates, Gould, 206 

gravida, Gould, 207 

—— (Chrysallida) crebristriata, Carp., 
n.sp., 170 

Odontophorine, 309 

Odontophorus guttatus, Gould, 108, 309 

—— lineolatus, Gould, 310 

thoracicus, Gambel, 310 

veraguensis, Gould, n.sp., 107 

veraguensis, Gould, 143 

Oleacina Ghiesbreghtii, Pfr., n. sp-, 379 

—— pulchella, Pfr., 0. Sp., 379 

Oligyrade, 100 

Oliva propatula, Conr., 209 

testacea, Lam., 209 

Olivella glandinaria, Nutt., n.sp-, 227 

intorta, Carp., n.sp-, 207 

Omphalius ater, Less., 224 

aureotinctus, Forbes, 224 

—— fuscescens, Phil., 224 

—— marginatus, Nutt., 224 


ss ee 


INDEX. 


Omphalius Pfeifferi, Phil., 204 

Onychoprion fuliginosus, Gm., 144 

Ophicardelus Stutchburyi, Pfr., n.sp. 393 

Opisthoporus Cochinchinensis,P/r.,n.sp., 
337 ‘ 

—— euryomphalus, Pfr., n. sp., 337 

Orchesticus, Cab., 66 

— Abeillii, Sel., 66 

—— ater, Sel., 67 

—— capistratus, Sel., 67 

occipitalis, Cab., 66 

Oreothraupis, Sci., n. g., 80 

—— arremonops, Sei., 80 

Oriolus leucopterus, Gmel., 113 

—— melaleucus, Sparm., 113 

musicus, Cab., 301 

Ornithoptera Victoriz, G.R. Grey, n. sp.,8 

Orpheus ceruleseens, Sw., 294 

longirostris, Lafr., 294 

Ortalida Goudoti, Less., 30 

poliocephala, Wag)., 310 

vetula, Wagl., 310 

Orthogonys, Stricki., 121 

—— cyanicterus, Sel., 122 

viridis, Strickl., 122 

Ortyx pectoralis, Gould, 310 

—— thoracicus, Gambel, 310 

Osilinus gallina, 204 

Osteodesma nitidum, Gould, 199 

Ostinops bifasciatus, Cab., 300 

Ostrea conchaphila, 220 

Otis tarda, Linn., 1 

Otocorys chrysomela, Wag)., 306 

Ovis arizs, Linn., 149 

Ovis ammonoides, Hodgs., 404 

Argali, Hodgs., 404 

aries, Linn., 404 

—— Barwal, Hodgs., 404 

—— Changluk, Hodgs., 404 

—— Hodgsoni, Blyth, 404 

Hoonia, Hodgs., 404 

Nahoor, Hodgs., 404 

Pachnoda, 17 

Pachyrhamphus aglaiz, Lafr., 297 

—— marginatus, Licht., 298 

Pecilornis, Haril., 242 

—— rufivertexr, Hartl., 243 

Peecilothraupis, Cab., 241 

igniventris, Sc/., 242 

lacrimosa, Sel., 242 

—— lunuolata, Sel., 241 

Paguma Grayi, Gray, 396 

Palemonide, 103 

Palapteryz, 58 

Paludina Bengalensis, yar., 186 

Paludine, 346 

Pandora punctata, Conr., 211 

Panthalops Hodgsoni, Abel., 403 

Papilio Victoria, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 8 

Paradoxurus Grayi, Benn., 396 

nipalensis, Hodgs., 396 


425 


Paradoxurus quadriscriptus, Hodgs., 396 
strictus, Hodgs., 396 
Parandra, 9 

Parapholas, Conr., 209 
acuminata, 209 

—— bisulcata, Conr., 209 
Californica, Conr., 209 
penita, Conr., 210 

Parine, 37, 293 

Parolomis, White, n. g., 134 
—— granulosa, White, 134 
Parra brasiliensis, Gm., 282 
cordifera, Less., 283 

—— gymnostoma, Wagl., 283 
—— hypomelena, Gray, 283 
—— hypomelena, Gray, 143 
—— intermedia, Bp., n. sp., 282 
—— jacana, Linn., 282 

—— jassana, Schomb., 282 
—— melanopygia, Sel., n. sp., 283 
—— nigra, Gm., 282 

variabilis, Gm., 282 
Partula alabastrina, Pfr., n. sp., 390 
—— callifera, Pfr., n. sp., 333 
levigata, Pfr., n. sp., 334 
—— lilacina, P/r., n. sp., 334 
—— minuta, Pfr., n. sp., 384 
—— purpurascens, Pfr., n. sp., 333 
strigosa, P/r., n. sp., 384 
Parulus ruficeps, Spix, 98 

Parus atricapillus, 293 
carolinensis, 293 

—— leucotis, Giraud, 292 

—— meridionalis, Se/., n. sp., 293 
Passerculus alaudinus, Bp., 305 
geospizopsis, Bp., 306 
zonarius, Bp., 305 

Patella antiquata, Linn., 3 

—— auriculata, Chemn., 168 
australis, Lamk., 3 

—— cinis, Reeve, 221 

Cumingii, Reeve, 221 

— diaphana, Nutt., 221 

—— fenestrata, Nutt., 221 
—— leucophea, Nutt., 221 
mammillata, Nutt., 221 
— monticola, Nutt., 221 
Nuttalliana, Reeve, 221 
Oregona, Nutt., 222 

—— pileata, Nutt., 222 

scabra, Reeve, 222 

scurra, Less., 222 
spectrum, Nutt., 222 
strigillata, Nutt., 221 
tessellata, Nutt., 221 

—— umbonata, Nutt., 222 
verriculata, Reeve, 221 
Patelloida depicta, Hinds, 204 
Pecten latiauratus, Conr., 219 
monotimeris, Conr., 219 
Pectunculus flammeus, Reeve, 358 


426 


Pectunculus Grayanus, Dunk., n. sp., 357 
Penelopine, 310 

Penitella Wilsoni, Conr., 209 
Periploma argentaria, Conr., 211 
planiuscula, Sow., 211 
Periporphyrus, Reich., 64, 65 

—— atropurpuratus, Bp., 65 

— erythromelas, Bp., 65 
Peristera cinerea, Temm., 309 
Perna costellata, Conr., 219 
Petalocerus, White, n. g., 133 

—— Bellianus, White, nu. sp., 134 
Petaloconchus, Lea, 313 

cereus, Carp., 0. sp., 316 
—— cochlidium, Carp., n. sp., 314 
—— flavescens, Carp.; n. sp., 314 
—— macrophragma, Carp., n. sp., 313 
macrophragma, Carp., 226 
—— nerinzoides, Carp., n. sp., 316 
— octosectus, Carp., n.sp., 317 
renisectus, Carp., n. sp-, 315 
varians, D’Orb., 315 

— Woodwardii, Carp., 316 
Petricola arcuata, Desh., 214 

— bulbosa, Gould, 198 
Californica, Conr., 214 
carditoides, Conr., 214 

— Cordieri, Desh., 214 

— cylindracea, Desh., 214 
robusta, Sow., 198, 209 
sinuosa, Conr., 209 ’ 
Phzdinus xanthomelas, White, n. sp., 408 
Phenicophilus, Strickl., 84 

— palmarum, Sfrickl., 84 

— poliocephalus, Strickl., 84 
Pheenicothraupis, Caban., 119 

— erythrolaimus, Bp., 120 

—— gutturalis, Se/., 120 

— rubica, Cad., 119 

—— rubicoides, Cab., 120 

—— rubicoides, Lafr., 303 

— rubra, Sel., 120 

Phenisoma, Swains., 123 

— estiva, Sw., 123 

ardens, Tsch., 126 

azare, Tsch., 124 

—— bidentatum, Cab., 126 

— bivittatum, Tsch., 126 

— hepatica, Cab., 124 

—_ rubra, Sw., 123 

Phaéthon ethereus, Linn., 144 
candidus, Briss., 144 

—— flavirostris, Brandt., 144 
— phenicurus, 144 
Phaéthontine, 144 

Phaéthornis Adolphi, Sallé, 287 
Phaneropneumona, 101 
Pharomacrus mocinno, De la Liave, 139 
Phasianella compta, Gould, n. sp., 204 
Phlegenas, Bonap., 6 

Stairi, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 7 


INDEX. 


Pheebe concinna, White, n. sp., 408 
Pholadidea melanura, 209 
ovoidea, Gould, 198 
Pholadidee, 209 

Pholadopsis pectinata, Conr., 209 
Pholas Californica, Conr., 209 
concamerata, Desh., 210 
—_ Janellii, Desh., 209 

—— ovoidea, Mex., 198 
penita, Conr., 210 
Phonipara pusilla, Sw., 304 
Phos biplicatus, Carp., n. sp., 166 
Phrygilus unicolor, 306 
Phursa Jarai, Hodgs., 405 
Physa, 220 

elata, Gould, 203 
Puysatus, Gray, 187 
PHYSALUS ANTIQUORUM, 195 
PrysALus Boops, 195 

Piaya cayana, Cassin, 308 
mexicana, Sw., 308 
viridirostris, Bp., 308 
Picide, 306 

Picolaptes, 140 

affinis, Lafr., 289 

Picus eruginosus, Licht., 307 
cancellatus, Wagl., 308 
imperialis, 63 

Jardinii, Mahh., 308 
Nuttalli, Gambel, 308 
oleagineus, Licht., 307 
parvus, Cabot, 307 
scalaris, Wagler, 307 
varius, Linn., 308 

—— Wilsoni, Malh., 308 
Pileopsis, 3 

—— mitrula, Lamk., 3 

—— subrufa, Lamk., 4 
Pionus senilis, Spix, 306 
Pipilo fuscus, Sw., 304 
maculatus, Sw., 304 
—— mesoleucus, Baird, 304 
Pipilopsis, Bp., 84, 88 
albitemporalis, Bp., 89 
atripileus, Bp., 92 

—— canigularis, Bp., 90 

— cristata, Dubus, 118 
flavigularis, Scl., 91 

—— flavipectus, Bp., 90 

—— fulviceps, Bp., 88 

—— personatus, Bp., 89 

—— rubrirostris, Bp., 92 
ruficeps, By., 108 

—— semirufus, Bp., 88 
superciliaris, Bp., 92 
Pipra chlorocapilla, Shaw, 269 
—— coracina, Verreaux, n. sp., 29 
cyanocephala, Vieill., 272 
elegantissima, Bp., 272 
—— galericulata, Giraud, 273, 303 
— leucocilla, Sclater, 29 


INDEX. 427 


Pipra mentalis, Se/., n. sp., 299 
— musica, Gm., 271 

pectoralis, Lath., 279 
Pipraeidea, Sw., 265 

— castaneiventris, Scl., 266 
cyanea, Sw., 265 

—— melanonota, Scl., 265 
Pipridea, Sel., 265 

— castaneiventris, Se/., 266 
— melanonota, Sci., 265 
venezuelensis, Sc/., n. sp., 265 
Piprine, 29, 299 

Pirena Californica, Nutt., 206, 226 
Pisania elegans, Gray, 41 
Pisidium, 20, 186 

Pitangus Derbianus, Kp., 297 
Pithecus, 369 

Pithex oinops, Hodgs., 394 
Pitylus, Cuv., 64 

—— atrochalybeus, Jard., 64 
atro-olivaceus, Lafr., 65 
atropurpuratus, Lafr., 65 
—— brasiliensis, Sc/., 66 

—— cerulescens, Cab., 65 
canadensis, Gray, 65 
capistratus, Sw., 67 

—  celeno, Sel., 65 

—— erythromelas, Gray, 65 

— erythrorhynchus, Swains., 64 
Jlavocinereus, Cassin, 66 
—— fuliginosus, Scl., 64 

gnatho, Gray, 64 

grossus, Gray, 64 
personatus, Less., 66 
poliogaster, Dubus, 66, 302 
viridis, Sel., 65 

Planorbis coromandelicus, Fab., 186 
nanus, Bens., 186 

— subcrenatus, Carp., n. sp., 220 
Platyodon, Conr., 210 

cancellata, Conr., 210 
Platyrhynchus cancroma, Licht., 295 
Plecotus Darjelingensis, Hodgs., 395 
homochrous, Hodgs., 3995 
Plectropteron, Hutton, 5 
Pleurobranchiata, 45 

Pleurotoma concinna, Dunker, n. sp., 356 
— gracillima, Carp., n. sp., 164 
— virginis, Lam., 356 
Poéphagus grunniens, Gray, 405 
Pogonothraupis, Cab., 118 

— atricapilla, Cab., 118 
Polioptila, 298 

Pomaulax undosus, Mawe, 204 
Poospiza olivacea, Bp., 90 

Porcula salvania, Hodgs., 406 
Porphyrio simplex, Gould, 144 
Potamis fuscata, 206 

sacrata, 206 

Presbytes Entellus, Gray, 393 
Prionacalus, 10 


Prionida, 8 

Prionodon pardicolor, Hodgs., 396 

Proboscidifera Hamiglossa, 41 

Procapra picticauda, Hodgs., 403 

Procnias ‘Heinei, Cab., 259 

viridis, Cab., 269 

Procnopis, Bp., 264 

melanota, Bp., 265 

Vassori, Bp., 264 

Procnopis, Cab., 244, 258 

argentea, Tsch., 259 

atrocerulea, Tsch., 258 

Proserpina, 46, 99 

eolina, Duclos, 100 

— Salleana, Gray, n.sp., 100 

—— (Ceres) Salleana, Cuming, n. sp., 
322 

Proserpine, 100 

Proserpinida, 46, 101 

Prosophthalma, H. & A. Adams, 24 

Protetia ferruginea, 17 

procera, White, n.sp., 17 

regalis, 17 

Schaumii, White, n. sp., 17 

Protonopsis horrida, 343, 345 

Psalidocoptus, White, n. g., 10 

— scaber, White, n. sp., 12 

Psalidognathus Friendii, G. R. Gray, 10 

Psaltria exilis, Temm., 38 

flaviceps, Sund., 37 

—— melanotis, Cassin, 37 

minima, Cassin, 37 

Psammobia decora, Hinds, 212 

pacifica, Conr., 212 

Psaris habia, Less., 78 

mexicana, Less., 141 

tityroides, Less., 141 

Pseudobranchia, Gray, 101 

Pseudois Nahoor, Gray, 404 

Pseudomeles leucurus, Hodgs., 398 

Psilorhinus morio, Licht., 300 

Psittacide, 306 

Psittacula lineolata, Cass., 306 

Psittacus leucorhynchus, Sw., 306 

Psittospiza, Bp., 77 

prasina, Bp., 78 

Riefferi, Sc/., 78 

Pteromys caniceps, Gray, 402 

magnificus, Hodgs., 403 

—— nobilis, Gray, 402 

Pteropus, 311 

Ptilogonys cinereus, Sw., 299 

Ptilonopi, 7 

Pulmonobranchiata, Gray 101 

Pupa bacillus, Pfr., n. sp., 35 

Huttoniana, 186 

Sennaariensis, Pfr., n. sp., 35 

— teres, P/r., n.sp., 35 

Purpura, 21 

—— aperta, Blainy., 227 

—— Conradi, Nutt., 228 


428 


Purpura cornigera, Blainv., 229 
emarginata, Desh., 228 
fasciata, Dunker, n. sp., 357 
— harpa, Conr., 228 
macrostoma, Cour., 227 
pansa, Gould, 208 

patula, Linn., 208 

spirala, Blainv., 228 

— (Monoceros) brevidens, Conr., 229 
engonata, Conr., 228 
—— (——) lapilloides, Conr., 229 
Putorius tibetanus, Hodgs., 398 
Pygmornis Adolphi, Sallé, 287 
Pyranga, Vieill., 123 

—— aestiva, Linn., 142, 303 
—— estiva, Vieill., 123 
albicollis, Lafr., 117 

—— ardens, Scl., 126 

azare@, D’Orb., 124 

__— bidentata, Sw., 126 
bivittata, Lafr., 126 

—— eucullata, Dubus, 125 
cyanictera, Vieill., 122 
_— dentata. Licht., 124 

— erythrocephala, Bp., 125 
erythromelena, Licht., 303 
—— erythromelana, Scl., 126 
— erythromelas, Vieill., 123 
—— erythropis, Vieill., 125 
—— hepatica, Sw., 124 

—— icteropus, Vieill., 122 

—— ignicapilla, Licht., 120 
—— leucoptera, Trud., 126 
_— Juctuosa, D’Orb., 114 
_— Ludoviciana, Bp., 125 
_— mewicana, Less., 65 

__— mississipiensis, Lafr., 124 
—— pyrrhocephala, Mass., 125 
guajacina, Licht., 120 
__— yubica, D’Orb., 119 

_— rubra, Sw., 123 

_— rubriceps, Gray; 125 

__— saira, Sel., 124 

—— sanguinolenta, Lafr., 126 
_____ versicolor, D’Orb., 119 


——_ (-———— 


— 


Pyrgula quadricostata, Carp., 0. 8p., 162 


Pyrocephalus rubineus, Bodd., 296 
Pyrthocoma, Cab., 108 

—— personata, Cab., 89 

_— ruficeps, Cab., 108 

Pyrrhula Abeillei, Less., 66 

—— cerulea, Vieill., 241 

_—— frontalis, Sw., 304 

raptor, Cabot, 69 
Pyrrhulagra ruficollis, Bp., 269 
Pyrrhulinota hemorrhoa, Bp., 304 
Pyrrhuphonia, Bp., 271 

—— jamaica, Bp., 280 

Pyrrota, Vieill., 113 

corypheus, Bp-; 114 

—— leucoptera, Bp., 113 


INDEX. 


Pyrrota Valeryi, Verr., 114 

Pyrula lignaria, Reeve, 41 

pythina arcuata, 4. Adams, 0. SP.» 47 
—— Cumingii, 4. Adams, 0. sp. 47 
—— mactroides, Hanley, n. Sp-, 340 
nuculoides, Hanley, n. Sp-; 341 
—— Paula, 4. Addams, 0. sp-; 47 
—— peculiaris, 4. Addams, n. Sp-s 47 
triangularis, 4. Adams, n. sp-, 47 
Querquedula cyanoptera, Cassin, 311 
Quiscalus macrurus, Sw., 300 

sp., 300 

Rallus semiplumbeus, Se/., n. sp-» 31 
virginianus, 31 

Ramphastos carinatus, Sw., 308 
discolorus, Linn., 368 
Ramphocelus, Desm., 127 

affinis, Less., 130 

atrisericeus, Lafr., 130 
aurinotus, Scl., 131 

_—— brasilius, Bp., 127 

—— chrysonotus, Lafr., 131 
coccineus, Vieill., 127 

__. dimidiatus, Lafr., 129 

_— dimidiatus, Lafr., 142 
dorsalis, Bp., 127 

—— flammigerus, Sel., 131 
icteronotus, Bp., 131 

jacapa, Less., 128 

— Luciani, Lafr., 130 

—— magnirostris, Lafr., 129 

— nigrigularis, Bp., 128 

—— Passerinii, Bp., 130 
Passerinii, Bp., 142 

—— purpureus, Vieill., 128 
sanguinolentus, Bp., 132 
sanguinolentus, Less., 303 
unicolor, Sel., n. Sp-, 128 

—— uropygialis, Bp., 130 

varians, Lafr., 131 
venezuelensis, Lafr., 129 
Ramphopis, Vieill., 127 

affinis, Gray, 130 

atrisericeus, Gray, 130 
atrococcineus, Sw., 128 
brasilia, Gray, 127 

—— coccinea, Sw., 127 

_— dimidiatus, Gray, 129 

— flammigerus, Jard., 131 
icteronotus, Gray, 131 

jacapa, Gray, 128 

—— Luciani, Gray, 130 

—_— melanogaster, Sw., 129 

—— nigrigularis, Sw., 128 
Passerinii, Bp., 131 
Ranella celata, Gray, 44 
triquetra, Nutt., 227 
Rhimamphus estivus, L., 141 
coronatus, Linn., 293 
olivaceus, Giraud, 291 
—— pensilis, Linn., 291 


INDEX, 429 


Rhimamphus virens, Gm., 29] 


Saltator rubicoides, Lafr., 120 
Rhinocryptes amphibia, Peters et Miiller, 
346 


rubicus, Vieill., 119 
—— rubicus, Cassin, 303 
—— rufiventris, Lafr., 74 
rufiventris, Vig., 72 
—— similis, Lafr., 71 
sordidus, Less., 77 
—— Striatipectus, Lafr., 76 
——~ superciliaris, Cab., 72 
—_ Superciliaris, Spix, 73 
—— superciliaris, Licht., 74 
validus, Vieill., 77 
—— vigorsi, Gray, 72 
virescens, Vieill., 70 
Sanguinolaria Californiana, Conr., 212 
miniata, Gould, 199 
— Nuttaliii, Conr., 212 
pacifica, Conr., 212 
purpurea, Desh., 199 

—— albicollis, Vieill., 75 rubroradiata, Conr., 212 
arremonops, Jard., 80 Saperda leta, Fabr., 12 
—— ater, Lafr., 67 Saturnia, 6 
—— atriceps, Sel., 69 Saucerottia atala, Less., 140 
atriceps, Less., 302 Derbianus, Kp., 297 
—— atricollis, Vieill., 77 —— Nniveiventris, Gould, 140 
—— aurantiirostris, Vieill., 74 —— rufipennis, Lafr., 297 
—— Aazare, D’Ord., 73 sulphuratus, Gamb., 297 
—— bicolor, Lafr., 79 Saxicava Californica, Conr., 214 
—— cerulescens, Tsch., 72 carditoides, Conr., 214 
—— cerulescens, Fieill., 73 Saxidomus, Conr., 215 
—— eayennensis, D’Orb., 70 Giganteus, Desh., 215 
—— eyanoptera, Vieill., 233 Nuttalii, Conr., 215 
— elegans, Tsch., 78 Sayornis nigricans, Sw., 296 
—— flavus, Vieill., 124 Scalaria Cumingii, Carp., n. sp., 165 
— gigantoides, Cab., 69 —— Hindsii, Carp., n. sp., 165 
—— grandis, Licht., 72 Lovenii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 1 
—— Guadalupensis, Lafr., 76 —— regularis, Carp., n. sp., 164 
—— gularis, Lafr., 74 —— subnodosa; Carp., n. sp., 165 
—— gutluralis, Licht., 71 tiara, Carp., n. sp., 164 
— icteropygius, Dubus, 70 Scardafella inca, Less., 309 
—— icterophrys, Lafr., 72 Scardinius, Bonap., 374 
—— Mmaculipectus, Lafr., 76 Schismotis excisa, Gray, n. §- et sp., 148 
—— Mmagnoides, Lafr., 69 Schistochiamys, Reich., 68 
magnoides, Latr., 142, 302 Abeillei, Scl., 67 
—— magnus, Gray, 70 atra, Cab., 67 
—— martinicensis, Bp., 76 capistrata, Scl., 67 
—— maxillosus, Cab., 74 — fasciata, Scl., 68 
—— melanoleucus, Vieill., 78 leucophea, Cab., 67 

—,, Weculigera, Gould, 68 


“—— melanopis, Vieill., 67 
—— mutus, Sel., 72 Schizorhina Emilia, White, n. sp., 16 
—— niger, Vieill., 121 Ide, White, n. sp., 16 

—— nigrigenis, Sclater, 72 Sciuropterus alboniger, Hodgs., 403 
—— olivascens, Cab., 71 —— caniceps, Gray, 402 

—— olivascens, Vieill., 70 —— chrysothriz, Hodgs., 402 

—— *renocensis, Lafr., 77 —— nobilis, Gray, 402 

—— plumbeus, Bp., 71 senex, Hodgs., 402 


Rhinolophus berniger, Hodgs., 394 
tragatus, Hodgs., 394 
Riphidoglossa, 10} 

Rhizomys badius, Hodgs., 403 
Rhodeus, Agassiz, 374 

Roliolide, 100 

Rostrifere, 101 

Rupellaria lamellifera, Conr., 214 
Rusa Aristotelis, Gray, 405 

— Dimorphe, Hodgs., 405 
—— Hippelaphus, Gray, 405 
Rusa Jarai, Hodgs., 405 
Sabanea, 21 

Sacalius indicus, Hodgs., 397 
Saimaris Sciurea, 139 

Saltator, Fieill., 69 


—— psittacinus, Bp., 65 
—— raptor, Gray, 69 
— RieFeri, Gray, 78 
—— ruéer, Vieill., 124 
—— ruficapilla, Vieill., 67 


Sciurus, 139 

—— @stuans, Linn., 139 
— Horsfieldi, Hodgs., 402 
—— Lokriah, Hodgs., 402 
—— Lokroides, Hodgs., 402 


430 


Sciurus M‘Clellandi, Horsf., 402 
—— macrotis, Gray, n. sp., 341 
—— macruroides, Hodgs., 402 
Sclerurus caudacutus, 290 

—— fuscus, Hartl., 290 

—— mexicanus, Sel., 290 © 
Scolopacide, 310 

Scolopax gigantea, Temm., 31 
Scotophilus, Gray, 177 
coromandelicus, Cuv., 394 
Serobicularia biangulata, 213 
—— Seychellarum, 4. Ads., n. sp., 53 
—— viridotincta, Carp., u. sp., 160 
Scurria mitra, Less., 222 

— scurra, Gray, 222 
Scutibranchia, 101 
Scutibranchiata Rhipidoglossa, 44 
Scytalopus prostheleucus, Sel., n. sp., 290 
griseicollis, Lafr., 290 
Selasphorus Heloise, Less., 288 
—— platycercus, Sw., 288 
Semele decisa, Conr., 213 
flavescens, Gould, 199 

—— planata, Carp., 0. Sp.; 160 
—— proxima, 199 

—— rubrolineata, Conr., 212 
—— simplex, Ads., 212 
Semnopithecus schistaceus, Hodgs., 393 
Sepia octopodia, 133 
Sericossypha, Less., 121 

—— sumptuosa, Less., 121 
Serinus jamaicensis, Briss., 230 
Serpentarius orientalis, 352 

—_ reptilivorus, Daud., 348 
Setophaga albidiema, Lafr., 28 
—— cinnamomeiventris, Lafr., 28 
miniata, Sw., 292 

picta, Sw., 292 

—— rubra, Sw., 292 

—— rufifrons, Sw., 291 

—— ruticilla, Linn., 292 

Sallei, Bp. et Scl., 292 

Silia ceruleicollis, Vig., 293 
occidentalis, Townh., 293 
—— mexicana, Sw., 293 

— Wilsoni, Sw., 293 

Sigaretus debilis, Gould, 207 
Siliqua, Meg., 211 

—— lucida, Conr., 211 

—— Nuttallii, Conr., 211 
Simpulopsis Chiapensis, Pfr., n. sp., 377 
— Cordovana, Pfr., n. sp.) 319 
—— Salleana, Pfr., n.sp., 319 
Siphonariade, 101 

Siphonium, Bronne, 226 

Siren lacertina, 345 

Sitta carolinensis, Lath., 293 
Sittasomus sylvioides, Lafr., 290 
Sittine, 293 

Solecardia eburnea, 209 
Solecurtus Californianus, Conr., 212 


— 


INDEX. 


Solecurtus lucidus, Conr., 211 
—— maximus, Gould, 211 
Nuttallii, Conr., 211 
radiatus, Gould, 211 

—— splendens, Chenu, 211 
subteres, Conr., 212 

Sorex aterrimus, Blyth, 400 
caudatus, Hodgs., 400 
—— leucops, Hodgs., 399 

—— murinus, Linn., 399 
nemorivagus, Hodgs., 400 
—— pygmeus, Hodgs., 400 
saturatior, Hodgs., 399 
—— Sikimensis, Hodgs., 400 
soccatus, Hodgs., 400 
Soriculus nigrescens, Gray, 400 
Spatula clypeata, 99 

—— maculata, 95 

rhynchotis, 95 

— variegata, Gould, n.sp., 99 
Spermagra erythrocephala, Sw., 125 
Spermophila albigularis, 302 
—— morelleti, Bp., 302 
Sphenia Californica, Conr., 210 
Sphenura ruficeps, Licht., 97 
Spindalis, Jard. et Selby, 230 
bilineatus, J. et S., 230 
—— multicolor, Bp., 230 

—— nigricephala, Bp., 230 
Pretrei, Cab., 231 

zena, Bp., 231 

Spiraxis auriculacea, Pfr., 0. Sp., 320 
—— biconica, Pfr., n. sp., 378 
—— catenata, Pfr., n. sp., 378 
dubia, Pfr., n. sp., 378 
—— euptycta, Pfr., n. sp., 378 
—— oblonga, Pfr., n. sp., 378 
— obsoleta, Pfr., n. sp-, 339 
—— parvula, Pfr., 0.Sp., 379 
Sandwichensis, Pfr., 0. sp., 335 
Shuttleworthi, Pfr., n. sp-, 320 
turgidula, Pfr., n. sp., 320 
Spiroglyphus, 226 

Spiza ciris, Linn., 304 

—— cyanea, Linn., 304 

Spizella socialis, Wilson, 305 
Spondylis, 9 

Sporadinus auriceps, Gould, 287 
—— caniveti, Less., 287 
Stephanophorus, Strickl., 240 
ceruleus, Strickl., 241 
leucocephalus, Haril., 241 
Stethodesma Servillei, White, n. sp., 15 
Stomastoma, 99 

Strigilla carnaria, Linn., 200 
—— disjuncta, Carp., 0. Sp. 160 
—— fucata, Gould, 200 
miniata, Gould, 200 
Strongylus filaria, 53 

Sturnella hippocrepis, Wagl., 30, 301 
Ludoviciana, Linn., 29, 142 


Sturnide, 300 

Stylocerus Ratwa, Hodgs., 405 
Succinea asperula, Pfr., n. sp., 826 
—— Oregonensis, Lea, 220 
— Pfeifferi, 186 

—— Planti, Pfr., n. sp., 326 
Sula australis, 145 

—— bassana, 145 

capensis, 145 

eyanops, 145 

—— fusca, Vieill., 144 

—— piscatrix, L., 145 
variegata, 145 

Sus Aper, Hodgs., 406 

— indicus, Gray, 406 

— scrofa, var. Indicus, Horsf. , 406 
Sylvia melanoxantha, Licht., 110 
—— olivacea, Giraud, 291 
—— ruficapilla, Vieill., 111 
Sylvicola teniata, Dubus, 291 
Sylviorthorhynchus, 26 
Synallaxis albescens, Temm., 98 
Azare, D’Orb., 98 

— brunnea, Gould, 99 

—— caniceps, Sel., n. sp., 98 
—— cinereus, Max., 97 

—— cinnamomeus, Lafr., 26 
—— elegans, Seater, n. sp., 25 
— erythrothoraz, Scl., 288 
—— flavigularis, Gould, 99 
—— fuliginosus, Lafr., 26 
—— gularis, Lafr., 26 

—— modesta, Eyton, 99 

—— mesta, Selater, n. sp., 26 
olivascens, Eyton, 97 
—— ruficapilla, Vieill., 25 
—— ruficapilla, Vieill., 97 
—— ruficapilla, Reich., 98 
—— ruficeps, Spix, 98 

—— sordida, Less., 99 

—— Spixi, Selater, n. sp., 98 
unirufus, Lafr., 26 
Syncera hepatica, Gray, 20 
Syornis, Reichenbach, 58 
Syrnium squamulatum, Bp., 285 
virgatum, Cassin, 285 
zonocercus, Gray, 285 
Tachypetes aquila, L., 144 
Tachyphonus, Vieill., 113 
—— albitemporalis, Lafr., 89 
—— axillaris, Gray, 68 
beauperthuyi, Bp., 113 
—— canigularis, Lafr., 90 
capistratus, Gray, 67 
—— chloricierus, Vieill., 122 
coronatus, Se/., 114 

—— corypheus, Gray, 114 
—— cristatus, Vieill., 115 
—— Delattrii, Zafr., 116 
elegans, Less., 238 

—— flavinucha, Lafr., 238 


INDEX. 431 


Tachyphonus flavipectus, Lafr., 90 
lacrimosus, Dubus, 242 
—— leucopterus, Vieill., 113 
—— loricatus, Gray, 121 
—— luctuosus, Zafr., 114 
lunulatus, Gray, 241 
—— melaleucus, Se/., 113 
—— nigerrimus, Sw., 113 
ochropygos, Cab., 115 
olivicyaneus, Gray, 237 
palmarum, Vieill., 84 
—— penicillatus, Gray, 117 
—— pheeniceus, Sw., 116 
—— quadricolor, Vieill., 117 
—— ruber, Vieill., 120 

—— ruficeps, Strickl., 108 
—— ruficeps, Lafr. 112 
—— ruficollis, D’Orb., 113 
— rufigularis, Lafr., 269 
—— rufiventer, Stricki., 115 
sanguinolentus, Less., 132 
saucius, Strickl., 116 - 
serrirostris, Strickl., 116 
suchii, Sw., 117 

—— sumptuosus, Less., 238 
—— Surinamus, Se/., 114 
—— teniatus, Boiss., 237 
—— tenuirostris, Gray, 114 
—— Valerii, Scl., 114 

—— versicolor, Lafr., 119 
— Victorini, Lafr., 238 
—— Vigorsi, Sw., 114 

—— xanthopygius, Sel., 116 
Tenioglossa, 43, 101 

Talpa cryptura, Blyth, 399 
—— micrura, Hodgs., 399 
Tanagra, Linn., 231 

abbas, Licht., 235 

—— e@stiva, Gm., 123 
afjinis, Less., 274 
albirostris, Bodd., 128 
analis, Tsch., 243 
archiepiscopus, Desm., 234 
argentata, Gray, 233 
argentea, Lafr., 255 
—— arthus, Less., 251 
—— assimilis, Boiss., 85 
atra, Gmel., 67 

—— atricapilla, Gmel., 118 
—— atricapilla, Lafr., 259 
atricollis, Spix, 77 
aureata, Vieill., 272 
auricapilla, Spix., 117 
auricrissa, Scl., 236 
aurulenta, Lafr., 250 
—— axillaris, Spix, 68 
barbadensis, Kuhl., 256 
bonariensis, Max., 121 
brasilia, Linn., 127 
brasiliensis, Linn., 256 
brunnea, Spix, 115 


432 


Tanagra cana, Swains., 232 
capistrata, Max., 67 
eayana, Linn., 252, 279 
, D’Orb., 254 
cayennensis, Gm., 279 
chalybea, Mikan, 276 
chlorocyanea, Vieill., 279 
chloroptera, Vieill., 253 
chlorotica, Linn., 273 
chrysocome, Licht., 238 


279 

chrysolopha, Bp., 243 
citrinella, Terom., 247 
—— celestis, Spix, 232 

—— columbiana, Jard., 125 
— conspicillata, Bp., 67 
constantii, Boiss., 241 
coryphea, Licht., 114 
cristata, Gm., 115 
cyanicollis, D’Orb., 262 
cyanilia, Bp., 233 
cyanocephala, Vieill., 247 
— cyanocephala, Gray, 236 
cyanomelas, Max., 268 
—— cyanoptera, Bp., 233 
cyanoventris, Vieill., 247 
—— cucullata, Jard., 239 
—— Darwini, Bp., 235 
Desmaresti, Sw., 115 
diaconus, Less., 142, 303 
—— diaconus, Sel., 233 
diademata, Mik., 241 
Dubusia, Bp., 243 
duplicata, Lath., 78 
elegans, Max., 247 

—— episcopus, Linn., 231 
—— episcopus, Hartl., 233 
erythromelas, Licht., 126 
erythrotis, Less., 241 
eximia, Boiss., 240 
Fasciata, Licht., 68 
Fastuosa, Less., 246 
JSestiva, Shaw, 246 
flava, Gmel., 253 
Jlammiceps, Temm., 119 
Jlavifrons, Lath., 271 
Jlavinucha, Bp., 238 
flaviventris, Vieill., 257 
Jflavivertex, Lafr., 238 
Formosa, Vieill., 253 
—— frugilegus, Tsch., 235 
—— fumigata, Temm., 113 
—— glauca, Gray, 232 
graminea, Spix, 250 
grandis, Licht., 72 

—— gubernatrix, Temm., 115 
gyrola, Linn., 255 
gyrola, Max., 254 
hirundinacea, Less., 112 
ignescens, Less., 128 


chrysogaster, Cuy., 235, 272, 


INDEX. 


Tanagra igniventris, Tsch., 241 
inornata, Sw., 233 

—— iridina, Hart)., 267 
jacapa, Linn., 128 
jugularis, Licht., 77 
labradorides, Boiss., 262 
leucocampter, Licht., 116 
— leucocephaila, Vieill., 241 
— leucophea, Licht., 67 
loricata, Licht., 121 
LIudoviciana, Wilson, 125 
lunulata, Dub., 241 
magna, Gmel., 70 
maximiliani, D’Orb., 236 
melanonota, Vieill., 265. 
melanopis, Lath., 67 
melanoptera, Hartl., 235 
melanotha, Vieill., 265 
mexicana, Linn., 257 
mississipiensis, Gm., 123 
montana, D’Orb., 239 
multicolor, Vieill., 230 
musica, Vieill., 271 
muta, Licht., 72 
nigerrima, Gmel., 113 
nigricephala, Jameson, 230 
nigricollis, Gmel., 109 
, Vieill., 272 
— nigrigula, Bodd., 109 
—— nigrogularis, Spix, 128 
nigroviridis, Lafr., 260 
noir, Desm., 113 
notabilis, Jard., 239 
occipitalis, Natt., 66 
olivacea, Vieill., 274 
olivascens, Licht., 234 
, Tsch., 235 
olivicyanea, Lafr., 237 
ornata, Sparm., 234 
palmarum, Maw., 234 
palmarum, Scl., 235 
palpebrosa, Lafr., 242 
—— partialis, Temm., 115 
Parzudakii, Lafr., 263 
—— penicillata, Spix, 117 
peruviana, Desm., 254 
—— pileata, Bodd., 109 
porphyrio, Licht., 119 
prelata, Less., 233 
prasina, Less., 78 
Pretrei, Less,, 231 

, Lafr., 270 

—— psittacina, Spix, 64 
punctata, Linn., 248 
—— Riefferi, Boiss., 78 
roux, Less., 67 

rubra, Linn., 123 
rubricollis, Spix, 121 

, Temm., 247 
—— rubrigularis, Spix, 121 
rufa, Bodd., 113 


TEEPE 


TTT TT 


ee 


Tanagra ruficervix, Bp., 259 
—— ruficollis, Gm., 269 
—— rufiventer, Spix, 115 
—— rufiventris, Licht., 279 
saira, Spix, 124 
sanguinolenta, Less., 132 
sayaca, Linn., 233 
— — , Tsch., 232 

—— schistacea, Boiss., 88 
Schrankii, Spix, 248 
— selysia, Bp., 237 

—— semiruja, Boiss., 88 
serioptera, Sw., 232 
septicolor, Desm., 244 
—— silens, Bodd., 80 

—— speculifera, Temm., 110 
— striata, Gm., 235 
—— sumptuosa, Bp., 238 
—— superciliaris, Max., 71 
» Spix, 72 

—— Swainsoni, Gray, 232 
— fatao, Linn., 244 

, Max., 246 

—— thoracica, Temm., 237 
— trichroa, Licht., 247 
tricolor, Gm., 246 
varia, Vieill., 267 
variegata, Lath., 123 
— Vassorii, Boiss., 264 
vegeta, Licht., 122 
vicaria, Less., 235 
— Victorini, Bp., 238 
— violacea, Lint., 277 

, Gm., 273 

— virens, Strickl., 233 - 
— viridis, Spix, 122 
— ——,, Vieill., 269 
—— vittata, Temm., 265 
—— yeni, D’Orb., 245 
—— zena, D’Orb., 231 
—— —-, Gosse, 230 

—— zenoides, DesMurs, 230 


e 


—— (Aglaia) diaconus, Less., 
33 


—— (Saltator) evimia, Less., 240 


Tanagrella, Swains., 267 
— calophrys, Bp., 268 
— cyanomelas, Bp., 268 
— elegantissima, Verr., 267 
—— iridina, Gray, 267 
—— multicolor, Sw., 268 
— rujicollis, Gray, 269 
— rufigula, Bp., 250 
— tenuirostris, Sw., 268 
— velia, Bp., 267 
Tanagrine, 30, 302 


Tapes gracilis, Gould, n. sp., 200 


straminea, Conr., 215 


— tenerrima, Carp., n.sp., 200 


—— tumida, Conr., n. sp., 214 
Tardivola macroura, Cab., 30 


INDEX. 


Tatao, Bp., 244 
Jastuosus, Bp., 246 
Sestiva, Bp., 247 
— larvatus, Bp., 260 
—— paradisea, Bp., 244 


. —— tricolor, Bp., 246 


yeni, Bp., 245 
Taxidea leucura, Hodgs., 398 


Tegula pellis-serpentis, Gray, 44 


Tellina alta, Conr., 213 


edentula, Brod., 213 
— gemma, Gould, 200 
—— ligamentina, Desh., 213 
—— miniata, Gould, 199 
—— nasuta, Conr., 213 
pura, Gould, 199 
secta, Conr., 213 

tersa, Gould, 199 
Terebra arguta, Gould, 206 


Terebratula caput-serpentis, 368 


Testudo elongata, Blyth, 181 
—— gopher, 181 

greca, 182 

—— Horsfieldi, Gray, 182 
tabulata, 181 


Deshayesii, Carp., n.sp., 160 


433 


Thamnophilus Bridgesi, Sel., n. sp., 141 


doliatus, Linn., 141, 295 
melanurus, Gould, 142 


Thaumastura Duponti, Less., 288 


Thaumasus, Reich., 10 
gigas, Oliv., 10 


Thaumatias candidus, Boure., 287 


Thlypopsis, Cab., 108, 112 
— fulvescens, Cab., 112 
Sulviceps, Cab., 112 
Thracia curta, Conr., 210 
Thraupis, Boie, 231 

cana, Cab., 232 ~* 
—— cyanocephala, Cab., 236 
—— cyanoptera, Cab., 234 
— episcopus, Cab., 232 
— glaucocolpa, Cab., 233 


—— olivascens, Cab., 234 


— ornata, Cab., 234 
— sayaca, Cab., 234 
— vicarius, Cab., 235 


Thryothorus maculipectus, Lafr., 290 


—_ rufalbus, Lafr., 140 
Thylacurus, Licht., 134 
Tiaris olivaceus, Cass., 304 
— pusillus, Sw., 304 
Tinamide, 310 


Tinnunculus sparverius, Linn., 284 


Tityra habia, Gray, 78 


—— mexicana, Less., 141, 297 


Tityrine, 297 


Todirostrum cinereigulare, Scl., n.sp.,295 


— cinereum, Linn., 141 


Tomigerus Venezuelensis, P/r., n. sp., 36 
Tornatellina Gouldi, Pfr., n. sp., 335 


No. CCCXXVI.**—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SociETyY. 


434 


Tornatellina Newcombi, P/r., n. sp., 335 
perforata, Pfr., n. sp., 336 
Tornatina culcitella, Gould, 203 
—- cerealis, Gould, 203 

— inculta, Gould, 203 
Torneutes, Reich., 10 

Totanus solitarius, Wilson, 310 
Trayocephala, Dup., 12 
angolator, Oliv., 12 

— Buquetiana, White, n.sp., 14 
—— Chevrolatii, White, n. sp., 13 
—— comitessa, White, n.sp., 13 
ducalis, White, n.sp., 13 
formosa, Oliv., 12 
Galathea, Chevr., 12 
gemmaria, White, n. sp., 14 
—— Guerinii, White, n. sp., 14 
—— Lucia, Newm., 12 

—— nobilis, Fab., 12 

picta, Klug., 14 

— pulchella, Westw., 12 

— scenica, Dej., 14 

—— tenuicornis, Chevr., 14 
trifasciella, 12 

variegata, Bert., 12 
Trichas Delafieldi, Aud., 293 
marilandica, Linn., 292 
—— personata, Sw., 292 
Trichothraupis, Cabanis, 116 
— albicollis, Cab., 118 

— penicillata, Scl., 118 
quadricolor, Cad., 117 
Trichotropis Gouldii, 4.4dams, n.sp.,369 
Trictenotoma, G. R. Gray, 8, 9 
znea,. Parry, 9 

— Childrenii, G. R. Gray, 9 
Grayii, F. Smith, 9 
Templetoni, Westw., 9 
Triforis Macandree, 4. Adams, n. sp., 1 
Triglyphidia, Reich., 269 
Trigona, Megerle, 215 
crassatelloides, Conr., 216 
tantilla, Gould, 201 
Trigonella, Conr., 215 
Trigonophorus Delessertii, 15 
— Hookeri, White, n.sp., 14 
Tringa pectoralis, Say, 310 

—— pusilla, Wilson, 311 
Tringoides, 310 

Triomphalia, Sow., 209 

Triton, 21, 342 

—— Chemnitzii, Gray, 209 
crebristriatus, Carp., n. sp., 165 
cristata, 346 

—— perforatus, Conr., 209 
Tritoniada, 43 

Triumphis distorta, Gray, 41 
Trochide, 44, 100, 138 

Trochilus colubris, Linn., 287 
Cuvieri, Delattre, 140 
'rochiscus Norrisit, Sow., 224 


INDEX. 


Trochus aureotinctus, Forbes, 224 

—— castaneus, Forbes, 224 

cateniferus, Pol., 224 

doliarius, Gould, 224 

filosus, Wood, 224 

flammiger, Dunker, n.sp., 355 

—— flavidus, Dunker, n. sp., 354 

gallina, Forbes, 224 

—— ligatus, Gould, 224 

luridus, Nutt., 224 

—— marcidus, Gould, 204 

—— pallidulus, Dunker, n.sp., 355 

pallidus, Nutt., 224 

picoides, Gould, 204 

—— undosus, Wood, 224 

virgineus, Chemn., 224 

(Monodonta) pyriformis, Gould, 204 

Troglodytes, 369 

hyemailis, Vieill., 290 

—— palustris, Wilson, 290 

Trogon aurantiiventris, Gould, n. sp., 
107, 139, 285 

caligatus, Gould, 286 

—- collaris, Vieill., 368 

—— Eytoni, Fraser, n. sp., 368 

—— puella, Gould, 107, 286 

resplendens, Gould, 139 

Sallei, Bp., 286 

—— wxalapensis, Dubus, 286 

Trogonide, 286 

Trophon Morrisi, Dunker, n. sp., 356 

Truncatella, Risso, 21 

Truncatella, Gray, 22, 24 

—— Barbadensis, Pfr., n. sp., 337 

—— Ceylanica, Pfr., n. sp., 336 

— littorea, 24 

—— Montagui, 24 

—— teres, Pfr., n.sp., 336 

truncatula, 21 

Turaccena truncatula, Gould, n. sp., 136 

Turbinida, 44 

Turbo Francesie, 20, 23 

Turbonide, 100 

Turdine, 294 

Turdus aurantiirostris, Hartl., 294 

Grayi, Bp., 294 

helvolus, Licht., 294 

—— migratorius, Linn., 294 

—— mustelinus, Gm., 294 

—— palmarum, Linn., 84 

—— Surinamus, Linn., 115 

—— tristis, Sw., 294 

Tylodina atlantia, 46 

—— citrina, Joannis, 46 

—— punctulata, 45 

—— Rafinesquii, Philippi, 45 

Tylodinade, 45 

Typhis tetrapterus, Gray, 41 

Tyrannide, 295 

Tyrannula cayennensis, Sw., 296 

coronata, Sw., 296 


» 


INDEX. 


Tyrannula sulphureipygia, Scl., n. sp., 
296 


Tyrannulus elatus, Spix, 141 
—— nigricans, Sw., 296 
rufipectus, Less., 28 
Tyrannus audax, Gm., 297 
Cooperi, Nutt., 297 
melancholicus, Vieill., 141, 297 
Umbrella mediterranea, 46 

ovalis, Carp., n. sp., 161 
Umbrellade, 46 

Uneia Charltoni, Gray, 396 

Irbis, Gray, 395 

Urubitinga, 145 

Urubitinge, 145 

Urubitornis, Verr., n. g., 145 
— solitaria, Verr., 145 

Urva cancrivora, Hodgs., 397 
Valvata, 20 

piscinalis, 186 

Valvate, 346 

Varicella Cordovana, Pfr., n. sp., 321 
—— Guadeloupensis, Pf-., n. sp., 335 
— Orizabe, Pfr., n. sp., 320 
—— speciosa, Pfr., n.sp., 321 
Venerupis cordieri, Desh., 214 
Venus Californiensis, Brod., 206 
—— dispar, Gould, 215 ‘ 
—— excavata, Carp., n.sp., 216 
—— lamellifera, Conr., 214 

—— leucodon, Sow., 216 

—— Nuttallii, Conr., 216 

—— straminea, Conr., 215 

—— tantilla, Gould, 201 
Vermetus varians, D’Orb., 315 
Vespertilio, 175 

coromandelicus, Lesch., 394 
Darjelingensis, Hodgs., 394 
—— papillosus, Temm., 178 

—— picta, 175 

—— siligorensis, Hodgs., 394 
— suillus, Temm., 180, 394 
—— vulpinus, Temm., 180 
Vespertilionide, 173 

Vireo solitarius, Wilson, 298 
Vireonine, 298 

Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cass., 298 
gilva, Vieill., 298 

Vitrina Borneensis, Pfr., n. sp., 324 
—— Celebensis, Pfr., n.sp., 325 
—— Comorensis, Pfr., n.sp., 325 
~—— Darnaudi, Pfr., n. sp., 325 


435 


Vitrina Flemingi, Pfr., n. sp., 324 
—— Ide, Pfr., n. sp., 325 

~— leucospira, Pfr., n. sp., 326 
—— Planti, Pfr, n.sp., 324 

—— sennaariensis, Pfr., n.sp., 325 
spiruloides, Carp., n.sp., 169 
Viverra Zibetha, Linn., 396 
Viverricula indica, Geoftr., 396 
malaccensis, Gray, 396 
Volatinia Jacarina, Linn., 304 
Volsella arata, Dunker, n. sp., 361 
—— flavida, Dunker, n. sp., 364 
—— Fortunei, Dunker, n. sp., 361 
—— glaberrima, Dunker, n. sp., 363 
gubernaculum, Dunker, n. sp., 361 
—— inconstans, Dunker, n. sp., 363 
—— Japonica, Dunker, n. sp., 363 
—— perfragilis, Dunker, n. sp., 362 
—— setigera, Dunker, n. sp., 364 
—— splendida, Dunk., n. sp., 365 
—— subpurpurea, Dunk., n. sp., 362 
—— subsulcata, Dunk., n. sp., 364 
—— subtorta, Dunk., n. sp., 365 
—— tristis, Dunker, n. sp., 362 
undulata, Dunk., n. sp., 363 
Voluta Africana, Reeve, n.sp., 2 
—— Americana, Reeve, n. sp., 2 
—— Cathcartiz, Reeve, n. sp., 2 
—— denticulata, 22 

—— festiva, 3 

—— Hebrea, 3 

Pacifica, 2 

Vulpes bengalensis, Shaw, 397 

—— ferrilatus, Hodgs., 397 

—— indicus, Hodgs. 397 

montanus, Pears., 397 
Xanthornus affinis, Towns., 301 
Xenops genibarbis, 289 

—— mexicanus, Scl., n. sp., 289 
—— rutilans, Temm., 27 


| Xtphorhynchus flavigaster, Sw., 289 
Yoldia lepidula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 50 


Yphantes baltimorensis, Linn., 142 
Ypophea, Bp., 271 
Zenaida leucoptera, Linn., 309 

— pentheria, Bp., 30 
ruficauda, G. R. Gray, 30 
Zenaidura carolinensis, Linn., 309 
Ziziphinus annulatus, Ads., 224 
Zonotrichia aureigula, Bp., 86 
—— mystacalis, Hart]., 305 
Zua lubrica, 186 


FINIS, 


PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF LONDON. 


PART XXV. 
1857. 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ; 
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE, 


AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS, 
PATERNOSTER-ROW. 


y TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 


PRINTED B 
FLEET STREET- 


RED LION COURT, 


LIST 


CONTRIBUTORS, 


With References to the several Articles contributed by each. 


Barkier, Dr. Batrour, F. Roy. Geogr. Soc. page 
On the Skull of a Manatus from Western Africa ...... 29 
On the species of Crocodilus inhabiting the rivers Kwéra 
and Binué (Niger and Tsidda) in Central Africa ........ 48 
On the Skull of a species of Mecistops inhabiting the river 
Binué or Tsddda, in Central Africa ...... Pt salt Goo 57 


BartTuett, A. D. 

Description of Chinese Sheep sent to H.R.H. Prince 
Albert, by Rutherford Alcock, Esq., H.M. Vice-Consul at 
Shanghai: and presented by His me aaiiks to the 
Zoological Society in April 1855 . Been Ns 5 Fm <a sl OE 


Description of a Rabbit said to be found on the RNR 
ER ee ee ee as: 000 dpe eoo 


Cuitty, Hon. Epwarp. 


On the Jamaican Cyclotus, and the Descriptious of Twenty- 
one proposed New Species and Eight New Varieties of that 
omaentre GH ARTEMIS << spss caer tax gsee wc tole 142 


On Stoastomide as a Family, and on Seven proposed New 
Genera, Sixty-one New Species, and Two New Varieties from 


‘a SU AINAICH, 22,425 oe CRRA Coe oe Re Sette Soe hee ee 162 
7 a 2 


iv 


page 


Crisp, Epwarps, M.D. 


On the presence or absence ef Air in the Bones of 
BR Whar tales sin aigseoaig vis wits eat MS nc tales os 9, 


Exhibition of a Nest believed to be that of the Great Grey 
Sunke (Lantus ercuhitur): 2.000. 2 p22 oa eS 


Doury, H. 


Description of Thirteen New Species of Paludinacea from 
Ceylon, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ........ 


Evsey, M. 


Letter containing Observations respecting various Species 
of Birds met with in the neighbourhood of the Victoria River 
Depot, N.W. Australia, lat. south 17° 34! 30" (communi- 
eated by John Gould, F.R.S. &.) ..1....... 02020 eeee 


Gou.p, Auveustus A., M.D. 


On the true Nautilus umbilicatus of Lister............ 


Gouup, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. 


Descriptions of Three New Species of the Genus Phaé- 
thornss, Bamily Trochilidal ss... 05.2.0 vn sds xh a eee 


Descriptions of Three New and very beautiful Species of 
Birds from Guatemala and from the Island of Lombock.. .. 


Observations on his visit to the United States of America; 
with Description of a New Species of Ceriornis found in the 
Collection of Dr. Cabot, of Boston, U.S.............. 


On several New Species of Birds from various parts of the 
On Four New Species of Mus and One of Hapalotis, from 
Australia pec a eT 


Ona. New Species of ‘Oassowary © oc cone cca se ae 


Gray, Dr. Joun Epwarp, F.R.S., V.P. Ent, and Z.S., &e. 


On the Structure of the Pelvis of Chlamyphorus trun- 
talus... 


215 


123 


64 


i a le le 


v 


Observations on the Species of the Genus Manatus 


On the Genus Necturus or Menobranchus, with an account 


page 
59 


of its Skull and Teeth ....... 61 
On the Animal and Bark of the Genus Antipathes...... 113 
Description of a New Genus of Gorgoniade .. 128 
Description of a New Species of Antilope (Oryx Beatriz) 

lately living in the Menagerie of the Society .. 157 
Description of New Genera of Gorgoniade............ 158 
Notice of a Large Species of Lineus taken oh the Coast 

near Montrose ....... 210 
Observations on the Genus Furcella, Oken; and on the 

Genera Teredo and Chena ... 243 
On the Duiker Boks in the PE Seys s Gardens... 277 
Notice of a New Species of Jaguar from Mazatlan, rin 

in the Society’s Gardens ... . 278 
Synopsis of the Families and Genera of Axiferous Zoophytes 

ir Pane em: rari a cod us sy. ey eye YS Ae 2 RE ee ee oa oe 278 

Haruey, Georer, M.D., F.C.S. 
On the Anatomy of a New Species of Pentastoma found 
in the Lung and Air-sac of an Egyptian Cobra .......... 115 
Moore, FrrEpERIC. 
Descriptions of some New Species of LepiJopterous In- 
SEES AVON SVOUEMENETBNIA <r . 6c. cc Se wh. bes wees ee as 102 
Owen, Professor, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e. 
On the Anatomy of the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga 

meware,“Dint.) <0 tA. eo Sie wleoe a en CORT S 

Prrirrer, Dr. L. 
Descriptions of Thirty-one New Species of Land Shells, 

from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. .. . 107 


vi 
Purttprs, Rey. T. page 


Notes on the Habits of some Birds observed in the Plains 
of N.W. India in 1849 (communicated by Frederic Moore) 85 


Reeve, Lovett, F.L.S., F.G.S. 


Descriptions of Seven New Shells from the Collection of 
the Hon. Sir David Barclay, of Port Louis, Mauritius .... 207 


Ricwarpson, Sir Joun, M.D., F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., &e. 
On Siphonégnathus, a New Genus of Fistularide ...... 237 


Saute, M. AuGUSTE. 


Liste des Oiseaux rapportés et observés dans la République 
Dominicaine (ancienne partie Espagnole de I’Ile St. Do- 
mingue ou d’ Haiti), par M. A. Sallé, pendant son voyage de 
IRA ATSB LBP Sag dots ion ee DHODTON. ELI Oe ee 


ScuaTeR, Paiuir L., M.A., F.L.S., &e. 


Notes on the Birds in the Museum of the Academy of Na- 
tural Sciences of Philadelphia, and other Collections in the 


Uiited Siates.ot Amprien 0). oc 25s 55 eit sac ea 1 
Further Additious to the List of Birds received in Collec- 

isons trem HogsObh oi. 3 oa suo stds: 3 ned cw hee nate 5 mane 2 ean 
Characters of some apparently New Species o* American 

eet TRIBES : oi ,.jin nas Vurala me Weigieiaihs- ok s iar hier sented ee pee 
Description of a New Tanager of the Genus Huphonia .. 66 


Review of the Species of the South American Subfamily 
AL or OME oy AEE RT eee Ne Gee eer 67 


On Parus meridionalis and some other Species mentioned 
in the Catalogue of Birds collected Si M. Sallé in Southern 
Memeo <0 cc ues wa g Ehatid, iota ote stalidient one toate ee ae 


On Three New NET of the Genus Todirostrum ...... 82 


List of Birds collected by Mr. Thomas Bridges, Corr. 
Mem., in the Valley of San José, in the State of California.. 125 


Note.on the Upland Grooge (080! 0054.02 ees 128 


Vii 
page 
Descriptions of Twelve New or little-known Species of the 
South American Family Formieariide.................. 129 


List of additional Species of Mexican Birds obtained by 
by M. Auguste Sallé from the environs of Jalapa and S. 


RIE PUG ES RT occ R he oe. AL lei ee ek 
On a Collection of Birds made by Signor Matteo Botteri 
in the Vicinity of Orizaba in Southern Mexico .......... 210 


Notes on an unnamed Parrot from the Island of St. Do- 
mingo, now living in the Society’s Gardens; and on some 


other Species of the same Family...................... 224 
On a Collection of Birds received by M. Sallé from South- 
ern Mexico. . ROM AER el stat’ a Hale owiate™ aby 5.2 4) ee Pne |. RS 


Review of the ae of the Fissirostral ale Momotide 248 


On a Collection of Birds transmitted by Mr. H. W. Bates 
from thew pper AMAZON aa. «ne sc vos. s2s+ csp ccsse. BOI 


Description of Eleven New Species of Birds from Tropical 
RN AE oe nein cn aos oY, ete eee? 4 oe aD 


TEGETMEIER, W. B. 
Exhibition of a Collection of Skins of New Varieties of 
Domestic Fowls, the property of Charles Darwin, Esq..... 46 


Exhibition of Specimens illustrating the differences pro- 
duced in the Hens of the Common Pheasant and Domestic 
Fowl by disease or degeneration of the Ovary.....:...... 81 


Tomes, Rosert F. 


Monograph of the Genus Lasiurus .................. 34 
Descriptions of Four undeseribed Species of Bats ...... 50 
On Two Species of Bats inhabiting New Zealand ...... 134 


Wo tey, Joun, Jun. 
On the Nest and oe of the baie: eats gar- 


rula, Temm.). . 55 


ie 


1s Bios wwe 
es egies oct cp. payaa OO 

it bh as Pe a Jason ays Pit Tanabe Lai a 
ts jue han sgn, wee 5TH | Pe re ea eras aK’ 
Teron: OP ee as ae alin wrk he 

\ 

oy sis alaDs a Ps 

pat 


SRR tee 
\ - bt vivgiigtt ee estate: af ine no idl 4 
RRR Share, ores 4 - pebeticarin Met diK ‘j opis. eet 
ee ~etl * 32 Yo ‘gue abe pS ged haiti oe ua) (dea 
aa niderigee 3). 98 grivh, Wem, 
Wee ache EC i opr m fe ae {iB ott ke yong’ # 
Te aaah ri pet 
i Aas werd wine, de et “A isnt sla 10 noid allah), ood 


die 


; 


‘ ot 
a ‘ 
‘ 


ee ? 


4 a? {o toa 
itt di } foi ag P 
YY Sc | 


0 At ct eee a hae 
es: ATE: : voy “tts Lgedaonjeti 
et A 
- Sega YEE MAE Ye abiays ath a 
gage core <* panies tm 
Bete gs, pat 


ve kth x 
LAs 2a 


ies 3 0 see a’) 
‘wor 


nanelit? wave + Pui 
Sect heaters" {Sey at 
migage 1 oi 


none  esonnllr aly 3 oN, un? 
eae fuse: pink ios mony fly Jo ¥ atl bdlt wt 
Bet: + ot hs as td sr dst an ‘eat h 
' ize, 

e ‘ . i 


met 
e 


t Pay tes) ay situated 


Sie de Ce wel 
a erat 40 ent: Age facies wd i wR jot 
fut we spines anit wath te ze ss raqe, 


> » tr 
Pogh oaks 


42th oa hia pe 
«al 
Sie eee 


tt Sey ot wt ; - = % ¥ 
me 7 é 


Ape HOGA). 2 a ina U al ‘to nas hor ey | a 
CNS canis Oo ae Umar 


seghise 


a: Seat NaS? 
< lee Fee 


‘ 


: 
: 


LIST OF PLATES. 


1857. 
MAMMALIA. 
Plate Page 
LI. Manatus Vogelit?, Owen... 1... cece reve cern eenaes 29 
LII. Shanghai Sheep........-.eeeeee reece renee eens 104 
LIII. Scotophilus tuberculatus, Forster .......++.+++++- 134 
LIV. Mystacina tuberculata, Gray ......-- fisedeetastte aiohavars 134 
LV. Oryx Beatrix, Gray 1... 66. c eect eee eee eens 157 
LVI. Lepus nigripes, Bartlett ............ sce e cree eeee 159 
<i abated Grimmi, Gray .... 0.0.0. e cece ees 

bikie ——— Burchellii, Gray ...... 0... ce eens } aut 
LVIII. Bedwapiids Hernandesii, Gray.... 1.6... e eee eee ees 278 

AVES. 

CXXII. Nest and Eggs of Bombycilla garrula, Temm. ...... 55 
CXXIII. Cotinga amabilis, Gould .......6- 6c cece eee ee eee 64 
CXXIV. Euphonia Gouldi, Sel... .. 6... cece cece eee eee 66 

Todirosirum calopterum, Scl. ........+-eeeeeeee 7 

CXXV. | cupitale, Sel... .aiisivic saves evan tales tf 82 

—— CHEE Clee rt hai Oa meee eins ES J 

Formicivora urosticta, Scl. ....c. cece cece een ene 
(CXXVI ee a Haucwelle, Sel... sisee cee os satee es } 129 
CXXVII. Polychlorus Westermanni (Bonap.) ......+...+.+- 224 
CXXVIII. Prionirhynchus carinatus (Du Bus) ...........+5- 248 
CXXIX. Casuarius Bennetti, Gould ......-.0. cc cence eeeee 268 
CXXX. Anabazenops guttulatus, Scl. ......-. 0. eee eee es 271 
PISCES. 


VI. Siphonognathus argyrophanes, Richardson ........ 237 


il 


MOLLUSCA. 
Plate Page 
XXXVIL. ¢ New Shells from the Collection of the Hon. “7 207 
XXXVIII. David Barclay, of Port Louis, Mauritius 
XXXIX. Furcella gigantea, Chena annulata, C. tessellata .... 243 


ANNULOSA. 
XLIV. ¢ Newspecies of Lepidopterous Insects from pa 102 
XLV.\ India 


XLVI. ¢ Pentastoma multicinctum, Harley ..........+++- } 115 
XLVII. | ——————-polyzonum, Harley .........--.+++- 


Sid pe Be 10s Be we Sim © 0 @ (0.6 6 6 8 6 00 66 (86 8 6 810 S's aie 


XLVIIL. Lineus Beattiei, Gray .. 1.6.0.6 ee ee ee eee eens 210 
RADIATA. 

VI. Antipathes spiralis?......6. cece cere nnn e eens 113 

VII. Nidalia occidentalis ....-..... eee eter e teens 128 

VIII. Sarcogorgia phidippus, Gray ....-.+.6+++ sere eeee 158 


IX. Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray ......6- +60 e eee eres 278 


————— ss es SC 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


January 13, 1857. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. Notes on THE Birps IN THE MusEUM OF THE ACADEMY 
or Natura ScreNCcES OF PHILADELPHIA, AND OTHER 
CoLuecTions In THE UniTepD StaTeEs oF AMERICA. 


By Puitie Lutury Scuater, M.A., F.Z.S8., evc. 


Having recently returned from a few months’ excursion to the 
United States of America, and had the advantage of a personal in- 
spection of the principal zoological collections in the northern por- 
tion of the New World, I think it may interest the Society to give 
them some account of the state of Ornithology in that country (that 
being the branch of Zoology to which I paid most attention), and 
to communicate some notes on new or rare specimens of Birds which 
thus came under my observation. 
~ The collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 
is certainly the best zoological collection in the New World, and 
in the particular department of Ornithology, and perhaps one or two 
other points, is probably superior to every Museum in Europe, and 
therefore the most perfect in existence. In 1852, when Dr. Rus- 
chenberger wrote his notice on the origin, progress, and condition of 
the Academy, the number of specimens of birds was estimated to 
exceed 27,000, and since that time large additions have been made, 
and the number has been very considerably increased. Dr. Thomas 
B. Wilson is, as is well known, the person to whose munificence the 
Academy is indebted for the greater part of the specimens which 
make up this magnificent series. The general collection formed by 


No. CCCXXVII.—ProcerEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


2 


Prince Massena d’Essling, Duc de Rivoli, and the types of the spe- 
cies described by Mr. Gould in the ‘ Birds of Australia,’ were the 
first and largest of Dr. Wilson’s contributions towards this result ; 
but a great number of further additions have been received during 
the last ten years from the same individual, and no opportunity is 
neglected of rendering this branch of the Academy’s collection still 
more perfect. As the Library of the Academy is also very complete, 
particularly in all that relates to Ornithology, and the greatest lbe- 
rality is shown to strangers who desire access to any part of the col- 
lections, it will be evident that there are few, if any, places in the 
globe where a student of Ornithology can pursue his researches 
with more conyenience and profit to himself than the Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Mr. John Cassin, so well known 
by his work on the Birds of California and Oregon, and his nume- 
rous papers in the Proceedings of the Academy, devotes the whole 
of his leisure time towards the cataloguing and arrangement of the 
collection of birds, and has already published Lists of the Raptores, 
and of the Caprimulgide and Hirundinide of the order Passeres. 
The collection of birds’ eggs belonging to the Academy (of which 
Dr. Heerman published a catalogue in 1853) is likewise one of the 
most extensive in the world, embracing upwards of 1320 determined 
species. 

oo Cassin has also a private collection of his own at Philadel- 
phia, and is no less active in obtaining specimens in the field than in 
his studies of the examples contained in the Museum of the Aca- 
demy. 

At New York the Lyceum of Natural History have at present no 
collection, but publish, in their ‘Annals,’ many interesting papers 
on Ornithology, chiefly from the pen of Mr. George N. Lawrence. 
This gentleman is very well acquainted with the birds of the northern 
portion of the American continent, and possesses an extensive orni- 
thological collection, embracing many species which he has himself 
described as new. 

The types of the birds described by De Kay in the ‘ Natural 
History of the State of New York’ are at Albany, and form part of 
the interesting collection which was the result of the State-survey, 
and so excellently illustrates the zoology of that region. 

In Boston there is, as is well known, a flourishing Natural History 
Society, whose Museum contains a good collection of birds, princi- 
pally American. Dr. Thomas Brewer, one of its members, has a 
very extensive cabinet of eggs, and is now about to publish, under 
the patronage of the Smithsonian Institution, a large work with 
coloured plates illustrating the eggs of all the species of North Ame- 
rican birds—the first work of the kid undertaken in that country. 
Another member of the Society —Dr. Samuel Cabot—has also a col- 
lection of birds, containing, amongst others, the types of the species 
described by him in the Proceedings and Journal of the Society in 
1843, and which he himself procured in Yucatan. 

There are two collections of Natural History at Washington, which 
merit much attention. First, that in the Patent Office, where will 


Ee 


3 


be found the specimens collected during the celebrated Exploring 
Expedition of Commander Wilkes, and some other of the Govern- 
ment expeditions: and, in the second place, the very extensive series 
of birds in the possession of the Smithsonian Institution, which 
body now takes in charge the specimens of Natural History col- 
lected by the more recent Government expeditions, as well as a large 
mass of material received from its own numerous correspondents. 
The United States Boundary Commission, and the six separate expe- 
ditions for the survey of the railway route to the Pacific, have lately 
accumulated a very large series of specimens of birds from the 
western portion of the continent in the hands of the Institution ; 
and the publication of the Zoology of these expeditions (which 
Professor Baird, Mr. Cassin, and other Naturalists are now engaged 
upon) will make very large additions to our knowledge of North 
American Ornithology. 

Professor Baird’s private collection of birds is also very complete, 
and contains many of Audubon’s rarer types. 

The College of Charleston in South Carolina possesses an inter- 
esting collection of Natural History. The birds are principally 


North American, but there are several rare species from Cuba, pre- 


sented to the College by Sefior F. A. Sauvalle of Havana. 

The following are some of the notes which I took during my in- 
spection of the collections above mentioned, before presenting which 
I may be permitted to observe, that nothing can be more gratifying 
than the liberal access and great facilities in every case afforded to 
the stranger visiting the Collections and Libraries both public and 
private in the United States of America. 


ACCIPITRES. 


The American Vultures forming the genus Cathartes require 
further investigation before the number of the species can be satis- 
factorily determined. Most modern writers now agree in separating 
the southern red-headed and black-headed species from their north- 
ern representatives of the United States, Cathartes aura and C. 
atratus. Prince Bonaparte first remarked upon these differences in 
his paper on this subject in the Comptes Rendus for 1850, p. 292. 
But here, as also in his ‘Conspectus,’ he considers C. durrovianus, 
of Cassin, the same as the southern C.ioéa. This is, in my opinion, 
certainly not the case. There are two specimens of Mr. Cassin’s 
bird in the Academy’s collection from Mexico, and they most nearly 


‘resemble the true aura of the States, but are at once distinguishable 


by their diminutive size, and seem to be truly distinct from both the 
other two red-headed species. : 

Amongst the rarer types in the large series of Falconidee possessed 
by the Academy, is the only hitherto known specimen of Cymindis 
Wilsoni, Cassin (Journ. Ac. Phil. i. p. 21. pl. 7). This singular 
bird is certainly quite different from Cymindis uncinata, with which 
Dr. Cabanis seems inclined to unite it (vide Journ. f. Orn. 1854, 
Extra-h. p. xxx); and I have lately been informed that Dr. Gund- 


‘4 


lach, who is still prosecuting his researches into the rich ornithology 
of the island of Cuba, has recently succeeded in obtaining other 
specimens. 

The little Californian Athene or Glaucidium, which Cassin has 
considered to be Temminck’s Strix infuscata (Birds of Cal. & Oreg. 
p- 189), and was ealled by Audubon Strix passerinoides, appears to 
be clearly different from the South American bird, which is legiti- 
mately entitled to bear both of these names. It seems most like the 
European passerina, but has the toes only partially covered with hairs. 
Unless Wagler’s Glaueidium gnoma can de reconciled with it, of 
which there appears to be much doubt, it will require a new name ; 
and I should therefore venture to suggest that it bescalled Glauce- 
dium californicum. 

The Library of the Philadelphian Academy contains a copy of 
the rare work called ‘ Registro trimestre,’ published in Mexico in 
1832, and of which some particulars are given by Mr. Cassin in his 
‘ Birds of California’ (p. 24). Sefior De la Llave’s generic appellation 
of Pharomacrus for the group of Trogons called Calurus by Mr. 
Gould, occurs here in an article entitled “ Sobre el Quetzaltolotl, 
genero nuevo de aves,” and is decidedly entitled to adoption. As, 
however, De la Llave’s specific name ‘‘ mocinno”’ (intended to im- 
mortalize an illustrious Mexican of that name) is rather unpleasing, 
I trust that the term paradiseus may have been previously applied 
to it by Prince Bonaparte. The Prinee assigns the date of 1826 to 
the publication of this name in his ‘ Conspeetus,’ but gives no refer- 
ence, and I cannot find out where this name was first employed. In 
the second volume of the same work, Sefor De la Llave describes 
four new Humming-Birds under the curious specific titles xicotencal, 
tzacatl, papantzin and topiltzin !! 

Two specimens of the bird which I described in these Proceedings 
under the name of Cyphorinus albigularis are in the collection of 
the Philadelphian Academy. They were obtained at Panama by 
Mr. Bell. I found them marked, to my surprise, Thryothorus 
fasciato-ventris, Lafr. (R. Z. 1845, p. 337), and such is indeed the 
case. My specific name must therefore give place, and the species 
Thryothorus fasciato-ventris should be elided from the list of Bogota 
Birds, in which, on Lafresnaye’s authority, I have hitherto included 
it. The same collection also contains an example of the beautiful 
Vireolanius icterophrys, Bp. (P. Z. 8. 1855, pl. aii). 

Besides the three little Thrushes (which have been so much con- 
founded together, and have received so many names), called in Bona- 
parte’s ‘Conspectus,’ Twrdus solitarius, T. minor and T. wilsoni, 
Audubon’s Turdus nanus appears to me to be alsoa valid species. It 
most nearly resembles 7’. solitarius, of whieh it is the western re- 
presentative, but is smaller in size, and has a more densely spotted 
throat and breast. I cannot understand the reasons that have 
induced Prince Bonaparte to banish Turdus nevius, of whieh I saw 
many examples in the American collections, from the family of 
Thrushes, and to place it among the Teniopterines. I cannot at all 
agree with him on this point. Mr. Bell, who has observed this 


5 


bird in a state of nature, tells me that its habits are nearly those of 
the American Robin (Turdus migratorius),and I am inclined to 
consider that bird as its nearest ally. 

The Philadelphian collection contains the only adult male I have 
seen of the beautiful Flycatcher named Muscicapa rugensis by 
Hombron and Jacquinot (Ann. d. Se. Nat. xvi. p. 312). M. Pu- 
eheran, led away by the strong compressed beak, which is truly 
remarkable in this family, has placed this bird in the genus Cod/urv- 
eincla. But an attentive examination of its structure shows, without 
doubt, that it is a Muscicapine, though with abnormal characters 
pushed to the extreme of divergence. I think, however, it may 
safely be plac@d in the neighbourhood of Pomarea nigra, with which 
it corresponds in its changes of plumage. Prince Bonaparte has 
proposed for it the separate generic name Metabolus. 

The Smithsonian Institution possesses examples of Pachyrham- 
phus aglaie (v. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 297), collected by Mr. Couch in the 
province of New Leon, Mexico. This is the farthest northern ap- 
pearance of a bird of this family hitherto recorded. 

Mr. Lawrence of New York, amongst many other very interesting 
birds in his collection, showed me the first example I had seen of 
Audubon’s Alauda spraguii. This has always been rather a puzzling 
bird to me, as the New World is commonly supposed to be devoid 
of true Larks—although one would have thought the immense 
grassy prairies of the Northern Continent to be a region perfectly 
adapted to the members of this group of animals—and their place is 
occupied by the modified Starling-like form Sturnella. Prince Bona- 
parte has located this curious bird in the genus Ofocorys; Professor 
Baird has called it an Agrodroma. But an examination of the spe- 
cimen which I now exhibit, and which has been kindly lent to me 
by Mr. Lawrence, at once shows that its true place is not in either 
of these genera. Though rather tenuirostral, it must, I think, be 
placed within the Alaudide (and not with the Pipits) near Calan- 
drella and Otocorys, with which forms it agrees in the absence of 
the first spurious quill, and I venture to propose for it the distinct 
generic title Neocorys. 

Mr. John Bell of New York gave me a most interesting account of 
the discovery of this bird, which was made by Mr. Audubon’s party 
on the Upper Missouri in the neighbourhood of Fort Union, at 
the junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. Here it is 
abundant, though not easy to obtain, being only noticeable when 
soaring high in the skies like our Sky-Lark, and pouring forth its 
long-continued song. 

The Smithsonian Institution and Philadelphian Collection both 
contain examples of Myiadestes Townsendi, which I found, as I had 
anticipated, to be truly different from the bird which I charac- 
terized in these Proceedings last year under the name of M. uni- 
color (v. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 299), and still more so from Lafresnaye’s 
M. obscurus, to which Prince Bonaparte and Cabanis have united it. 
Another species of this peculiar form, which I first saw in Mr. Law- 
rence’s collection, is M. elisabethe from Cuba ( Muscicapa elisabethe, 


6 


Lembeye, Av. de Cuba, pl. 5. fig. 3). These, with M. armillata, 
from Jamaica, M. griseiventris from Peru, and my M. venezuelensis, 
make a total of seven typical species of this smgular group now 
known, and afford a beautiful example of the regular diffusion of 
corresponding ornithic species over distinct though neighbouring 
geographic areas. The Philadelphian Collection likewise contains an 
example of Cichlopsis leucogonys, Cab., belonging to the same family 
of birds, the type of which in the Berlin Museum has been hitherto 
considered as unique. 

Among the Tanagers in the Philadelphian Academy I discovered 
two specimens of a very distinct species of Saltator, which I have 
never seen in European collections, and which I described in the 
Proceedings of the Academy under the name of S. atripennis. Dr. 
Cabot of Boston also showed me the type of his Pyranga roseogu- 
laris, which is apparently a good species. These two Tanagers must 
be added to those given in my Synopsis of the birds of that family 
published in these Proceedings last year. 

On examining the type of Mr. Cassin’s Pastor nigrocinctus (Pr. 
Ac. Se. Phil. v. p. 68), I found it to be the same as the bird in the 
Paris Museum named Sericulus anais by Lesson, R. Z. 1839, p. 441, 
and which has rightly been raised to generic rank by Prince Bona- 
parte under the name Melanopyrrhus anais (Notes Orn. p. 9). 
The existence of a second example of this bird is very interesting, as 
it removes all doubts about its being a real and not a fictitious bird, 
as Mr. G. R. Gray hints in his ‘ List of Genera and Subgenera.’ 

The same collection is also fortunate in possessing amongst its 
complete series of Paradiseide, the only known specimen of the 
splendid second species of the genus Diphyllodes. American Na- 
turalists were quite unaware when they named this bird that Prince 
Bonaparte’s characters of his Lophorina (!) respublica (Compt. 
Rend. 1850, p. 131) were taken from the self-same example. And 
seeing that even after the correction of the error in the generic ap- 
pellation (Compt. Rend. 1850, p. 291), the descriptive phrase given 
by the Prince is positively erroneous, and such as the bird cannot 
by any possibility be recognized by, I must say I think it very 
questionable whether we ought not to employ Cassin’s name Wilsoni 
for this species, although certainly subsequent in time of publication 
to Prince Bonaparte’s term respublica. 

The Philadelphian Collection also possesses the only known example 
of Paradigalla carunculata, described and figured by Eydoux and 
Souleyet in the ‘ Voyage of the Venus.’ 

Icterus Scottii, Couch, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vii. p. 66, discovered by 
Lieut. Couch in New Leon and Coahuila, Mexico, is the same as 
Icterus parisorum, Bp. 

There have been two species of this family long confounded under 
the name dominicensis. The true I. dominicensis (Pendulinus flavi- 
gaster, Vieill.) is from Cuba and S. Domingo, and is the bird cha- 
racterized under the name Pendulinus hypomelas in Bp.’s Consp. 
p- 433. sp.8. On the other hand, his P. dominicensis is quite a dif- 
ferent bird, which I propose for the future to call 


IcTERUS WAGLERI. 
Psarocolius flavigaster, Wag). Isis, 1829, p. 756, nec Vieill. 
Pendulinus dominicensis, Bp. Consp. p. 432, nec Linn. 


Nigro-sericeus : tectricibus alarum minoribus infra et supra, dorso 
postico et abdomine toto flavis, hoc aurantiaco tincto : tectrict- 
bus caude inferioribus nigris, 

Long. tota 8°0, alee 4:2, caude 3°7. 

There are examples of this bird at the Smithsonian Institution 
collected by Lieut. Couch in Coahuila. I have Mkewise examples of 
it in my own collection. Icterus prosthemelas, Strickland (Contr. 
Orn. 1850, p. 120. pl. 52) (which is not the same as Pendulinus 
lessoni, Bp.), is a closely allied species, but is smaller and has the 
under tail-coverts yellow. ; 


Emberiza belli, Cassin (Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. 1850, pl. 4. p. 104), and 
Emberiza bilineata (ibid. pl. 3) seem to me to form natural members 
of the genus Poospiza, and I propose to call them Poospiza Gelli and 
Poospiza bilineata. 

Junco cinereus has recently been described as new for the third 
time as Struthus caniceps (Woodhouse in Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 202). 
As I have already observed, the name Junco ought to be employed 
instead of Struthus for all the three closely allied species of this 
genus, which will henceforth stand as J. cinereus, J. oregonus, and 
J. hyemalis. 

Zonotrichia gambelli (the third species of Bp.’s Consp.) is now 
considered in America as the young of Z. leucophrys: Z. mortoni 
(the fifth species), of which I have seen the type in the Philadel- 
phian collection, is nothing more than a Chiliah specimen of Z. pi- 
leata sive matutina: Z. querula (the ninth species) is the same as 
(the tenth) Z. comata, and ought rather to be placed in the genus 
Passerella. . 

Struthus atrimentalis, Couch (Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vii. p. 68), seems 
to be the same as Spinites atrigularis (Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 133), 
though M. Cabanis’ phrase is not very perfect. 

The beautiful Zonotrichia cassinii lately described by Woodhouse 
(Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 60) is very closely allied to Peucea bach- 
mannt, and must be placed next to it. 

Dr. Gambel’s Fringilla blandingiana (Journ. Ac. Phil. i. pl. 9) 
is the same as Pipilo rufipileus, Lafr. It is not an Hmbernagra, as 
arranged by Bonaparte, nor a Pipilo, and, as divisions are made now- 
a-days, ought probably to have a distinct generic appellation. 

Chondestes ruficauda, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 18, of which I found 
several specimens in the collection at Philadelphia, is a typical dimo- 
phila, and Embernagra pyrgitoides, Lafr., seems to be nothing more 
than 4. rufescens, the second species of that same genus. 

The Philadelphian Collection has likewise specimens of Chryso- 
mitris yarrelli (Aud.), not however from Western America, but from 
the Orinoco ; and I believe Audubon was altogether in error as to 
its locality, and that it is an inhabitant, not of the northern, but of 
the southern portion of the American continent. 


8 


The recent researches have increased the number of Woodpeckers 
of the genus Centurus occurring within the limits of the United 
States to three in number :—(1) C. carolinus, of the Eastern States; 
(2) C.uropygialis, Baird, lately discovered by the Naturalists attached 
to Lieut. Whipple’s expedition in New Mexico; and (3) C. flavi- 
ventris, Sw., which seems to be by no means uncommon in Texas, 
and is apparently quite distinct from C. santacruzi, Bp., with which 
it is often considered synonymous. 

There is a very fine series of specimens of the genus Coua in the 
Philadelphian colleetion representing every species mentioned in 
Prince Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ except C. madagascariensis. Coua 
ruficeps is by no means the same as C. reynaudi, as is there made 
out, but is a species more like C. cristata with a white throat and 
violaceous breast from Zanzibar, while C. reynaudi is from Mada- 
gascar. 

Certain European Naturalists appear to me to have been much too 
hasty in condemning the new Grus hoyiana lately described by Mr. 
Dudley in the ‘ Proceedings of the Philadelphian Academy.’ Judging 
from the examples in the collection of that Institution, I venture to 
pronounce it an excellent species, and not the young of Grus ameri- 
cana, as Dr. Hartlaub has endeavoured to prove (Journ. f. Orn. 1855, 
p- 336). It would seem, however, that this bird is really a Western 
species from Oregon and Washington territory, and only accident- 
ally present in Wisconsin, where it was first met with by Mr. 
Dudley. 


2. ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PELVIS OF CHLAMYPHORUS 
TRUNCATUS. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P. Env. Soc., 
ETC. 


Sir Woodbine Parish having, after considerable trouble, at length 
been able to procure a second specimen of this extraordinary and 
most interesting animal, has kindly transmitted it to the British 
Museum. 

The specimen had been eviscerated and simply dried in the sun, 
was destitute of any fur, and did not afford any means of distinguish- 
ing its sex. 

The Museum already possessed the well-preserved specimen for- 
merly procured by Sir Woodbine Parish, and the imperfect skeleton 
of it so well described and figured by my late excellent friend Mr. 
Yarrell in the Zoological Journal, vol. iii. p. 544. t. 16. 

In the specimen of the skeleton figured and described by Mr. 
Yarrell, the bones of the pelvis were separated to preserve the outer 
covering entire; the “bones being cut through as near to and as 
parallel with the inner surface of the plates as their confined situation 
would admit,” p. 546. 

This description did not in the least prepare me for the extraor- 
dinary structure which was discovered when the flesh was removed. 

The truncated posterior disk or shield is firmly attached to the 


9 


pelvis by four (or two pairs of) posterior processes, and in the central 
line by the elongated ridges of the posterior sacral vertebra, so as to 
be immoveably fixed to the pelvis. The posterior disk is thick, rather 


Fig. 1. Side view of the pelvis, with the inside of the attached posterior disk. 
Fig. 2. The inside of the posterior disk, showing the position of the places of 
attachment, 


Fig. 3. The outer side of the posterior disk, showing the form and position of the 
perforations, 


solid, and furnished with a marginal series of oblong perforations, 
having a second series of similar but smaller perforations within them 
in the centre, and two series of much elongated curved slits on each 
side, near the margin, as in the figure. 

Professor Owen informs me that a somewhat similar adhesion of 
the skeleton to the dermal system is to be observed in the Glypto- 
don, and also in some of the fossil Armadilloes of the older strata. 


3. ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AIR IN THE BONES OF 
Birps. By Epwarps Crisp, M.D. 


As one of the objects of the founders of this Society, as expressed 
by the Charter, was the cultivation of Physiology, and as our com- 
munications of late, upon this subject, have been rather scanty, I am 
induced to submit this paper to the notice of the members, and I do 
so with a hope that it may serve to dispel one of the many errors 
that unfortunately encumber the science of Zoology. 

My attention was first especially directed to the investigation of 


; 10 
this matter in consequence of hearing the following statement by 
Professor Owen, in one of his Lectures at the College of Surgeons, 
on the Vertebrata, of which I took notes at the time. The lec- 
turer, to show the permeability of the bones of birds to air, said, 
‘that a friend of his saw a man driving sea-gulls near Boulogne, and 
being surprised that the birds did not fly, he inquired the reason, and 
was told by the man that their thigh-bones had been perforated to 
let out the air;”’ and in further corroboration of this, Professor 
Owen said, “every sportsman knows that when the legs of a par- 
tridge are broken, it falls from the same cause.” 

I knew that this latter statement was an error, for two reasons— 
first, because a partridge does not fall when its legs are broken ; and, 
secondly, and especially, because the thigh-bones of this bird do not 
contain air. In my dissections of the gulls I had not examined the 
thigh-bones; but to my surprise on investigating this matter, I 
found in all specimens afterwards dissected, that neither the humert 
nor the femora contained air, but were filled with marrow. I next 
began to ask myself whether the presence of air in the femora of 
most birds would not act as an impediment to their flight, by dimi- 
nishing the strength of the bone, and more particularly by depriving 
them of that weight and ballast which might be essential to their 
aérial progress? I knew, moreover, that most of our bats (the bones 
of which are free from air) could keep on the wing for many hours, 
some of them carrying their young, whilst probably the sparrow, 
robin, wren, partridge, and many other birds, could not sustain a 
continuous flight for five minutes. I next discovered that in many 
specimens of the common fowl, a bird that had scarcely ever topped 
a brick wall, the humerus was hollow ; but in other birds of long 
flight that I examined at the same time, including the snipe, curlew, 
and many birds of passage, that none of the bones of the extremities 
contained air. Before proceeding further with the investigation, I 
consulted several modern writers upon the subject, and I subjoin ex- 
tracts from their works for the purpose of showing the prevailing 
opinion upon the matter. It was not till this morning, after the 
above was written, that I consulted the essays of Camper and Hun- 
ter, and it will perhaps be more methodical to quote these anatomists 
before the others. 

The first writer I find upon the subject is Camper, ‘ Guvres 
d’ Anatomie Comparée,’ Paris, 1803, vol. ii. p. 460. The paper was 
presented to the Haarlem Academy, and he calls the discovery one 
entirely new, “that nearly all the bones of birds are filled with air by 
respiration ;” he entitled it a discovery, because he knew of no author 
who had indicated the same thing. Marsighni had spoken of the 
wing-bones of the pelican as very light and hollow, but he did not 
allude to air, nor the manner in which it entered the cavity. The 
first observations (February 1771) were made on the sea-eagle, owl, 
maccaw, turkey, black-cock, and common fowl. ‘The humeri and 
femora were perforated, and the air-sacs and lungs inflated through 
the apertures. He came to the conclusion (verified by finding that 
the thigh- and wing-bones of a sparrow contained marrow) that all 
high-flying birds had the bones of the extremities filled with air ; 


11 


and he thought it probable that the wing-bones only of the swans, 
geese and ducks would be found to be hollow. 

After John Hunter’s paper in the sixty-fourth volume of the 
London Philosophical Transactions, 1774, bemg “An Account of 
certain receptacles of air in birds, which communicate with the lungs 
and are lodged among the fleshy parts and in the hollow bones of 
these animals,” Camper published a letter (vol. iii. p. 474) claiming 
the discovery three years before Hunter had spoken of it. 

Hunter, in the paper above mentioned, appears to have confined 
his observations to a few birds, and his three quoted experiments for 
the purpose of showing that a bird may breathe through apertures 
made in the Aumerus or air-sacs, are very inconclusive. The birds 
he speaks of are the ostrich, the common fowl, the woodcock, peli- 
ean and canary. The chief object of the paper was to show that the 
air-sacs and bones are appendages to the lungs. The essays of these 
great anatomists, of which I have given a brief outline, will well 
repay perusal ; and if many subsequent writers upon the subject had 
depended upon their own observations, the prevailing error “ that the 
bones of a bird are filled with air,’ would not have occurred. 

In Cuvier’s ‘Animal Kingdom’ is the following :—‘ The air-cavities 
which occupy the interior of their body, and even (usually) super- 
sede the marrow in their bones, increase their specific lightness.” 

Milne-Edwards, in his ‘Elémens de Zoologie,’ p. 504, says, “In 
general, air is found in great abundance in the bones of the members 
most employed in locomotion. In the ostrich, for example, the air- 
cells in the femur have a remarkable development.” 

The late Mr. Yarrell, whose recent death we all so much deplore, 
does not in his work on British Birds speak of the bones; but in 
his ‘ British Fishes’ (Introduction, p. 21), he says, in alluding to 
the air-bladder, ‘The analogy to the air-cells in birds, and the pas- 
sage of air from thence into the bones of the limbs, is too obvious 
to be unobserved, and will give interest to further investigation.” 
So that Mr. Yarrell’s impression evidently was, that the limb-bones 
of birds were supplied with air. 

Mr. Rymer Jones, in his ‘ Organization of the Animal Kingdom,’ 
1855, p. 75, says, “ Birds, in fact, breathe not only with their lungs, 
but the vital element penetrates almost every part of the interior of 
their bodies, bathing the surfaces of their viscera, and entering the 
very cavities of their bones; so that the blood is most extensively 
subjected to its influence.’ 

In Carpenter’s ‘Comparative Physiology,’ 1854, it is said, that 
** Even the bones are made subservient to this function (respiration) ; 
for though at an early period they possess a spongy structure, like 
those of reptiles, and are filled with thin marrow, they subsequently 
become hollow, and their cavities communicate with the lungs. In 
the aquatic species, however, the original condition is retained through 
life.’ And in his ‘Manual for the Use of Students,’ p. 386, it is 
stated, that in most birds the bones are hollow. 

Professor Owen, in his article “ Aves” in the ‘ Cyclopedia of 
Anatomy and Physiology’ (vol. i. p. 343), remarks, ‘The singular 


12 


extension of the respiratory into the osseous system was discovered 
simultaneously by Hunter and Camper, and ably investigated by 
them through the whole class of birds. It is stated that if the femur 
into which the air is admitted be broken, the bird shall not be able 
to raise itself in flight.” He then quotes from Hunter’s experi- 
ments before alluded to. 

Professor Owen goes on to say, that ‘‘ the proportion in which the 
skeleton is permeated by air varies in different birds. In the pen- 
guins he found no air in the bones. The struthious birds have all 
air admitted into the cavities, except the humeri, tibie and distal 
bones of the legs, which retain their marrow. With the exception 
of the woodcock, all birds of flight have air admitted into the hw- 
merus. The pigeons, with the exception of the crown pigeon, have 
no air in the femur, which retains its marrow. In the owls also the 
femur is filled with marrow, but in the diurnal birds of prey, as in 
almost all other birds of flight, the femur is filled with air. In the 
pelican and gannet the air enters all the bones with the exception of 
the phalanges of the toes. In the hornbill even these are permeated 
by air.” 

In his ‘ Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,’ vol. ii. p. 34, nearly 
the same opinion is expressed, and the swifts and humming-birds 
are said ‘‘to have air in every bone of the skeleton down to the pha- 
langes of the claws.” 

I make no apology for these quotations, because they are essential 
for the proper understanding of the matter. 

I have placed on the table a French and English partridge, a lark, 
a snipe, a sparrow, a starling, and the skeleton (in maceration) of a 
swift (Cypselus apus), and it will be seen that in the three first- 
named birds only do the humeri contain air; the other bones are 
filled with marrow ; in the remaining four birds the bones contain no 
air: but I should observe that in two swifts before examined I found 
the humeri hollow, the other bones full of marrow. I also exhibit 
the bones of many birds that I have dissected ; among these are the 
ostrich, jabiru, eagle, sparrow-hawk, Weka-rail, green woodpecker, 
and many of the femora and humeri of the smaller British birds, 
nearly all of which are filled with marrow; indeed there are no 
apertures in the bones for the admission of air. 

To bring the question to a more practical bearing, I subjoin a list 
of birds recently dissected (most of them shot by myself), in which 
I have examined the bones of the extremities to ascertain the pre- 
sence or absence of air, and in this communication | think it better 
to include only British birds. 


Sparrow Hawk. F. nisus. Common Duck. 

Magpie. C. pica. Velvet Scouter. O. fusca. 
Jackdaw. C. monedula. Common Fowl. 

Woodpigeon. C. palumbus. Turkey. 

Turtle Dove. C. turtur. Partridge (English). P. cinerea. 
Sky Lark. A. arvensis. Partridge (French). P. rufa. 


Green Woodpecker. P. viridis. Bittern. B. stellaris. 


13 


Common Gull. LZ. canus. Swallow. H. rustica. 
Black-headed Gull. LZ. ridibun- Sand Martin. JH. riparia. 
dus. Goat-sucker. C. Europeus. 


Herring Gull. L. argentatus. Chaffinch. F. celebs. 
Great Black-backed Gull. JZ. Yellow-hammer. ZE. citrinella. 


marinus. Sparrow. fF. domestica. 
Razor Bill. 4. Torda. Wheat-ear. SS. cenanthe. 
Puffin. F. arctica. Wren, Common. T. Zuropeus. 
Red-throated Diver. C. septen- Wren, Crested. R. auricapillus. 
trionalis. Robin. S. rudicula. 
Moor Hen. G. chloropus. Blackbird. 1’. merula. 
Coot. F. atra. Thrush. 7. musicus. 
Curlew. WN. arquata. Fieldfare. 7. pilaris. 
Godwit. L. melanura. Red-wing. T. iliacus. 
Dotterel. C. morinellus. Missel Thrush. JL. viscivorus. 
Common Snipe. S. gallinago. Starling. S. vulgaris. 
Jack Snipe. 8. gallinula. Hedge Sparrow. A. modularis. 
Sanderling. A. vulgaris. Little Creeper. C. familiaris. 
Water Ousel. C. aquaticus. Wood Lark. A. arborea. 
Swift, Common. H. apus. Oyster-catcher. H. ostralegus. 


House Martin.. A. urbica. 


I have mislaid the notes of my dissections of many other British 

birds, and as I do not like to trust to memory, I will reserve these 
for the concluding part of my paper. 
_ Of the above fifty-two birds, the first only had many of the bones 
permeated with air; the next thirteen on the list had the humeri 
only hollow, and among these it will be observed that there are many 
of short flight. Of the remaining thirty-eight none of them had 
marrow in the femora or humeri, and judging from a few that were 
examined (the snipe, e. g.), none of the bones contained air. The 
last list includes some birds, as the swift, martin and swallow, that 
are louger on the wing and probably of swifter flight than any of 
the feathered creation. 

By way of testing more accurately the correctness of my conclu- 
sions, I performed the following experiments :—I introduced a blow- 
pipe into the trachea of a common duck, a cock, a French partridge, 
an English partridge, and a snipe ; I opened the humeri and femora 
of all, and placed the dead birds under water ; I then inflated the 
lungs and air-cells in the chest and abdomen, the size of the birds 
being greatly increased by the inflation. In the cock the air escaped 
freely from the aperture in the humerus; but in the other birds no 
air was present. I then removed the humerus and femur at the 
upper joint, but still no air escaped on inflation. As I have stated 
before, all these birds, with the exception of the snipe, had hollow 
humeri, but none of them had air in the thigh-bones ; these experi- 
ments, however, require repetition on a larger scale. 

In my next paper I purpose describing the air-sacs in the thoracie 
and abdominal cavities of birds; the method by which air is ad- 
mitted to the hollow bones ; and the flight of birds in relation to these 
matters. 


14 


January 27, 1857. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. Descriptions or THREE New SPECIES OF THE GENUS 
PHarETHORNIS, Famity TROCHILIDE. 
By Joun Gov tp, F.R.S., etc. 


PHAETHORNIS VIRIDICAUDATA. 


Stripe over and behind the eye light buff; crown of the head, 
upper surface and wing-coverts bronzy grass-green, duller on the 
head ; wings purplish brown; tail-feathers bronzy grass-green at 
the base, passing into dark brown towards the extremity, the cen- 
tral feathers tipped with white ; the next margined on each side at 
the tip with white, and the remainder with white on the apical portion 
of the external web; under surface reddish buff, becoming paler on 
the abdomen and vent; upper mandible black; basal two-thirds of 
the lower mandible yellow ; tip black ; legs yellow. 

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 1; wing, 14; tail, 14. 

Hab. Rio de Janeiro. 

Remark.—This species belongs to that section of the Phaéthorni- 
thes to which Prince Charles L. Bonaparte has given the generic ap- 
pellation of Pygmornis, or, in other words, which is allied to the P. 
eremita, pygmeus and griseogularis ; but differs from all in the ab- 
sence of any red on the rump, and in the green colouring of the base 
of the tail. 


- PHAETHORNIS EPISCOPUS. 

Head, upper surface and wing-coverts rich golden brown; be- 
hind the eye a stripe of buff; wings purplish brown ; tail deep 
bronzy brown at the base, changing into slaty brown near the apex, 
and slightly tipped with grey ; rump rufous; ear-coverts black ; 
under surface deep sandy buff, crossed on the breast by a broad band 
of jet-black ; somewhat elongated plumes; upper mandible and 
apical third of the lower mandible black ; basal two-thirds of the 
latter yellow. 

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 2; wing, 11; tail, 1}. 

Hab. Demerara. 

Remark.—This species differs from both P. pygmaeus of Spix and 
P. eremita in the rich bronzy colouring of its upper surface, by the 
greater breadth of the black pectoral band, the deep bronzy hue of 
the tail, and by the small size of its short and rounded wings. 


PHAETHORNIS OBSCURA. 

Head, upper surface, and wing-coverts dark bronzy green; stripe 
behind the eye buff ; wings purplish brown ; tail dark bronzy brown, 
each feather narrowly margined externally and slightly tipped with 
white ; throat smoky black, between which and the eye a stripe of 


~ 


15 


light buff; chest clouded chestnut, passing into dark grey on the ab- 
men, and fading into buffy white on the vent; under tail-coverts 
greyish white; upper mandible and tip of the lower black ; basal 
three-fourths of the latter yellow. 

Total length, 35 inches; bill, 2; wing, 1; tail, 1}. 

Hab. Rio de Janeiro. 

Remark.—This is also one of the smaller species of the former, 
which, like P. viridicaudata, would pertain to Prince C. L. Bona- 
parte’s genus Pygmornis. It differs from all others yet known in its 
darkly coloured throat and under surface. 


2. FurrHer AppitTions To THE List or BIRDS RECEIVED IN 


Co.uections From Bocota. By Puitip Lutiry ScLatTer, 
M.A., F.L.S. 


Since the last communication which I made to this Society on 
Birds received in collections from Bogota, I have obtained specimens 
and information from several quarters, which have enabled me to 
draw up the following supplementary list of fifty-two species not 
mentioned in my previous papers on this subject. This increase 
raises the total number of birds now known as belonging to the orni- 
thology of the interior of New Grenada to upwards of 510. That 
future researches will develope still farther additions, and among them 
many new species, I have no doubt. For there are still considerable 
vacancies in the series to be filled up, particularly in the Accipitres, 
Gralle, Galline, and Anseres, and among the more obscure groups 
of Passeres (such as the Tyrannines), which I have as yet hardly 
ventured to touch, that is, in the way of naming new species, on 
account of the confusion which at present prevails among those 
already described. 

When last in Paris, I had the pleasure of examining the large series 
of Trochilide belonging to M. Parzudaki. From the information I 
thus obtained, and from the kind assistance rendered to me by Mr. 
Gould, I have been enabled to enumerate twenty species of that 
family, omitted in my former lists, which occur in the interior of 
New Grenada. These added to the forty-nine previously given, make 

“up a total of about seventy birds of this group which may be con- 
sidered inhabitants of this region. 

M. Jules Verreaux of Paris has supplied me with numerous notes 
made on the birds which have come under his notice from Bogota 
collections since the publication of my first list. 

Mr. George N. Lawrence, the well-known Ornithologist of New 
York, showed me a considerable collection of Bogota skins, when I 
was in that city during the past autumn. Out of these birds received 
direct from Bogota he most liberally allowed me to bring to this 
country, for the purpose of closer examination, such as I was not able 
to identify on the spot, and I have found among them several species 
of which I have not elsewhere seen specimens from that region. 


16 


1. IsycrerR AMERICANUS (Bodd.), Strickl. Orn. Syn. i. p. 22. 
In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota. 


2. SyRNrIUM ALBITARSE, G. R. Gray, in Mus. Brit. 


I have lately acquired a Bogota skin of this species, which 
agrees perfectly with the type in the British Museum. It is very 
nearly allied to Syrnium hylophilum, and I think it quite possible 
that what is supposed to be that bird from Bogota in the Philadel- 
phian collection may really be referable to this species. Dr. Kaup 
has united it to S. hylophilum in the ‘ Monograph of Strigide’ in 
Jardine’s Contributions for 1852, but, I think, incorrectly. There 
has, I believe, been no description published of this bird. 


3. BRaCHYGALBA INORNATA, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 15. 
I have lately obtained a Bogota specimen of this bird. 


4. Trocon virinis, Linon. 


A Bogota skin in Mr. Lawrence’s collection seems identical with 
Brazilian examples. 


5. CAMPYLOPTERUS LAZULUS (Vieill.), Bp. Consp. p. 71. 
6. Bourcterta TorQUATA (Boiss.), R. Z. 1840, p. 6. 


7. BourcrEerIa PRUNELLII (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 70. 

Obtained by M. Bourcier from the environs of Facatativa in the 
province of Bogota. 

8. Lampornis MANGO (Linn.). 

The Bogota bird seems to be the true L. mango. 


9. THALURANIA vIRIDIPECTUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 13. 
10. HeLiopoxa LEADBEATER!I (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 102. 


11. HexiiomasTEeR LoNGIROSTRIS (Vieill.), Gould, Mon. Trochil. 
v. pl. 9. 


This species has a considerable range, occurring also in Trinidad, 
Demerara, Cayenne, and Venezuela. 


12. AMAZILIUS REIFFERI (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 103. 


Discovered by M. Reiffer at Fusugagua in the New Grenadian 
Andes, south of Bogota. 


13. AMAZILIUS CASTANEIVENTRIS, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 150. 


14, SaucrRoTTIA VIRIDIGASTRA (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 103. 
Discovered by M. Reiffer at Fusugagua. 


17 
15. Savcerorrra cyANetrrons (Boure.), R. Z. 1843, p. 100. 
The locality given for this species by M. Bourcier is Ibagué, which 


is the capital ‘of the province of Mariquita, on the left bank of the 
Magdalena. It frequently occurs in Bogota collections. 


16. Hytocuaris couportti (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 100. 
Also from Ibagué. 


17. HyLocuaris curysoGasTer (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 101. 
Occurs in Bogota collections. 


18. AGLZAcTIS CUPREIPENNIS (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 71. 
19. THAUMANTIAS MILLERI (Bourc.), P. Z. S. 1847, p. 43. 
20. My1aseLur1a GuimeTi (Bourc.), R. Z. 1843, p. 72. 


21. Juntamyra typica, Bp.—Ornismyia julie!, Boure. R. Z. 
1842, p. 373. 


Hab. Tunja in New Grenada, north of Bogota. 
22. JULIAMYIA AMABILIS (Gould), P. Z. S. 1851, p. 115. 


23. AvocETTINUS EURYPTERUS (Lodd.), P. Z. S. 1832, p. 7. 
.24. Lopuornis pELaTTRII (Less.), R. Z. 1839, p. 19. 


25. ANABATES STRIATICOLLIS, sp. nov. 


Olivascenti-brunneus, capite virescentiore et hujus plumis tenuis- 
sime nigro marginatis : alis nigricantibus, extus brunneo, intus 
autem cinnamomeo marginatis : subtus clarior et cinnamomeo 
tinctus ; gutture et pectore antico pallidioribus et scapis plu- 
marum cum harum parte mediali clare flavicanti-albidis, strias 
obsoletas formantibus : cauda unicolore rufa: rostro flavido, 
culmine brunnescente, pedibus nigricantibus. 

Long. tota 6-0, alee 3°3, caudee 2°6. 

I have lately obtained a Bogota skin of this Anabates. Another 
specimen, which was previously in my collection and has been sub- 
mitted to M. de Lafresnaye’s examination, is marked in his hand- 
writing “ Anabates striaticollis, Lafr.’ I have therefore used that 
name, though as yet, I believe, unpublished. ‘These two examples 
merely differ in their slightly inferior size from a third specimen 
marked ‘‘ dnabates olivaceiventer”’ by M. de Lafresnaye some years 
since. I do not know whether he considers the two species indi- 
cated by these MS. names as distinct. For myself I doubt the fact. 
The cervical strie, whence the name is derived, are not very well 
marked in my Bogota specimens. 


26. ScLERURUS BRUNNEUS, sp. nov. 
S. supra brunneus cinnamomeo tinctus, subtus paulo pallidior ; 
No. CCCXXVIII.—Proceepines or THE Zootoeica Society. 


18 


gutture albo mixto: alarum et caude@ pennis intus nigricanti- 
bus, illarum marginibus externis dorso concoloribus : rostro 
nigro, basi flavicante : pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 60, alee 3°4, caude 2°1. 

Thave lately obtained a single Bogota skin of a bird of this genus, 
to which (as I cannot associate it with any of the already-described 
species) I have given a new name. From S. caudacutus of Brazil 
and S. mexicanus (P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 290) of Mexico and Guatimala, 
it differs in the want of the bright rufous colouring in the rump and 
fore neck. In this respect it would seem to resemble Hartlaub’s 
S. guatimalensis (Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 370), but that bird is said to 
be of the size of S. caudacutus, to which the present species is con- 
siderably inferior in dimensions. 


27. RutMAMPHUS CEZRULEUS (Wils.), Am. Orn. pl. 15. fig. 7. 
I have lately acquired two Bogota specimens of this in imperfect 
plumage. 


28. GRALLARIA MONTICOLA, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 68 ; Des Murs, 
Icon. Orn. pl. 53. 


29. Hypocnemis paciuinota, Cab.; Bp. Consp. p. 202. 
In Mr. Lawrence’s Bogota collection. 


30. Trryra rnqutsiTRIx (Licht.), Bp. Consp. p. 180. 


M. Parzudaki’s collection contains an immature male of this 
species from Bogota. 


31. PacHyrRHAMPHUS PECTORALIS, Sw. An. in Men. p. 288. 


A single skin from Bogota in my collection agrees with the 
Cayenne bird. 


32. PacHyRHAMPHUs GRIsEUS (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 687. f. 1. 


I have seen several Bogota skins of this bird. I likewise possess 
examples from S. Martha, Trinidad, and Cayenne. 


33. CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, Geoffr. 


Mr. Lawrence has a fine example of this bird in his Bogota col- 
lection. 


34. Cyanocorax TuRcosus, Bp. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. 
(1854). 

I have a Bogota skin of this species received from MM. Verreaux. 
It is very closely allied to the better-known C. armillatus, but may 
be distinguished by its rather larger size, the more greenish tinge 
of the plumage, and brighter blue of the throat. 


35. CHRYSOMUS ICTEROCEPHALUS (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 343. 
Mus. P. L. 8. ex Bogota. 


19 


36. PENDULINUS CHRYSOCEPHALUs (Linn.), Bp. Consp. p. 432. 

A single skin of this bird in M. Parzudaki’s collection seems to 
agree with examples from Cayenne. 

37. Leisres GuIANENSIs (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 236. fig. 2. 

Mus. Paris et P. Z. S. ex Bogota. 


38. SaLraror oxtvascens, Cab. P. Z, S. 1856, p. 71. 
Mr. Cassin of Philadelphia presented me with the only Bogota 


example of this bird, which has yet come under my notice. 
39. RaMPHOCELUS UNICOLOR, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 128. 
40. EvpHonia crassrrostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 277. 


41. Catca MELANOCEPHALA (Linn.). 


42. Pronus MENsTRUUS (Linn.). 


I possess Bogota skins of both of these Parrots. Of the latter I 
have also examples from 8. Martha (Verreaux), and Barra do Rio 
Negro (Wallace). 


43, Urocuoma uveti (Temm.).—Psittacus hueti, Temm. Pl. 
Col. 491. 

- Several specimens of this beautiful Parrot have lately been received 
in Paris from Bogota. 

44, OpIsTHOCOMUS CRISTATUS, Vieill. 

In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota. 


45, Crax ALECTOR, Linn. 
In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota. 


46. CHLoRZNAS RUFINA (Temm.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 54. 
47. CHAMAPELIA RUFIPENNIS, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 79. 


48. GroTRYGON MONTANA (Linn.), Bp. Consp. ii. p. 72. 


Bogota specimens of these three Pigeons are in Mr. Lawrence’s 
collection. 


49. OrTALIDA MONTAGNI, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1856 (May) 
xlii. p. 875. 

MM. Verreaux have received this bird from Bogota. 

50. ABURRIA CARUNCULATA, Bp.—Penelope aburrt, Less. Tr. 
d’Orn. p. 482. 

Discovered by M. Goudot near Bogota. 


20 


51. Trxamus canus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 746. 
In Mr. Lawrence’s collection from Bogota. 


52. PARRA HYPOMELENA, G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, pl. 159 ; 
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283. 


3. On THE TRUE NAUTILUS UMBILICATUS OF LISTER. 
By Aucustus A. Goutp, M.D. 


In looking over the shells of a dealer in Boston (U.S. A.), I ob- 
served three specimens of an umbilicated Nautilus, which struck me 
as differing essentially from the shell commonly known as Nautilus 
umbilicatus. A more careful examination satisfied me that they 
were quite distinct ; and I made out a comparative description of 
them, intending to designate the newly observed one by the name 
texturatus, on account of its finely reticulated surface. But on re- 
ferring to the several figures of N. wmbilicatus, I found that the 
figure of Lister, which represents the shell originally named umbili- 
catus, presented all the characteristics of the reticulated shell, while 
all other figures represented the smooth, shining shell ordinarily 
bearing that name. From both the figures and descriptions of 
authors, I am led to believe that the shell originally observed by 
Lister has not been recognized by conchologists since his day.. Every 
writer except Favanne expressly speaks of his shell as smooth (leevis, 
glatte), and his figure clearly refers to the common shell. Cn the 
supposition, then, that these are two distinct species, it is proper to 
restrict the term applied by Lister to the shell represented by him, 
and to substitute another for the shell ordinarily named umbilicatus. 
The term scrobiculatus indicated in manuscript by Solander, and 
adopted by Dillwyn, and which has been placed by others as a syn- 
onym, may be appropriately restored to this species. 

The principal differences between the two shells are as follow. 
Taking the common shell, so well represented in Sowerby’s ‘ The- 
saurus’ as a standard, the other shell, which we take to be the 
genuine wmbilicatus of Lister, is more ventricose, the sides being 
nearly parallel, and the periphery broadly rounded; the aperture is 
nearly quadrate rather than oval, the posterior angles being nearly 
right angles; the umbilicus is rather larger, its walls nearly perpen- 
dicular, in no degree cup-shaped ; its marginal angle very slightly’ 
rounded, the edges of each whorl broadly spreading over the prece- 
ding whorl, and it is in all cases clearly pervious ; the surface, instead 
of appearing smooth and shining, with only some distinct traces of 
revolving striee near the aperture, has a dead, unpolished aspect, and 
is everywhere conspicuously reticulated with numerous, crowded, 
well-impressed, revolving lines ; the colouring, instead of a lively 
ochreous, has a dusky smoky hue, and the chestnut-coloured flam- 
mules are numerous and delicate, numbering as many as five to the 


21 


inch in place of three in the serobiculatus. In all the specimens of 
the latter which have come under my observation, the sides are con- 
spicuously undulated by a series of distinct waves, in the direction 
of the lines of growth, which are wholly wanting in umbilicatus. 
The most obvious distinctive marks then are, in the former, the shi- 
ning surface and waved sides ; and in the latter, the numerous small 
flammules, dead surface, and well-marked revolving strie. These 
revolving strize are plainly indicated on the figure of Lister; and 
that they are not merely a style of the engraver’s art, but are in- 
tended to indicate something in nature, may be inferred by comparing 
the figure with that of N. Pompilius, in immediate proximity, the 
surface of which is really like that of serobiculatus. The best of the 
three specimens examined by me, is now in the possession of Hugh 
Cuming, Esq., and an inspection of it will fully confirm the above 
views. 
The synonymy of the two species will then be as follows :— 


N. umsiticatus. Testa suborbicularis, ventricosa, striis confertis 
volventibus insculpta, utrinque late umbilicata ; marginibus 
umbilicorum viz rotundatis ; umbilico pervio, infundibuliformi, 
nigro margine externo viz rotundato; rufescens, postice radiatim 
Serrugineo strigata, strigis angustis, confertis. 


N. umbilicatus, Lister, Conch. t. 552. f. 4. 


N. scrosicunatus. Testa suborbicularis, subdepressa, levis, ni- 
tida, lateribus radiatim fluctuatis, utrinque late umbilicata, um- 
bilico crateriformi, margine externo rotundato, late flavescens, 
postice radiatim ferrugineo strigata, strigis latis, remotis. 


N. scrobiculatus, Soland. MS. Portland Catal. 169. no. 3653 ; 
Dillwyn, Catal. i. 339. 

N. Pompilius, var. 3., Gmelin, no. 3369. 

N. crassus umbilicatus, Chemn. Conch. x. t. 137. f. 1274, 1275. 

Le grand Nautile ombiliqué, Favanne, Conch. 1. 726. t. 7. f. B3, 
t. 69. f. D 2. 

N. umbilicatus, Knorr, Vergn. iv. pl. 22. f. 4; Lamarck, Anim. 
s. Vert. xi. 322; Blainville, Malac. pl. 8. f. 2 ; Crouch, Conch. pl. 20. 
f. 16; Sowerby, Thes. Conch. pl. 98. f. 7. 


22 


February 10, 1857. 


J. Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. 


The following paper was read :— 


On THE ANATOMY OF THE GREAT ANTEATER (MyRMECOPHAGA 
sJuBATA, Linn.). PartrIl. By Proressor Owen, F.R.S., 
F.2.8,, erqit 


In my former communication on the Anatomy of the Great Ant- 
eater, the position of the stomach and its relations to adjoining vis- 
cera were briefly pointed out. In the present paper I propose to de- 
scribe the form and structure of this very remarkable organ in the 
Myrmecophaga jubata. ° 

Moderately distended the stomach presents a subglobular form, of 
about 8 inches diameter, with a smaller subglobular appendage, as 
it-seems, of ahout 3 inches diameter, intervening between the main 
cavity and the intestine. 

The cesophagus terminates near the middle of the upper surface 
of the main portion, of which about 4 inches extends to the left of 
the cardiac orifice to form what Haller called the ‘saccus czecus.’ 
The general configuration of the stomach, as seen from the anterior 
surface, will be shown in the first Plate. 

On the middle of both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the 
stomach is a sheet of tendon, of an irregular triangular form, 6 inches 
in longest diameter, which is in the direction of the length of the 
stomach, and in which the tendon extends from the large to the 
small division of the organ, and acquires upon the latter its greatest 
thickness and whitest colour. 

Upen bisecting the stomach lengthwise, the part described as 
the main cavity is seen to correspond with the cardiac division, and 
the seeming appendage, with the pyloric division, of the stomach 
in Rodentia: but they are much more distinct in structure and 
functions in the Myrmecophaga than in any other mammal with a 
stomach similarly divided externally. The cardiac cavity has a vas- 
cular secreting surface, the lining membrane being disposed in very 
numerous small ruge ; at the parts where the parietes have yielded 
most to the distending force, these ruge are nearly effaced: other 
larger and more permanent folds are nearly straight, are confined to 
the vicinity of the communication with the pyloric cavity, and con- 
verge towards the aperture. 

The cardiac orifice, in the inverted stomach, presents the form of 
a narrow, slightly bent crescentic slit. It is situated about 3} inches 
from the similarly shaped aperture of communication between the 
: cardiac and the pyloric cavities : but the margin of this latter aper- 


* This paper will be reprinted in the Transactions, and there illustrated with 
Ato plates. 


— 


ee i 


Se 


23 


ture is indented as it were by the ends of the converging folds of the 
lining membrane, about ten in number, which are continued into the 
pyloric cavity. The length of the cardiac slit is 1 inch; that of the 
intercommunicating aperture is 1 inch 3 lines. 

The pyloric division of the Anteater’s stomach is remarkable for 
the thickness of its muscular tunic and the density of its epithelial 
lining, which convert it into a veritable gizzard. 

The muscular coat varies from one inch to half an inch in thick- 
ness; at the middle of the cavity it is separated from the lining 
membrane by an unusual accumulation of the elastic submucous cel- 
lular tissue, which is most accumulated in the upper wall of the 
cavity. A very small proportion, only, of food can enter at one 
time into this cavity, to be subjected to the triturating force of its 
parietes, operating with the aid of swallowed particles of sand in the 
comminution of the unmasticated or imperfectly masticated termites. 

The area of the pyloric cavity, as exposed by a vertical longitu- 
dinal section, appears a mere linear, slightly sinuous tract, with a 
dilatation near the pylorus, due to a kind of valvular protuberance 
of the upper wall projecting towards that aperture. But, when the 


_ pyloric cavity is bisected transversely, its area then presents a cres- 


centic figure, owing to the protuberance formed by the thicker mus- 
cular tunic and the more abundant submucous elastic tissue in the 
upper parietes. The lower longitudinal plicze, which commenced on 
the cardiac side of the intereommunicating aperture, give a longitu- 


-dinally ridged character to the inner surface of the cavity. 


This character is changed, near the pylorus, for a reticular rugo- 
sity; the pylorus, when viewed from the duodenal side, presents a 


erescentic form, with the horns of the crescent directed upwards. 


The lining membrane of the duodenum soon becomes smooth. 


Mr. Gould communicated the following letter, lately received by 
him from M. Elsey, Esq., the Surgeon and Naturalist attached to 


the Expedition under the command of A. C. Gregory, Esq., now 


engaged in exploring the north-western and northern portions of 
Australia. Mr. Gould considered this communication to be of great 


-value, inasmuch, as, besides mentioning that the writer had acquired 


an extensive collection of birds, it contains numerous very interesting 
observations respecting the various species which had been met with 
in the neighbourhood of the Victoria River Depot, N.W. Australia, 
lat. south 17° 34'30"; their interest being much enhanced by the 
circumstance of many of them referring to several forms not pre- 
viously known to occur in that part of the country. 


Victoria River Depot, N.W. Australia, 
S. Lat. 17° 34’ 30”. 
June 1856. 
My pear Sir, i 
I am sorry I cannot send you any account of large collec- 
tions or extensive ornithological notes. Circumstances over which 


24 


T could have no control have kept me a close prisoner at this camp 
since last October. My collection of birds comprises up to the pre- 
sent time 103 species, some of which are, I think, new. Of Hawks 
I have five kinds, including two species of Milvus. The latter feed 
entirely on grasshoppers, are most cowardly birds, and utter a pecu- 
liar shrill wailing ery. The first I procured was of a very uniform 
dark, dirty brown colour. It was common on our first arrival here, 
but disappeared about December, and was soon replaced by Milvus 
affinis, which has latterly become very numerous, and now perches 
in hundreds on the trees around the camp. These birds are excellent 
eating, and certainly exceed any other game we have here in flavour 
and tenderness. There are also three Eagles, neither of which I have 
been able to get, for though knocked down with our largest shot, 
they have got away; one has a dark-slate upper surface and wings, 
and white breast and belly. It frequents Sandy Island, the Stony 
Spit, and other parts of the river where sandbanks afford good fish- 
ing ground. . The second is smaller, and of a pure white. I have 
only seen it once, when passing some dangerous rapids in the boat. 
The third is brown, with a very light-coloured and small head and 
neck, while the wings have an immense expanse. I should mention 
that one of our men found the black and white Eagle nesting in 
April. The nest was of immense size, and contained a single purely 
white egg of an almost globular form. 

I have three Owls. The Barking Owl of these parts is a fine 
bird, the upper surface of which is beautifully mottled with dark- 
red and cinnamon-browns; while the under surface is white, with a 
central streak of brown in the feathers of the breast. It builds in 
.the hollows of the huge Gouty-stem tree (Adansonia) of this coast, 
and incubates in March and April. Another is a large dirty slate- 
brown bird, with rough, dull yellow beak and legs. I procured one 
specimen only early in November, most likely a stray bird. The 
third was an Athene, rather smaller, of a mottled brown. The 
stomachs of all the specimens of the Athene were crammed with or- 
thoptera. 

There is one true Caprimulgus here, of a beautiful warm mottled 
brown and black, and with white on the wings. It lays a dull white 
or greyish egg, marked with dirty green, at the foot of a tree, on the 
bare uneven ground. I have two species of gotheles, both of 
which I flushed from the holes of trees; and I have seen a large 
Podargus, with huge cellular mandibles, which was shot by the mate 
of the schooner, and spoilt by insects when I saw it. 

About the middle of December a large flight of Swallows arrived 
from the south, high in the air and out of shot. They remained 
about us one afternoon, wheeling in the air, but did not pitch, and 
were gone next morning. — A little Martin common here just now 
(May and June), is equally shy, and I cannot find its place of resort. 
Two Dacelos are frequently seen: one entirely coloured with shades 
of blue and grey, and with a crest of lengthened feathers on the 
back of the head; the other blue and warm red-brown, with finer 
and stronger tints than the other, and without a crest. A dull- 


25 


coloured Halcyon (?) sanctus is common; and I have shot a single 
pair of the beautiful leyone pulchra, which I have only seen once. 
My men, some of whom take great interest in my collection, men- 
tion another, which I have not seen. According to their account, it 
is a lovely bird, the under surface fine purple, &c. Of Artamus I 
have several species, but have no means of determining them. 
They usually frequent stumps and dead logs in open flats, in twos 
and threes, and are very active. One species only, a dusky little 
fellow, lives on the tops of the ranges. I have seen a number of 
this species sitting round the top of a lofty Palm (Levistona), whose 
head had been struck off by storm or whirlwind ; it was more than 
80 feet high, and, swayed in the breeze and the circle of birds, with 
their heads directed inwards and their tails turned outwards, had an 
absurd effect. Of Shrikes I have two or three, including Grauculus 
melanops. I do not know Grallina Australis, nor have I heard its 
ery, so often alluded to by Leichardt, unless indeed a black and 
white bird with whitish very long tarsi, and white, rather blunt and 
soft beak, which builds a mud nest in the branches of trees near the 
water, be it. It has a peculiar shrill cry as it rises from the water, 
and is called the “‘ Water Magpie”’ by our stockmen. 

Of Fly-catchers and Robins, so called, I have seven or eight species. 
One robin has a slate-grey back, black head and wings, and chestnut 
flanks, with a white stripe over the eye; it lives in the mangroves, 
and may be recognized at all times by its pretty little piping note. 
I found it nesting in November and again in February and March ; 
the nest is an open, shallow, slightly constructed one; the eggs two 
in number, dull greenish-grey, speckled with brown mostly at the 
larger end. 

There are three or four Wrens ; one a brilliant glossy black, with 
scarlet back and rump; this is the male bird, which does not attain 
this plumage till the second moulting. The young birds are uni- 
form dull wren colour. After the first moulting they have a darker 
tint, and a few feathers between the shoulders tipped with red, and 
perhaps a single black feather in the tail. At the second moulting 
they acquire all their gloss, and may then be seen surrounded by a 
group of newly fledged birds. The female is dull wren-brown, with 
a lighter under surface. There is another beautiful Wren much 
larger and longer in the body ; it has a beautiful purple top to the 
head, with oval spot of glossy black in the centre, and black zone 
outside it ; the body is greyish-brown ; the tail is long, of a blue 
tint, and having a sort of water-mark, if I may so call it, on the sur- 
face, which gives various shades to the colour. There is also another 
Wren of the same size and form and with a similar tail, but with a 
plain grey head and a chestnut spot over the ear-coverts. This is a 
female, the other a male; of each I have only a single specimen. 
All these build a dome-shaped nest of grass, in a low bush or tuft 
of grass, and lay about February and March four white eggs, quite 
translucent : the yolk shining through gives them a rose tint. I 
have shot lately (May) a bird allied to Cinclorhamphus, but to what 
genus it belongs I do not exactly know. Of two specimens one had 


26 


in its stomach large green seeds, the other bark, bugs and various 
insects. 

The Finches are very numerous and very beautiful. I have ten or 
twelve species, including Estrelda annulosa and Poéphila personata, 
of which there are two or three varieties, similar in size, habits and 
body colour, but differing in the glossy black of the face and chin, 
and in the colour of the beak and legs. The beautiful Poéphila 
Gouldia is tolerably numerous ; of this also there are two varieties 
or species : one with a black face, surrounded by a line of bright blue ; 
the other has the anterior half of the face scarlet, the rest black, 
edged with blue. Of both the breast is bright purplish-lilac ; the 
belly canary-yellow ; the back a mixture of bright green and dark 
brown, with light blue mixed over the rump. 

There are two Donacolas: flaviprymna, and a crimson and brown 
one, of which there are one or two varieties. The Donacolas build 
in some parts in low tea-trees overhanging water, making a large 
spouted nest with a small cavity, of dry bark of tea-trees ; and Pan- 
danus. The Poéphile generally have large nests of grass on the 
ground or in low tufts of grass; one species builds in the small 
bushes of Calliotrix and Melaleuca, and composes its nest of minute 
dry twigs, often so slenderly that it appears to have a double opening. 
The Estrelde build smaller and stouter nests in young Hucalypti 
and small trees, from 15 to 20 feet high. They all lay six white 
eggs. 

i hbvd met with two or three nests of the bower bird, Chlamy- 
dera nuchalis, but no one of my party has seen the birds. 

The Crow of this part of the country is a large bird, generally 
solitary, with a small eye and hazel-brown iris ; it is very wary, and 
with difficulty shot. 

The Meliphagide are not numerous, at least the more common 
species ; the Tropidorhynchus is feathered all over the head, and does 
not merit its vulgar name. There is another resembling it somewhat 
here, but without its singular voice, and with a stouter beak. It is 
much like Anthochera. A true Merops is also met with. 

I have been unable to learn anything of the habits or nidification 
of the Meliphagide at present. 

I have not observed any true Cuckoo here, and have failed to dis- 
cover the Cuculus dumetorum of this coast; but I have seen two 
Cuckoo Pheasants (Centropus), one much lighter-coloured than the 
Moreton Bay species; the other with an almost black under surface, 
and the general plumage of a dark tint. 

A Climacteris of dusty-brown plumage, with a brownish-yellow 
spot on the wings, looks very handsome when sailing with outspread 
wings and tail from tree to tree, or when hopping round the trunk 
and branches of the gum-trees, where it feeds much on the larvee 
contained in the small tough cylindrical chrysales suspended in hun- 
dreds in the cracks of the bark. It loses all its beauty when pre- 
pared as a museum specimen. 

Of Cockatoos : Cacatua galerita, sanguinea, and Eos, are abundant 
here, the two latter especially. Leadbeater’s Cockatoo, with the fine 


La eee 


4 


27 


red.crest, was also'seen on the southern slope of the dividing range 
south of lat. 18° S., and extending to the margin of the desert in 
lat. 20°S. It is common in the northern districts of West Australia, 
north of the Murchison. I have been hitherto most unfortunate in 
my attempts to get a Black Cockatoo. — Several, however, have been 
shot and their tail-feathers, &c. brought in. 1 found Aprosmictus 
erythropterus for the first time in January ; on dissection, I found 
the os furcatorium very small, and buried in the substance of the pec- 
torals. 

I have not found a single Platycercus or Euphema, and only two 
Honey Parrots, Trichoglossus versicolor and T. rubritorquis ; Nym- 
phicus Nove-Hollandie appeared: suddenly in the beginning of 
April, and was followed in about a fortnight by Melopsittacus undu- 
latus ; both became very numerous, feeding about the burnt patches 
of ground ; they are now (June) becoming scarce. 

Pigeons are not very numerous. I found Ptilonopus Swainsoni 

at Quail Island on the coast near Port Paterson, and the fine Car- 
pophaga leucomela at Point Pearce, near a swamp at which we were 
encamped in October ; I was unable to: preserve it, and have not seen 
it again. 
Phaps histrionica, or a pigeon very similar to it, has been found 
lately in. May, and another Bronze-wing smaller, and of a uniform 
greyish brown with white tip to the tail, red cere, and silver-grey 
iris, has been common during our stay. I have been disappointed 
in not getting Geophaps plumifera. It was often seen on the route 
from Point Pearce, and was very numerous, with another and larger- 
crested Pigeon at the second depét, established on a branch of the 
Upper Victoria in lat. 17° 3! S. 

The Petrophassa albipennis is common among the sandstone cliffs 
of the ranges. Of two Geopelia, one is speckled, and has a silver- 
grey iris; the other has a beautiful lavender-coloured breast, and 
pink iris, with broad bright red orbits. Both are elegant, timid 
birds, and their liquid voices can be heard during the heat of the 
day, when all else is still. Neither of these Pigeons has the peculiar 
vocal powers noticed in Geop. tranquilla by Captain Sturt. The 
speckled one. makes a very slight flattish nest of sticks on the hori- 
zontal fork of a branch, in which it deposits two white eggs. 

One Megapodius was shot at Point Pearce, where in the hurry 
and confusion I could not preserve it; it was of compact form, of a 
uniform olive-brown plumage, with a stout beak, red iris, and strong 
tarsi and toes, the hinder especially. No mounds were seen during 
our short stay there. 

A small Quail is common among the grass, but I have not yet 
obtained it. 

- Both Dromaius and Otis are of the same size, and in every way 
similar to those of the south ; we have nowhere confirmed the ob- 
servations of Leichardt and his black fellow as to their smaller size. 
Indeed Mr. Gregory believes, and I think most justly, that the Emu 
may cross the entire continent from east to west, or north to south, 


28 


its habits being strictly wandering. It has no regular feeding 
ground or drinking place; its‘tracks are everywhere, and it is for 
ever on the move. 

Of Waders I have a considerable number, but am unable to deter- 
mine many of the species, as I am entirely without books of refer- 
ence. I have found the beautiful Lobivanellus lobatus common 
during March and April on the sand-banks of the fresh water ; it 
was usually associated with a small white Himantopus, with black 
wings and head. A long and pointed winged bird resembling Gla- 
reola is also frequent; it feeds on the wing, on grasshoppers, &c. 
about the Polygonum and other bushes fringing the banks. 

I have seen Falcinellus, but could not get it. I have also one 
white Platalea, the Jabiru or Mycteria, and two or three Herons. 
The Night Heron, Nycticorax, is common, frequenting the dense 
mangroves, where it remains during the day, but flies at the most 
distant noise. I have alsoa single specimen of Tridonyx and Fulica. 

I have not had much opportunity of procuring Natatores. The 
Whistling Duck is very common, and was frequently shot on lagoons 
in the interior, but is very wary on the river. Large V-shaped 
flights of them passed over our camp during March from S.E. to 
N.W., in which direction they appear to have a favourite resort. I 
have also another Duck, similar to it, but smaller, with a soft dull- 
brown plumage. 

I have seen Nettapus pulchellus, but could not get it. Indeed 
my opportunities of examining the river have been so much more 
limited than those Captain Stokes enjoyed, that many of his birds I 
have not even seen. And owing to our small number I have gene- 
rally on these excursions been obliged to take an oar myself, and 
could not therefore keep a very bright look-out. 

The Plotus is common here, and excellent eating. During Fe- 
bruary and March it was incubating. It chooses large trees that 
hang over the water above or through the mangroves, and in these 
a number of them build a colony of large coarse flattish nests of 
dead sticks and twigs, which appear, from the quantity of dirt about 
them and their stained appearance, to be used year after year. Each 
season they place in the centre a few fresh green leaves, and on these 
lay three or four white eggs, with a very earthy opaque, but brittle 
shell ; the lining membrane is of a blue-grey colour ; they are rather 
smaller and more elongated than a hen’s egg. We have enjoyed 
many fine meals of these eggs, sometimes getting from forty to fifty 
in a single tree. Both birds sit. The male is of a glossy greenish- 
black, with a little brownish-grey on the wings and wing-coverts. 
The female has a white under surface, but is otherwise similar. 

The Pelican is white, with black wings, and a very fine blue and 
purple margin round the pouch. It is, I presume, Pelecanus con- 
spicillatus. Its breeding season is March and April. 

I have thus endeavoured to give you a rough abstract of my col- 
lections hitherto ; I am now about to begin work really, as I start 
with the party in a few days for the Albert River, and from thence, 


5 


al PI] UWP Hl Ch 201] 


29 


if all ’s well, to Moreton Bay. I shall have much pleasure in writing 
to you from the Gulf of Carpentaria, should I have anything of in- 
terest to communicate. 
I remain, 
My dear Sir, 
Your obedient Servant, 
John Gould, Esq. M. Etsey. 


February 24, 1857. 


Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read.:— 


1. On THE SKULL OF A MANATUS FROM WESTERN AFRICA. 
‘By Dr. Batrour Barxiz, F.R.GxroG.S. 


(Mammalia, Pl. LI.) 


- Until very. recently but two species of the somewhat scarce genus 
Manatus have been acknowledged by naturalists, viz. M. australis 
(the M. Americanus of some writers) and M. Senegalensis. Of these 
the former inhabits chiefly the mouths of the great rivers of the 
north-eastern coast of South America, and the West Indies, while 
the latter is confined to the tropical portions of the western coast of 
Africa. Some writers, as Hernandes, mention a species found along 
the coasts of Peru, but, if so, little or nothing is known of it or its 
habits. Wyman has described as M. nasutus what is probably a 
variety of M. Senegalensis, and Harlan as M. latirostris another 
Manatee from the Gulf of Mexico, which, however, seems to be a 
good species. 

Individual specimens of Manati have rarely been met with along 
our own shores, as that recorded by Prof. Fleming* as having occurred. 
in the Shetland Islands in 1823 ; and I am in possession of tolerable 
evidence, which I intend shortly to publish, that a similar animal 
has made its appearance from time to time in Orkney, where it is 
not unknown to fishermen. These are most probably stray mem- 
bers of M. australis which have crossed the Atlantic, which belief 
is, to some extent, supported by the fact that in Orkney they have 
always been seen on the western or Atlantic side of the islands. 

_ The M. Senegalensis has been found in the Senegal, the Gambia, 
and some rivers of Western Africa ; and Manati have also been 


* Vide Fleming in Edin. New Phil. Journal, and Baikie and Heddle’s ‘ Historia 
Naturalis Orcadensis.’ 


30 


known to occur in various rivers opening into the Bight of Biafra, 
which have hitherto been referred to the same species, partly because 
no specimens had hitherto been critically examined, and partly because 
it seemed unlikely that two species of a genus so unprolific, even in 
individuals, should exist in localities so very near to each other. All 
probability from previous knowledge, or in the absence of more pre- 
cise or more extended information, merely justified a belief in the 
existence of two species, one inhabiting the New World, the other 
peculiar to some tropical portions of the Old World. 

The differences between M. australis and M. Senegalensis are 
quite evident. The former seems to grow to a greater size, and the 
shape of the skull at once distinguishes it, being altogether larger, 
with a more lengthened nasal opening, and more elongated inter- 
maxillary bones, giving it a large mouth. The lower jaw, also, is 
less massive and angular, and its inferior margin less curved. It 
would seem to approach more to the fragmentary extinct forms de- 
scribed by Cuvier in his ‘Ossemens Fossiles.’ In M. Senegalensis 
again the skull is more compact, the snout shorter, the lower jaw 
more angular with its lower border more curved, and the zygomatic 
process of the temporal is less elevated. 

In 1851, while Dr. Barth was journeying towards the country of 
Adamdwa in Central Africa, he heard from the natives, accounts of 
an animal said to frequent the rivers and marshes named by them 
Ayti (erroneously written Ajith). He heard of the same animal, 
under the same name, also up the river Kwora or Niger. below Tim- 
biktu, and he believes that it also exists in the river Shari, which 
runs into the marshy Lake Tsd4d, Dr. Barth not having been able 
to satisfy himself about this creature, directed Dr. Vogel’s attention 
to it, and the latter gentleman fortunately met with a specimen in 
September 1855 in the upper part of the Binué or Tsddda.. An ac- 
count of this Ayt having been sent by him to England, and read at 
the British Association Meeting at Cheltenham, Prof. Owen thought 
that it presented sufficient peculiarities to distinguish it as a species, 
which he indicated as M. Vogelii; but his remarks partly applied to: 
a Manatus skull, which was exhibited at the time, and which by 
some misconception persons present had been led to consider as be- 
longing to the very individual described by Vogel. , 

During the months of September and. October 1854 I ascended, 
the same river; but though this was the period when they ought to 
have been most abundant, yet I neither saw nor heard of any such 
animal; and though I always carefully examined the hunting relies in 
the various villages, yet I never met with its remains. From this I 
am led to confirm Dr. Vogel’s statement, that it is a rare and scarce 
creature. But on the 13th July previous, just after I had entered 
the mouth of the Kwéra and Niger from the sea, I had spent the 
day in examining some of the interminable dreary creeks, which are 
there so apt to perplex the voyager. While returning in the after- 
noon I saw under some palms and mangroves a collection of miserable 
huts, hardly entitled to the appellation of a village, towards which I 
pulled and presently landed. The inhabitants in great alarm all fled 


aia a acai 


31 


into the bush, and could not be induced to come out, so I walked 
through their habitations, looking around me, but finding nothing 
but heaps of nuts of the oil-palm. But just. before embarking, my 
eye caught a heap of dry bones, placed evidently by the negroes as 
their dju-dju, or sacred heap, remains of their hunting achievements, 
and now dedicated to their deity. I eagerly examined the mass, 
but found to my grief that it was composed mostly of fragments, 
among which were portions of skulls of goats, of a bullock, and of a 
crocodile; but on turning these over I saw a more complete relic, 
one which struck me as being peculiar, and as something I had not 
previously seen. This I carried off, and it turned out to be the 
nearly complete skull of a Manatus, which was the skull exhibited 
at Cheltenham. Having had time lately to examine it, I found it 
to exhibit the peculiarities remarked by Prof. Owen, and the result 
is as follows :— / 


General Measurements. 


inches 
Extremeilensth’) fi) sl ee he. SPN, OF ee 
Greater depo! Mad 2 ed. svete aye aL 8 
Length of nasal orifice ........ 0... ete cece eee ee dt 
Breadth of nasal orifice ............... See ae ee 2 
From edge of orbit to extremity of snout ............ 38 
From anterior molar socket to extremity of snout 33 
From anterior edge of infraorbital foramen to ditto.... 32 
From maxillary and intermaxillary suture to ditto .... 18 
Greatest depth of zygomatic arch .................. 24 


The proportions of the skull are more elongate than those of M. 
Senegalensis, but less so than M. australis. Top of skull oblong, 
bounded by two almost completely parallel ridges on the frontal and 
parietal bones. Frontal suture remaining, parietal bones. united. 
Breadth of orbits nearly one-half of their length ; orbits directed 
outwards, nearly in a plane with the snout at an angle of about 40°; 
lower edge of orbits circular, smooth, and not tuberculated. Inter- 
maxillaries more lengthened than in Cuvier’s figure of M. Senegalen- 
sis, but much less deep, and not nearly so elevated along the anterior 
angle of the nasal cavity. Cavities for;nine upper molars, the anterior 
being but a single socket, the others adapted for three dental fangs, 
one internal, and two external.and lateral. Fangs flattened and 
slightly expanded at extremity ; the two external directed immediately 
upwards ; the internal one, rather the longest, directed upwards and 
inwards, especially the more anterior ones. Two posterior molars 
still undeveloped. Molars multicuspid, with two transverse irregu- 
larly tri-tubercular ridges, the posterior one being generally partially 
divided into two by a small groove. The ridges on the remaining 
anterior molars (third and fourth) much rubbed down and worn, ex- 
posing the dentine. Remains of one incisive socket at extremity of 
each intermaxillary near the suture. Incisive foramen pyriform, 
the base anteriorly. 

Lower jaw less massive than in M. Senegalensis, with posterior 


32 


angle less marked, and lower border much less curved ; opposite 
sides completely anchylosed, a deep hollow under upper and inner 
edge. Cavities existing for eight molars, the socket of the anterior 
one being simple; two posterior molars but partially developed. 
Lower molars more distinctly three-ridged than the upper ones, but 
the ridges less evidently tri-tubercular. Molars with two fangs, an- 
terior and posterior, resembling the two external fangs of the upper 
molars, directed downwards, flattened and expanding, especially the 
posterior one. Mbolars deciduous from before backwards, seemingly 
forced out by the gradual advance forwards of the posterior ones. 

The temporal bones being both wanting, I am unable to speak of 
the zygomatic processes, which differ in shape in the two previously 
known species. . 

Dr. Vogel’s measurements being from an entire head, while mine 
are from the dried skull, the size of the respective animals will nearly 
approach each other, mine being rather the smaller. In the distance 
between the orbit and the snout, on which Prof. Owen lays stress, 
they will be found so fairly to agree that they may be presumed to 
belong to the same species. Let us now therefore see whether the 
other measurements and proportions of the one we have been con- 
sidering differ sufficiently from others to favour the presumption of 
its being a species. In M. Senegalensis, the contour, looking at the 
skull from above downwards, is nearly that of an isosceles triangle, 
closely approaching an equilateral triangle, while that of M. australis 
more resembles the outline of a violoncello. In the Niger specimen 
again, the form, though more nearly resembling the former, is cer- 
tainly of an intermediate character, the base of the triangle being 
shorter in proportion. The profile view of M. australis shows a 
lengthened, rather narrow beak, while M. Senegalensis has one 
shorter and remarkably deep; and here again we have an interme- 
diate form, the shape in this case certainly more resembling M. au- 
stralis. The inferior border of the lower jaw of M. australis is long 
and straightened, while that of M. Senegalensis is short and curved, 
its posterior angle, also, being more massive and decided, and ap- 
proximating to that of the Dugong. Here again the Niger Manatee 
intervenes, the angle being more obtuse, and the curve less than in 
the Senegal species. The proportion of the length of the nasal open- 
ing in M. australis is to the breadth as 3 to 1, in M. Senegalensis 
as 1 to 2, but in my specimen as 2 to 1. The coronal suture, sharply 
angular in the South American and almost semicircular in the Sene- 
gal species, is in the Niger one acutely arched. The temporal ridge 
irregularly converges posteriorly in M. australis, in M. Senegalensis 
they gently diverge, while here they run antero-posteriorly almost 
entirely parallel. The temporal bones being, as I have remarked, 
absent, I cannot speak of the temporal zygomatic apophyses; but 
the molar portions which remain would seem to indicate a continu- 
ance of the same intermediate character. 

But in a few points the Niger skull is peculiar, and differs quite 
from the others. Thus the superior and anterior angle of the parietal 
bone extends much further forward than in either of the others, being 


33 


to within less than an inch of the posterior angles of the nasal open- 
ing. The anterior edge of the post-orbital apophysis and the lower 
margins of the orbits are plain and smooth, not irregular. The vo- 
merine sheath is not nearly so prolonged anteriorly, and does not 
reach to within an inch of the anterior incisive foramen. The max- 
illary and inter-maxillary do not unite by a bevelled surface, but by 
a suture forming a right angle. 

On one point we can draw a tabular view of the whole of the 
skulls, viz. as to the comparative distance of the orbit from the end 
of the beak, which, compared with the total length of the skulls, is 
as follows :— 


In Dr. Vogel’s entire head of the Ayti as 7 to 36, or about 1 to 5. 

In the skull from the mouth of the Kwéra as 27 to 100, or more 
than | to 4. 

In the skull of M. Senegalensis as 1 to 3 nearly. 

In the skull of M. australis as 5 to 14, or less than 1 to 3. 


From what I have drawn out we may, I believe, make the follow- 
ing deductions: Ist, That in the Kwéra or Niger, and its tributary 
the Tsadda or Binué, is found a Manatus intermediate in many of 
its characters between M. australis and M. Senegalensis ; and 2ndly, 
That if these differences are, as Prof. Owen suggests, too marked for 
a mere variety, then there is no alternative but to allow it as a species. 
I do not mean to affirm its positive existence, but merely following 
up the idea thrown out by Prof. Owen, in examining the skull I 
brought home, I think the probability of its distinctiveness is con- 
siderably increased. Being about to revisit the river Kwéra I shall 
make a point of searching more closely after this animal, with a view 
to settling the question. If established, the genus will stand as fol- 
lows :— 


Manaruvs, Rondel. 


1. Manartus AustrRALts, Tiles. 
Hab. West Indies and north-east coast of South America. 


2. Manatus SENEGALENSIS, Desm. 
Hab. African rivers, Senegal to the Gambia. 


3. Manatus VoGetir, Owen. 
Hab. Rivers opening into the Bight of Biafra. 


Whether M. nasutus of Wyman and M. latirostris of Harlan are 
species, varieties, or synonyms, I have not the means of ascertaining. 

M. australis is, as 1 have mentioned, more allied to the extinct 
fossil forms ; and M. Senegalensis, again, more approaches in form 
of skull to the Dugong. 


No. CCCXXIX.—ProceepIncs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SocrETy, 


34 


2. A MonoGraru or THE Genus Lasiurus. 
By Rosert F. Tomes, Ese. 


The object of the present memoir is rather to enumerate and de- 
scribe all the species at present arranged under the above name, than 
to enter into the claims of the group to be considered as a distinct 
genus. 

An attempt is also made to give a tolerably correct synonymy ; 
but there are so many descriptions which appear to refer to varieties 
only, as to render this part of the work by no means easy, and not 
altogether satisfactory. Attached to the account given of the first 
species on the list—Lasiurus noveboracensis—will be seen a rather 
voluminous list of synonyms ; and it may appear as if undue regard 
had been paid to the labours of other writers, in thus reducing to one 
species what has by them been considered as constituting at least 
six. But in the examination of a large number of examples, I have 
felt myself quite unable to come to any other conclusion than the 
one here given. The various descriptions apply to the same species 
under the influence of the climate of different degrees of latitude. 
Thus the Vespertilio noveboracensis answers well to the account 
given of it in its proper locality ; but as we proceed southward, we 
find that a Bat occurs, having precisely the same form and size, but 
differing somewhat in the colouring of the fur; and this difference 
continues to increase until we reach the tropical parts of America, 
where a bright ferruginous colour completely supersedes the original 
hoary-brown, or, as it might not improperly be called, roan-colour. 

At various localities it has been met with by travellers, and the 
colour of the fur varying with most of them, has given rise to the 
great multiplicity of names. large series has passed under review 
whilst preparing this paper, and the most exact and rigorous exami- 
nation, both externally and internally, has failed to afford any mate- 
rial difference, beyond that of colour. 

I have already referred this to the effect of climate; but it is ne- 
cessary to add, that the colour of the fur is so capricious, even in 
the temperate parts of North America, that Major Le Conte, when 
describing specimens from the vicinity of Philadelphia, found the 
varieties so perplexing, that he could give no very definite descrip- 
tion. 

However, it may be stated, that generally the North American 
examples are some mixture of brown or rufous, thickly sprinkled 
with white, giving a hoary appearance ; whilst those from Tropical 
America are almost uniformly of a bright ferruginous hue, without 
any mixture of white. 


1. LasrurRUS NOVEBORACENSIS, Erxl. 


Vespertilio noveboracensis, Erxl. Syst. Rég. Anim. p. 155, 1777 ; 
Harl. Faun. Amer. p. 20, 1825; Godm. Amer. Nat. Hist. i. p. 50, 
1826; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 114, 1829 ; Coop. Ann. Lye. N. H. 
New York, iv, p. 57, 1837 ; Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 
1855. 


35 


New York Bat, Penn. Arc. Zool. p. 184, 1792; Synop. Quad. 
p. 367, 1771. 

Vespertilio rubellus, Palisot de Beauvais, Cat. Peale’s Mus. 1796. 

Vespertilio lasiurus, Linn. edit. Gmel. 1788; Schreib. Saugt. 
1826 ; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p.200, 1806; Desm. Mam. p. 142, 
1820; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 109, 1829. 

Vespertilio Blosseivillii, Less. et Garn. Bull. des Sci. Nat. viii. 
p- 95; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 110, 1829. 

Vespertilio Bonariensis, Less. Voy. de la Coquille, 1829. 

Fespertilio villosissimus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 478, 1806; 
Desm. Mam. p. 143, 1820; Fisch. Synop. Mam. p. 110, 1829; 
Rengg. Saéugt. von Parag. p. 83, 1830; Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugt. 
i. p. 536, 1840. 

Vespertilio monachus et V. tessellatus, Raff. ? 

Nycticejus noveboracensis, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 158, 1835-41 ; 
Wagn. Supp. Schreib. Saugt. i. p. 546, 1840; Schinz. Synop. Mam. 
i. p. 199, 1844. 

Nyct. varius, Poep. Reise in Chili, i. p. 451, 1835 ; Wagn. Supp. 
Schreib. Saugt. i. p. 547, 1840. 

Nyct. Atalapha, Raff.? 

Atalapha Americana, Raff. Prod. deSom.?; Desm. Mam. p. 147, 
1820. 

Chauve-souris septieéme, Azara. 

Lasiurus rufus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M. 1843; Gosse, Nat. So- 
journ. Jamaica, p. 280, 1851. 


The muzzle is of very moderate length and substance, and rather 
pointed ; the nostrils are rather small, near together, and directed 
sublaterally. ‘The end of the nose, between the nostrils, is somewhat 
emarginate. The ears are short, ovoid, and very much rounded at 
their tips, which are directed outwards. Towards the base of the 
front edge of the ear is a lobular projection, occasioned by a notch in 
the margin immediately under it, quite at the base of the ear, and 
contiguous to the tragus. The outer margin is continued forward 
along the side of the face toward the angle of the mouth, and ends 
near to it, in the form of a moderately developed lobe. The tragus 
is narrow at its base, from which it expands evenly and rather ra- 
pidly for half its length, where, making a conspicuous angle, it 
slopes inwards, and comes to a narrow but rounded point, its inner 
margin all the time maintaining a nearly straight line, excepting near 
the tip, where it has a decided inward curvature. The outer mar- 
ginal angle, already mentioned, is something more than a simple 
a being, in fact, a rounded projection from the crooked edge of 

e tragus. 

NE sifie-nicrndnenc extend to two-thirds of the distance be- 
tween the extremity of the tibia and the base of the toes. 

The face is more or less covered with hair on all parts, the end 
of the nose and the margins of the lips only being naked. On the 
forehead the fur is very thick, and approaches nearly to the end of 
the nose. Immediately in front of the eye, is a tuft of stiff hairs, 


36 


and on the upper lip is a moustache of softer ones. The inner sur- 
faces of the ears are sparingly suffused with very fine short hairs, as 
are also their outer margins. 

The interfemoral membrane is densely hairy on the whole of its 
upper surface, and the same peculiarity extends to the upper sur- 
face of the feet. The fur of the back also extends on to the mem- 
branes of the wings, over and beyond the tibia, but is there bounded 
by a well-defined line. It differs in this respect from the fur of the 
under surface, where it is seen to extend along the membrane be- 
neath the fore-arm, somewhat irregularly seattered, and having the 
appearance of yellow down. Towards the wrist it becomes thicker, 
and is more especially so about the base of the fourth finger. This 
finger is also seen to be fringed with fine soft hairs at its base, when 
viewed from above ; and a small patch of hair is visible at the base 
of the thumb. 

Everywhere the fur is soft in texture, rather long, and tolerably 
thick. That which extends on to the under surface of the mem- 
branes, is unicoloured, and of a yellowish buff colour. A narrow 
stripe of fur, bounding that of the back on each side, is frequently 
of the same colour. But the colour of the body varies so much, 
that it appears desirable to give a short description of each of the 
extreme varieties, observing, at the same time, that every interme- 
diate state may be met with. 


Var. 1. Fur of the back of four colours, dark near to the skin, 
succeeded by yellowish brown, which is again succeeded by pale 
rust colour, and finally tipped with white. 

Beneath, the fur is nearly similar, excepting that which is con- 
tiguous to and on the membranes. This is unicoloured and pale 
buff. 

Hab. North America, “ from one end of the country to the 
other, equally numerous ”’ (Le Conte). 


Var. 2. Similar to the last, but with the colour brighter and 
without the white tips to the fur. 
Hab. The same as the last. 


Var. 3. Fur of the upper parts nearly black at the base, suc- 
ceeded by yellowish-buff, passing into bright ferruginous-red, shining 
and silky. That on the interfemoral membrane uniform bright fer- 
ruginous. Beneath, the fur is nearly black at its base, passing into 
dark brown, and tipped with bright rust-colour. The fur on the 
under surface of the membranes is also of the latter colour. Some- 
times this variety has the chin and throat of a yellowish-buff co- 
lour, and then answers well to the description of Nycticejus varius, 
as given by Poeppig. 

Hab. South America; Jamaica; Canada, 


In all these varieties a white spot is observable at the axilla. The 
membranes appear to be light or dark, according to the depth of 
the colour of the fur. Frequently the membranes of the wings, 


: 

; 
: 
; 
i 


37 


near to the sides of the body, exhibit a singularly spotted appear- 
ance, occasioned by the network of veins being paler in colour than 
the portions enclosed by them. It was probably to one of these 
that Raffinesque applied the appropriate epithet “ tessellatus.”? The 
example in which I have seen this peculiarity most conspicuous, was 
obtained in the Island of Mackinac, between Lakes Huron and Mi- 
chigan, by my friend Mr. P. L. Sclater, who, knowing bow much I 
am interested in this order of Mammals, kindly presented it to me, 
with other North American Bats collected by him in the autumn of 
1856. 
4s I'l I'l 2°2 3314 

Dentition.—In. =, C. 7, P.M. =, M. eaaeiae 

The first pre-molar on each side in the upper jaw is small and 
rudimentary, and perhaps is sometimes wanting. It is placed in the 
angle between the canine and the contiguous pre-molar, in such a 
manner as not to be visible from the outside. 

1. 2. 3. 4, 5. 


In. Lines. | In. Lines. | In. Lines. | In. Lines. | In. Lines. 


Length of the head and body...) 2 1 |2 1/412 2 ]1 11 |2 
of the tail .........+.000 reir | 2. 0° 7}.2°.0. 71. 10 B 
of the head......s0+.s00+ 0 8/0 8 |0 8 |0 74)0 7 
— of the ear ..........0000- 0 3/0 8/0 34/0 3 |0— 323 
of the tragus .........+6- 0 2/0 2;);0 2/0 2 );0 2 
of the fore arm ......... Il 7 {1 G6§)1 73)1 GE{ 1 53 
of the longest finger ...}3 3 13 2/13 5 13 212 11 


2. Lasturus pruINosus, Say. 


Vespertilio pruinosus, Say, Long’s Exped. Rock. Mount. i. p. 168, 
1825 (?) ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, i.; Fisch. Synop. Mam. 
p- 113 ; Godm. Amer, Nat. Hist. i. p. 68 ; Harl. Faun. Amer. p. 21; 
Coop. Ann. Lyc. N. H. New York, iv. p. 54. 

_ Scotophilus pruinosus, Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. p. 498, 1838. 
_ Nycticejus pruinosus, Temm. Mon. ii. p. 154, 1835-41; Wagn. 
Supp. Schreib. i. p. 544 ; Schinz. Synop. Mam. i. 197. 

Lasiurus pruinosus, Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 32, 1843. 

Vespertilio cinereus, Palisot de Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s Museum, 
1796. 


It is not unusual to see the name of this species attached to spe- 
mens of the former, an error not easy to commit, if actual comparison 
of the two were made. The present one is greatly superior in size 
to the last, and besides this, presents some other very distinctive 
characters. 

The head is broad, and the forehead flat ; the muzzle is obtuse ; 
the nostrils are surrounded by a well-defined rim, are directed sub- 
laterally, and separated by a considerable interval, which is emar- 

te. The ears are irregularly round, their front margins project- 
ing considerably over the forehead. Their outer or hinder margins 
are brought forward along the sides of the face in the shape of nar- 
row prolongations, and terminate in two slightly projecting lobes 
behind the corners of the mouth. The tragus appears to offer some 
slight variations of form in different individuals, and even in the 


38 


same specimen I have, in one instance, observed it dissimilar in the 
two ears. In its general form it resembles the same part in the last 
species, but it is much less attenuated towards the tip, and the outer 
margin has a less distinctly angular projection. At its base it is of 
average width, from which it expands rather rapidly, and proceeds 
outwards for the distance of about a line, when it takes an upward 
direction, and becoming narrower, ends in a rounded tip. This 
change of direction from horizontal to vertical leaves an angle at 
its outer edge, which is nearly a right angle, whilst its inner edge 
maintains a pretty regular concave line from the base to the tip. 
In one instance, above alluded to, I have observed it in one ear only 
of full breadth at the base, and gradually curving upwards and in- 
wards, terminate in a rounded end, about half the breadth of the 
base ; the tragus of the other ear being of the usual form. 

The membranes of the wings barely extend to the base of the toes. 
The thumb is rather long, and has its terminal phalange twice the 
length of the basal one. 

The fur of the forehead extends nearly to the end of the nose. 
The sides of the face, and the muzzle, are moderately hairy, with a 
tuft of stiffish hairs in front of the eye, and a black moustache frin- 
ging the upper lip. The chin is nearly naked. A patch of fine, 
short, adpressed hairs occupies the inside of the ear near its tip, and 
the exposed surface of the tragus is similarly furnished. 

Seen from beneath, the whole of the antibrachial membrane is 
covered with close downy hair of a yellowish colour, and fur of the 
same kind extends from the side of the body along the membrane 
beneath the arm and fore-arm, to the bases of the fingers, which, in 
some examples, are completely obscured by it. In breadth this 
band of fur varies from half to three-quarters of an inch, widest 
towards the fingers. Only a portion of the base of the interfemoral 
membrane, as seen from below, is hairy. 

Viewed from above, the whole of the interfemoral membrane is 
hairy, as are the feet and legs, and a portion of the membrane of 
the wings, where they are attached to the sides of the body. The 
hair on the latter part, however, is of no great breadth, and its outer 
margin is usually straight and well defined. Over the tibia the inter- 
femoral fur passes but to a trifling extent, and in many specimens 
that limb constitutes its exact boundary. In the species last de- 
scribed, the fur usually passes over it, and occupies a considerable 
space on the base of the wing. 

The variations in colour in this species appear to be much less 
considerable than in the last. The fur of the muzzle, chin, and 
around the eyes, is black; that of the throat pale buffy-yellow, 
the line of separation of the latter colour and the black of the chin 
being pretty distinct. On the forehead the fur is of the same yel- 
lowish hue as that of the throat, and on the top of the head it is 
similarly coloured at its base, but becomes of an umber-brown colour 
about its middle, and is there tipped with white. This arrangement 
of colours represents pretty nearly the colour of all the upper parts 
of the body, excepting that the fur has in addition a dark-coloured 


39 


root. The colours may be thus briefly given :—dusky-grey (at the 
root), yellowish-buff, umber-brown, and finally white. The white 
is most plentiful on the shoulders, along the middle of the back, and 
on the rump ; the yellow colour prevails on the head and neck, but 
becomes less in regular gradation towards the rump, where the brown 
in great measure takes its place, which it does completely on the in- 
terfemoral membrane. 

The under surface is nearly similar, but differs in having the co- 
lours paler, the yellow less conspicuous, and the tips of the hairs 
buff-coloured instead of white. On the under parts, as on the upper, 
the yellowish colour gives way to the brown on approaching the 
hinder parts, and the hair on the contiguous part of the interfemoral 
membrane is wholly dark for the greater part of its length, and 
is tipped with light brown. At the insertion of the humerus is a 
light-coloured spot. The fur of the sides of the body, under the 
arms, is of a brownish-buff colour. All the fur on the wing-mem- 
branes is buffy-yellow. 

The membranes are dark, excepting where there is a growth of 
hair, such parts being reddish-brown. 

Dentition.—In. “2 ; C. 75; P.M. 3; M.G=7 

In the following Table of dimensions, column No. 1 has been 
taken from a specimen purchased of Mr. J. G. Bell of New York, 
No. 2 from a specimen in the British Museum, from the United 
States, and No. 3 from a specimen not quite adult, taken in Ber- 
muda by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, and very kindly forwarded by him 
for my use. 


No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. 


in. lin. in. lin, in. lin. 
Length of the head and bedy, about .. 3 6 3 10 2 10 
Lili as Seca ae elas Sa a ae lak a 1 10 aes 
er the ned ets SPP OP 0 11 ASPs 0 10 
of the ear ........ “ye (Sh af 0 42 QO 44 
pptie tenpades 20. SE ee 0 3 Lg 0 3 
Of the fore-arnr 2’. O'S SPS. dead hae 4 2 0 
of the longest finger ..,..... 4 4 4 0 4 0 
of the fourth finger.......... 2 8 rg Hp 2 4 
or the thatb 4 Sees ee 0 6 tt 0 6 
ofthe tibia’? AS meee ea hel AE: 0 11 0 9 
—— of the foot and claws........ 0 6 eae 0 52 
—— ofthe oscalcis ............ 0 9 dere 0 7 
Expanse of wings.... . Pievagte:. ts 16 6 : 15° 6 


Hab. North America, not abundant. 

Major Le Conte observes, that he has only had the opportunity 
of examining six or seven examples. The British Museum contains 
a specimen from California, and another presented by Mr. W. S. 
MacLeay is labelled South America. Assuming the latter specimen 
to be correctly labelled, its locality renders it probable that this spe- 
eies, like the last, is distributed over a considerable part of the New 


2 
a 


40 


World, and the idea is somewhat strengthened by its occurrence in 
California and Bermuda. 

Major Le Conte has referred this species to the Vesp. cinereus of 
the Catalogue of Peale’s Museum, bearing date 1796. There ap- 
pears to be no doubt that it was to this species that the above name 
was applied, as the only other North American Bat with which it 
would be likely to be confounded—V. noveboracensis—was clearly 
distinguished in the Catalogue, and called V. rwbellus. As I do not 
know whether any description accompanied the name of V. cinereus, 
I must for the present retain the name given by Say; but in the 
event of any specific characters having been added in the Catalogue 
just referred to, the name of L. cinereus must of course be adopted. 


3. Lasrturus GRAY], n. s. 


This species, which I believe is undescribed, is in size a little su- 
perior to the larger examples of L. noveboracensis, but smaller than 
L. pruinosus. To the latter species, however, it bears the greatest 
resemblance in its forms and general appearance, but differs in several 
respects, which will be hereafter noticed. 

The muzzle is rather obtuse, but less so than in ZL. pruinosus. The 
ears are angular-round, but more pointed than in the last-mentioned 
species, and have the ear-lobe near the angle of the mouth, more 
strongly developed. The tragus, although it presents the same 
general form, yet differs in having the upper or ascending part 
straight instead of being curved. It is also much narrower at its 
base. 

The thumb has the same long terminal phalange and short basal 
one observable in the last two species. The feet are large in rela- 
tion to the size of the animal. The membranes of the wings extend 
a little way beyond the extremity of the tibia, but do not reach half- 
way along the foot, exclusive of the toes. The extreme tip of the 
tail is slightly exserted, and very pointed. 

The fur of the head extends down the forehead nearly to the 
nose ; the face is moderately hairy, and has a tuft of fine long hairs 
immediately in front of the eye. The basal part of the hinder sur- 
face of the ear is hairy, some of the hair projecting beyond the inner 
margin so as to be visible from the front. ‘Two patches of short ad- 
pressed hair of a fine nature line the inside of the ear, one of them 
extending from the front margin to near the tip, and the other 
fringing that part of the margin nearest to the root of the tragus. 
The latter part is sparingly covered with short adpressed hairs on 
its exposed surface. 

The muzzle and greater part of the face are brownish-black. The fur 
of the upper parts is of four colours—dark at its root, then yellowish- 
brown, succeeded by dark brown, and tipped with white. Towards 
the hinder parts of the body, and on the interfemoral membrane, the 
yellowish colour gives way to the brown, and the fur is wholly of 
the latter colour, tipped with white. The throat is light yellowish- 
brown, passing into dusky-brown on the breast. On all the under 


41 


parts the fur is of a faded brown colour for the greater part of its 
length, but near the tip it becomes a little darker, and is finally 
tipped with dirty buff colour. The fur on the membranes beneath 
the humerus is in some examples of the same tricolour as the under 
parts of the body, but more frequently it is of a uniform brownish- 
yellow hue, as is that beneath the fore-arm, and that at the base of 
the fingers. 

The hairy portions of the membranes are reddish-brown; the 
remaining parts very dark brown. 

The variations in colour to which this species is subject depend 
upon the tint of the brown colour near to the tips of the hairs. In 
one example in the British Museum, this part of the hair is of a 
light red colour, inclining to pinkish, and takes up a much greater 
space than usual in each hair, the dusky at the base being there 
very much reduced. In this specimen the black of the face and the 
yellowish colour of the throat are scarcely observable ; and this, with 
the red colour, gives it, at first sight, a great resemblance to the 
L. noveboracensis. 

The colour of the fur is an index to that of the membranes—in 
this instance a reddish-brown. 

The dentition has not been well examined, but the incisors are 
similar in number and shape to those of the last two species. 

Five examples have been examined in drawing up the above de- 
scription, and these are all so remarkably uniform in size, that it 
appears unnecessary to give the dimensions of more than two, those 
presenting the greatest disparity being selected. 


No. 1. No. 2. 
in. lin. in. lin. 
Length of the head and body, about .. 3 2 2 ge 
Oi Glie Rails ibis te srg bie bade 1 8 
pRt bie Waee dh 0 25, os, 2s eg 0 = ssid we ae 0 9 
OE CATE ibd nid ahi weyeick 6 0 32 0 33 
of Abe GRO) (a sy aap Kas oda) 0003 0 23 
of thedoresahm: }) 03<.0.c6eee 1 | 92 b.: 95 
of the longest finger ........ 3 10 3 8 
of the fourth finger...... siacleGaie ire 2 1 
of the; thal s:5 :sicvss « ii ofa eee ere 0 5 
of the tibia ..... ab old cdbves 0 8 0 8 
of the foot and claws ........ 0 5 0 42 
of the os calcis ...... dials ATE ae 0 8 
Expanse of wings ............005. 14 0 13 9 


The dimensions in column No. 1 have been taken from a perfectly 
adult individual in the British Museum, the locality being unknown. 
The specimen which has furnished the dimensions in the second 
column is also full-grown, but nevertheless retains some indications 
of youth. 

Hab. This second specimen was forwarded with another, perfectly 


42 


similar, from Chili, by Mr. Bridges. All the other specimens in 
the British Museum Collection are without authentic habitats. 


4, LASIURUS CAUDATUS, N.S. 


The extreme length of the tail of this species, exceeding that of 
the head and body, together with the considerable length of the 
hinder limbs, gives to it a very remarkable appearance, and seems 
to distinguish it at first sight from all the others of the group. 

The muzzle has much the form and proportions of that of L. nov- 
eboracensis. The ears are obtusely triangular, as broad as high, and 
have their outer margins brought downwards and forwards along 
the side of the face to within a little distance of the corners of the 
mouth, and on the same level with it. Here they terminate, as in 
all the preceding species, in a separated lobe, in this instance more 
clearly developed than usual. This part of the ear bears consider- 
able resemblance to the same part in the genus Molossus, but is less 
considerable in degree. The tragus is narrow at its base, from which 
it rapidly expands, and abruptly bending inwards, leaves an outer 
angle and curves to an obtuse pomt. It differs chiefly from the 
same part in L. pruinosus in having a more decided inward direction. 

The wing-membranes barely extend to the base of the toes. The 
tail is longer than the head and body. 

The fur of the forehead extends uninterruptedly in the direction 
of the nose, and approaches it nearly. As in all the preceding spe- 
cies, the other parts of the face are moderately hairy. 

The fur of the back encroaches on the membranes of the wings 
for a distance of about four lines, where it has a clearly defined 
boundary. That of the under parts extends on to the membrane 
beneath the humerus, but has no regularly defined margin. Between 
the fore-arm and the fourth finger, in the angle formed by the two, 
is a growth of extremely short downy hairs of a yellow colour. The 
upper parts of the feet are moderately hairy, much less so than is 
usual in L. pruinosus and L. noveboracensis. On the upper surface 
of the interfemoral membrane, the fur of the rump extends only for 
half its length, the remaining half being naked. Its under surface 
is sparingly clothed with hairs for about one-third of its length, near 
to the tail only ; that part of the membrane near to the knees and 
the end of the tail being quite naked. 

The membrane itself is rather thickly marked with transverse 
dotted lines. 

The fur is rather long and silky ; that of the whole of the upper 
parts is of a uniform yellowish-buff colour, brown for a short length 
in immediate proximity to the skin. Beneath, it is reddish-brown 
at the base for about a third of its length; the remainder being yel- 
lowish-buff. 

1 


me Vl 1 I'l 3°3__12 
Dentition.—In. = ; C.7;; P.M.55; M.33=;;- 


RS = 


43 


No. I. No. 2. 
in. lin. in. lin. 
Length of the head and body.... 1 9 2 0 
Se TOE TM hte wee 1 tO 2 0 

of the head .......... SRS oan 0 734 
— of the ears .......... pe) Ox 0 3 
of the tragus .......+.. 0 3 0 3 
of the fore-arm ........ 1 8 1 8 
— of the longest finger .... 3 3 3 6 
of the fourth finger...... 2 0 2 3 

—of the thumb .......... 0 4 0 44 

— OF the Sita 5 5 oe. 5 wales. o%0 0 82 0 93 
——— of the foot and claws .... 0 32 0 4 
of the os,calcis.....< 00:1 0D 0 6 
Expanse of wings............-. 13 0 12 9 


Hab. Pernambuco, from which place the specimen was received 
which furnished the above description, and the dimensions in column 
No.1. No. 2 is from a specimen in a bad state in spirit, from Chili. 
I have met with no other examples than the ones here described. 


5. Lasiurus Aea, P. Gerv. 


Nycticejus Aga, P. Gerv. in Castelnau, Expéd. dans les parties 
centrales de Amérique du Sud, &c., livr. 16. p. 73, 1855. 

The following description is taken from that by the original de- 
scriber. 

Ears subround ; tragus in the form of a hooked knife (“a peu 
prés de la forme d’une serpette’’). The nostrils are subtubular, 
pierced in the sides of the small nose, which is a little emarginate in 
the centre. 

Tail, in the two specimens examined, absent, having been with- 
drawn from the membrane, in which a median furrow is left in its 
stead, from the inspection of which it may be inferred that the tail 
occupied the whole length of the membrane (as in the other species 
of this group). 

The upper surface of the interfemoral membrane has some hairs 
on its base, as in many species of the genus Vespertilio; and its 
under surface bears some transverse lines of small follicles. 

The general colour. of the fur is buffy-chestnut, glossy above, and 
paler beneath. 


in. lin. 
Beneth of the body..<-.Glcs..... 00s cass -.- 2 4 (English). 
Interfemoral membrane along its central line.. 1 9 
rere etrniys a2 Se Ta ees OF OSPR 28 pg 
BADIA) kaa sie euie carers ee REAR 0 9 


I now give a description of a specimen evidently of this species 
collected at Ega, on the Amazon, by Mr. Bates, and labelled by him 
‘houses, Ega.’”’ As it appears to be in a better state of preservation 
than the two obtained from the same place by M. Castelnau, I am 


44 


able, besides confirming the accuracy of his description, to give a 
more detailed scale of dimensions than he has given. 

It is desirable to note, that this specimen, although probably full- 
grown, yet exhibits some slight indications of non-maturity. 

The muzzle is a little longer relatively than in the species I have 
before described, and is about as much pointed as in L. novebora- 
censis. The end of the nose is small; the nostrils somewhat tubular, 
with a distinct notch between them. 

The ears are triangular-round, and somewhat more pointed than 
those of any other species here described. The tragus is similarly 
formed to that part in L. pruinosus. 

The wing-membranes barely extend to the base of the toes, and 
the extreme tip of the tail is exserted. 

The fur of the forehead does not approach so nearly to the nose 
in this species as in the others of the group. 

The basal half of the superior surface of the interfemoral mem- 
brane is hairy, but the hair does not reach laterally over the tibia. 
Beneath, it is sparingly hairy at the root of the tail only. The 
membranes of the wings contiguous to the body, both above and 
below, are hairy, more especially on their under surface, where the 
hair reaches to the elbow, but does not follow the fore-arm. 

On al) the upper parts the fur is yellowish-buff, the hairs slightly 
tipped with brownish, and on the under parts uniform yellowish-buff. 

Membranes of the wings darkish brown, the interfemoral mem- 
brane being paler and marked with about twenty transverse dotted 
lines, 


in. lin. 
Length of the head and body, about... 2 0 
Lap ATTA 5 talaga seep gem ‘habia 
Qi eile PIN ict win a She 0 8 
OL LHCLCARS See se th meters t 0 32 
Gi WHE UTAOTIG str sintee traciaen one Q 22 
— — of the fore-arm ........... Be lee: 
— of the longest finger ...... bide hg 9 = 
of the fourth finger.......... 1 10 
OL EHe CHUM = ies cnet ae 0 4 
i ECE ee) so cen oi a Ae 
— of the foot and claws ........ 0 524 
Gl tHe OA COMIS sa scca ess cei Oe 
Expanse of wings...... Pee et eels oe 


In colour this species very closely resembles the last, but, besides 
many minor points of distinction, the great length of the tail in the 
former will at once be sufficiently distinctive. 


I have now described all the species that I am able with certainty 
to refer to this group ; but there are two others described by Major 
Le Conte in the ‘Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia’ for 1855, characterized by the same formula of denti- 


ee 


Cie ee 


45 


tion as in Lasiurus, but which appear nevertheless to have the other 
parts as in the more ordinary Bats. 

One of these—Vesp. pallidus, Le Conte, — the writer says, has 
only four incisors in the lower jaw,—altogether an anomalous cha- 
racter, if not due to some accidental cause. 

The other species is the Vesp. crepuscularis of the same naturalist 
(V. creeks, F. Cuv.), which, while possessing only two upper incisors, 
precisely as in Lasturus, has yet all the other characters similar to 
those of Vesp. Carolinensis,—a species clearly appertaining to that 
division of the genus Scotophilus which constitutes Section 6. of the 
genus Vesperugo of MM. Keyserling and Blasius. 

It would appear from this that the number and form of the inci- 
sors in the upper jaw do not furnish a very valuable generic cha- 
racter ; and when we find another species from India, not only dif- 
ferent in its forms from Lasiurus and Nycticejus (so called), but 
also differmg from the above-mentioned Vesp. crepuscularis in all 
respects save in the upper incisors, which are similar, we are quite 
justified in regarding this as a character of subordinate value in the 
arrangement of this difficult group of animals. 

The Indian species to which I allude is referable, as far as external 
form is concerned, to that section of the genus Vespertilio which has 
been called Cappacinius by Prince Charles Lucien Bonaparte, and 
Trilatitius by Dr. Gray. It is closely affined to the Vesp. Tasma- 
nensis of the latter zoologist, and may perhaps prove identical with it. 

Besides the species given in this Monograph, there are several 
others differing materially from them, and from each other, but 
which have the tail-membrane hairy. As instances, may be cited 
Vesp. noctivagans, Le Conte (V. pulverulentus, Temm.), Lasiurus 
Pearsonii, Horsf.* (closely affined to the Vesp. emarginatus of the 
continent of Europe), and Vesp. suillus, Temm., called Murina 
suillus by Dr. Gray, and Noctilinia Lasyura by Mr. Hodgson. 

From this it must be evident that this character is only of generic 
value when associated with others of greater constancy, and it is only 
by the characters taken collectively that the groups can be truthfully 
defined. 

The form of the head, the muzzle, and the nostrils, of the ears and 
the tragi, the extent of the membrane in reference to the hinder ex- 
‘tremities, the quality and distribution of the fur, the number and 
form of the upper incisors, and more than all, the general conforma- 
tion of the cranium, supply the means by which the Lasiuri may be 
recognized and associated. 


* In alluding to this species, I may mention, that it is the Vesp. emarginatus 
of continental writers to which I refer,—a well-marked species very similar in ap- 
pearance to Lasiurus Pearsonii, but not more than half the size, and with less 
hair on the interfemoral membrane. The so-called British species is, I believe, 


. no other than Vesp. mystacinus. 


46 


Mr. Tegetmcier exhibited a collection of skins of new varieties of 
domestic Fowls, the property of Mr. C. Darwin. 

Those from the Madras Presidency were chiefly of the Malay type, 
more or less resembling the gigantic Kulm Fowls that were imported 
some years since by Colonel Sykes, and which were formerly in the 
possession of the Society. The Fowls from Singapore were remark- 
able for the recurved character of the plumage. The interior of 
Persia furnished a very beautiful steel-black variety, perfectly distinct 
from any known in this country, and which was stated to be the 
Common Fowl of the district. Good specimens of the black-skinned, 
white silky-plumaged Fowl with black periosteum were forwarded 
both from Singapore and Madras. Mr. Tegetmeier called attention 
to the fact, that all the specimens shown differed in a much greater 
degree, than our common English Game Fowls, from the Gallus 
Bankiva, so frequently asserted to be the origin of our domesticated 
species of the genus Gallus. 


March 10, 1857. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. CHARACTERS OF SOME APPARENTLY New Srecies or AMERI- 
can Ant-Torusues. By Poitier Luruey Scuater, M.A., 
F.L.S., &c. 


1. ForMICARIUS TRIVITTATUS. 


Supra fusco-cinnamomeus, subtus clarior, gula pallidiore: alis 
caudaque nigris cinnamomeo tinctis, illarum tectricibus minori- 
bus et majoribus fascia terminali et remigibus ipsis fascia me- . 
diali alba preditis, itaque alis trifasciatis: oculorum ambitu 
seminudo: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 7°0, ale 3°4, caudze 2°5. 

Hab. In ripis fl. Amazonum. 

Mus. Brit. 

The only individual of this species which I have yet seen is that 
in the British Museum. It is easily recognizable among its conge- 
ners by its thrice-banded wings. I am now acquainted with seven 
birds which I consider to be probable members of this genus, viz.— 
(1.) cayanensis, Bodd. ex. Pl. Enl. 821 (co/ma, Gm. et Bodd., 
tetema, Licht., fuscicapilla, Vieill., ruficeps, Spix), ex Guiana et 
Brasilia. (2.) anaLis (Lafr. et d’Orb.), Voy. d. Am. Mér. Ois. 


47 


pl. 6*. f. 1, ex Bolivia, Cayenna et ins. Trinitatis. (3.) NIGRIFRONS, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 68, ex Nov. Grenada et fl. Amazon. (4.) 
MONILIGER, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 294, ex Mexico. (5.) TRI- 
vitraTus. (6.) ERyTHROPTERUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 69. 
(7.) NIGROMACULATUS (Lafr. et d’Orb.), Voy. d. ! Am. Mér. pl. 6*. 
f. 2, ex Bolivia et fl. Amazon, sup. 

The last three birds have the space round the eyes more or less 
denuded, and would form the subgenus Phlegopsis, Reichb., of which, 
I believe, F'. nigromaculatus is the type. In that very peculiar 
member of this family Pyriglena nudiceps (Myiothera nudiceps, 
Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. v. p. 106. pl. 6), this formation is developed 
to a still greater extent, the whole top of the head being naked. 


2. CoNOPOPHAGA CASTANEICEPS. 


Conopophaga ardesiaca, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 179, et Sclater in 
P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 145, nee Lafr. et d’Orb. 


Supra olivascenti-brunnea ; pileo castaneo, frontem versus letiore : 
lateribus capitis et gula nigricanti-cinereis : penicilla post- 
oculari alba: subtus cinerea, abdomine medio albescentiore : 
lateribus olivaceo indutis : mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore 
flava, nedibus brunneis. 

Long. tota 4°4, ale 2°9, caudee 2°7. 

Hab. In Nova Grenada, Bogota et in Peruvia Orientali (Tsch.). 

Mus. Brit. et P. L. 8. 

This is a typical Conopophaga, with the characteristic white pencil 
of feathers on the sides of the head. Trusting to Tschudi’s identifi- 
cation of a specimen collected by him, which is now in my collection, 
I had considered it to be d’Orbigny’s C. ardesiaca. But upon exa- 
mining the type of that species in the French National Collection I 
found such was not the case. That bird does not possess the chest- 
nut-brown cap or darker cinereous colour of the throat belonging to 
the present species, but is more uniform in its colouring both above 
and below. 

There is a specimen of this bird in the British Museum from Bo- 

ta. 

M. O. des Murs, in the Ornithology of the Voyage of Castelnau 
and Deville, has described and figured another Conopophaga, some- 
what resembling the present C. peruviana, pl. 16. f. 1. But this 
bird has spots upon the wings and a varied back. 


3. HyprocNEMIS ELEGANS. 
Hypocnemis ——?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 147. 


I have lately seen other specimens of this bird, and have one in 
my own collection—a Bogota skin. Though closely allied to H. me- 
lanosticta, I cannot consider it otherwise than specifically distinct, 
and therefore propose a name for it: I have already given its cha- 
racters in these Proceedings for 1855. 


48 


4. MyRMECIZA HEMIMELANA. 


3. Castaneus: dorsi medii pennis basi albis, inde nigris, apice 
castaneis: capite toto undique et corpore subtus ad medium 
pectus nigris: ventre medio albido: campterio summo et ma- 
culis tectricum alarium apicalibus albis: rostro nigro, pedibus 
flavis : cauda rufo-castanea unicolore. 

?. Obscure olivacea rufo tincta : interscapulii pennis basi albis : 
dorso postico, alis et cauda rufis: alarum tectricibus nigris, 
sicut in mari albo aut fulvescenti-albo guttatis: subtus lete 
Serruginea, pectore et ventre medio pallidioribus: lateribus et 
crisso rufescenti-olivaceis. 

Long. tota 5:0, ale 2°4, caudze 1°7. 

JTab. In Bolivia ( Bridges). 

Mus. Brit. 

There are single specimens of both sexes of this bird in the Bri- 
tish Museum, which are the only examples I have yet seen. It 
may be best arranged near Myrmeciza loricata, the type of the genus, 
with which it agrees generally in form, although the tail is compara- 
tively much shorter. 


5. FoRMICIVORA HEMATONOTA. 


Supra brunnea, dorso medio rubro, hoc colore uropygium versus 
dilutiore: alarum tectricibus nigris, omnibus macula terminali 
pallide cervina praditis, secundariarum externarum apicibus 
eodem colore obsolete terminatis: subtus cinerea, gula nigra 
maculis triangularibus albis aspersa : ventris lateribus et crisso 
pallide brunneis : cauda unicolore brunnea: rostro nigro, pedi- 
bus brunneis. 

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2°0, caudee 1°2. 

Haé. Chamicurros in ripis fl. Huallaga in Peruv. Orient. (Hauz- 

well). 

Mus. Brit. 

Obs. Similis F. gulari (Spix, Av. Bras. ii. t. 41. f. 2) sed dorso 

medio rubro nec cinnamomeo, et colore subtus dilutius cinereo dig- 
noscenda. 


2. ON THE SPECIES OF CROCODILUS INHABITING THE RIVERS 
Kwoéra ann Binuéi (Niger anp Tsappa) In CENTRAL 
Arrica. By Dr. Batrour Barxte, F.R.Geog.S. &e. 


Among the Zoological collection which I made during my visit to 
the rivers Kwora and Binué in 1854, were several skulls of Croco- 
diles, varying in length from 14 to 26 inches. A careful compara- 
tive examination of these shows them all to be possessed of similar 
characters ; but on attempting to refer them specifically, I have ex- 
perienced considerable difficulty, their proportional measurements 
not agreeing with any hitherto described. ‘Two African species of 
Crocodilus are already known,——C. vulgaris, the Nilotic or Egyptian 


——— a 


49 


Crocodile, and C. marginatus of Southern Africa. Of these, accord- 
ing to the best recent authority, namely Dr. Gray, the characters 
are,— 

C. vulgaris.— Head elongate, triangular, flat, smoothish above, 
narrow, tapering at the sides, nearly twice as long as the width of 
the head behind; muzzle at the notch nearly two-thirds the width 
of the forehead, at the ninth tooth as wide as half the distance be- 
tween the eyes and nostrils ; forehead flat, with nearly parallel sides.”’ 

C. marginatus. — “‘ Head elongate, triangular, rather convex, 
rounded, sides slightly swollen behind the notch, half as long again 
as the width of the head behind; muzzle at the first notch as wide 
as the forehead, and at the ninth tooth as wide as two-thirds the 
distance between the eyes and nostrils ; forehead deeply concave, with 
the sides high, prominent and nearly parallel; dorsal plates very 
strongly keeled.” . 

I shall now describe generally the skulls which I brought home, 
giving the measurements of four of them; from which it will be 
seen, that while in various prominent points they more resemble the 
latter, yet in proportional measurements they approach more nearly 
to, while not altogether agreeing with, C. vulgaris, thus showing that 
in many characters they are intermediate, and thus either lowering 
these two into mere varieties, or what is, I believe, more probable, 
establishing for themselves specific characters. 

* Head elongate, oblong, somewhat triangular, rather convex, espe- 
cially posteriorly, rounded, upper surface rough, sides distinctly 
swollen behind the notch ; length more than twice the width of head 
behind ; forehead slightly concave, sides not prominent, converging 
anteriorly ; muzzle at notch nearly two-thirds the greatest width of 
forehead; at the ninth tooth more than two-thirds the distance be- 
tween the eye and nostrils.” 


Measurements. 


in. in. in. in. 
Extreme length .......... 26 244 224 21 
Greatest width behind...... 123 12 112 104 
Distance from eye to nostril.. 103 10 9 = 
Breadth at ninth tooth...... 3. 62 1 ES 
Breadth at notch.......... 44 33 & 23 
Width of forehead, anteriorly. 5 44 4z 4 
Width of forehead, posteriorly 64 2 54 5 
Extreme length of lower jaw.. 29 27 274i 


The proportions of all these correspond almost exactly, and I have 
ascertained the proportional measurements of a smaller one to be the 
same, although from its being in pieces and not yet put together, I 
have not time to take the exact dimensions. They show the Croco- 
dile from the Binué to be proportionally longer than C. vulgaris, and 
much more so than C. marginatus, to be in form of upper surface 
and of forehead near the latter, but without the prominent sides to 


No. CCCXXX. — Procrepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society, 


50 


the forehead,—also in breadth at the ninth tooth to agree with C. 
marginatus, while the converging shape of the forehead differs from 
both. 

I shall add some few other general characters derived from these 
skulls :—Cranial fossee somewhat oblong and ear-shaped, converging 
anteriorly, and almost touching by their inner and anterior margins, 
the outer side being nearly straight. Orbits with a slight notch an- 
teriorly. Nasal foramen broadly pyriform, and almost quadrilateral. 
Foramina for the two anterior teeth converted in old specimens into 
deep notches. Articulating extremities of lower jaw much curved 
inwards. 

I have compared these skulls with twelve others of Indian and 
American species, from all of which they are quite distinct. 

The ninth upper tooth of Crocodiles is said to be enlarged like a 
canine, but this is not strictly correct. I have examined the denti- 
tion in eighteen skulls of various species ; in the lower jaw there are 
always nineteen teeth, but in the upper jaw the number in the adult 
is seventeen on either side, while in the young it is eighteen. This 
is owing to the second incisor being deciduous, and in old skulls the 
socket is completely cbliterated by the enlargement of foramen for 
the two anterior teeth. Thus in old animals there are only four 
teeth in each intermaxillary bone, while in younger individuals there 
are always five. So, more strictly, it is the tenth and not the ninth 
upper tooth which is enlarged. 

The characters which I have above enumerated seem to me di- 
stinctive, and possibly on further investigation, when the entire animal 
is examined, and its external characteristics determined, it may prove 
a new species. The Crocodiles which I saw on the mud banks, or 
swimming about in the river, appeared of a dark green colour. 
Adanson mentions two apparently from the upper parts of the Niger, 
which he distinguished —* Crocodile vert du Niger” and “ Crocodile 
noir du Niger.” Whether either of these resembles my specimens 
I have no means of ascertaining ; but Cuvier speaks of African Cro- 
codiles “qui ont la téte un peu plus allongée 4 proportion de sa 
largueur,”’ though he adds, ‘et un peu plus plate, ou plutot moins 
inégale, 4 sa surface.”’ If this prove to be separate I would suggest 
for it the specific designation C. Binuensis, from the name of the 
river whence I obtained the specimens. 


3, DescripTions OF FouR UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF Bats. 
By Rosert F. Tomes. 


1. ScoTOPHILUS PACHYOMUS, Ni. 8. 


Muzzle rather obtuse ; ears ovoid ; tragus short, of nearly uni- 
form breadth, and round at the end. Wing-membranes ex- 
tending to the base of the toes. Fur bicoloured. Size rather 
larger than 8. noctula. 


This species appertains to the same division of the genus as S. 


51 


pipistrellus, S. Kuhlii, S. marginatus, S. minutus, and perhaps S. 
Carolinensis ; but it is to the S. discolor of Europe that it bears the 
greatest apparent resemblance, owing in some measure to the simi- 
larity in the quality and colour of the fur. 

In size it little exceeds the Noctule Bat, being much the largest 
species of the restricted group to which it belongs. 

The muzzle is somewhat obtuse, the nostrils rather prominent, 
and opening sublaterally. The ears are rather long, ovoid, and nar- 
rowed towards their tips. The tragus is scarcely half the length of 
the ear, of nearly uniform breadth, round at the end, and slightly 
curved towards the head. 

The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes; the latter 
are a little longer than the remaining portion of the foot. 

The face is moderately hairy ; on the top of the nose, and about 
the muzzle nearly naked, but with a slight group of hairs on the 
gland of the upper lip, which extends to the angle of the mouth. 

The fur is markedly and singularly bicoloured, very much re- 
sembling that of S. discolor. That of the upper parts is of a dark 
brown, conspicuously tipped with whitish brown. Beneath, it is 
brown at its base, with the terminal half yellowish brown. 

The upper incisors are four in number, in pairs, of nearly uniform 


size, separated from the canines-by~an interval on each side, and _ © 


with an interval in the middle, of very moderate extent. 


“ “ 


Length of the head and body...... 2 6 
of the tail. «ss. J7208 P08 1 10 
of the head, si4: 2: 634220 AB 

—-— of the fore-arm .......... | 
of the longest finger ...... 3.9 

——— of the fourth finger ...... oD 7 
of the tibia. . Pei! 2 10 

— of the foot and dlaws: STL, 0 54 

Expanse of wings ...........0+: 13 6 


Hab. Yndia. In British Museum, collected by Capt. Boys. 


2. ScCOTOPHILUS PUMILOIDES, 0. 8. 


Muzzle tumid; ears small, broadly ovoid, not emarginate, with 
their tips directed a little outwards. Tragus of nearly uni- 
form breadth, round at the end, and curved inwards. Wing- 
membranes extending to the base of the toes. 


In its general character this species bears considerable resemblance 
to the smaller Australian species of Bats, such as S. picatus, Gould, 
S. Greyii, Gray, and S. pumilus, Gray, all having the forms of the 
S. pipistrellus of Europe, with some slight modifications. As its 
name indicates, it is most closely affined to S. pumilus, but it differs 
from it in being somewhat larger. 

The muzzle is short and rather tumid ; the nostrils and lips pre- 
seut no variation from what is usual in the restricted group to which 


52 


the species belongs, being in fact similar to the same parts in the 
common Pipistrelle. 

The ears are small and very short, being scarcely longer than wide, 
and are of a tolerably regular ovoid form, but with their extreme tips 
brought to a blunt angle directed somewhat outwards. 

The tragus is about half the length of the ear, of nearly uniform 
breadth, with a rounded tip, and a slight inward curvature. 

As in all the species above enumerated, the wing-membranes ex- 
tend as far as the base of the toes. The extreme tip of the tail is 
exserted, and the interfemoral membrane is marked with twelve trans- 
verse dotted lines. 

The fur of the whole of the body is very thick and close, that of 
the back extending on to the interfemoral membrane for nearly a 
fourth of its length. In one example, the fur of the pubes also ex- 
tends on to the membrane around the root of the tail ; but this ap- 
pears to be an exception. 

On all the upper parts the fur is bicoloured, dark at its root, with 
the terminal third yellowish-brown; beneath it is similar, but the 
tips are pale brown with a slight olive-yellow cast, which is most 
conspicuous on the pubes and flanks. 

The cutaneous system is of a medium brown colour. 

The dentition has not been examined. 


Length of the head and body .... 1 6 1 6 
of the tail 2... fob divin donne 1 0 | 
of the head, about ...... 0 7 0 64 
ofthe €aFs...i. =... 52> hns 0 32 
of the tragzus ,... ...wmguws 0 2 
of the fore-arm.......... 1 34 1 3 
of the longest finger ...... 2 4 2 3 
of the fourth finger ...... Lii9 aie 
of the thumb, about...... 0 23 
of the tibia _,..:,.. ee eT 0 53 
of the foot and claws...... 0 31 0. 33 
Expanse of wings ...... 9 0 ae 
Hab. China. 


3. VESPERTILIO CHINENSIS, 0. S. 


Top of the head very slightly elevated ; muzzle rather thick ; 
ears narrow, ovoid; tragus narrow, nearly straight and 
pointed ; wing-membranes extending to the base of the toes ; 
toes longer than the remaining portion of the foot. 


In its general forms this species bears considerable resemblance to 
V. murinus of Europe, but the ears are much narrower. It is also 
somewhat larger; and if we except the V. maximus from South 
America, is the largest true Vespertilio known*. 


* The specimens of V. murinus that I have made use of for comparison with this 
species, have been received from various parts of the continent of Europe, from 


53 


. The top of the head is elevated only to a very moderate extent, 
and the face is rather long and thick. The nostrils are slightly 
tubular, and open sublaterally. The ears are of a longish oval form, 
not emarginate, but narrowed towards the tips. They bear greater 
resemblance to those of V. Nattereri than to those of any other 
species with which I am acquainted, but are relatively more narrow 
towards the ends. The tragus is narrowish at its base, from which 
it expands to near its middle, which is the widest part. From this 
it tapers to an acute point, having a slight inward tendency. 

The wing-membranes extend to the base of the toes, and the latter 
are longer than the remaining part of the foot, just asin V. murinus 
and V’. formosa, Hodgs. 

The forehead is hairy, and the hair extends nearly to the end of 
the nose. On the upper lip is a thick moustache, the space around 
the eye being the only part of the face which is naked. 

The fur is longish, fine in texture, and rather cottony, but not very 
thick. It does not anywhere encroach on the membranes. 

All the upper parts are very dark brown, with the extreme tips of 
the hairs a little paler. Beneath, nearly similar, but the tips of the 
hairs are pale grey-brown on the breast and belly, whilst the sides 
of the body and pubal region are almost black. 

The membranes are very dark. 


Length of the head and body, about ...... 3at9 
of the tail ...... shncideirs? ele whine Dys 2 
Of the headwel. od. co.y ou. Adie box 1 0 
pt Phelearsoad Slack Lantorwd wii dth 0 8 
of the tragus ............ paclaga’ Ws oe 
ofthe iforg-ariny 3 2668 sun). das 2 5ior6 
of the longest finger ......... 4 0 
of the fourth finger .. orca MOREY op 
of the thumb...... GING! PHIG 0 6 or 64 
OF Ghee LUI. foo. cist herciee vorevave Moe ae tO] 
of the foot and claws...... Wh, Dat 00: 7 
Expanse of wings, about.......... =i es gp 16 0 


Hab. China, collected by Mr. Fortune. | 


4, VESPERTILIO BLYTHII, n. s. 


Ears ovoid, somewhat pointed, their ends sloping outwards. 
Tragus narrow and tapering to a subacute point. Crown mo- 
derately elevated. Feet large, wholly disengaged from the 
wing-membranes. 


In form and proportion this species resembles Vesp. macropus, 
Gould, from Australia, and in colour is somewhat like V. ferrugineus, 
Temm., from South America, both having the same subgeneric cha- 


Algeria, and from Nubia. Those from Switzerland are the only ones that appear 
to approach it in size; but even they, although perfectly adult, are decidedly 
smaller, whilst the species I am describing presents indications of youth in the 
imperfectly ossified condition of the finger-joints. 


54 


racters as V. Hasseltii, V. Carolii, V. Daubentonii, and V. dasy- 
cnemus. 

To the restricted group of which the above are representatives, 
Prince C. L. Bonaparte has given the name of Cappacinius, whilst 
Dr. Gray distinguishes it by the name of Trilatitius. 

The crown is moderately elevated, and the snout is of medium 
length and substance. The ears are oval, somewhat pointed, and 
have their tips directed a little outwards. The tragus is narrow, and 
tapers evenly to a subacute point, which has a very slight outward 
tendency. 

The wing-membranes extend only to the distal extremity of the 
tibia, leaving the feet wholly disengaged. The latter are large, and 
have the toes longer than the remaining part of the foot. 

On the interfemoral membrane may be observed about eight 
strongly marked transverse lines. The tip of the tail is free for the 
length of its terminal joint. 

The wings are ample and broad, as the length of the fingers re- 
latively to each other, and to the abhen dimensions, as given below, 
will testify. 

The fur of the forehead approaches to near the end of the nose, 
but around the eyes the face is nearly naked, and the upper lip is 
destitute of a moustache. All the membranes are naked. 

The fur is long, rather soft, and inclining to silky on the upper 
parts. On the whole of the upper surface of the body it is dark 
brown at the root, with its terminal half cinnamon-brown, brightest on 
the rump, and tinged with grey on the head andneck. Beneath it is 
dark at its base, with its terminal half brownish-white. Both above 
and beneath, the bicoloured character of the fur is conspicuous, and, 
as already mentioned, bears some resemblance in this respect to that 
of V. ferrugineus. 


“ “ 


Length of the head and es about 2 3 

of the tail . litasa lol-—O-en 10 
bof the head, 33. satus Line jad euil 0 10? 
——— of the ears.......... cece eee eee 0 735 
a OL Ce ISR UE 6c co ce te hala 0 4 
——— of the fore-arm................ 2 2o0r3 
——— of the longest finger............ 3 10 
——— of the fourth finger ............ 3 0 
——— of the thumb.................. 0 5 

of the fbi A.) LY VIAGAT. Pee 0 11 

of the foot and claws .......... 0 64 
EXparise OF WIA 6 5:0 iss) nt ning aes 15 0 


Hab. A single specimen in the British Museum Collection is 
labelled “ India, Nassenabad, from Mr. Warwick, 1848,” and, . be- 
lieve, was collected by Capt. Boys. 


CSS 


dd 


March 24, 1857. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On rue Nest anv EcGs or THE WAxwinG (BompyciLLa 
GARRULA, TemnM.). By Joun Wox.ey, Jun., Esa. 


(Aves, Pl. CX XII.) 


The Waxwing, as observed in Lapland, makes a good-sized and 
substantial nest, but without much indication of advanced art. It is 
of some depth, and regularly shaped, though built of rather intrac- 
table materials. As in those of many other birds in the Arctic 
forests, the main substance is of the kind of lichen commonly called 
tree-hair, which hangs so abundantly from the branches of almost 
every tree. This lichen somewhat resembles a mass of delicate root- 
lets, or perhaps may be compared to coarse brown wool; but some 
of it is whitish, and in one nest there is a little of this mixed with 
the ordinary brown or black. This main substance of the nest is 
strengthened below by a platform of dead twigs, afd higher up to- 
wards the interior by a greater or less amount of flowering stalks of 
grass, and occasionally pieces of equisetum. It is also interspersed 
with a little rein-deer lichen, perhaps a sprig or two of green moss, 
and even some pieces of willow cotton. There may also be observed 
a little of the very fine silvery-looking fibre of grass leaves which 
probably have been reduced to that condition by long soaking in 
water. In oneof the nests examined there were several pen-feathers 
of small birds as an apology for a lining. Of other nests which are 
to be found:in the same forest, it most resembles, but is considerably 
less, than that of the Siberian Jay, which however is less securely 
put together, but has many more feathers and soft materials for a 
lining. 

The nest of the Waxwing is built on the branch of a tree, not 
near the bole, and rather, as one of the observers has said, standing 
up from the branch like a Fieldfare’s or other Thrush’s nest, than 
supported by twigs touching it at the sides, as the nests of many 
birds are supported. Of six nests, four were in small Spruces, one 
in a good-sized Scotch fir, and one in a Birch—all placed at a height 
of from 6 to 12 feet above the ground. The tree in several instances 
was unhealthy, thin and scraggy in its branches, to which there hung 
a good deal of hair lichen; and the nest seems generally much ex- 
posed, though from its resemblance to the lichen hanging near, it 
might escape the eye. The nests found were in parts of the forest 
considerably open, once or twice on the side of low hills, near a river, 
or with an undergrowth of dwarf swamp-loving shrubs. But at 
present we have scarcely enough examples to show that there is a 
preference for any particular kind of ground. 

Five seems to be the ordinary number of eggs; in one nest only 


56 


there were as many as six. They have a pale salmon(?)-coloured 
ground, upon which are distributed pretty equally good-sized purple 
spots, some with more and some with less deep colour, but nearly all 
of them having a shade or penumbra, such as is common especially 
in eggs of the Chaffinch. The only very marked variety I have yet 
seen, has short streaks and much smaller and more numerous spots 
than usual, of which markings a considerable proportion are of a 
pale yellowish-brown. The eggs may be about an inch in length, 
but hardly enough have been obtained to determine the average di- 
mensions. Marked differences in size in the eggs of the same nest 
have not yet been observed ; but, as with other birds, we find that 
one nest may have all its eggs considerably larger than those of an- 
other nest. 

In the backward and cold spring of 1856, Waxwings had their full 
complement of eggs about the 12th of June. 

The writer abstains for the present from offering any remarks on 
the distribution of this bird in the breeding season, hoping that upon 
this subject, as upon the habits of the Waxwing in the summer, he 
may hereafter have some more complete observations to communi- 
cate. : 

Youne or THE Waxwine. 


A young bird caught on the 5th of August, as it fluttered from 
the nest, had a general resemblance to the adult, though all the co- 
lours were more dull. The wax-like ends to the wing-feathers, the 
yellow tip to the tail, the black patch between the eye and the beak 
are all there, whilst the rich mahogany of the under tail-coverts is 
of a quieter brown; the blooming vinous colour of the head and back 
has not yet emerged from a homely neutral, and the crest is but just 
indicated by the longish feathers of the crown. The most marked 
difference between the adult and young is in the throat and under 
surface generally. There is at present scarcely a trace of the deep 
black patch of the chin, and the delicate tint of the general under 
surface of the adult is replaced by mottled neutral and white. This 
upon examination is found to owe its appearance to those longer 
webs, which arising towards the root of each feather, extend as far 
outwards as the webs which arise nearer its tip, being very pale or 
white, and thus relieving, on both sides, the last mentioned darker 
webs. 


Laprtanp Own. Strix lapponica, Temm. 


Two nests of the Lap Owl were found in Finnish Lapland in 1856. 
In one near Sodankyla there were two eggs, and when one of the 
birds was shot, a third egg was found ready for exclusion. They 
were placed on the jagged end of the stump of a large Scotch fir, 
about 12 feet from the ground, at which spot the tree had been 
snapped across by some storm, the upper part not yet entirely sepa- 
rated, but sloping downwards till the greater part of its weight was 
supported by the ground. 

The other nest was near the Aunasjoki, at the top of a lowish 
Scotch fir. Some time previously in the same year a bird had 


57 


been shot at this spot, which was found to be a female with eggs in- 
side. The nest was not observed until after the shot was fired. At 
the second visit on the 28th of May, there were two eggs in the 
nest, and again a bird was shot, which turned out to be a new female 
with a fully-formed egg inside, through which the bullet had passed. 
The skin is now in England. The birds seemed on both occasions 
remarkably fearless. 

The eggs are smoother, and, as might be expected, considerably 
smaller than those of the Eagle Owl. The dimensions of the two 
in the last-mentioned nest are 2 in. x 1°6 in. and 2°1 in. x 1°65 in. 

At the meeting of Scandinavian naturalists in Christiania last sum- 
mer, before I heard of these two nests having been found, I was able 
to announce that the Lap Owl generally makes its nest on the top of 
a stump. I had received several reliable accounts from different 
woodsmen, but had never found a nest myself, or been able to get 
the eggs, which indeed have, I believe, hitherto been unknown to 
ornithologists. It appears that three is the ordinary number of eggs. 


TrencMALM’s Own. Strix Tengmalmi, Gmel., 


lays its eggs in holes of trees and occasionally in egg-boxes. When 
once established it cannot easily be made to leave its quarters, and it 
can, as it is said, keep possession against a much larger bird; yet 
from the present nest (the only one I have had the good fortune to 
meet with), after having laid four eggs, the mother was ejected by a 
Golden Eye. The dimensions of the egg accompanying this paper 
are 1°32 in. x 1°05. 


Muoniovara, February 2nd, 1857. 


2. On THE SKULL OF A SPECIES OF MECISTOPS INHABITING THE 
River Binvé or Tsappa, In CentTRAL AFRICA. 


By Dr. Batrour Baixtz, F.R.Geogr.S., etc. 


The genus Mecistops, from the fewness of its numbers and the 
retired localities which it inhabits, is but little known, scarcely any 
mention of it being found in zoological writings. It was first distin- 
guished as a species of Crocodilus by Cuvier, from a specimen still 
preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in Lon- 
don, and which he named C. cataphractus. Since that time two 
other species have been described, M. Bennettw or M. leptorhynchus 
from Western Africa, and M. Journe?, said to be from New Guinea. 
With the exception of this latter species it is quite an African genus, 
inhabiting the various rivers falling into the Atlantic. In the ‘ Pro- 
ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1535, p. 128, the C. lepto- 
rhynchus of Bennett is said to have come from Fernando Po; but I 
should think that this, except established on undoubted authority, 
must be incorrect, chiefly because in that island the physical condi- 
tions requisite for its existence are wanting. Fernando Po is a small 
volcanic island, totally without the muddy rivers delighted in by 


58 


Crocodilide, and possessing nothing beyond streams which, during 
the rainy season, are tumultuous mountain torrents with rocky beds. 
It is much more likely that the specimen alluded to was obtained 
from some of the numerous rivers opening into the Bight of Biafra, 
opposite to Fernando Po, and that it came to England vid Fernando 
Po, that island being a common point of call for vessels on their way 
home. 

In August 1854, while at the town of Ojogo on the river Binué, 
my assistant procured from a native the skull of a Mecistops ; and as 
this was the only occasion on which I met with its remains, and as I 
never saw one in the river, I conclude that it is there a comparatively 
scarce species. I have since described the animal to Dr. Barth, who 
informs me that during his lengthened wanderings he never remem- 
bers to have met with it. Crocodiles again were everywhere to be 
seen, and in many places most abundant. 

The skull seems from its appearance to be that of an adult animal. 
Its extreme length is 22} inches, the greatest breadth being 94 inches, 
or nearly in the proportion of 2} tol. From this it may be inferred 
to be most probably M. cataphractus, that being the proportion of 
the length to the breadth in that species, while in M. Bennettii (if 
distinct) it is said to be as 3 tol. It has seventeen alveolar sockets 
on each side of the upper jaw, and fifteen in the lower, in which par- 
ticulars it agrees with the characters originally given by Cuvier in 
the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ “la longueur de sa téte étant comprise deux 
fois et demie dans sa largeur,” * * * ‘On lui compte dix sept 
dents de chaque cété 4 la machoire supérieure et quinze al inférieure,”’ 
4 ed. tom. ix. p.116. In each are intermaxillary sockets ; but for vari- 
ous reasons I am inclined to believe that this is the case only in the 
adult, and that in the young animal there are five intermaxillary 
teeth on each side. The ninth remaining upper tooth is the most 
prominent, and it is distant from the extremity of the snout 
7x inches. 

In all essentials the skull of the Mecistops shows it to be properly 
a member of the family Crocodilide rather than the Gavialide. 
The teeth are irregular, the sides of the jaws are not parallel, there is 
a distinct swelling opposite the ninth remaining upper molar, and 
the lower canines are received in notches in the upper jaw. 

The skull is considerably depressed, much produced anteriorly, 
and the extremity of the snout somewhat enlarged. Upper surface 
smooth. Forehead nearly flat, pitted, sides not raised, converging 
anteriorly. Cranial fosse nearly circular, resembling those of the 
Gavial. Orbits rather more convergent than in the Crocodiles, and 
the nasal aperture more circular. Nasal bones more prolonged than 
in Gavialis, yet not reaching, as in the Crocodili, the nasal opening, 
but distant from it an inch and a half. Anterior spine of middle- 
frontal very long, slender, tapering, and pointed. Lacrymal bones 
lengthened and narrow. Notch for lower canines about an inch 
beyond posterior edge of nasal foramen, and about half an inch from 
the anterior extremity of the nasal bones. Anterior palatine foramen 
small. Palatine bones tapering and pointed anteriorly. 


59 


Extreme length of lower jaw 243 inches, suture 53 inches in length, 
extending to opposite the seventh tooth on each side. Narrowest 
portion of lower jaw between fifth and sixth teeth, where it does not 
exceed an inch and three-eighths. Tenth and eleventh teeth nearly 
equal, the latter being rather the larger, but by no means exceeding 
the others in the same proportion that it does in Crocodilus. Its 
attenuated snout, narrow jaws, and small teeth would seem to indi- 
cate that it lives principally on fish. 

Thus while it offers some analogies with the Gavialide, its true 
affinities are undoubtedly with the Crocodilide, though it may be 
held to represent the former in the African and other rivers which 
it inhabits. 


April 28, 1857. 


John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS MANatTus. 
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. & Ent. Soc. etc. 


Dr. Balfour Baikie having requested me to examine the skull of 
the Manatee from Africa, which he described at a preceding meet- 
ing, I am induced to send you the following observations. 

There appears to be considerable confusion respecting the nomen- 
clature of the skulls of these animals. 

M. Cuvier and De Blainville figure the skeleton and skull of the 
American Manatee (M. australis) from the same specimen sent 
from Cayenne in the Paris Museum. This animal differs essentially 
from all the four skulls from the American coast which are in the 
British Museum Collection, in the great elongation of the front 
of the lower jaw, and the comparative length and narrowness of the 
nasal opening. A copy of the front part of Cuvier’s figures is 
given by Dr. Harlan as that of M. americanus. On the other hand, 
the four skulls (two of which come from the West Indies and one 
from Cuba) in the British Museum all agree with the skull figured 
by M. Cuvier as the Lamatin du Sénégal*, and also with that 
(which is probably from the same specimen as Cuvier’s in a more 
imperfect state) which De Blainville figures under the name of M, 
latirostris of Harlan, in the short rounded form of the front end 
and the prominence of the gonyx on the under side of the lower 
jaw, and in the shortness and breadth of the nasal opening; and 
_ this appears to be different from the skull which De Blainyille figured 
under the name of M. Senegalensis. The skeleton of a young female 


* The front part of this figure is copied by Dr. Harlan for comparison with 
that of his M. latirostris. 


60 


specimen from Jamaica is figured by Sir Everard Home (Lectures, 
iv. t. 54), and the head of this skeleton is copied under the name of 
M. australis by Wagner (Saugeth. t. 381. f. 4), and the animal is 
figured from a drawing by Mr. Gosse in the Figures of Animals 
published by the Christian Knowledge Society, as the Manati. 

The more adult of the Museum skulls exactly agree with Dr. 
Harlan’s figures of the skull on which he founded M. latirostris 
from the coast of East Florida. 

I am inclined to believe that all the skulls from America in the 
British Museum, and that of a very young specimen in the same 
Collection, belong to one species, though they vary considerably in 
the height of the intermaxillary bones, in the comparative length 
and breadth of the nasal opening, the extent of the bending down 
of the front of the upper jaw, the completeness and incompleteness 
of the orbit, and in the smoothness, roundness, or augularity and 
rugosity of the gonyx of the lower jaw ; but I think that all these 
differences may be referable to the age and sex of the specimens, the 
upper jaw being more deflexed and lengthened as the animal in- 
creases in age. All the older specimens have a small, conical, ru- 
gose, bony prominence in the middle line of the front of the lower 
jaw, and the apex of the coronoid process truncated and expanded 
into an angle behind and before, as represented in De Blainville and 
Cuvier’s figures of M. australis and M. latirostris. This is even 
the case in the skull of a very young animal with only the milk 
tecth. 

On the other hand, in Dr. Baikie’s skull of M. Vogelii, and in 
M. De Blainville’s figure of M. Senegalensis, the coronoid process 
of the lower jaw is narrow above, with the hinder upper part ob- 
liquely rounded off, and with a slight angle in front ; so that this is 
probably the character of the African species. I may also remark, 
that the front of the lower jaw of Dr. Baikie’s specimen is produced 
and very differently shaped from that of any of the American skulls, 
and in this character it differs from M. De Blainville’s figure of M. 
Senegalensis ; but this difference may be only in consequence of its 

outh. 
3 Dr. Harlan observes :—‘‘ Cuvier estimates the teeth at 36, nine 
on each side; in both my specimens they do not exceed 32, eight on 
each side.” 

In the very young skull above mentioned, which has holes for the 
rudimentary upper cutting or canine teeth, there are only 24, viz. 
six on each side; and the two hinder on each side must have been 
hidden in the gums. In the older skulls some have eight and others 
nine on each side, but in most of them only six on each side are 
perfect ; as the anterior one on each side drops out as the new ones 
are formed behind, and in each of the skulls two hinder on each 
side are in the process of development. 

But the question of the permanent specific difference between the 
M. australis from Cayenne, the M. Jatirostris from East Florida, 
Jamaica and Cuba, and between M. Senegalensis of Blainville (not 
of Cuvier, which is like the first) and M. Vogelii, must wait for 


ee 


y 


61 


solution until a larger series of skulls of these species can be pro- 
cured, and until the other parts of the skeleton can be compared ; 
it being always borne in mind, at least according to my experience, 
that the skulls and other parts of the skeleton of the animals are 
quite as liable to vary in form and structure as any of the external 
soft parts by which they are moulded. 


2. ON THE Genus Necturus or MENOBRANCHUS, WITH AN 
Account or 1Ts Skutt AND TretH. By Dr. Joun Ep- 
WARD Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. & Env. Soc. erc. 


Dr. Kaup lately sent to me the skull of the Proteus of the Lakes, 
Necturus maculatus. As it presents some peculiarities, I am in- 
duced to lay a figure and some observations on it before the Society. 

1. It is the general belief of the inhabitants of Lake Erie that the 
bite of the Proteus of the Lakes is poisonous. 

Dr. Holbrook observes that the fishermen regard these animals 
“as poisonous, and are consequently seldom taken in hand.” 

The Hon. Miss Amelia Murray in her ‘ Letters’ mentions this 
animal as caught in a net at Detroit, under the name of Fish Lizard 
(vol. i. p. 172), and observes : ‘The fishermen said its bite was very 
poisonous, and it had the yellowish-brown lurid look which seems 
to appertain to venomous reptiles ; but Dr. Kirtland says it is per- 
fectly harmless.” 

And this latter opinion appears to be the almost unanimous im- 
pression of the naturalists of America. 

Yet the examination of the teeth will almost justify the popular 
belief, and at least render it very desirable that the animal should 
be examined in its living state, and that its bite be submitted to care- 
ful experiment. 

The upper jaw of the skull is furnished with two series of small, 
acute, uniform, nearly transparent, conical, slightly curved teeth, the 
outer series being placed on the narrow intermaxillary bone, the 
inner series on the front edge of the vomer and on the outer edge 
of the lateral processes of the pterygoid bone. The lower jaw has 
a single series of similar teeth, which lock between the two series 
above described. 

All these teeth have a conical cavity on the hinder part of their 
base, with a short linear slit on the middle of the inner side, and an 
oblong perforation above the slit in the middle of the inner side of 
the tooth. The form of these teeth is exactly similar to the fang of 
poisonous Serpents ; that is to say, the cavity is not a hollow in the 
substance of the tooth itself, but is formed by the sides of the teeth 
being produced and folded together, leaving a conical cavity in the 
inner side of the base, as is easily proved by the examination of the 
teeth, which shows that the cavity is lined with enamel; and the 
junction of the two lateral expansions is rarely complete, but marked 

y 2 more or less distinct or continued slit between the basal notch 
and the subcentral foramen. In the poisonous Snakes the duct of 


62 


the’poison occupies this cavity ; and the similarity of the form and 
structure leads to the idea that it may be used for the same purpose 
in the Proteus of the Lakes. 

The chief difference between the teeth of the Proteus of the Lakes 
and the fangs of Serpents, is, that in the former the upper aperture 
of the cavity is nearer to the centre of the tooth, some distance 
from the apex, while in the fang of the Serpent it is generally near 
to the tip. 


I know of no other instance of a Batrachian having this structure 
of its teeth, nor do I know any instance, except in the Mexican 
Lizard, called Heloderma horrida, in which all the teeth are uni- 
formly furnished with a basal cavity and foramen ; and this Lizard 
is said to be noxious, but the fact has not been distinctly proved. 

2. When Dr. Barton, in his paper on the Siren, first described 
the Hell-bender (Protonopsis horrida), he considered the Proteus of 
the Lakes as the young state of the latter species. 

The skull bears more affinity to the skull of that animal than to 
any other Batrachian, and the difference between them is just such 
as one might expect between the larva and adult of other similar ani- 
mals ; and it will be observed that the Proteus of the Lakes is only 
known in its larva-like state, and Protonopsis, as far as I know, only 
in its adult form. 

The first great, and indeed almost insurmountable, argument 
against regarding the Proteus of the Lakes and the Hell-bender as 
two states of the same species, is the geographical distribution of the 
animals as given by the American herpetologist. 

Thus Holbrook, for example, states, ‘‘ The Menopoma Alleghanien- 
sis (Hell-bender) is found in the Alleghany river and its tributaries, 
and doubtless inhabits many of the branches of the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi rivers ;”’ and M. fusca, ‘‘ the waters of the mountainous regions 
of North Carolina and Georgia ;” while the Proteus of the Lakes 
(Menobranchus maculatus) has as yet been found only in Lake 
Champlain and Lake Erie and their tributary streams. 

It is true that a second species of the genus, Menopoma lateralis, 
according to Dr. Holbrook, “ has a wide range, it being found in many 
of the rivers and streams that open into the Mississippi on its eastern 


ee 


63 


side; but I am not aware of its existence west of that river. Say 
found it as far north as Pittsburg in Pennsylvania, and Troost as far 
south as Cumberland river in Tennessee :”’ and further, ‘ the Meno- 
branchus lateralis was first described by Say from a specimen taken 
by a hook in the Alleghany river.” He proceeds: ‘At first I was 
disposed to believe that the M. maculatus and M. lateralis were one 
and the same animal, but I am now convinced that the latter is at 
least a well-marked variety, if not a distinct species ; it is more slender 
in proportion, its colours and markings different ; it is found only in 
the western waters that run into the Mississippi, while the former 
inhabits the rivers and streams that flow into the northern lakes, and 
all the tributaries of the St. Lawrence river.” 

From these remarks on the observations of other American herpe- 
tologists, one may conclude, that though one species or variety of 
Menobranchus is found in the same system of waters as the Meno- 
poma, the Menopoma has not hitherto been observed in the same 
lakes, or indeed in the same district of country, where one variety or 
species, viz. the Menobranchus maculatus, is alone found, and where 
it is abundant. 

But an experienced American naturalist, Dr. Baird, has ob- 
served, that “the non-discovery of the adult is no argument against 
its existence. I had caught hundreds of the very remarkable larva 
of Pseudotriton Salmoneus near Carlisle, before I found an adult.” 
(Journ. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. 1849, 292.) 

Dr. Holbrook observes, that ‘‘ the Menobranchus maculatus is 
seldom taken except in the months of April and May, which 
, is their spawning season. Their eggs are about the size of peas, 
and as many as one hundred and fifty have been counted in a single 
female.” 

This would lead one to believe that they are adult animals ; but 
eggs have been equally found in the Awolotl of Mexico, which is re- 
garded by most naturalists as a larva. 

3. It is to be observed, that though the Proteus of the Lakes 
(Necturus) has a more distinct and separate opercular flap, united by 
a distinct fold under the throat, than either the Proteus of Carniola 
or the Sten, and in this respect more nearly resembles the Azolotl 
of Mexico and the larva of Tri¢ons—yet, that, like the Proteus an- 
guinus and the Siren, it has only two slits on each side of the neck, 
with a single free ray between them, the anterior and posterior car- 
tilaginous ray being united to the skin, as in those genera; while 
the Avolotl and the larva of Tritons have the gill flat, quite free from 
the gill-rays, and there are three slits between the gill-rays as well 
as the larger anterior one, making four slits on each side, and the 
inner edge of the rays being toothed as in fishes. 

From these considerations I am inclined for the present to consider 
_ the Proteus of the Lakes as a distinct kind of Batrachian, which 
is arrested in its development and never reaches the perfect state. 

The skull is much more developed than in the other genera of 
Meantia, and in its outline and disposition of its teeth it resembles 
that of the genus Profonopsis as figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ii. 


64 


409. t. 26. f. 3, 4, 5), but there are no maxillary bones, and the 
nasal and frontals are more developed. 

The exterior nostrils are on the upper surface of the margin of 
the nose, above the first third of the upper lip ; and the inner nostrils 
are large, and, as in the other Meantia, not on the palate, but on the 
side of the mouth between the lips and the outer edge, near the 
hinder part of the series of vomerine teeth, nearly as they are in the 
genus Awolotl, well figured by M. Bibron (Herpet. t. 95. f. 2 a). 

4. I may observe, that we have specimens both of Necturus macu- 
latus and N. lateralis in the British Museum, the latter from the 
Ohio; and I cannot discover any difference between them, except 
that the one named WN. lateralis has two broad, pale, dorsal streaks, 
and is about half the size of the other specimens ; and I doubt if 
these dorsal streaks are not the result of youth, and vanish as the 
animal increases in size, as is the case with the Siren. 

5. While on these animals, I may observe, that Dr. Garden’s 
specimen of Siren that was originally described by Ellis, which is 
now in the British Museum, shows a number of lines of mucous 
pores on the chin and on the head, the latter not being so distinct 
as the former, and a very distinct series of oblong white spots, 
forming an interrupted line along the upper part of the sides of 
the body, and continued to the middle of the sides of the tail ; 
the spots on the hinder part of the body and tail being larger, more 
distinct, avd closer. These spots evidently represent the lateral 
lines in Tvitons and fish, and I have seen them mentioned in the 
modern descriptions of the animal. 


3. DrescRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW AND VERY BEAUTIFUL SPECIES 
or Birps, rRom GUATEMALA AND FROM THE ISLAND OF 
Lomsock. By Joun Gouxp, Ese., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. ere. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXIII.) 


Cotinca aAMaABILIs. (Pl. CXXIII.) 


Male. Head, lores, line beneath the eye, all the upper surface, 
lesser wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, sides of the chest, band across 
the breast, flanks, vent and under tail-coverts fine verditer blue; 
wings dull black, the greater coverts, spurious wing and the seconda- 
ries margined with verditer blue; tail dull black, margined exter- 
nally with dull verditer blue; chin, throat and centre of the abdo- 
men very rich purple. 

Female. Upper surface greenish-brown, each feather tipped with 
greyish-white ; under surface greyish-white, with dark brown centres 
to the feathers of the breast,-upper part of the abdomen, and flanks ; 
vent and under tail-coverts dull white. 

Total length, 8 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 4}; tail, 23; tarsus, 4. 

Hab. Guatemala. 

Remark.—The Cotinga amabdilis forms one of the most beautiful 


— 


for) 


65 


members of this lovely genus of birds, and affords the first instance 
of a species being discovered to the northward of the Isthmus of 
Panama. It is allied to Cotinga cincta and C. Maynana; the chest 
being crossed by a band as in the former, which it also resembles in 
the black colouring of the under surface of the wing, while it assimi- 
lates to the latter in the peculiar tint of the verditer blue of the 
upper surface and flanks. 

For a knowledge of this lovely species we are indebted to the re- 
searches of George Ure Skinner, Esq., than whom no one has done 
more towards making us acquainted with the rich ornithological and 
botanical treasures of the fine country to which this bird belongs. 


HALcyon FULGIDUS. 


Head, cheeks, back of the neck, back, wings, flanks and under 
tail-coverts deep black, washed with rich ultramarine blue on the 
back of the neck, back and wings ; rump-feathers glaucous or chalky 
white, with black bases, and with a narrow line of blue between the 
black and the white portion, which alone is seen; tail deep ultrama- 
rine blue; chin, breast, and abdomen white ; bill and feet coral-red. 

Total length, 124 inches ; bill, 21; wing, 52; tail, 5; tarsus, 2. 

Hab. The Island of Lombock. 

Remark.—This is an exceedingly fine species, of which I have not 
been able to find a description. I am therefore induced to believe 
that it is new: still it may be contained in the Leyden Collection ; 
but on this point I have consulted Mr. Frank, who is well acquainted 
with its rich stores, and he tells me that he has no recollection of it. 


PirTa CONCINNA. 


Head, back of the neck, cheeks, chin and stripe down the centre 
of the throat velvety black; from the nostrils over each eye a 
broad mark of deep buff, posterior to which is a narrower one of 
pale glaucous blue; back, tail and wings dark grass-green; lesser 
wing-coverts and a band across the rump glossy verditer blue; pri- 
maries and secondaries black, the fourth, fifth and sixth of the 
former crossed by a band of white near their base, and all the 
primaries tipped on the external web with olive-grey ; upper tail- 
coverts black; under surface delicate fawn-colour, becoming much 
paler where it meets the black of the cheeks and throat; centre of 
the abdomen black ; vent and under tail-coverts fine scarlet; bill 
black ; feet fleshy. 

Total length, 6 inches; bill, 1; wing, 4; tail, 11; tarsus, 13. 

Hab. The Island of Lombock. 

Remark.—This bird ranks as one of the smaller species of this 
particular section of the group, it being even less than the Pitta 
brachyura of authors, to which it bears a general resemblance, but 
from which the black colouring of its throat will at all times distin- 

ish it. 

; or this and the preceding species we are indebted to the researches 
of A. R. Wallace, Esq. 

No. CCCXXXI.—Proceepin¢cs or Tue Zootoeicat Society. 


66 


4. DrescriIpTION oF A New TANAGER OF THE GENUS EvPHONIA. 
By Puitie Lutvey Scrater, M.A., F.L.S. etc. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXIV.) 


Mr. Gould having placed in my hands for examination some spe- 
cimens of Euphonia, which he has lately received from Guatemala, I 
am enabled to exhibit to the Society examples of both sexes of what 
I believe to be a hitherto uncharacterized species of that genus. I 
am no friend to the too frequent practice of calling animals after indi- 
viduals, but I feel that I shall meet with approbation in this instance 
if I confer on the present bird the name of one of the most eminent 
naturalists of the day, to whom moreover I am indebted for nume- 
rous acts of kindness from the period when I first had the pleasure 
of his acquaintance. I therefore propose to call this species 


Evrnonia GouLpi. 


3. Supra olivacea, eneo induta : pileo usque ad oculos cum fronte 
fiavis: subtus, gula et cervice flavescenti-olivaceis, abdomine 
medialiter castaneo, hoc colore flavo utrinque marginato ; late- 
ribus olivaceis flavo mixtis: crisso castaneo : rostro et pedibus 
nigris. 

9. Supra mari similis sed dilutior, fronte et pileo antico rubris : 
subtus flavescens, abdomine medio cum crisso dilute castaneis, 
lateribus flavido-olivaceis. 

Long. tota 4:1, alze 2°2, caudee 1:0, tarsi 0°7. 

Hab. In Guatimala et Mexico Meridionali. 

Gould’s Euphonia does not sufficiently resemble any other of the 
known members of the group to render it liable to be confounded 
with them. It may, I think, be most naturally placed at the head of 
the section containing Luphonia pectoralis, E. rufiventris and others 
(which has been denominated Iliolopha by Prince Bonaparte), and 
will serve to connect them with the yellow-headed species which pre- 
cede them in my arrangement. I have suspected its existence for 
some time, but these examples are the first good ones I have seen of 
it. Ihave had for several years in my possession a bird which I 
now find to be an immature individual of this species ; and M. Sallé’s 
collection comprised a single specimen not in very good condition, 
which he obtained in Southern Mexico. I gave a short description 
of the latter bird without naming it in my list of his collection (see 
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 303), but was mistaken (as I now see) in consider- 
ing it a female. 

This Euphonia is the fourth additional Tanager I have met with 
since completing the synopsis of these birds given in the Proceedings 
for last year; the others being Calliste rufigena (P. Z. 8. 1856, 
p. 311), Saltator melanopterus (Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 361), and 
Pyranga roseigularis (P. Z. S. 1857, p. 6). The latter bird was 
long ago described by Dr. Cabot, but at the time of completing my 
synopsis I had not seen specimens of it. 


a 
GOULD! 


67 


5. REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF THE SouTtH AMERICAN SuB- 
FAMILY TityrRinz. By Puiuie Lutvey Sciater, M.A., 
F.Z.S., F.L.S. erc. 


‘The birds of the old genus Tifyra of Vieillot constitute a very 
natural and well-defined group peculiar to tropical America, which 
has been quite rightly, as I think, raised to the rank of a subfamily 
by Mr. Gray and succeeding writers. They seem to me to form a 
link between the two great South American families Tyrannide and 
Cotingide—the true Tityre pointing rather towards the latter of 
these groups, and the genus Pachyrhynchus to the former. In ana- 
tomical characters, however, according to Miiller, they rather agree 
with the Fruit-eaters, and for the present therefore, until this part of 
the subject has been further worked out, I am inclined to think they 
should be arranged within the confines of the family Cotingide. 

The great diversity of plumage which occurs in the different sexes 
and ages of these birds (another character which betrays their Cotin- 
gine affinities) has occasioned the creation of many nominal species ; 
and Mr. George Gray, 1 in his ‘ Genera of Birds,’ where merely a list 
of described species is given without any attempt at reduction of the 
synonyms, notices no less than forty-six supposed members of the 
subfamily. Dr. Cabanis, in his ‘Ornithologische Notizen’ (Wieg- 
mann’s Arch. f. Nat. 1847), was the first who undertook a critical 
examination of the subject, the result of which was to reduce the 
number of species from forty-six to sixteen. With his views I am 
‘disposed for the most part to agree. I should merely observe, that 
in one or two instances he has united species that have some claim 
to be considered distinct, and that it is to be lamented that in so dif- 
ficult a group he did not give scientific distinctive characters for the 
males and females of every species. 

In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1851 (p. 45 e¢ seq.) are 
some remarks by Dr. Kaup on the birds of this subfamily, which are 
worthy of much attention. But of the species considered there as 
undescribed, one at least has been already previously named, and the 
others are such as, after examination of the type-specimens, I should 
hardly be inclined to regard as really new. Prince Bonaparte’s 
arrangement of this group in his ‘ Conspectus’ is adopted from Ca- 
banis’ article. In what follows I have attempted to make a careful 
review of the members of the subfamily Tityrine, giving short de- 
scriptions of the sexes of each species, when I have been successful 
in meeting with them, and the most necessary synonyms, particu- 
larly where my views on this latter point differ from those of Dr. 
Cabanis. Although no species is inserted of which I have not per- 
sonally examined specimens, I have the satisfaction of recording the 
existence of twenty-two species instead of sixteen—the number as- 
signed in the last general account published; and I have been very 
particular about localities, a point much too generally overlooked by 
writers on ornithology ; so that, although my subject is not quite a 
new one, I shall hope to bave contributed some fresh information 
upon it. 


68 


Dr. Cabanis has recognized three different genera in the present 
group of birds. About the first of these—the true Tityre—there 
can, I think, be no question. The strong somewhat compressed 
beak, the want of bristles at the base of the bill, the peculiar scimitar- 
like shape of the second abnormal primary in the adult male, and 
the absence of any strong dissimilarity in the coloration of the two 
sexes, render the six birds composing it readily distinguishable from 
the rest of the group, and eminently entitle them to generic distinc- 
tion. A group of rather less value appears to be that of the black- 
plumaged species, which naturally follow next in order. Here the 
rictal bristles are present, although not so well developed as farther 
on in the subfamily ; the second abnormal quill of the males is broad 
and acuminated as in the true Pachyrhamphi ; the females are 
clothed in a nearly uniform brown. These birds form the com- 
mencement of Dr. Cabanis’ genus Pachyrhamphus. But I confess 
I cannot agree with Dr. Cabanis in separating generically the type 
of his genus Bathmidurus from Pachyrhamphus Cuvieri and atri- 
capillus, and I therefore think it best for the present to employ one 
term as a generic name for the whole of the residue of the species—_ 
after removal of the true Tityre—leaving the name Bathmidurus 
and other terms lately coined to mark out the divisions of subgeneric 
value. 


Fam. CoTiInGIp&. 


Subfam. Tiryrinz. 


Rostrum brevius quam caput, basi dilatata, lateribus ad apicem 
plerumque compressis, culmine leniter incurvo, apice uncinata, 
gonyde ascendente: nares rotunda, fere nude, rictus nudus 
aut setis paucis preditus: ale elongate e primariis decem, 
secundariis novem; remigibus tertia et quarta primam su- 
perantibus et longissimis, remige secunda in maribus adultis* 
abnormaliter brevi, falciformi aut apice acuminata: cauda e 
rectricibus duodecim, modica, lata : tarsi modici, acrotarsiis re- 
gulariter scutatis; paratarsiis squamulis numerosis obovatis 
obtectis : digiti fortes, horum exteriore cum medio ad basin 
conjuncto et interiorem longitudine paulo excedente, posteriore 
elongato, unguibus acutis. 


* Mr. G. R. Gray, in his ‘Genera of Birds,’ says that “‘ the wings are sometimes 
furnished with a spurious quill beneath the first quill.” That this so-called spu- é 
rious quill is the true second primary abnormally shortened is easily demon- 
strated by a comparison of the wings of the adult male and female; by which it 
will be seen that the second primary of the latter, which is of the usual length, 
corresponds in position to the reduced feather in the male bird. And, unless 
this reduced feather be taken into calculation, the males will be found only to 
have nine primaries, whereas the females have fen. 


69 


Genus I. Tiryra. 


Tityra, Vieill. Analyse, p. 39, 1816. 
Psaris, Cuv. Régn. An. i. p. 340 (1817). 
Erator, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 47. 


Rostrum forte, dilatatum, ad apicem compressum, uncinatum, rictu 
non setoso: ale elongate, marium remige alari secunda brevi, 
falciformi : cauda breviuscula, quadrata : ptilosis marium albo- 
nigra, feeminarum obscurior haud valde dissimilis. 


= 


a. Tityra (loris nudis). 


1. TiryRA CAYANA. 


Lanius cayanus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 137. 

Tityra cinerea, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 859. 

Psaris virgata, H. Smith (? ). 

Psaris cayanensis, Sw. Class. B. ii. 255. 

Psaris guianensis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 286. 

Psaris nevius, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 379. 

Tityra cayana, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pl. 134; Cab. Orn. Not. p. 238 ; 
Schomb. Guian. iii. 697 ; Bp. Consp. p. 179. 

Piegrieche grise de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 304 (¢). 

Piegrieche tacheté de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 377 (2). 


$. Cinerascenti-albus subtus pallidior: mento summo, pileo alis 
et cauda nigris: secundariis ultimis dorso concoloribus : loris 
nudis et cum rostro rubris: hujus apice nigra: pedibus nigris. 

. Cinerascens, subtus dilutior ; dorso et corpore subtus nigro 
longitudinaliter striatis : pileo, alis caudaque nigris, secunda- 
riis ultimis dorso concoloribus. 

Long. tota 7°5, alee 4°6, caude 2°6. 

Hab. Cayenne (Buf); Brit. Guiana (Schomb.); Trinidad 

patel) » Venezuela, Cumana (Beauperthuy) ; New Grenada, Bo- 


ee 


gota 
Safes. Brit., Paris., P. L. S. 


- The woodcut represents (fig. a) the first and (fig. 5) the second 
primary of the adult male of this species. 


70 


2. TiryRA BRASILIENSIS. 


Pachyrhynchus cayanus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 44. f. 1. p. 32. 
Psaris cayana, D’Orb. Voy. p. 301. 

Psaris brasiliensis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 286. 

Tityra brasiliensis, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 239; Bp. Consp. p. 179. 


3. Cinerascenti-albus subtus pallidior : pileo, mento, alis et 
cauda nigris: secundariis ultimis dorso concoloribus: loris 
minus denudatis cum ipsa basi rostri rubris, hujus reliqua parte 
nigra: pedibus nigris. 

2. Cinerascens, subtus dilutior, nigro longitudinaliter striata : 
alis caudaque nigris, secundariis ultimis dorso concoloribus. 

Long. tota 8°5, alee 5:1, caudee 3°2. 

Hab. Brazil, prov. Piauhy (Spiz); Rio de Janeiro; Corrientes 

(D’ Orb.) ; Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; Paraguay (Azara). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. 8S. 

This bird may be distinguished from the 7. cayana by its larger 

size and nearly entirely black bill. 


3. TiTyRA SEMIFASCIATA. 


Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus, Spix, Av. Bras. it. pl. 44. fig. 2. 
p- 32. 

Psaris semifasciata, D’Orb. Voy. p. 301 ; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 146. 

Tityra semifasciata, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 239; Bp. Consp. p. 180. 


3. Subcinerascenti-albus, subtus purior : facie antica cum mento 
alisque nigris: secundariis ultimis dorso concoloribus: cauda 
alba, rectricibus omnibus, nisi une utrinque extime pogonio in- 
terno, nigro late transfasciatis : loris nudis et eum rostro ru- 
bris, hujus ipsa apice nigra: pedibus nigris. 

@. Mari similis sed supra magis cinerascens et brunneo tincta : 
pileo nigricanti-brunneo. 

Long. tota 8°75, ale 5°0, caudee 3°0. 

Hab. Eastern Peru, Wood-region (Tsch.) ; Bolivia, S. Cruz de la 

Sierra (D’ Oré.). 
Mus. Paris., P. L. S. 


4. TiryRA PERSONATA. 


Tityra personata, Jard. & Selb. Til. Orn. i. pl. XXxiv. 
Psaris mexicanus, Less. R. Z. 1839, p. 41. 

Psaris tityroides, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 210. 

Tityra mecvicana, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 141 & 297. 


3 . Simillimus speciei precedenti, sed caude@ rectricibus omnibus in 
pogonio utroque nigro transfasciatis. 
2. Supra brunnescenti-cinerea, uropygium versus dilutior : subtus 
alba, mento concolore. : 
Hab. S. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Sallé) ; Xalapa (Mus. Berol.) ; Gua- 
timala (Mus. Brit.) ; Nicaragua (Delattre) ; Chiriqui (Bridges) ; 
S. Martha, New Grenada (Verreauz). 
Mus. Brit., P. L. S.. 


Se eee 
ia 
ZF 

, 


71 


Whether this bird is really distinct from the preceding is perhaps 
not quite certain. I have had hardly a sufficient number of examples 
for comparison. But, as far as I have observed, the difference in the 
coloration of the tail-feathers appears constant. 


b. Erator (loris plumosis). 


5. Trryra INQUISITRIX. 


Lanius inquisitor, Licht. Doubl. p. 50. 

nat erythrogenys, Selby, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 483 ; Sw. Nat. Lib 
x, pl. 3 (2). 

Psaris selbii et natteriit, Sw. An. in Men. p. 286. 

Psaris inquisitor, D’Orb. Voy. p. 302. 

Psaris jardinii, Sw. Zool. Il. n. s. pl. 35 (3). 

Tityra inquisitriz, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 239; Bp. Consp. p. 180. 


3. Albus, supra cinereo tinctus : pileo, alis et cauda nigris ; se- 
cundariis ultimis dorso concoloribus : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

?. Alba, supra cinerascens: fronte et lateribus capitis rufis : 
puleo, alis et cauda nigris : rectricum basi et ipsa apice albi- 
dis ; secundarits ultimis dorso concoloribus. 

Long. tota 6°75, ale 3°9, caudex 2°5. 

Hab. Brazil, 8. Paolo (Licht.) ; Bolivia (D’ Orb.) ; Cayenne ; New 

Grenada ; Bogota. 
Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. S. 


6. TiryRA ALBITORQUES. 

Tityra albitorques, DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. 1847, xiv. pt. 2. 
p- 104; Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 244; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 150. 

Psaris fraseri, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 47. pl. xxxvii. (¢), 


_xxxviii. (2). 


6. Albus, supra cinereo tinctus: pileo et alis nigris, secundariis 
ultimis dorso concoloribus : cauda alba, fascia subapicali lata 
nijra: rostro pedibusque nigris. 

2. Supra magis cinerascens et dorso brunnescente tincto: fronte 
albida : pileo reliquo nigro: lateribus capitis rufis. 

Long. tota 6°75, alz 3:6, caudee 2-4. 

Hab. Eastern Peru (DuBus) ; New Grenada; Bogota. 

Mus. Brit. 

This species is easily distinguishable from 7’. inquisitrix, which it 

generally closely resembles, by its white tail banded with black. 


Genus 2. PAcHYRHAMPHUS. 


Pachyrhynchus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 31 (1824). 
Pachyrhamphus, G.R. Gray, List of Gen. (1838). 
Bathmidurus, Cab. Orn. Not. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, p. 243. 
Chloropsaris, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 45. 


Platypsaris, Bp. Ann. d. Se. Nat. 1854. 
Callopsaris, Bp. Ann. d. Se. Nat. 1854. 


Rostrum magis conicum, minus dilatatum et ad apicem minus com- 
pressum ; apice minus uncinata; rictu plus minusve setis ob- 
sito: ale elongate, marium remige secunda brevi, lata, deinde 
emarginata et apice acuminata : cauda elongatior quam in 
genere precedente : ptilosis sexuum valde diversa, marium 
albo-nigra, feeminarum brunnea. 


a. Platypsaris. 
1. PAcHYRHAMPHUS NIGER. 


Lanius niger, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 301. 

Pachyrhynchus aterrimus, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 320. 

Tityra leuconotus, Gray’s Gen. pl. 63 (3 et 2); Gosse, B. Jam. 
p- 187. 

Pachyrhamphus nigrescens, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 241; Bp. Consp. 
p- 180. 


3. Niger subtus paulo dilutior: scapularium macula basali 

alba: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

9. Brunnescenti-cinerea, pileo, alis et cauda brunneis: subtus 

albescenti-cinerea : gutture et pectore rufo tinctis. 

Long. tota 70, alz 4:0, caudz 3:0. 

Hab. Jamaica (Gosse). 

Mus. Brit., Berol., P. L. S. 

Mr. Gosse has written a very interesting account of this species 
in his ‘ Birds of Jamaica,’ giving details as to its habits, food, nidi- 
fication, &c., which is really almost the only reliable information we 
possess concerning these points in respect of any bird of the group. 


_ 2. PachyRHAMPHUS VALIDUS. 


Tityra atricapilla (3) et rufa (?), Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. 
p- 347-8, et Enc. Méth, 859. 

Lanius validus, Licht. Doubl. p. 5v. 

Pachyrhynchus cinerascens, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl.46. f. 1. p.34 (2). 

Psaris cristatus, Sw. Zool. Il. ser. 2. pl. 41 (2). 

Tityra pileata, Jard., Seib. Ill. Orn. i. pl. 17 (2). 

Psaris strigatus et megacephalus, Sw. ? 

Pachyrhamphus validus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 240; Bp. Consp. 
p- 180. : 


3. Niger, semicristatus, uropygium versus paulo dilutior : scapu- 


73 


larium macula basali alba: subtus fusco-cinnamomeus, gula 
albicantiore : rostro corneo: pedibus nigris. 

?. Supra lete rufa, pileo nigro: subtus fusco-cinnamomea, rufo 
tincta ; cauda unicolore rufa. 

Long. tota 7:5, ale 3-8, caude 2°8. 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil, S. Paolo (Licht.). 

Mus. Brit., P. L.S. 


3. PacHyRHAMPHUS PECTORALIS. 


Querula minor, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 363. 

Psaris roseicollis, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. iv. pl. 28. 

Pachyrhynchus pectoralis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 288. 

Pachyrhamphus minor (partim), Cab. Orn. Not. p. 241; Bp. 
Consp. p. 180. 

Psaris pectoralis, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 46. 


3. Supra niger, semicristatus: scapularium macula basali alba : 
subtus paulo dilutior, fascia subgutturali angusta rosea: 
macula primariarum basali interna alba: rostro et pedibus 
nigris. 

?. Rufa, pileo nigro, subtus dilutior (?). 

Long. tota 6:0, ale 3-5, caudze 2°5. 

Hab. Cayenne ; New Grenada; Bogota. 

Mus. Paris., P. L. 8. 

The white exterior margin of the second abnormal primary, which 
Dr. Kaup relies upon as the specific character of this species, is not 
sufficient to distinguish this bird from P. aglaie, in some specimens 
of which I find the same peculiarity. But it may be easily recog- 
nized from the latter bird by its nearly uniform sooty-black colour- 
ing above and below, and the narrow rosy bar on the throat. I have 
a Bogota skin apparently referable to this species. 


4. PACHYRHAMPHUS ROSEICOLLIS. 


Psaris roseicollis, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, 
p- 42; D’Orb. Voy. p. 302. 


$. Cinerascenti-niger, pileo intensiore et nigro: scapularium 
basibus albis: subtus cinerascenti-niger, vitta subgutturali 
rosea: primariis ad basin interne albo maculatis : rostro et 
pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 8-0, alee 3°8, caudz 2°75. 

Hab. Bolivia (D’ Urd.). 

Mus. Paris. 

Though I have seen a type of this species in the Magazin du 
Jardin des Plantes at Paris, I have never had an opportunity of com- 
paring it with examples of its two near allies. My impression is, 
however, that it is distinct from P. pectoralis (than which it seems 
larger and of a more cinereous tinge below) and also from P. aglaie. 
M. de Lafresnaye has remarked upon the differences between it and 


_the latter species in the Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 98. 


74 


5. PACHYRHAMPHUS AGLAIA. 


Pachyrhynchus aglaia, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p. 98. 
Psaris aglaia, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 46. 
Pachyrhamphus aglaie, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 297. 


3. Niger, subcristatus, uropygium versus schistacescentior : subtus 
pallide cinereus, collo antico toto roseo, mento albescente: sca- 
pularium utrinque basi et remigum macula basali interna albis : 
remige secunda brevi nigricante, margine externa angustissima 
et macula parva ad ipsam basin albis : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

2. Rufescens ; alis intus nigris ; harum marginibus et cauda 
tota lete rufis : pileo subcristato, nigro.: subtus albescenti-cin- 
namomea, tectricibus subalaribus cinnamomeis. 

Long. tota 6°5, ale 3°5, caudee 2°6. 

Hab. Mexico, Coahuila (Lieut. Couch); Vera Cruz; Cordova 

(Sallé) ; Xalapa (Mus. Ber.). 

Mus. Derbiano et P. L. S. 

This Mexican species is easily distinguished from P. pectoralis by 
its lighter ash-coloured plumage and distinct black head, as well as 
by the throat being wholly of a rosy red. M. Sallé’s Mexican collec- 
tion (of which an account is given, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 290 et seq.) 
contained five examples of different sexes and ages. 


6. PACHYRHAMPHUS LATIROSTRIS. 


Pachyrhamphus latirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1854, et Notes 
Orn. p. 87. 

Platypsaris latirostris, Bp. 

3. Cinerascens, pileo nigro; subtus dilutior gula et ventre medio 
albicantibus : alis caudaque nigrescenti-cinereis : interscapulit 
pennis basi niveis: rostro et pedibus nigris: illius ipsa apice 
albida. 

9. Rufa, subtus albo-rufa, pileo nigro : remigibus intus et apice 
nigris: cauda rufa (Bp.). 

Long. tota 5:6, alee 3°2, caudz 2-3. 

Hab. Nicaragua (Delattre). 

Mus. Brit. 

I have seen but one example of this species, which was received 
by the British Museum from Parzudaki of Paris. It is marked “ Ni- 
caragua,”’ and there is no doubt, from the peculiar make of the skin, 
that it is one of Delattre’s specimens. This bird I consider to be a 
strict congener of the last species P. validus. It is, as appears from 
Mr. Gray’s ‘ List of Genera,’ the type of Prince Bonaparte’s genus 
Platypsaris, and 1 have therefore placed that term at the head of 
this section of the present group. 


7. PACHYRHAMPHUS SURINAMUS. 

Muscicapa surinama, Linn. 8, N. i. p. 3252 

Tityra surinama, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1848, pl. 11. p. 62 (¢). 
Bathmidurus surinamus, Bp. Consp. p. 181. 


75 


Pachyrhamphus dimidiatus, De Filippi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 31 
(1847). 

3. Supra nitenti-niger, capite subcristato: scapularibus interne 
niveis: subtus candidus: cauda nigra, rectricibus extimis ma- 
cula parva apicali alba: rostro nigro-plumbeo: pedibus nigris. 

?. Castanea, loris et corpore subtus albidis ; pectore rufescente 
induto : remigibus intus nigricantibus: cauda unicolore cas- 
tanea. 

Long. tota 5°3, ale 3:1, caudee 2°3. 

Hab. Surinam (Linn.); Cayenne. 

Mus. P. L. 8. (od et ? ex Cayenne). 


b. Pachyrhamphus. 
8. PAcHYRHAMPHUS VIRIDIS. 


Tityra viridis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. iii. p. 348 (1817), et Enc. 
Méth. p. 860. 

Psaris cuvieri, Sw. Zool. Ill. i. pl. 32 (1820). 

Platyrhynchus duponti, Vieill. Enc. Méth. p. 843 (1823). 

Muscicapa nigriceps, Licht. Doubl. p- 56 (1823). 

Muscipeta nigriceps, Max. Beitr. iti. 914. 

Pachyrhynchus cuvieri, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 45. f. 2. 

Tityra wieilloti, Jard. & Selb. Il. Orn. pl. 10. f. 1(?). 

Pachyrhamphus cuvieri, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 242; Bp.Consp. p. 180. 


3. Flavescenti-olivaceus ; cervice cinerea; pileo nigro; fronte 
et loris albidis ; gula albicanti-cinerea : pectore flavo : ventre 
erissoque albis, ochraceo tinctis : rostro nigro-plumbeo, tomiis 
pallescentibus : pedibus nigris. 

?. Olivacea, pileo concolore, cervice postica et laterali cum gula 
cinereis, hac pallidiore : alarum tectricibus rufis : pectore fla- 
vido : ventre crissoque albidis: rostro pallido : pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5°8, ale 2°8, caudee 2:0. 

Hab. Brazil, Bahia (Licht.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., P. L. §., &e. 


The woodcut given with the generic character of the genus Pachy- 
rhamphus represents (fig. c) the first and (fig. d) the second pri- 
mary of the adult male of this species. 


9. PAcCHYRHAMPHUS CINEREUS. 


Manakin cendré de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 687. f. 1 (3). 

Pipra cinerea, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. 

Pipra atricapilla, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1003. 

Gobemouche roux, &c., Buff. Pl. Enl. 831. f. 1 (2). 

Muscicapa eques, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. 

Muscicapa aurantia, Gm. 8. N. p. a: 

Lanius mitratus, Licht. Doubl. p 

Pachyrhynchus leucogaster et anos Sw. An. in Men. p- 289? 

Pachyrhamphus atricapillus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 242; Schomb. 
iinian. iii. 698 ; Bp. Consp. p. 181. 


76 


3. Supra cinereus ; alis nigris, primariis strictissime secundariis 
et tectricibus anguste albo marginatis: pileo nigro : frontali 
linea inter oculos et corpore subtus albis, lateribus in cinereum 
trahentibus : cauda nigricanti-cinerea, rectricibus intus anguste 
albo limbatis: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

2. Rufescens: cauda et alis extus rufis: subtus rufescenti-alba. 

Long. tota 4°7, alee 2-7, caude 1:8. 

Hab. Cayenne (Buff., &c.) ; Surinam (Cab.) ; Venezuela; Tri- 

nidad; S. Martha (Verr.) ; Bogota. 

I have not quoted Psaris parinus, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 48, as 

a synonym of this species, since I have not had an opportunity 
of comparing the type with my specimens ; but I have very little 
doubt that the two birds are identical. 


ce. Callopsaris. 


10. PacHYRHAMPHUS VERSICOLOR. 


Vireo versicolor, Hartl. R. Z. 1843, p. 289. 

Pachyrhynchus squamatus, Lafr. 1843, p. 291. 

Pachyrhamphus versicolor, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 243 ; Bp. Consp. 

p- 181. 

3. Supra nitenti-niger, uropygio olivascente : alis nigris, tectri- 
cibus et secundariis albo limbatis : subtus olivaceo-viridis ; pec- 
tore flavido tincto, lineis angustis nigricantibus omnino trans- 
fasciato: rostro nigricanti-plumbeo : pedibus fuscis. 

. Olivacea, pileo nigricanti-cinereo : alarum tectricibus et se- 
cundariarum marginibus rufis: subtus dilutior, ventre medio 
flavicante, lineolis paucis vie apparentibus nigris. 

Long. tota 4-6, alze 2°6, caudze 1°9. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. Brit., Berol., P. L. S. 


d. Bathmidurus. 


11. PAcHYRHAMPHUS NIGRIVENTRIS. 


Pachyrhynchus niger, Spix, Avy. Bras. ii. pl. 45. f. 1. p. 33 (1824) ; 
Sw. An. in Men. p. 290. 

Psaris niger, Sw. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 356 (1825). 

Bathmidurus niger, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 243; Bp. Consp. p. 181; 
Schomb. Guian. iii. 698. 


3. Fuliginoso-niger, pilei pennis eneo nitentibus, uropygio et 
corpore subtus paulo dilutioribus et cinereo tinctis: scapula- 
rium, tectricum alarium et secundariarum marginibus externis 
cum rectricum apicibus albis: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

3. Rufa, pileo intensiore, subtus valde dilutior, ochracescens, (?) 

Long. tota 5:5, ale 2-9, caudee 2:2. 

Hab. Cayenne; North Brazil; Venezuela ; Trinidad; New Gre- 

nada. . 
Mus. Brit., P. L. S. 


77 


12. PacHYRHAMPHUS POLYCHROPTERUS. 

Platyrhynchus polychropterus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxvii. p. 10 ; 
Enc. Méth. p. 835; Puch. Arch. d. Mus. vii. 357. 

Pachyrhynchus variegatus, Spix. Av. Bras. ii. pl. 43. f. 2? 

Muscicapa splendens, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 906. 

Pachyrhynchus Spixii, Sw. An. in Men. p. 289. 

Bathmidurus variegatus, Cab.Orn. Not. p. 244; Bp. Consp. p.181. 

3. Niger, pilei plumis eneo nitentibus : uropygio et corpore sub- 

tus cinereis : scapularium, tectricum alarium et secundariarum 
marginibus externis eum rectricum apicibus albis : rostro plum- 
bescenti-nigro: pedibus nigris. 

2. Rufa, pileo ferrugineo: subtus dilutior, ochraceo induta (°). 

Long. tota 6:0, ale 3:1, caudz 273. . 

Hab. South-eastern Brazil; Rio de Janeiro; Rio Grande do Sul 
(Plant). 

Mus. Brit. 

Whether this and the preceding bird are really distinct, or merely 
local varieties of each other, it is difficult to say until a comparison 
can be made between a series of specimens of both sexes of each of 
them. I am not confident that the birds described as their respect- 
ive females are really such. Dr. Cabanis has kept the two birds 
distinct, and I have followed his example—proposing to call the first 
nigriventris, as niger is preoccupied. In fact the whole difference 
of this species from the preceding consists in its cimereous uropygium 
and under plumage, and rather larger size. In the nigriventris the 
belly is nearly as black as the back. Spix’s figure seems most like the 
northern species. Swainson has well distinguished the two birds in 
his ‘ Animals in Menageries,’ pt. 2, under the names niger and spizi. 

13. PAcHYRHAMPHUS MARGINATUS. 

Lanius atricapillus, Gm. 8. N. (¢). 

Todus marginatus, Licht. Doubl. p. 51 (2). 

Pachyrhynchus swainsoni, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. et Sw. An. in 
Men. p. 288. 

Muscipeta marginata, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 909. 

Pachyrhynchus marginatus, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. pl. 31. f. 2. p. 303. 

Pachyrhynchus albifrons, Sw. An.in Men. p. 289. 

Bathmidurus atricapillus, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 245. 

Psaris marginata, Bp. Consp. p. 181. 

8. Cinereus, pileo nigro, fronte et loris albidis: interscapulio 

partim nigro: subtus cinerascenti-albus, ventre clariore: alis 
. caudaque nigris: tectricum et secundariarum alarium margi- 
nibus externis cum rectricum apicibus albis: rostro plumbeo : 
pedibus nigris. é 
2. Olivacea, pileo rufo: alis caudaque nigricantibus, illarum 


marginibus et rectricum apicibus pallide rufis: subtus flavi- 
canti-olivacea. 


Long. tota 5°75, alee 2°8, caudee 2°2. 
Hab. Brazil; Bahia (Licht.); Bolivia (D’ Ord.) ; Eastern Peru; 


Rio Napo. 


Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 


78 


The back of the male of this bird is always varied with black ; but 
I have one specimen in my possession, otherwise not varying much 
in plumage, in which the whole interscapulium is black. This is 
perhaps Dr. Kaup’s Ps. marginatus minor (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 48). 


14. PacHyRHAMPHUS MAJOR. 


Bathmidurus maor, Cab. Orn. Not. p. 246. 

Psaris major, Bp. Consp. p. 181. 

Pachyrhamphus marginatus’, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 298. 

3. Supra cinereus: dorso medio nigro aut nigro mixto: torque 
cervicali postico albo-yriseo : pileo nitenti-nigro, linea frontali 
albida: scapularibus albis: alis nigris, tectricibus et secunda- 
riis albo limbatis : subtus albus cinereo tinctus ; cauda nigra 
rectricibus lateralibus late albo terminatis : rostro nigro-plum- 
beo: pedibus nigris. 

?. Supra castanea, pileo nigro : alis nigris castaneo marginatis : 
subtus pallide viridi-flavicans, lateribus rufo tinctis ; cauda 
nigra, rectricibus duabus mediis et ceterarum apicibus rufis. 

Long. 6:0, alee 3:3, caudee 2°4. 

Hab. 8. Mexico, Xalapa (Cab.) (Sallé). 

Mus. Heineano et P. L. S. 

This Mexican representative of P. marginatus may be easily re- 
cognized by its large size and the grey cervical collar between the 
black nape and the back. M. Sallé’s specimens were procured near 
Xalapa, whence Dr. Cabanis’s type, which was a female, also came. 
No description of the male bird has hitherto appeared. 


15. PacHyRHAMPHUS ALBO-GRISEUS, Sp. Nov. 


3. Supra cinereus, pileo cum nucha nitenti-nigris : linea frontali 
inter oculos alba: alis nigris, tectricibus et secundariis extus 
late albo marginatis: subtus albus, precipue apud latera cine- 
rascente tinctus: cauda nigra, rectricibus omnibus, sed harum 
extimis precipue, late albo terminatis : rostro plumbeo : pedi- 
bus nigris. 

9. Saturate castanea, subtus valde dilutior, cinnamomescenti- 
ochracea. (?) 

Long. tota 5:5, alee 3-0, caudee 2°4. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. P. 1.8. 

I possess an adult male specimen, and what, I think, is probably 
the female of this Becard, which is a close ally of the two preceding 
species. It is, I suppose, the New Grenadian representative of the 
form ; and, I confess, it is not without hesitation that I separate it 
specifically from P. marginatus. The differences are the further 
extension of the black over the nape of the neck, the entire want of 
black on the back, the more purely white colouring below, and the 
much deeper white terminations of the outer rectrices in the present 
species. 


CUP 


79 


16. PACHYRHAMPHUS RUFESCENS. 


Gobemouche roux de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 453. f. 1 (?). 
Muscicapa rufa, Bodd. Table d. Pl. Enl. (2). 

Muscicapa rufescens, Gm. et Lath. (?). 

Pachyrhynchus rufescens, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 46. f. 2. 

Tityra castanea, Jard. & Selb. Il. Orn. pl. x. f. 2. 

Muscipeta aurantia, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 911 (¢ et descr. opt.). 
Pachyrhynchus ruficeps, Sw. Au. in Men. p. 288. 

Bathmidurus melanoleucus (!), Cab. Orn. Not. p. 244 (partim). 
Psaris melanoleucus, Bp. Consp. p. 181. 


$. Rufo-castaneus, subtus dilutior, cinnamomeus : pileo subcris- 
tato intensiore : vitta nuchali oculos utrinque jungente cinerea: 
primariarum apicibus nigricantibus : cauda unicolore castanea : 
rostro corneo: pedibus nigris. 

?. Mari similis, sed paulo dilutior, pileo magis cinereo et remige 

secunda, sicut semper in foeminis hujus generis, integra. 

Long. tota 5:5, alze 2°9, caudee 2°5. 

Hab. Brazil, Para (Spix) ; South-eastern provinces (P. Maz.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &c. 

I believe this Becard to present one of those exceptional cases 
(which not unfrequently occur in natural groups) of both sexes of a 
species, otherwise typical, having the characteristic colouring of the 
females of the other members of the genus. Like Dr. Cabanis, I for 
some time supposed that the present bird, which is by no means un- 
‘common in collections, was the female of some black and white 
species. Dr. Cabanis has even gone so far as to prognosticate from 
a specimen which he supposed to be a young male in process of 
change, what the plumage of the adult male would be, and has named 
it melanoleucus. But having lately found that several specimens of 
these birds in supposed female attire have the second primary abnor- 
mally short (as is invariably the rule in the adult males of Pachy- 
rhamphus), I am induced to believe that there is little difference in 
the coloration of the two sexes of this bird, and that Dr. Cabanis 
was in error. I may remark, that I have that accurate observer, 
Prince Maximilian of Neuwied, in my favour, for he describes the 
male and feniale of this species as nearly alike. 

Vieillot’s Saltator melanoleucus, identified by Prince Bonaparte 
and others with the supposed male of this species, is a Lamprospiza! 


80 


SCHEMA GEOGRAPHICUM AVIUM TITYRINARUM. 


™ Antilles. 


I. Tiryra. 
a. Tityra. 


1. cayana..........000 ap bt aa 
2. brasiliensis 
3. semifasciata.........| . ss 
4, personata............ wee 


b. Erator. 


5. inquisitrix ......... 
6. albitorques 


II. PAcHYRHAMPHUS. 
a. Platypsaris. 


1. validus......... sanaeal hens 
Ze) DIPEL” eaves wage gare 
3. pectoralis......s00...) s+ 
4, roseicollis ........- 

5. aglaiz .......06 pate 

6. latirostris.......... 
7. surinamus .,... 


b. Pachyrhamphus. 


Se viridas 2, ee 2 
9, cinereus ...... Soddcofts oe 


c. Callopsaris. 
10. versicolor | .......s«| ... 


d. Bathmidurus. 


11. nigriventris 
12. polychropterus ... 
13. marginatus ....... Ps 
14. major 
15. albo-griseus......... 
16. rufescens............ 


Pen ee we eeeeeee 


© Central America. 


eid 


6 


| * New Grenada. 


x * 


Venezuela and 


| Trinidad. 


Cayenne and 
Guiana. 


o 


™« Eastern Peru. 
© Bolivia, 

S© Paraguay. 

S S.E. Brazil. 

= N.E, Brazil. 


—|———S| | ——— | ——_—_ | ——. 


Pe a EES) 
* € | anor anne or 
aee * * * 
* | * 5k ‘< 

hte SU 
Xela x | * 
ay ae el ie 
4 5 3 6 4 


81 


Mr. Tegetmeier laid before the members specimens illustrating 
the differences produced in the hens of the Common Pheasant and 
Domestic Fowl by disease or degeneration of the ovary. 

The late Mr. Yarrell noticed that disease of the ovary in the hen 
Pheasant resulted insthe assumption of the male plumage and voice. 
Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited a specimen of a game hen, that had become 
sterile from age, in which the plumage was completely changed to 
that of the male. 

In cases of disease of the ovary in domestic hens, a different altera- 
tion ensues. The plumage remains perfectly unchanged, but the 
comb and wattles become extraordinarily developed, in many cases 
even surpassing those of the male bird in size. The birds crow like 
the males, and are popularly known as Hen-cocks. The alteration 
had been observed as resulting from melanosis of the ovary from 
cartilaginous degeneration, and from a generally diffused inflamma- 
tion arising from the escape of an ovum from the oviduct. 


May 12, 1857. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., in the Chair, 
The following papers were read :— 


1. On PARUS MERIDIONALIS AND SOME OTHER SPECIES MEN- 
TIONED IN THE CATALOGUE OF BIRDS COLLECTED By M. 
Sauté in SourHern Mexico. By Puaruip L. Scxarer, 
M.A., F.L.S., etc. 


In the'Catalogue of Sallé’s Mexican Collection, given in these Pro- 
ceedings for last July, I described a new species of Titmouse under 
the name of Parus meridionalis. Not having at that time within 
my reach specimens of Parus atricapillus of the United States, it 
was not without hesitation that I separated the Mexican species from 
that bird. I am now, however, able to exhibit to the Society speci- 
mens of Parus atricapillus which I obtained in North America last 
autumn, and I think that a comparison of them with the type of my 

~Parus meridionalis (which M. Sallé has again kindly placed in my 
hands) leaves no doubt that these two Pari are, as I had anticipated, 
really distinct, although closely allied species. In its upper plumage 
Parus meridionalis differs from P. atricapillus in haying the back 
deeper cinereous without any tinge of brown—the narrow outer 
edgings of the secondaries are brownish and not white, and the black 
does not extend so far down the nape. Below, the plumage is also 
much darker; the whole abdomen and crissum being of a nearly uni- 


No. CCCXXXII.—Procerepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


82 


form rather mouse-coloured cinereous, with a pale whitish medial line. 
In Parus atricapillus the whole middle of the belly is much lighter 
and more white, and the sides are deeply tinged with pale rufous. 

There is not much difference in the size of the two species, but the 
tail of Parus meridionalis is slightly longer. + 

Mr. Gould’s collection contains an example of Parus meridionalis 
also from Mexico. 

With regard to other species contained in the same catalogue, I 
have to state that Cyanocitta floridana (sp. 135) is probably an im- 
mature bird of C. uléramarina (Temm.). 

I have compared specimens of Passerculus zonarius, Bp. (sp. 187) 
with examples of Peucea lincolni, which I obtained in the United 
States, and can discover no difference between them, and I consider 
these two names to be synonymous. 

The bird named Coturniculus henslowii (sp. 187), upon further 
comparison does not seem distinct from the ordinary C. passerinus, 
of which I also possess specimens from Guatimala. 


2. On TureE NEw SPECIES OF THE GENUS TODIROSTRUM. 
By Paruie Lutyey Scuatrer, M.A., F.L.S., etc. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXV.) 


Sir William Jardine has kindly lent me some specimens of birds 
of the genus Todirostrum out of a collection received by him a short 
time ago threugh Professor Jameson of Quito from the Rio Napo. 
They were obtained in that locality, as I have reason to believe, by 
Don Villavicencio, a Naturalist who was some time resident at Porto 
del Napo, on the Upper Rio Napo, where the Italian traveller Oscu- 
lati mentions having seen him in 1847. Two of them appear to be 
certainly undescribed. The third is not in a very good state of pre- 
servation, but I think it may possibly be referable to Dr. Hartlaub’s 
T. rufilatum. 


1. ToprROSTRUM CALOPTERUM, n.s. (PI. CXXV. fig. 1.) 


Supra flavescenti-olivaceum ; pileo et cauda nigris : alis nigris, 
harum tectricibus lete flavis, campterio intense badio ; secunda- 
ris ultimis extus flavicante limbatis: subtus flavum ; gutture 
albo : tectricibus subalaribus flavidis: rostro nigro: pedibus 
pallidis. 

Long. tota 3°6, ale 1°9, caude 1-2. 

Hab. In rep. Equatoriana in ripis fl. Napo. 

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Baronetti. 

This is a typical Todirostrum, but with the beak rather shorter 
and broader than in 7. cinereum. The ouly known species which it 
at all resembles in colouring is 7. nigriceps, mihi (P. Z. S. 1855, 
p- 76. pl. 84. fig. 1), from which it may be at once distinguished by 
the fine deep chestnut colouring of the bend of the wing. It is, I 
think, the most beautiful species of this group yet discovered. 


Proc. 4.8. Aves. CKXV 
: 


f 


1 TODIROSTRUM CALOPTERUM. 
-... GAPITALE , 


° 
‘ ak Ye a 7 e we 
' = cer 5. Fg Se EXILE , oO claler, 


a C 


a 


83 


2. ToprrRosTRUM CAPITALE, n. 8. (Pl. CXXV. fig. 2.) 


Supra olivaceum, pileo rufo ; alis caudaque nigris extus olivaceis, 
secundariis ultimis et caude rectricibus lateralibus in pogonio 
externo lactescenti-albo late limbatis, hoc colore extus tenuiter 
olivaceo marginato : subtus cinerascenti-album, medialiter albes- 
cens, ventre medio et tectricibus subalaribus flavicantibus : 
rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavido, pedibus fuscis. 

Long. tota 3:7, alee 1°8, caude 12. 

Hab. In rep. Equatoriana in ripis fl. Napo. 

Mus. Gul. Jardine, Baronetti. 

The rufous crown of this species distinguishes it from every one 
of its congeners except 7’. ruficeps, from which it may be separated 
by the want of the dark pectoral band, and other easily perceived 
characters. 

The shape of the bill is typical, but rather broader and flatter than 
in T. cinereum. 

I have also lately obtained two specimens of another species of 
this genus, not quite so typical in form or striking in plumage as the 
two last, but hardly to be placed without the limits of the group. 
This I propose to call 


3. ToprROSTRUM EXILE, n.s. (PI. CXXV. fig. 3.) 


Supra olivaceum, alis caudaque fusco-nigris ; illarum secundariis 
et tectricibus flavicanti-olivaceis, hujus rectricibus olivaceo extus 
marginatis : loris et capitis lateribus fusco-albidis : subtus 
margaritaceo-album, lateribus flavido tinctis ; gutture et pec- 
tore striis paucis elongatis fuscis obsoletissime flammulatis : 
rostri nigri basi pallida, tarsis gracilibus et cum pedibus colore 
carneis. 

Long. tota 3°5, ale 1°7, caude 2°6. 

Hab. In Nova Grenada. 

The first example of this species that came under my notice was 
received from MM. Verreaux of Paris in 1854. It is labelled “ New 
Grenada.” I purchased a second not quite mature from Mr. Hurst 
of Albany in the State of New York. A third is in the British 
Museum, and is evidently a Bogota skin. The bill of this Todiros- 
trum is smaller than in the ordinary run of the species, but of nearly 
the same form, though not quite so flat. The tail is proportionately 
rather longer, the tarsi very slender. 

Besides the three lastly described, I am acquainted with sixteen 


_ other species commonly referred to the genus Todirostrum, namely— 


1. Top. cineEREUM (L.).— Todus melanocephalus, Spix, Av. 
Bras. ii. pl. 9. f. 2; Desm. Tod. pl. 68: ex Boliv. Bras. Sept. Or. 


_et Mer.; Guiana, Cayenne; Venezuela; ins. Trinit. ; Nov. Grenada ; 


Bogota; S. Martha; America Centrali et Mexico Meridionali! 


2. Top. MacuLtatum (Desm.), Desm. Man. et Tod. pl. 70 (To- 
dus cinereus, Spix) : ex Guiana, Cayenne, et Brasil. Sept. 


84 
3. Top. AURTCULARE (Vieill.), ex Brasil. Or. 
4. Top. GRANADENSE, Hartl. (pectorale, Kp.), ex Bogota. 
5. Top. ruFiceps, Kp. (multicolor, Strickl.), ex Bogota. 


6. Top. poLtiocePHALUM (Max.), Beitr. iii. p. 964 (flavifrons, 
Lafr.), ex Brasil. 


7. Top. GULARE (Temm.), Pl. Col. 167. f. 1, ex Brasilia. 
8. Top. SQUAMICRISTATUM, Lafr., R. Z. 1846, p. 363, ex Bogota. 


s 9. Top. nicriceps, mihi, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 66. pl. 84. f. 1, ex 
S. Martha. 


10. Top. cracriiirss, mihi, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 149, ex Bogota. 


11. Top. cINEREIGULARE, mihi, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 295, ex 
Mexico. 


12. Top. curysocroraPHuM, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 48. 
pl. 49, ex Peruv. Orient. 


13. Top. GALeatum (Bodd.) (Pl. Enl. 391. f. 1.—Mot. cristata, 
Gm.; Euscarthmus cristatus, Bp. ; Tod. spiciferum, Lafr. et P. Z.S8. 
1855, pl. Ixxxiv. f. 2), ex Cayenne et fl. Amazon. 

14. Top. syzvra (Desm.), Man. et Tod. pl. 69 (Mus. Paris.). 
15. Top. rumtrrons, Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1853, p. 35, ex Brasil. 
16. T. RuriaAtuM, Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 98, ex Brasil. 
Besides these, the following species have been described, and ap- 

pear to rest on good authority, but I have not yet met with speci- 
mens of them :— 

1. T. ecaupatum, Lafr. et D’Orb., ex Bolivia. 

2. T. MARGARITACEIVENTRE, Lafr. et D’Orb., ex Bolivia. 

. T. rurcatum, Lafr., ex Brasil. 


. T. paLpesrosum, Lafr., ex Brasil. (?). 


. T. stRIATICOLLE, Lafr., ex Bahia. ; 


\ ‘ 
ao ob + & 


. Triccus crinitus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. 496, ex Brasil. 


85 


3. NoTEs on THE HaBitTs OF SOME BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE 
PLains oF N.W. Inp1a, 1n 1849. By Tue Rev. T. Put- 
Lipps, Baptist MisstonaRy. COMMUNICATED BY FRE- 
DERIC Moorr*. 


Part I. 


1. Mitvus Govinpa, Sykes. The common Indian Kite. 


This bird, like all the Kites, soars at various heights in most grace- 
ful circles, but generally looking out for prey. When it alights on 
a wall or house, it utters a tremulous shrill cry. It is very cowardly, 
for though it will carry off parrots and young chickens, it is afraid of 
the crow, sparrow-hawk, &c. It will allow crows to pull to pieces a 
bit of meat before it, which it evidently is desirous to obtain. 


2. AquiLa rMPERIALIS, Bechst. Native name, Jumbiz. 


I shot a specimen of this Eagle in a lonely tree, where it was 
perched with its mate. When killed, it had a half-digested rat in its 
stomach. The tendons of the skin were so extremely strong as to 
make its skinning a very slow and difficult process. 

I once saw this bird fly off with a partridge which I was on the 
point of shooting, and after a while managed to bring both down, 
and found that whilst flying, it had gutted the partridge and partly 
devoured its entrails. It sometimes seizes hares, with which, if very 
large and heavy, it can only rise about a yard from the ground; it 
then flies very slowly off ; frequently some of the farmers may be 
seen running after and frightening it to relinquish its prey. 

The Jumbiz will kill and eat half-grown peafowls. They often 
take away a grown fowl. I once observed it seize a tame half-grown 
peafowl which was flying down from a tree, and almost at the same 
moment the captor was attacked by another Jumbiz, and the whole 
fell to the ground together ; running up, I found that the first bird 
had its wing broken, and could not fly away. 


3. H&MATORNIS CHEELA, Daudin. 


-T shot a specimen that was sitting on the top of a tree on the out- 
skirts of a grove, and quietly surveying the country im a motionless 
posture. In the rainy and cold seasons it may be seen skimming 
over the corn-fields in search of reptiles and field-mice. It was called 
Sikra hy the natives. 


4, Hauiastur Inpvus, Bodd. The Brahminy Kite. 


«‘ This bird is amongst the first objects which attract the eye of a 
stranger, for they swarm about the shipping at Calcutta, and are 
useful in removing any offal which may be thrown away ; but though 
their usual food is carrion, yet they kill fish, and not unfrequently 
carry off a snipe which the sportsman has levelled.” —C. W. Smith’s 
Notes. 

* The names of the following birds have been determined by comparing the 


descriptions made in India by Mr. Philipps with specimens in the Museum of the 
Hon. East India Company.—F. M. 


86 


5. Baza Lopuotes, Cuv. The Cohy Falcon. 


The Cohy Falcon is one of the most beautiful of the Falcon race, 
and is a high caste bird. Its posture is erect, its plumage glossy, 
form compact, and manner dauntless ; while the crest on the head 
adds much to its grace and beauty. 

Mr. C. W. Smith in his ‘ Notes’ says, ‘‘ This is a scarce bird, and 
a specimen was sent to me by a native gentleman, and who acquainted 
me that it had not been seen more than orce by the oldest Shikari.” 


6. ArHene Brama, Temm. Native name, Khukhusat. 


At a village a small distance from Muttra, a pair of these birds 
had taken up their abode in some low bushy trees growing at the 
entrance of the village, and were seen hopping and flying about in 
broad daylight and quite able to see us; which indicates their diurnal 
habits and familiarity. 

I have seen this bird in various places in broad daylight at sun- 
rise. I once observed it fly down from the top of a tree on the high 
road, and, picking up an insect, fly up again ; this insect it held in its 
claws to eat, like a parrot; seeing me, it bent down its head, as all 
owls do; and though I frightened it once or twice, it would not leave 
the tree, but only flew to another bough. Its hunting in daylight 
shows it to approach the diurnal Owls. 

At Brindabun I observed a pair huddled together at the end of a 
bough exactly over the tent. They slept the greater part of the day. 
One let fall its dung, which was as hard as a pellet, on my arm. 
Towards the decline of the sun, or between four and five o’clock, they 
woke up, and on perceiving that they were observed, gave one good 
stare and flew to another bough ; and on being again looked at some 
short while afterwards, they flew to. a low tree at some distance off. 
Its hoot is a plain single sound of hoo, not very loud, but very 
distinct. 


7. ATHENE CUCULOIDES, Vigors. 


I once shot a specimen of this Owl in a garden, where a pair had 
taken up their abode in a dense and lofty tree. .In the stomach I 
found a small lizard, two centipedes, a whole beetle, and fragments 
of two others. 


8, Buso BenGaAvensis, Franklin. 


This species is very common in the plains, and is heard where- 
ever there are tall dense trees, at night. A pair had taken up their 
abode in the ancient tamarind trees behind the Kazi’s garden. Ha- 
ving been once fired at, they are rather shy on perceiving that they 
are noticed. 

_ This Owl looks exactly like a huge cat when seen in a tree; the 
first one that I saw was sitting in a low tree in an orchard, and al- 
lowed us to gaze at it in the dusk for some time. We could hardly 
tell until it flew whether it was a cat or owl. 

Its voice is very different from the other owls here, being hw, hi, 


— 


87 


ww 


cat or horse gazing intently on anything. 


9. Strix sAnanica, De Wurmb. 


This Owl lives in long grass, and is to be found in abundance some 
miles from Hodul. They may often be put up and chased by 
hawks. They fly but a very short distance. 


10. Merops viripis, Linn. Native name, Hurrial or Putringa. 


This bird abounds in the neighbourhood of Muttra. Its flight 
consists of short rapid jerks, and a quick gliding motion, and it ge- 
nerally returns to the same twig from whence it set out. Some- 
times several of them may be seen wallowing in the dust on the 
high road on a sunny morning. It feeds on insects, and builds its 
nest in the high banks of the neighbourhood. Its nest is in a very 
deep horizontal hole in perpendicular banks of hard earth, but often 
so low as to be within reach of the hand. From this it appears, 
that whilst they guard against other birds, snakes, and squirrels 
effectually, they fear not man. These nests are generally on the 
high road-side, and the birds fly in and out unhesitatingly. 


11. Merors Painiprinus, Linn. 


This bird utters a sharp whistle whilst flying, and also when 
perched. It flies for a much longer period and in a different manner 
to M. viridis, by taking several kite-like sweeps round and above 
its tree, and keeping on the wing for nearly a minute. It builds its 
nest in the same manner. There is a pair now (May 31st) near my 
house. [June 29th, 1849, killed one of a flock which are breeding 
in an old rampart opposite my. house, fronting the high road. 
Irides vermilion. ] 

Referring to the Urdoo names of the different species of the Bee- 
eater of India, it may be remarked, that the natives class them under 
two heads :—Putringas and Hurewahs (Hurrials), each consisting 
of two descriptions of birds ; the first of Chota and Bura Putringa, 
and the second of Chota and Bura Hurewah. The Bura Putringa 
is also called Goolal. The Putringas, it is to be observed, are com- 
mon all over India; while the Hurewahs are confined entirely to 
Bengal, and never seen above Barilly in a wild state. 

. The Hurewahs are of a size between the two Putringas, and the 
two species are distinguished from each other by a slight difference 
in size, and by the larger one having a yellow spot on the top of the 
head. The Hurewahs are considered good singing birds, and are 
brought up as such by the native bird-fanciers of the Lower Provinces, 
and who occasionally bring them up to Muttra for sale. These 
birds must be taken very young from the nest ; and they require as 
much care as most cage-birds do in their rearing and education as 
singing birds. The Putringas, on the other hand, are not good 
singing birds, and are therefore never caged or brought up as such. 


88 


The Putringa is also a very watchful bird. On the approach of a 
hawk, he immediately mounts into the air and utters a shrill mut- 
tering noise, which is well understood and taken up by all the other 
birds, who immediately fly to cover. 


12, Hirunpo FILIFERA, Stephens. 


I have seen this beautiful Swallow in my own compound after 
rain, and also sporting over a stagnant part of the Jumna at Brin- 
dabun. Its nest was under a projecting part of the building over- 
hanging the water. 


13. CypseLus arrinis, J. E. Gray. Native name, Abadil. 


Very common in the neighbourhood of Muttra. I have caught 
many specimens by simply standing at the bottom of a staircase in 
which were numbers of their nests, and waving the hat as they flew 
out, when they were instantly entangled. They appear half-blind 
or stupid after daylight. They quite fill up with feathers, &c., any 
hole in the wall for their nest, but when they build in the corner of 
a building they make a very thin cup-shaped nest. These nests they 
fasten one to another. The materials in the latter case appear glued 
together. Their claws are excessively sharp, and hold on to the 
flesh with desperate tenacity. 


14, CaPRIMULGUS Native name, Chapka. 


These secrete themselves during the day at the roots of bushes, 
and fly out at dusk. They take such short and quick turns in the 
air, that a hawk can only with great effort catch them. The Sparrow- 
hawk alone is successful in this case. The natives believe that if it 
settles on a cow she becomes ill, and her milk dries up. 


15. Hatcyon Smyrnensis, Linn. Native name, Ailhila. 


This is found near ponds and small streams. Sometimes it may 
be seen sitting solitary on the top ofa tree or the corner of a cottage, 
and at short intervals utters a shrill tremulous sound of seven or eight 
syllables, A7/éllilili, like a wire which, having been struck, continues 
to vibrate. It often utters this ery before break of day, and some- 
times during the night. 

In the dry weather it sits near the water-courses in gardens, and 
watches for insects of any sort in the damp ground beneath dense 
fruit trees. I have seen it twice alight and devour an insect in such 

laces. 
T have found this species breeding in the Kazi’s garden, and ob- 
served the female feeding her full-grown young one near the hole 
where the nest was. It waited for its food on the bough of a tree. 

June Ist.—Observed the male treading the female, which is done 
in a similar manner as in the ducks. The habits of this bird bear 
comparison with aquatic birds only in a few instances. Its organi- 
zation is, according to ornithologists, that of land birds, though the 
moderns have classed it with water birds, because perhaps they fre- 


89 


quent water, which however seems only because they draw their 
food from that element. The Kilkila is very common throughout 
the N.W. Provinces, attaching itself generally to pools of water, but 
frequently also to other places. I have often seen a pair attach 
themselves to my compound, and sit watching for hours at a time on 
some stick projecting from a “ chopper” or the branch of a tree in 
the compound, for lizards and mice, which I have seen them fly at 
and catch, and swallow after killing them by beating them against 
the stick they perch on. 

This bird becomes very familiar where it is not molested. It is 
easily caught with lime-twigs baited with a mouse or a mole-cricket. 


16. Cerys varia, Strickl. Native name, Sufid Kilkila. 


This Kingfisher is very numerous, and is evidently a more retired 
bird than the preceding, and is only to be seen over rivers and large 
lakes, and seldom, if ever, near the habitations of men; over the 
former it may be seen hovering with its wings in rapid motion, ba- 
lancing itself in the air whilst watching the fish, on which it plunges 
with the swiftness of lightning. If successful, it flies to the nearest 
bank and eats its prey at leisure; if not, it flies on a short distance, 
with its eyes fixed on the water till another fish attracts its atten- 
tion, when it repeats its former manceuvre. Koureealah is another 
name applied by the natives to this bird. 


17.. Tcur1TReA PARADIsSI, Linn. Native name, Taklah. 


Dr. Murray says that the chestnut and the white bird are the 
same species in different stages of growth; that the chestnut is the 
colour of the young one, and that when they moult they become 
white. The proof he gives is, that he has shot specimens during 
their moult, when they are partly clothed in their old chestnut, and 
partly in the new white dress. 

I saw a pair, one white and the other cinnamon, following each 
other, and I should say they were male and female. 

This bird can elevate its crest at pleasure. In general it is re- 
cumbent. 


18. Pericrocrotus speciosus, Lath. Native name, Shah- 
Sakhi-Kapi. 

These birds are very restless, and frequent the tops of high trees, 
and ever chasing their prey. They generally fly in pairs. The 
natives assert that the male has seven females in his train, whence 
it has the above name, and also Shah Saheli Kajhumka, 


19. RHIPIDURA ALBO-FRONTATA, Frankl. Native name, Sham- 
chirt. 

Extremely common in Brindabun, and I have seen it on the 
banks of the Jumna. It is very volatile and agile. It has a loud 
clear-chanting whistle. 


ee 90 


20. Dicrurus macrucercus, Vieill. Native name, Bojunga. 


This bird may be seen everywhere flitting about trees, and on the 
backs of cattle. They abound in great numbers at the commencement 
of the high land on the Brindabun road. It is sometimes seen con- 
tending with the Hoopoe for the same insect. I saw one deliberately 
pulling to pieces a large insect which it held tight to the branch 
with its claw; the remaining piece it took in its bill and by a slight 
effort swallowed it. I once heard, about four o’clock in the morn- 
ing and whilst yet dusk, several Bojungas making a great whistling 
noise and replying to each other, and was informed upon inquiry, 
that they are accustomed to have great fun at this hour, flying about 
in antics. I would remark that the Bojunga and the Bhringraj 
(D. paradiseus) are different species of the same genus of birds ; 
the latter is an inhabitant apparently of the Nepal Hills, whence 
only it is brought down as a singing bird and sold at a fair near 
Bulubbut held in January every year. The Bhringraj is never to 
be seen in the plains, at least of the N.W. Provinces, in its wild 
state: it may easily be distinguished from the Bojunga by its having 
a crest of feathers on its head, and being more than double the size 
of the former, though the shape, plumage (except the top-knot), and 
perhaps habits are the same. The Bojunga probably inhabits the 
mountainous parts of the country as well as the plains, but certainly 
the Bhringra) confines itself entirely to the hills. The Thampal, 
which is another native name for the Bojunga, is unquestionably 
common enough in the N.W. Provinces, being found wherever there 
are large trees. It is fond of positions commanding extensive views : 
the top of a high tree is a favourite perch, where it performs the 
part of a sentinel in watching and giving notice of the approach of 
an unwelcome visitor. It has some peculiar loud notes of alarm, 
which are well understood by the less watchful but more peaceable 
portion of the feathered race. The Thampal has an innate dislike 
to the vicinity of all Raptorial birds, and will, withont any apparent 
provocation, attack and drive these away from its immediate neigh- 
bourhood ; but it is not until the breeding season arrives, which is 
from May to July and August, that this aversion and its natural 
pugnacity come out in full force. From the moment the nest is 
built, the male bird becomes extremely jealous of any encroachments 
upon the precincts of his dwelling, and during incubation his vigi- 
lance and ferocity are extreme. No sooner does he perceive the ad- 
vance of a hawk, &c., than, starting from his high perch, he launches 
into the air to meet it. As all birds seem to dread an encounter 
with this dauntless little champion, the hawk is often seen to alter 
its course immediately on observing this challenge ; but should it 
have the hardihood to continue the original direction of its flight, 
it certainly pays the penalty of its temerity; for the Thampal, 
mounting into the air a short distance above it, inflicts such smart 
blows, sometimes fixing on its back with his claws and beak for some 
seconds, as compels the hawk to beat a hasty retreat to some cover. 
Occasionally the female will turn out to assist the male in beating 
off a bird that approaches too near her nest. The following instance 


91 


of cunning in the Tkampal is worthy of record :—Riding slowly 
across the country one fine morning in pursuit of game, I perceived 
a Thampal on a projecting dry branch of a large tree, while at a short 
distance were a number of different kinds of birds in a field in search 
of food. Presently I sawa ‘“‘Chehee”’ or “ Gilgilla”’ spring up and 
catch a locust in the act’of flying away ; the insect was too large to 
be easily subdued by the bird, and struggled hard to get away; it 
did escape once or twice from the bird, but was as often retaken. 
The Thampal had evidently observed the locust’s struggles, and had 
once or twice tried to take it on its escape from the bird, but in vain. 
After one of these attempts he returned quietly to his perch, to all 
appearance giving up the idea of another similar trial. He had not, 
however, been there a few seconds, when—perhaps having revolved 
in his mind that the morsel was too nice a one to be relinquished 
without one more attempt—he suddenly uttered some of those shrill 
notes which indicate the approach of a hawk. So sudden was the 
alarm, and given with an intensity denoting imminent danger, that 
it sent the poor birds screaming with fright to a covert hard by ; 
the locust, being abandoned in the panic, was taken off as Jawful booty 
by the Thampal.: I satisfied myself that no hawk had been or was 
in the vicinity, before I left the spot; and am confident the alarm 
was a ruse on the part of the Thampal to get at the locust. 


21. Lanrus Laurora, Sykes. Native name, Sufid Latora. 


This Shrike is common enough throughout the N.W. Provinces, 
and is one of the sentinels which watch and give notice of the ap- 
proach of Raptorial birds, hawks in particular. I have never seen 
it attempting to attack any large bird, but I have on one or two oc- 
casions seen it pursue and capture small birds in the fields. It flew 
after them round and into thebushes before it could effect the capture. 
A friend of mine (Mr. Blewitt) tells me he has also seen the same 
thing done by a Latora once or twice, and I mention this here be- 
cause I believe it has been doubted if this bird preys thus on the 
smaller birds. This, however, I am inclined to believe it does but 
seldom, and only from extremity cf hunger; its more usual food 
being crickets, lizards, &c., when they abound. I have heard that 
this Shrike has been trained, but could never be made to catch a 
bird larger than a sparrow. It is, however, used in another curious 
way for the purpose of catching other birds. The bird-catcher 
takes a Latora, and running a string through its nostrils, runs the 
same string through those of a common starling, and drawing the 
string so as to bring the beaks of the two birds nearly together, 
joins it ina knot. In this state one of the two birds is fastened to 
a peg on the ground in a field, round which spot a circle of lime- 
twigs is set up. As soon as the man withdraws himself, these two 
birds try to extricate themselves, thus making a great noise, which 
attracts all sorts of birds, and which try to separate the supposed 
belligerents, but who in flying about come in contact with the lime- 
twigs, and are caught. The Latora is considered among the birds 
of omen with the Hindoos. 


92 


22. LANIUS ERYTHRONOTUS, Vigors. Native name, Pila Latora. 


Is common about Muttra, seated on the top of the castor-oil tree, 
and screams with a shrill single sound, generally repeated with one 
high and one low note, like Qeek, geek. It utters various cries, ap- 
parently in imitation of other birds. It always seats itself on the 
highest or outermost branch, so as to command a wide view. This 
bird is inferior in courage to the Sufid Latora, and has never been 
known to attack live birds as prey, it living entirely on insects, &c. 


23. TEPHRODORNIS PONDICERIANUS. 


Takes very short flights, and is not shy ; hops from twig to twig, 
and takes surveys around the tree by twisting its head in every di- 
rection. Having spied an insect of a soft kind, it seized it, then 
laying it down, deliberately ate it. 

I observed a specimen hunting in various trees. It was very tame, 
and though often seated quietly for some seconds, it was never idle, 
its eyes and head being always on the look-out for insects. It hunts 
for insects in and under leaves, and with its very sharp bill picks 
these out with ease. Having discovered the chrysalis of some insect 
in its web attached to a leaf, it tugged vigorously at it till it was de- 
tached ; it then devoured it. It did not attempt to catch flies. 


24. Matacocercus canorvs, Linn. Native name, Ghanghai. 


This is most fearless in attacking the hawk. I once observed a 
friend fly his hawk at a partridge, and as it passed by a flock of 
these birds, they spied and attacked it after it had secured the part- 
ridge. They so severely treated the bird with their beaks, that it 
was glad to relinquish its prey and fly for its life. It was so fright- 
ened, that having once taken shelter ina tree, it was with the greatest 
difficulty brought back again to the fist. Its head remained swollen 
for a week, and afterwards it dreaded the sight of one of these birds. 

On another occasion I observed a number of these birds actually 
kill a sparrow-hawk. 


25. Mauacocercus (? caupatus, Dum.). Native name, Peng. 


This bird is very common here. Its habit, size and colour di- 
stinguish it from the Bara Podna. The Podna lives in the trees, 
and there feeds on insects; the Peng hunts only on the ground. 
The first has the lively motions of the small Podna ; the other in- 
tently surveys the ground before he pecks, then hops a little distance 
with several great bounds, and then pecks again. The colour of 
the belly of the first is pure white, of the second only the chin. The 
Peng is also by far the larger of the two. The voice of the Peng 
is very peculiar, and at once distinguishes it from all other birds : 
it is a low under-toned warbling whistle, which it very often utters. 
A pair I have in confinement are all day long jumping from side to 
side of their aviary and responding to each other. They bear con- 
finement very well, and feed on grain. One of them has a malfor- 
mation of his upper mandible, which is bent down on one side of 
the lower ; he manages, however, to eat and thrive. 


93 


When alarmed and retreating from an intruder, they run by a 
succession of long rapid hops; and when they have retreated some 
distance, their appearance is very much like that of a large field-rat, 
both as to waddling, motion, colour and shape; the long tail always 
dragging on the ground, very much favours the deception. When 
they fly to a distant part of the same field, they go so very near the 
ground, that if their wings were not seen in motion you might fancy 
them running or skimming the surface very swiftly. It generally 
frequents the bottoms of hedges and open fields, in the morning and 
evening. 


26. Pycnonotus pyczus, Hodgson. 
Syn. Pye. bengalensis, Blyth. Native name, Bulbul. 


Common in the neighbourhood of Muttra. It is sold in great 
numbers in Delhi, and kept both for singing and fighting ; the latter 
it is taught to do in the following manner :—The birds are placed 
on a string, to which they are tied, having a small range, in sight 
of each other. They are thus fed. When they wish to teach them 
to fight, they are kept hungry, and then are brought so near, that 
at the extent of their tether their beaks almost touch ; the keeper 
then places a little food on his finger between the two birds. As 
both are hungry, they become indignant at the chance of each 
other getting the food, and of course show fight, and if let loose will 
immediately commence. 

This bird is also taught to perch on the finger. A string is tied 
round its body and under its wings, and is thus kept prisoner with- 
out a cage. 

- The Bulbul sits on a solitary branch early in the morning, and 
keeps uttering a cry, consisting of two sounds, thus Kee kua. I 
have seen them hunting in pairs over the branches of large trees. 
Sometimes it feeds on the ground. I have found the nest of this bird 
in June, in an orange-bush, 4 feet from the ground. The nest was 
small, round, and contained four brown-spotted eggs. 

It is remarkable that these birds are attracted by any very bright 
red or scarlet-coloured fruit. I have seen them occasionally caught by 
boys with a ripe cherry hung up near a lime-twig or other trap, to 
which a Bulbul has been enticed by the colour of the fruit. 

_ Another native name given to these birds is Gul-doom, with re- 
ference, no doubt, to the scarlet patch under the tail. 

I saw a specimen of this bird perfectly white all over, excepting 
the scarlet patch under the tail. It was brought in a cage from 
Barilly, and the owner gave the history of the bird thus :—He was 
one day going about the gardens near Barilly in search of young 
birds (being a bird-fancier), when he saw a crow fly across his path 
with a young unfledged Bulbul, followed close by the parent birds ; 
as the crow flew close over his head, the man raised his hands and 
made a noise, which frightened the crow; the young bird was dropped, 
and being picked up was afterwards reared, when to the astonishment 


94 


of all that saw it, the young bird put forth white plumage, which it 
renewed, of the same snow-white colour every moulting season. 

Query. Could any fright received by the nestling on being carried 
off by the crow have produced this effect on the plumage ? 


27. PycTorNis SINENSIS, Gmel.* Native name, Bara Podna. 


This is an elegant little bird, which I have often observed in my 
garden. It lives on insects, and spreads out its tail like a fan when 
flying. Mr. C. J. Davis of Agra remarks that “this is the bird said 
to support the heavens by its legs, lest it fall.”’ (See Shakespeare.) 
It generally builds in the Banyan tree. 


28. OrroLus Kunpoo, Sykes. 


Breeds here in the rainy season, and may frequently be observed 
frequenting the gardens in the neighbourhood. 


29. Corpsycuus sAuLarRis, Linn. Native name, Dayer. 


This pretty singing bird is much prized by the Mussulmen, who 
cover up its cage, and feed it with expensive delicacies. Its food 
is made of roast grain-meal, ghi and spices. It frequents the lower 
branches of trees, and catches flying insects. I have observed it 
hunting on the ground in the shade of trees and bushes for soft 
insects, flying or creeping. 


30. KirracincLa mMAcRouRA, Gmel. Native name, Shamd. 


May be observed early in the morning perched on walls, low trees 
and mounds, singing very sweetly. It builds in old walls, holes in 
houses, &c. 

Mr. Davis says that the Shémé will sometimes imitate other birds, 
and that one in his compound, which had her nest near his poultry 
yard, used to imitate exactly the crowing of the cock, the call of a 
partridge, a kite and the Tuti (Lozia rosea). When caged it will 
imitate any other singing bird placed near it. It lays its eggs in the 
hot weather. 


31. THAMNOBIA FULICATA, Linn. Native name, Kalchiri. 


Feeds on insects, as black and white ants. It constantly utters 
its sharp pleasant twitter when jumping about. Its note is twi a 
twi a twi, ending in qgueck. It builds in holes in walls, &e. When 
the male is courting, he swells himself out, and especially his red 
under tail-coverts, and erects his tail perpendicular. He then flies 
with a whirring sound. 


32. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA, Linn. Native name, Pidha. 


This bird abounds here at the close of the rains, and may be seen 
perched on the tops of the dajra and joar when nearly ripe. It 
utters a sharp rapid wir, and has asong also, They answer each 
other. 


* Syn. Timalia hypoleuca, Frankl. 


95 


33. OrTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDA, Gmel. 


May often be observed on low bushes and on the ground, but also 
often to be seen in the tops of low thorny trees. It feeds on small 
tender caterpillars and grasshoppers, with which, when obtained, it 
flies to a tree above to eat. If it notices any person watching, it 
will hop down and return the compliment by inquisitively looking, 
first with one eye, then with the other, at the stranger, and at a very 
short distance, uttering at the same time a loud chirp. Having 
satisfied itself, it flies to another tree. This I have repeatedly ob- 
served. : 


34. Bupytrs viripis, Gmel. Native name, Pila Mamola. 


This is a much rarer bird than Motacilla luzoniensis, and is not 
so active when on the ground ; it remains more in one place, and does 
not wag the tail so much. I have never observed more than one’ 
pair together. 


35. Nemoricoxa 1npica, Gmel. Native name, Mamola. 


This may be observed in abundance at Brindabun in flocks of six 
or eight. They prefer hunting in damp grass in the open fields in 
the morning. 


36. CALANDRELLA BRACHYDACTYLA, Temm. Native name, Bha- 
gera. , 


Observed here in the cold season only. 


37. Ataupa Cuenpoora, Frankl. Native name, Chandil. 


This bird is highly prized by bird-fanciers in India, and great care 
is taken of it, as it has a very fine voice, and is taught to sing 
for a greater portion of the night. A faqir, near the mosque in the 
centre of the city, keeps all kinds of Larks in neat brass-wire cages. 

The Chandul rises into the air and sings all night till daybreak 
during the rains. 


38. Mrrarra assamica, M‘Clelland. Native name, Bhatul. 


Common here, and may be observed in the morning and evening 
perched on a naked bank, and there pouring forth for a long time 
its song, which consists of about eight notes, the first six very quickly 
repeated and the two last slowly, thus—twée twée twée tw&e twée 
twee twéeé twéeé. It breeds here, as I have found the young but 
just fledged. It runs crouching very near the ground, and hides 
itself behind anything that offers. 


_ 39. PygRRHULAUDA GRISEA, Scop. Native names, Dabuk Chari 
and Duila (Davis). 

This bird builds its nest on the ground under a tuft of grass. The 
birds are nearly of the same colour as the ground, and they sit 
motionless until you almost put your foot on them. In running 
about they crouch and go a few inches at a time, whence their name 


96 


of Crouchers. The female bird on the nest is only discoverable by 
the eye. 


40. Passer tnpvica, J. et 8S. Native name, Gourya. 


Lays four eggs, white speckled with brown. The nest is com- 
posed of grass, hemp, and lined inside with large soft feathers. I 
have observed them throwing out their dung from the nest with their 
beaks. 


41. Procevs Baya, Blyth. Native name, Baya. 


The Baya arrives in the neighbourhood of Muttra in the hot 
weather, and begins to build during the rains. It would seem that 
they preferred those trees which, from any cause, are most inacces- 
sible. Thus, in this neighbourhood, they suspend their nests from 
the Babul (Mimosa arabica), the terrible thorns of which keep all 
intruders at a distance; but, however, where palm-trees abound, 
they always select them, as being quite inaccessible, especially at the 
extreme tips of the leaves, where they generally suspend their nest. 
The nest is generally commenced from the top, the birds forming a 
circle like a hoop, on which they sit and swing while working; the 
top of the hoop is gradually widened, so as at last to form a dome 
with two supports; and thus the work goes on, till the whole dome 
has come to the length of the bottom of the hoop: there the nest 
begins to be formed into two compartments ; on one side of the hoop 
the nest itself is placed, the other side being formed into an entrance. 

They build the nest with one kind of dry grass, and during its for- 
mation you may observe them walking over the outside of the nest, 
prying about in every direction, and here and there tightening a fibre 
by seizing it with their beak and moving their head to and fro. 
They do not seem in any great hurry to complete the nest, but are 
very anxious to have it the proper shape, and, I suppose, sufficiently 
water-tight : indeed, no form could be better devised for a bird which 
builds only in the rainy season. I have observed them suspend the 
making of the nest for a month after the first few showers till the 
heavy rains begin to descend. They often take the liberty to hop 
on to a neighbour’s nest and look about it, but never rob it of mate- 
rials. Sometimes the high wind shakes down the nest, if not at- 
tached sufficiently strong. One bird I observed commencing its nest 
from the bottom, resting it on a twig having plenty of leaves. 

The Bayas are very tame, and will allow you to stand under the 
tree whilst they are making their nests. 


42. Munta Amanpava, Linn. Native name, Lal or Lal Munia. 


This is sold here during the rainy season for about two annas each. 
Many Rajahs keep men to teach these little creatures to fight. Their 
note is very pretty, when caged. They pass the winter with diffi- 
culty, and often die of cold. The only way to preserve them is to 
provide them with the nest of the Baya (Ploceus), into which they 
creep and huddle together. They are very easily caught in traps in 
which a Lal is confined. 


97 


43. CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS, Pallas. Native name, Tuti. 


This comes from the hills in the spring, and feeds on the mul- 
berry. It is caught by the natives in nets, before which two or three 
decoys are tied. 


44. Srurnra pacoparum, Gmelin, Native name, Pabiya Pawi. 


A very common bird. Elegant in shape and colour. Sings 
sweetly and is often caged. It is docile and hardy, and will imitate 
any other bird placed near it. It talks like a Munia, but with a 
shriller note. I observed it on May 31st building its nest in the hole 
of a tree close to a bridge. 


45. Srurnus vuearis, Linn. Native name, Telia or Nakhshi 
Telia. 


Generally appears in great flocks in the neighbourhood of Muttra 
in the cold weather. 

The name Telia given to this bird and the Pastor roseus is most 
likely derived from Til (oil seed), which they are very fond of. 


46. SruRNOPASTOR CONTRA, Linn. Native name, Ablaka. 


This builds a rather large nest in a conspicuous situation on trees 
of moderate height. It is somewhat shy. 


47. ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS, Linn. Native name, Maina. 


May be observed in the cold weather crowding together on the 
Babul trees. They have several notes: one is pratkh, praikh, another 
when flying is twee, twee. They may be seen of a morning feeding 
in the open fields upon white-ants. It is frequently caged and 
taught to talk, which it does tolerably well. 


_ 48. Corvus sPLENDENS, Vieill. 


- The sagacity and vigilance of this predatory bird is too well known 
to require much in illustration of its habits; but I have too often 
myself been amused by witnessing the tricks, to think some short 
account of the manner in which this exceedingly cunning bird is 
caught by the natives, would not prove uninteresting to the reader of 
these notes. To any one conversant with the customs of this country 
_ (india) I need not say that Crows, as well as several other kinds of 
birds, are in great request at large cities for “‘Sudga” or ‘‘ Ootarus”’ 
(ransoms) for the sick. Hence the necessity with bird-catchers of 
_ having a constant and well-regulated supply on hand, and as a Crow 
ean seldom be tricked twice in the same manner, the bird-catchers 
have recourse to various methods of entrapping him. One of them 
_ is this :—Feeding Crows on certain occasions forms part of a religious 
4 eeremony with the Hindoos, and this share of the business is gene- 
_ Tally taken up by the women, with whom, accordingly, Crows. be- 
_ come very familiar, nay, sometimes so bold as to take the food from 
_ their hands. Taking advantage of this familiarity with the women 

of the country, I have frequently seen a bird-catcher attire himself 
_ No. CCCXXXIII.—Proceepines or THE Zoo.ocicat Socrery. 


98 


in the garb of a Hindoo female, and closély veiling his face and beard 
with the “‘Chadir,”’ issue forth with a Thaler loaded with sweet rice 
in his hand to invite Crows to a (supposed) feast! This invitation 
consists of throwing a few grains of the rice to every Crow. met on 
the way, and thus a flock is soon collected round the supposed woman, 
when the bird-catcher proceeds to his net, still throwing out a few 
grains of rice now and then to the Crows, who now follow him close. 
Reaching his net —which, by-the-bye, must be set at night and care- 
fully concealed under dust and sand, otherwise the whole plan would 
fail,—he heaps the rice on a spot surrounded by the hidden net, walks 
to the end of a string attached to the net, and as all the Crows are 
now very busy at devouring the feast, he suddenly draws the net over 
his victims. I need hardly remark that in the manner of laying the 
net, and in concealing his person, the bird-catcher must be exceed- 
ingly cautious, for should the least suspicion be created by any dis- 
covery, the farce would be at an end. The very arms and feet of 
the man must be concealed, and the sight of a beard would most cer- 
tainly send all the Crows flying in a moment. There are several 
other ways of catching these birds. 


49. Corvus cutminatus, Sykes. Native name, Pahari-kawa. 
The habits of this are tolerably well known. 


50. DenprociTTa RuFA, Scopoli. Native name, Dhanes or 
Maha Lat. 


The Maha Lat is a sociable, bold bird, found in all extensive 
groves and forests. It has several curious notes. They are generally 
found in pairs. Sometimes two or three pairs assemble on the same 
tree and begin to talk and quarrel, with a very singular sound of two 
syllables, thus—Kakak or Kekekek several times repeated in a gut- 
tural tone. It isnot much unlike the sound of the peacock, but not 
so loud. When not quarreling it has another note more agreeable. 
Perhaps this is a note of love? This too is a compound sound, and 
is generally uttered when there is only one pair ona tree. One of 
the birds utters the note and the other responds with a low purring 
sound. ‘To utter the full sound the bird lifts up its body from the 
tree, or shoots it forward, without rising from its legs. ‘The Maha 
Lat takes very short flights from tree to tree, and does not often 
alight on the ground. 


51. Coracras 1NpIcus, Linn. Native name, Sulzuwk and Nil- 
khant. 

“ Though gifted with so brilliant a plumage, much cannot be said 
in praise of its shape. Its appearance on the wing is lovely, yet 
when perched we observe a large head, thick neck, prominent breast, 


and a pinched body, which is rendered more conspicuous by a Jong 


tail. It is a very common bird, is little afraid of man’s approach, 
and is pugnacious, driving away the crow without much effort ; it is 
a very noisy screaming bird, and in this respect is frequently very 


¢ 
4 


99 


troublesome. With the Hindoos it is esteemed sacred ; they con- 
sider it propitious if seen upon the day which concludes the Dasserah 
or Doorg-a-pooja festivals, and discharge their matchlocks to put it 
on the wing. The Birmahs commonly send parties to procure the 
feathers of this bird.” —C. W. Smith’s Notes. 

This bird often shoots up perpendicularly into the air, screaming 
as it goes, and then with as sudden and nearly as steep a descent 
plunges towards the earth, but only to shoot up again. This it often 
continues for some minutes, till it settles on a bough. 

When attacked by a hawk it shows great agility by twisting itself 
at the moment of the hawk’s stoop, and when caught with its power- 
ful beak it often seriously wounds the legs of its captor. The natives 
say that it sometimes breaks its legs. At any rate it has done this 
in the case of the Shikra (Micronisus badius). 

I once observed this bird flying steadily forward, when presently 
an insect some yards beneath attracted its attention, after which it 
dived with a sudden twist, seized it, and pursued its course. 


52. Bucrros GINGINIANUS, Lath. Native name, Lamdor or 
Dhanmar. 


Is very shy, especially towards roosting-time. A specimen killed 
at Hasanpur on the Ganges received two shots and died after repeated 
attempts to strangle it. It uttered a shrill sound like Ak while on 
the tree and when wounded. In its belly was found a hard lump 
the size of a pigeon’s egg, which on being cut open was found filled 
with the fruit of the Peepul and other trees. 


53. Panzornis Torquatvs, Briss. Native name, Gallar. 


_ Abounds in every part of India. They fly in great flocks to the 
fields and gardens, screaming as they fly. When perched on a tree, 
the Kite will sometimes swoop down on them and carry one off in 
its talons. The rest do not attempt a rescue, but fly in circles, 
screaming loudly. They destroy much more fruit than they eat, 
biting it off and letting it fall; this is generally unripe fruit. The 
owl attacks these birds by night, and their feathers may sometimes 
be seen in the morning strewing the ground. They make their nest 
in holes of walls and trees. 
On a journey in Rohilcund I observed one fly out from a tree with 
a scream, and, taking a circuit in the air, sweep back to the tree, 
when, just seizing the tip of a branch far too slender to bear its 
weight, it swung round and round as if for amusement, and thus 
_ turned several summersaults, till by a spiral motion it ascended to 
_ the firm part of the branch. 


ity PALZORNIS CYANOCEPHALUS, Linn. Native name, Tuia 
Tota. 


__ This Parrakeet is found feeding on the fruit of the Peepul tree. 


4 x 55. Panmornis ALEXANDRI. Native name, Pahari Tota. 


100 


56. MreGALAIMA INDICA, Lath. Native name, Bassunta Insora. 


Abounds in Rohilcund, and is also a visitant in the neighbour- 
hood of Muttra. They generally occur in pairs, and I have seen 
them in all high trees. 

The voice of this bird is certainly very remarkable: it begins in a 
low tone, and gradually increases its pitch and its power until the 
whole tree seems vocal with one full rich sound. This ubiquity of 
sound much deceives a person endeavouring to see the bird which 
causes it, as he may look to any part of the tree, and his ear will 
never guide his eye. Another deception is the smallness and green 
colour of the bird, which hide it among the foliage; and the last is 
its immobility, for it remains fixed to one spot all the time it utters 
its note. When not thus engaged, it runs up and down the tree like 
a Woodpecker, displaying its beautiful yellow and green clothing. 


57. BRACHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS, Linn. Native name, Sat- 
Ranga. 


This Woodpecker is rather scarce here, but abundant in Bareilly. 
It breeds once a year, in Asarh, laying three or four eggs of a light- 
green colour in the hollows of trees. 


58. CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS, Illiger. Native name, Mahika. 
Ihave shot this bird in Muttra. Its flesh is good eating. It 


is a very shy bird, and must be shot from an ambush. It moves by . 


hopping and sometimes walking stately as a crow. 

The Mahuka utters a cry in the morning so like that of an owl, 
that I was long deceived by it. The only difference is, that the 
kook, kook, kook, is pronounced a little more rapidly, and does not 
end in a run like that of the owl. The ook is uttered in a very 
guttural tone, and one bird answers the other—male and female. 
The cry is uttered on trees: it makes it with some effort, by swell- 
ing out its throat and bending its head. 

On opening the stomach of a specimen shot, a lizard about the 
length of the hand was found. This lizard was beautifully marked 
with black bars, and is said to be intensely poisonous. My Bhustie, 
a very respectable trustworthy man, said that he once knew of a 
buffalo that died from the bite of this lizard, in its tongue. 


59. CoccysTES MELANOLEUCOS, Gmel. Native name, Chdtak 
or Popiya. 

Visits the neighbourhood every hot season, and is now (May 22nd) 
in the garden. It has been observed to rise high in the air long 
before day, and utters its notes, which are very loud. I once shot a 
specimen as it was sitting one evening on the bare ground, pecking 
at some insects, while its mate sat on a low bushy tree close by. It 
is not at all shy, for though my man and family stopped before it, 
and though his gun flashed in the pan the first time, it did not fly 
away. I have been informed that they go out for the day into the 
jungle and return by evening. 


101 


Mr. C. J. Davis of Agra informs me that this bird lays its eggs 
in the nest of Malacocercus, and that it brings up the young bird. 
_ This bird makes a great figure in Hindu poetry under the name 
of Chatak. 


60. EUDYNAMYS ORIENTALIS, Linn. Native name, Koél. 


. This is common in the neighbourhood. It is a very fickle bird, 
not staying many moments on any onetree, It jumps about all the 
time it is on the tree in search of food, apparently uttering various 
cries besides Koél. It begins with kik, kik, kik, then koél, koél, 
koél, and. often talks low to itself hu, ku, kd, ka, like a crow, but in 
softer tones. 

On June 4th, 1849, I observed a female Koé/ feeding her full- 
grown young one with pipul fruit. The young one was perfectly 
the same size as the mother, but its tail not so fully developed ; its 
colour, however, was so unlike, that had I not seen it being fed by 

| the Koél, and for a long time closely observed their exact similarity 

; of shape, their similar mode of hopping from branch to branch, and 

é the fact of the young following the female when she flew to another 

___ tree, I should have never believed it possible that they could be of 

} the same species. The young was of a brownish colour, covered 
with dark brown bars all over, except the top of its head, which ap- 
peared dark brown or black ; its breast was light-coloured, and the 
tail with broad white and brown bands. 

__ From this fact it appears either that some Koé/s rear their own young 
entirely, or that they watch till the crow turns them out of the nest, 
and then takes the charge of them. An intelligent native confirms 
the last supposition, and says that at Gwalior, in the large mango 
groves, the female Koé/, from the time it has laid its egg, comes five 
or six times a day (although persecuted when seen by the crow), 
to see after the welfare of its young. This it continues till the crow 
drives out the fledged young one, when the mother flies off with it. 
This he has frequently seen. 


61. Upupa evors, Linn. Native name, Hidhid. 


_ The Hoopoe is common in India. I once saw a fight between a 
_ Bhaj-ung (Dicrurus) and a Hudhiid (Hoopoe). This bird never 
_ feeds but on the ground, where it marches about with a bustling 
notion, and with its long beak hunts out all sorts of insects from 
¥ Tes in the ground. It is very fond of examining all the holes at 
roots of large trees, where no doubt it often obtains a feast. It 
8 with such jerks that no hawk can catch it; even the swiftest 
_ and smallest hawks do not succeed. The Persians believe that this 
_ bird used to bring Solomon all the news of the country. 
2. Necrarinia asratica, Linn. Native name, Shatr Khora. 
his beautiful, purplish, steel-blue bird is common all over the 
rth-west. In the winter it may be seen sporting on the sunny 
of lofty trees. As soon as the Sahajna (Hyperanthera Moringa) 


102 


begins to blossom, it is constantly seen hovering before its white 


flowers, and as each forest tree begins to bloom, it rifles them of their’ 


sweets. It finds nourishment even in the Chamkra flower, and is 
now (May) every morning to be seen hovering over the poisonous 
Ak Madar Aling; with it many Humble-bees are seen feasting on 
the same sweets, and looking like smaller sun-birds. It is very bold, 
but does not like confinement, though it will suck out honey from 
flowers put between the bars of its cage. It sings pleasantly, 7. e. 
it has two or three sharp pretty chirps. It moults in the rainy 
season, and at this time its whole breast is yellow, with the excep- 
tion of a purple line in the middle ; the back feathers are all a dull 
olive-green, but with one or two purple feathers appearing. 

This bird often alights on the twig near the flower if smooth, and 
twisting its head over it, sucks out the honey. 


4. DrescrirTions or some New Spectres or LEepipoPrEerRous 
Insects From NorTHeRN Inp1a. By Freperic Moore, 
Assistant Museum East Inp1a Company. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XLIV.-XLV.) 


1. Prerts Nama, E. Doubleday, MS. (Pl. XLIV. figs. 1, 2.) 


Male.—Upper-side white ; fore-wing with a narrow brown line 
along costal margin, curving and widening across near the middle of 
the wing, and again tapering to posterior angle; hind-wing tinged 
with black (as if from intensity of that colour on the under-side) 
alorig the outer margin, where the veinlets are dark brown. 

Female.—Brown, with three longitudinal white streaks in middle 
of fore-wing, and two in the hind-wing: these streaks in some speci- 
mens being confluent and occupying nearly the whole of the middle 
of both fore- and hind-wings; under-side, along costal margin and 
widening to the outer margin of fore-wing, greenish-yellow, the rest 
white ; hind-wing greenish-yellow, darker on the veins, and nearly 
white along discoidal cell towards anterior angle. 

Expanse of wings 21 to 3 inches. 

Hab. Darjeeling; Sylhet; Bootan. In Mus. East India Com- 


any. 
B Remark. —The late Mr. E. Doubleday was acquainted with the 
male insect only, to which he applied the above MS. name to speci- 
mens in the British Museum ; both sexes I have now the pleasure of 
characterizing. 


2. Pizris Seta, Moore. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 3.) 


Upper-side blackish-brown ; fore-wing with two rows of narrowish 
white marks, two lengthened marks between median and submedian 
veinlets, and four small spots within discoidal cell ; hind-wing with 
a marginal row of whitish spots, another row from costal margin 
widening towards the anal angle, abdominal margin broadly whitish, 


: 


a a le 


S Anmlosa XLIV 


Proc. Z 


Sanaca.Moore 


4: Pieris 


6 Pieris Durvasa.? Moore 


Seta. Moore 


3 Pieris 


2, Pieris Nama 4 Moore 


ieris Indra. Moore 


1D. 
p 
c 


GH Ford 


Proc. Z.S. Ammilosa XLV. 


CH¥ord W West amp 


—— . = 


103 


the latter tinged with yellow, also a white linear mark in discoidal 
cell. Under-side as in the upper-side, but with all the markings on 
the hind-wings yellow. Wings shaped as in P. Thestylis. Expanse 
of wings 32ths inches. 

Hab. Bootan. In Mus. East India Company. 


_ 3. Preris Sanaca, Moore. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 4.) 


Upper-side white; fore-wing with the veins and veinlets broadly 
clouded with black, leaving only a row of lanceolate white spots on 
the outer margin, and another row of more linear-shaped marks ex- 
tending across the dise ; hind-wing with the veins and veinlets sharpl 
defined with black, discoidal and median veins clouded with black, 
the latter broadly so; also a marginal row of angular lunate marks ; 
anterior base and anal angle bright yellow. Under-side: fore-wing 
as in the upper-side, but the white markings more clearly defined, 
those near the anterior angle being yellowish ; hind-wing with the 
dark colour broader, and the white spaces nearly covered with yellow. 
Shape of wings as in P. Belladonna. _Expanse of wings 31 inches. 

Hab. Darjeeling. In Mus. East India Company. 


4, Prerits Inpra, Moore. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 5.) 


Upper-side dark brown; fore-wing with a central longitudinal 
space of white from the base, also two small white spots near ante- 
rior angle ; hind-wing with the anterior base brownish greenish- 
white, also with two white spots near anterior angle. Under-side : 
fore-wing with a broad irregular fascia from middle of costal margin 
to posterior angle; anterior angle chrome-yellow, with some white 
dividing the two colours ; basal half white, tinged with straw-yellow 
along discoidal cell ; hind-wing chrome-yellow, and minutely irro- 
rated with brown ; anterior half of discoidal cell and space between 
each veinlet near outer margin white, also a dark brown dot on disco- 


cellular veinlet. Wings shaped as in P. Pavlina. Expanse of wings 


3 inches. 

Hab. Darjeeling. In Mus. East India Company. 

The nearest ally of P. Indra appears to be P. Lalage, E. Double- 
day, Diurnal Lep. t. 6. f. 5, also from N. India. 


5. Preris Durvasa, Moore. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 6.) 


Male.—Upper-side white ; fore-wing from middle of costal margin, 
curving transversely, apically, and scolloped to near end of outer 
margin, black, and having near the apex some white marks, gene- 


rally three, the outer ones being sometimes indistinct ; base of costal 
_ margin and body greenish ; on the middle of disco-cellular veinlets 
_ isa round black spot, and another more quadrate spot between the 


first and second median veinlets, the latter slightly touching at the 
angle the scolloped black outer margin. 

Female.—Black colour broader, the quadrate spot larger and 
broadly confluent at the angle with the outer margin, thus forming a 
white spot on middle of outer margin ; hind-wings of female with a 


marginal row of blackish spots, the extreme margin and anal angle 


104 


being yellowish-white. Under-side : apex of fore-wing pale yellow, 
the black colour forming only a curved transverse bar, besides the 
two black spots ; hind-wings wholly pale yellow, and having a small 
disco-cellular black spot ; body yellowish. 

Expanse of wings 2 to 33 inches. 

Hab. Darjeeling, Assam. In Mus. East India Company. 

The form of the wings of Pieris Durvasa is the same as in P. 
Paulina and P. Pandione. 


6. Papitio Janaka, Moore, n. sp. (Pl. XLV.) 


Upper-side black ; hind-wing with a white patch on the disc, 
which is divided by three of the veinlets, thus forming four separate 
patches, the outer one on each side being the shortest, and the two 
nearest the abdominal margin being tinged with red; three submar- 
ginal and three marginal lunules and circular mark at anal angle red; 
tail with two red spots. Under-side black ; fore-wing with the base 
red ; hind-wing with patch on the disc as on upper-side, but the por- 
tion nearest abdominal margin nearly covered with red, which colour 
is continued upwards and downwards, occupying the base of the wing 
and the whole space between the third median veinlet and submedian 
vein ; lunules as above, but are larger, and a fourth submarginal one 
appears between the discoidal and first median veinlets ; tail spotted 
as above; cilia between the angles white; head, neck, body beneath 
and sides red. 

Wings shaped as in P. Bootes, Westw. Arc. Ent. t. 31. 

Expanse of wings 5 inches. 

Had. Darjeeling. In Mus. East India Company. 

Remark.—Papilio Bootes appears to be a near ally of P. Janaka. 


May 26, 1857. 
Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. DescripTion or CHINESE SHEEP SENT TO H. R. H. Prince 
ALBERT BY RutTHERFORD Atcock, Ese., H.M. Vice-Con- 
SUL AT SHANGHAI. PreEsENTED By H. R. H. To THE 
ZooxiocicaL Society 1n Aprit 1855. By A. D. Barr- 
LETT, Esa. 


(Mammalia, Pl. LIT.) 


These Sheep differ from all others that I have seen in not possess- 
ing external ears. In size they are equal to ordinary sheep; the 
wool is perfectly white, rather coarse and mixed with long hairs ; 


qH#HHS IVHONVHE 


T iteyudey N ¥ W 


4 


TT JTOM P 


ured! pitemure nw: a: 7-sarr 


105 


the head and face are smooth, and covered with white hair; they 
have no horns; the tail is short, rather broad, and turned up at the 
tip ; the profile is very convex. 

My attention was first called to these sheep from the fact of their 
great reproductive power. I find they breed twice in a year, and 
produce four and sometimes five at a birth, the three ewes now 
in the Society’s Gardens having this spring produced thirteen 
lambs. These lambs are very easily reared by hand, and are perfectly. 
hardy. Upon referring to Miss Corner’s ‘ History of China,’ pub- 
lished in 1847, it appears that since the introduction of the cotton 
plant into China (which took place during the Ming dynasty, about 
500 years ago), the breeding and rearing of sheep have been neg- 
lected, as the following extract will show :— 

“‘ The extended cultivation of cotton was one of the causes that 
led to the almost entire disappearance of sheep from the southern 
provinces, for it was found that it would take much more land to 
supply a certain number of persons with mutton and wool, than with 
rice and cotton. Then the pastures were gradually turned into rice 
and cotton plantations, while sheep were banished to the mountains 
and less fertile parts of the country. For the same reason cattle, 
horses, and other domestic animals are scarce ; the few that are kept 
for the purposes of husbandry are poor and ill-fed ; for there is not 
a common on which they can graze, so that they are tied up in stalls 
when not employed in the field. Dairy farms are unknown in China, 
where people use neither milk, butter, nor cheese.”? 

In a recent letter from China, the writer mentions, among other 
matters, that in giving a good dinner to some distinguished friends, 
one of the choicest dishes was a leg of mutton, the cost of which 
was equal to 30s. 

Having submitted specimens of the wool of this animal to my 
friend Dr. Price, who kindly forwarded the same to Mr. Darlington, 
the Secretary to the Chamber of Commerce at Bradford, for the 
purpose of having it examined by the most competent judges, the 
following report from these gentlemen was received. They say, 
“That the sample of sheep’s wool from China enclosed in Dr. Price’s 
letter, is a class of wool which would be extensively used by the 
manufacturers of this district for goods of low quality ; that it ap- 
pears to be wool suitable for combing purposes, and would now 
command about one shilling per pound.” 

That the wool doés not appear to offer any great inducement for 
its introduction will be seen by the above report. I, however, think 
it highly probable by cultivation and judicious crossing, a great im- 
provement may be fairly looked for. It is, however, to us a matter 
of the utmost importance that we should possess animals whose 
power of reproducing is greatest, in order to supply the increased 
demand for meat. 

The origin of our domestic animals has been a subject of much 
discussion ; the remote period of their domestication involves us in 
much doubt ; and this mystery and obscurity will probably never be 
satisfactorily cleared up. It is, however, interesting to find in a 


106 


country whose civilization is of such ancient date as China, the most 
perfect of domestic animals: I mean by this, the animals that are 
furthest removed from their natural condition. 

Now, knowing what wonderful changes can be, and are produced 
in the vegetable kingdom by skilful modes of propagating, culti- 
vating and artificially treating plants, causing them completely to 
change their nature, producing all kinds of variety of monstrous 
growth, double flowers, fruit and seed in enormous abundance ;—all 
this being done by the interference of man, may I ask, is it not pro- 
bable that a people like the Chinese, whom we know to have practised 
these arts for ages,—is it not likely that they have by artificial means 
induced a similar power in these domestic animals ; as we find, for 
example, the pigs, the fowls, the geese and the sheep of China more 
prolific than the same animals in any other part of the world? In- 
stances of Chinese sows producing twenty-two at a litter have come 
within my own observation ; their fowls are certainly unequalled for 
the number of their eggs, and their geese as reproducers stand un- 
rivalled. 

It is almost needless to say that the result of cultivation, whether 
as applied to plants or animals, has produced an unnatural and ab- 
normal condition : instances too numerous to mention may be found, 
but it will be sufficient to notice the pigeons and ducks. The former 
in a wild state produce only two broods in a season; while im a state 
of domestication they continue to breed all the year. The domestic 
ducks not only produce a much larger number of eggs, but one 
drake is sufficient for a number of ducks, five or six ; while ina state 
of nature they universally are found in pairs. 

Experience has proved that by a careful admixture or crossing in 
the breed of the Chinese pigs, geese, and fowls, the mixed races are 
much improved in quality and size, while they retain the reproduc- 
tive power undiminished, and the animals are more hardy. As 
regards poultry, I cannot admire the celebrated Cochin China 
breed in their pure state, but I have abundant proof of their great 
value for breeding and crossing ; the least possible trace of the breed 
appears sufficient to impart all that is desirable, and by after-breed- 
ing, the improvement that may be made is as astonishing as it is un- 
deniable. As crossing the breed in the animals before mentioned 
has been attended with so much success, there is no reason why 
crossing the Sheep should not also produce a favourable result. 

It must not be supposed, because the Chinese have banished their 
Sheep (having found cotton and rice more suited to their climate 
and better adapted to their wants), that they are unworthy of our 
notice, taking into consideration that in this country we cannot grow 
cotton or rice. 

Having witnessed the many attempts that have been made to re- 
duce some of the existing wild animals to a state of domestication, 
and observing the utter failure in all instances of producing what 
may fairly be called a domestic variety of any true species, I am 
inclined to believe it is necessary as a means of reducing wild animals 
to a domestic condition, that they must be crossed with nearly allied 


107 


species; by this means the creatures are rendered unnatural, and 
consequently dependent on man. Different varieties would doubtless 
be produced, according to the manner in which they were crossed, 
and permanent varieties would be thus established, Such is the 
opinion, at which I have arrived, after a long and mature considera- 
tion of this extremely interesting subject. 


2. Descriptions oF THIRTY-ONE New Species or Lanp- 
SHELLS, FROM Mr. Cumine’s COLLECTION. 
By Dr. L. Preirrer. 


1. Hexrx suspecussatTA, Pfr. Testa perforata, turbinata, tenuis, 
irregulariter plicato-striata, superne striis spiralibus obsolete 
decussata, pellucida, virenti-hyalina ; spira conica, apice obtu- 
sula ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, peripheria 
subcarinatus, basi convexior, nitidus ; apertura obliqua, late 
lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus remotis, columel- 
lari superne vix reflexiusculo. 

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 9 mill. 

Hab. Bombay. 


2. Herix Granum, Pfr. 7. perforata, turbinato-globosa, tenuis, 
confertissime costulato-striata, pallide cornea, rufulo irregula- 
riter variegata ; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5% convext, 
ultimus non descendens, prope suturam turgidulus ; apertura 
vie obliqua, late lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus 
subconvergentibus, columellari viz patulo. 

Diam. maj. 4, min. 32, alt. 3 mill. 

Hab. New Zealand. 


3. Heurx ratua, Pfr. T. perforata, turbinata, tenuiuscula, ir- 
regulariter striata, vix nitidula, fulva; spira conoidea, acu- 
tiuscula ; anfr. 5-54 modice convexi, ultimus non descendens, 

peripheria subcarinatus, basi convexiusculus ; apertura parum 
| obliqua, lunaris; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari 
substricte declivi. 

Diam. maj. 5, min. 43, alt. 25 mill. 

Hab. New Zealand. 


4. Hetrx prrmana, Pfr. T. perforata, depressa, suborbicu- 
laris, tenuiuscula, levigata, subdiaphana, alba, fascia | lutea 
supra medium ornata ; spira brevissime conordea, vertice sensim 
prominulo ; sutura levis, marginata; anfr. fere 7 modice con- 
vexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus rotundatus, non descendens ; 
_apertura vix obliqua, late lunaris; perist. rectum, intus sub- 
incrassatum, margine dextro brevi, basali fere rectilineari, 
superne vix dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 26, min. 233, alt. 12} mill. 

Hab. Mergui, Burmah. 


108 ; 

5. Hexix pecipua, Pfr. TZ. umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, 
tenuis, costulis membranaceis, deciduis sculpta, corneo-lutescens, 
rufulo obsolete et angulatim strigata ; spira subregulariter 
conoidea ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus non 
descendens, peripheria subangulatus ; umbilicus angustus, per- 
vius ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; perist. simplex, 
rectum, marginibus convergentibus, columellari vix patulo. 

Diam. maj. 33, min. 33, alt. 2 mill. 

Hab. New Zealand. 


6. Hexix venuxara, Pfr. TT. imperforata, depressa, tenuis, 
confertim plicato-striata, sericina, corneo et rufulo strigatim et 
maculatim variegata; spira vie elevata; anfr.4} convexi, sen- 
sim accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, basi medio impressus ; 
apertura verticalis, elongato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, margine 
dextro recto, basali reflexiusculo, columellari declivi, subcalloso, 
adnato. 

Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 3 mill. 

Hab. New Zealand. 


7. Hexrx sciapium, Pfr. 7. umbilicata, conoideo-semiglobosa, 
solidula, subarcuato-striata, fulva, rufulo obsolete variegata ; 
spira convexo-conoidea, apice acutiuscula ; sutura marginata ; 
anfr. 53 vix convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, peripheria 
acute caurinatus, basi paulo convexior ; umbilicus 4+ diametri 
Sere equans ; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-lunaris ; perist. 
simplex, rectum, margine columellari viz patulo. 

Diam. maj. 54, min. 5, alt. 3 mill. 

Hab. New Zealand. 


8. Hexix nipuas, Pfr. 7. imperforata, globoso-conica, solida, 
plicato-striata, alba; spira convexo-conica, apice obtusa ; anfr. 
4+ convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, 
basi parum convexus ; apertura obliqua, lunaris ; perist. rectum, 
marginibus remotis, dextro brevi, simplice, basali versus inser- 
tionem sensim incrassato, tandem breviter ascendente. 
Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, alt. 8 mill. 


Hab. S. Miguel, Azores. 


9. Heurx turacea, Pfr. TJ. umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, so- 
lida, striatula et striis confertissimis spiralibus decussatula, 
parum nitens, fusco-lutescens ; spira conoidea, obtusula ; anfr. 
Ai convewiusculi, sensim accrescentes, ultimus subdepresso-ro- 
tundatus, obsoletissime angulatus, antice vix descendens ; um- 
bilicus angustus, pervius ; apertura diagonalis, rotundato- 
lunaris ; perist. crasse albo-labiatum, marginibus subconniven- 
tibus, dextro expanso, basali reflexo, juxta umbilicum dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 23, min. fere 20, alt. 12 mill. 

Hab. -——? 


10. Hexrx exarata, Pfr. T. umbilicata, conoideo-depressa, 


: 
, 


109 


solidula, undique malleato-rugulosa, lutescens, fascia | castanea 
cincta ; spira breviter conoidea, acutiuscula; anfr. 7 parum 
convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus latior, rotundatus, antice 
vix descendens, circa umbilicum mediocrem, apertum subcom- 
pressus ; apertura obliqua, late lunaris; perist. leviter albo- 
labiatum, marginibus vix convergentibus, dextro breviter ex- 
panso, columellari superne triangulatim dilatato, patente. 

Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 16 mill. 

Hab. California? 


11. Hetrx Mormonvs, Pfr. T'. umbilicata, depressa, tenui- 
uscula, arcuato-striatula, pallide rufescens ; spira vie conoideo- 
elevata; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus 
utringue convexior, antice turgidulus, vix descendens, supra 
medium fascia castanea, utringue albido-marginata cinctus, 
basi converus ; umbilicus mediocris, conicus ; apertura perob- 
liqua, auriformi-lunaris ; perist. albo-labiatum, marginibus 
convergentibus, dextro perarcuato, expanso, columellari arcuato- 
declivi, reflexo, superne dilatato. 

Diam. maj. 29, min. 243, alt. 123 mill. 

Hab. Mormon Island, California. 


12. Hexix proprnaua, Pfr. T. umbilicata, globoso-depressa, 
tenuis, striatula, albida vel pallide fuscula, fascia 1 angusta 
supra medium ornata; spira brevissime conoidea ; anfr. 4—5 
convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, antice deflecus ; umbilicus 
angustus, pervius ; apertura diagonalis, lunato-subcircularis ; 
perist. album, sublabiatum, marginibus convergentibus, undique 
late expansis. 

Diam. maj. 16-19, min. 13-154, alt. 73-92 mill. 

Hab. Bombay. 


13. Hexix sBicruris, Pfr. JT. umbilicata, depressa, tenuis, 
striatula, parum nitida, corneo-lutescens ; spira parum elevata ; 
sutura submarginata ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, ultimus antice viz 
deflexus, basi convexior, pone aperturam subconstrictus ; umbi- 
licus viz pervius, antice rimeformis ; apertura diagonalis, luna- 
ris, dente libero longe bicruri parietis coarctata ; perist. bre- 
viter reflecum, album, margine basali bidentato : dente dextro 
usque ad marginem superum ascendente. 

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4 mill. 

Hab. Mexico. 


14, Burimvus Farrsannt, Pfr. 1. anguste et compresse umbili- 
cata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, conferte striata et costis irre- 
gulariter distantibus, compressis, subarcuatis sculpta, sub lente 
exilissime spiraliter striata, haud nitens, Sulvescenti-albida ; 
spira conica, apice obtusa; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus spira viz 
brevior, juxta umbilicum compressus ; apertura parum obliqua, 


110 


elliptico-ovalis ; perist. album, marginibus conniventibus, dextro 
mediocriter expanso, columellari stricto, late patente. 

Long. 19, diam. 92 mill. 

Hab. Abmeduugger, India (Fairbank). 


15. Parruta Masterst, Pfr. T. dextrorsa, anguste umbilicata, 
ovato-conica, solidula, spiraliter subconferte sub lente striata, 
lutea, carnea vel violacea, in anfractibus superioribus interdum 
fusco-fasciata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 5 convextus- 
culi, ultimus spiram subequans, deorsum turgidus ; columella 
superne subinflata, recedens ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ob- 
longa; perist. callosum, undique subequaliter expansum, sub- 
planum, album vel fusco-carneum. 

Long. 18, diam. 93 mill. 


B. Carnea, anfr. ultimo pone peristoma striga lata violacea no- 
tato, dente parvulo albo profundo in ventre anfr. penultimt. 
Hab. Isle of Guam. 


16. SuccinEA GUAMENSIS, Pfr. T'. conico-ovata, tenuis, rugu- 
loso-plicata et subgranulata, semipellucida, pallide cornea, albo 
irregulariter eroso-punctulata ; spira brevis, vertice subpunctt- 

formi ; anfr. vie 235 penultimus convexus, ultimus & longitudi- 

nis subequans, basi vix angustatus apertura obliqua, ubique 
incumbens, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, marginibus callo 
tenui junctis, columellari leviter arcuato, filart. 


Long. 12, diam. 7, alt. 53 mill. (Helix putris, Fer. Hist. t. 10 A. 
. 10.) 
Hab. Isle of Guam. 


17. SuccrnEA CHINENSIS, Pfr. 7. ovato-conica, solidula, leviter 
plicata, semipellucida, rubello-cornea ; spira mediocris, vertice 
subtili; anfr. viz 3, penultimus convecus, ultimus 4% longitu- 
dinis fere equans, medio ventrosus apertura obliqua, superne 
non incumbens, angulato-ovalis, intus submargaritacea ; perist. 
simplex, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, columellart angu- 
lum obsoletum formante. 

Long. 82, diam. 54, alt. 4 mill. 

Hab. Hong Kong, China (Mr. Browning). 


18. SuccinEA BERMUDENSIS, Pfr. '. oblongo-conica, gracilis, 
striatula et impresso-punctata, parum nitida, carneo-albida, 
sparse pellucide strigata ; spira conica, acuta ; anfr. 34 con- 
veciusculi, ultimus 2 longitudinis subaquans ; aperturavbliqua, 
subregulariter acuminato-ovalis, ubique incumbens ; columella 
leviter arcuata, superne subcallosa ; perist. simplex, rectum, 
margine dextro superne obsolete.sinuato. 

Long. 101, diam. 54, alt. 42 mill. 

Hab. Isle of Bermuda. 


111 


19. CYLINDRELLA MacRostoma, Pfr. 7. profunde rimata, 
Susiformi-oblonga, truncata, solida, conferte striata, alabas- 
trina ; spira ventrosa, sursum attenuata, late truncata; anfr. 
superst. 7 vix convexiusculi, ultimus antice ascendens, basi di- 
stincte carinatus ; apertura subverticalis, oblonga, plica medio- 
eri columelle coarctata ; perist. album, late expansum, margi- 
nibus convergentibus, callo junctis. 

Long. 19, diam. 7 mill. 

Hab. Isle of Jamaica. 


20. TruncaTectia Carirornica, Pfr. 7. non rimata, turrito- 
cylindracea, truncata, tenuiuscula, leviter striata, parum nitens, 
pallide rubello-cornea ; spira sursum vix attenuata; sutura 
simpliciter marginata ; anfr. superst. 4 convexi, sensim accres- 
centes, ultimus basi non compressus ; apertura verticalis, ova- 
lis, superne vix angulata ; perist. simplex, continuum, margine 
dextro expanso, superne subrepando, columellari adnato. 

Long. 42, diam. 12 mill. 

Hab. San Diego, California. 


21.. LucipeLLa nana, Pfr. TT. conoidea, solidula, carinata, 
concentrice lirata, opaca, albida ; spira conotdeo-semiglobosa ; 
anfr. fere 5 convexiusculi, ultimus basi levior, medio impressus ; 
apertura perobliqua, subtriangularis ; perist. subincrassatum, 
margine supero leviter, basali prope insertionem valide dentato. 

Diam. maj. 3, min. 23, alt. vix 2 mill. 

Hab. Isle of Jamaica. 


22. Hexicina Spruce, Pfr. T. globoso-turbinata, tenuis, levi- 
gata, diaphana, carnea vel pallide lutescens, albido interdum 
interrupte fasciata ; spira convexiusculo-conoidea, acuta ; anfr. 
5 converiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, spiram equans ; columella 
breviter recedens, subincrassata, basi subdentata, callum emit- 
tens tenuem, albidum; apertura obliqua, semiovalis ; perist. 
breviter expansum, margine basali fleruoso, sinu levi a columella 
separato. 

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. §1 mill. 

Hab. Tarapoto, Andes of Peru (Spruce). 


23. Hexicina Mereurensis, Pfr. 7. depresse turbinata, te- 
nuiuscula, oblique striata et spiraliter confertissime suleata, 
nitidula, carnea ; spira conoidea, apice lutea, acutiuscula t 
anfr. 43 planulati, ultimus compresse et acute carinatus, basi 
modice convexus, callo centrali nitido, granulato munitus ; co- 
lumella brevissima, basi obsolete tuberculata ; apertura. diago- 
nalis, triangularis ; perist. album, breviter expansum, margine 
basali cum columella subangulatim juneto.—Opere. margarita- 
ceum. 


Diam. maj. 74, min. 62, alt. 4 mill. 


Hab. Mergui, British Burmah. 


112 


24. Cyctostoma (Leproroma) Watuacel, Pfr. 7. perforata, 
globoso-turbinata, tenuis, oblique striata et carinis 5-6 sub- 
acutis, lirisque minoribus spiralibus munita, diaphana, albida, 
fasciis fuscis varie signata ; spira elato-turbinata, acutiuscula ; 
anfr.5 perturgidi, subangulati, ultimus basi albidus ; apertura 
obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. simplex, album, breviter inter- 
ruptum, margine dextro equaliter patente, sinistro superne 
sinuato, tum subangulatim producto.—Operc. pallide corneum. 

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 9 mill. 

Hab. Borneo ( Wallace). 


25. Cyctostoma (CycLopHorus?) zquivocum, Pfr. T. im- 
pervie umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solida, sublevigata (de- 
trita) rubella, castaneo obsolete trifasciata; spira turbinata, 
acutiuscula; anfr. 53 convexi, ultimus turgidus, infra medium 
obsoletissime angulatus ; apertura verticalis, circularis ; perist. 
duplex : internum porrectum, igneo-fuscum, externum latiuscule 

_ et horizontaliter patens, ad anfr. contiguum excisum. 

Diam. maj. 28, min. 20, alt. 20 mill. 

Hab. Madagascar. 


26. CycLtosroma (CycLopHorvus?) LiGNARIuM, Pfr. T. an- 
guste umbilicata, turbinata, tenuiuscula, oblique irregulariter 


striata, sub epidermide opaca lignaria rufa ; spira conica, con- | 


vexiuscula ; anfr. 54 convexi, ultimus basi subplanatus ; aper- 
tura diagonalis, ovali-rotundata; perist. duplex : internum 
album, adnatum, subcontinuum, externum, membranaceum, an- 
guste expansum, ad anfr. contiguum excisum. 

Diam. maj. 5, min. 43, alt. 4 mill. 

Hab. New Zealand. 


27. Hyprocena Cuinensis, Pfr. T. perforata, ovato-turrita, 
vix striatula, nitida, livido-fusca ; spira elongato-conica, acu- 
tiuscula ; anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis paulo 
superans, infra peripheriam angulatus, basi subplanatus ; aper- 
tura parum obliqua, tetragono-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, 
margine columellari subdilatato, patente.—Operc. membrana- 
ceum, pallidum. 

Long. 15, diam. 8 mill. 

Hab. China. 


28. Hyprocena vourina, Pfr. T. perforata, globoso-conica, 
solida, levigata, rubella; spira conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 5 
modice convexi, ultimus spiram equans, rotundatus ; apertura 
parum obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. subcontinuum, adnatum, 
margine dextro subinflexo, columellari calloso.—Opere. tenue, 
castaneum, paucispirum. 

Long. 8, diam. 6 mill. 

Hab. Fox Islands. 


29. Hyprocena (OMPHALOTROPIS) CEREA, Pfr. 7’. vir per- 


i i a i i i 


Proc. Z.$. Radiata. P1.V 


ANTIPATHES SPIRALIS. ?. 


Lreduced. 2.natural size of Coral. 


CH Fora inside. & outside of bark magnified. 


113 
. 
Sorata, ovato-conica, solidula, levigata, vir nitidula, cerea ; 
spira convexo-conica, acuta ; anfr. 53 vix convexiusculi, ulti- 
mus } longitudinis paulo superans, rotundatus, perforationem 
punctiformem carina callosa obtusa cingens ; apertura parum 
obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine colu- 
mellari brevissime fornicato-patente. 
Long. 43, diam, 22 mill. 
Hab. Norfolk Islands. 


30. Hyprocena (OmpHatorropis) GuaMEnsis, Pfr. 7. per- 
forata, ovato-conica, solidula, conferte striata, opaca, carnea, 
rufo submarmorata et fasciata ; spira conica, acuta; sutura 
subcanaliculata ; anfr. 54 planiusculi, ultimus spira vix bre- 
vior, infra medium carinatus, circa perforationem carina com- 
pressa munitus ; apertura parum obliqua, ovalis ; perist. tenue, 
margine dextro expansiusculo, basali in carinam umbilicalem 
producto, columellari vix dilatato. 

Long. 63, diam. 4 mill. 

Hab. Isle of Guam. 


31. Hyprocena (OmpHatorroris) NavicaTorum, Pfr. 7". 
anguste perforata, ovato-turrita, solidula, fusca, costis subdi- 
stantibus, albis, undulatis munita 3 Spira elongato-conica, acu- 
tiuscula ; anfr. 6 convexi, prope suturam filocarinati, ultimus 2 
longitudinis subequans, supra “carinam impressus, circa perfo- 
rationem carina compressa munitus ; apertura vie obliqua, sub- 
elliptica ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari viz 
patulo. 

Long. 63, diam. 32 mill. 

Hab. Navigators’ Islands. 


3. On THE ANIMAL AND BARK OF THE GENUS ANTIPATHES. By 
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. anp Env. Soc. erc. 


(Radiata, Pl. VI.) 


In the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for 1832, p. 41, I described 
for the first time the bark and animal of Antipathes dichotoma from 
Madeira. 

It is to be observed that this species has been separated from the 
others of the genus because the surface of the axis is smooth and 
not covered with a number of minute, uniform, cylindrical spines 
like the true Amtipathes, and has been called for that reason Leio- 
pathes ; and it has been further stated, that though Leiopathes has 
a distinct bark and animal like Gorgoniade, this may not be the 
case with the normal species of the genus, some of which had been 
described by Ellis as having a very peculiar kind of animal. 

To set this question at rest, I have carefully examined all the spe- 
cimens of Antipathes which have come under my observation, and 


No. CCCXXXIV.—Proceepincs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. 


114 
have failed to discover any traces of a bark or remains of any kind 
of animal matter on their surface, until a few days ago, when Mr. 
Samuel Stevens brought to the Museum a very fine specimen of a 
long simple-stemmed Antipathes from Seychelles, which appears to 
be a new species, allied to A. spiralis, if more than a very fine 
straight specimen of that species. 

This specimen is entirely covered from near the expanded base 
to the apex (except at certain parts where the surface has been ac- 
cidentally abraded) with a very distinct bark or animal covering. 

The bark is continuous, completely hiding the spinules of the sur- 
face of the axis, smooth, and showing a number of thicker, browner, 
irregular-shaped plates on the surface, which are separated from each 
-other in some places only by narrow crack-like grooves, and at others 
by a considerable distance ; and there is no appearance, in the dry 
state, as far as I can detect, of any apertures for the emission of the 
heads of the polypes. ' 

The bark in its dry state is thén tough and rather rigid ; when 
soaked in water, it becomes thick, coriaceous externally, and fleshy 
within ; when soaked in a solution of potash, the harder plates 
appeared to be formed of a rather convex horny plate of irregular 
shape and rather twisted on the surface, and the other part of 
the bark is scattered with groups of very small, uniform-sized, re- 
gular-shaped, oblong plates, of a somewhat similar consistence and 
colour. . 

The hard parts of the bark are quite distinct in form and ap- 
pearance from the spicule of the Gorgoniade. They are hard and 
brittle, not soluble in strong muriatic acid, nor are they affected by 
a strong solution of caustic potass. They are most probably sili- 
ceous. 

I have not been able to discover the tentacles of the animal, though 
1 have submitted them to the same process by which I observed them 
in Leiopathes dichotoma, as mentioned in my former paper; but I 
have seen sufficient of the internal structure of the animal to lead 
me to believe that in its general character it agrees with that of the 
other Gorgoniade. 


OT ee 


Proc. Z. S. Anmulosa, XL 


Pp 
oe 
ray 
3 
jaan} 
S| 
=| 
—_ 
= 
Ss 
Tes I 
cS) 
oa 
3 
z 
a 
= 
fe} 
8 
ip] 
o 
a= 
= 
o 
Ay 
sH 


12 


m,Harley 


a 


Cite polyz onu 


ig 4 


PENTASTOMA MULTICINCTUM ‘Harley: 
Ova in different stages of development. 


115 


June 9, 1857. 


Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. 
The following papers were read :— 


1. On THE ANATOMY OF A NEW SPECIES OF PENTASTOMA FOUND 
IN THE LuNG AND Atr-sAc oF AN EcyptiaAN Cosra. By 
Grorce Har ey, M.D., F.C.S., or Untversiry CoLiecr, 
Lonpon. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XLVI., XLVII.) 


Having lately had the opportunity of dissecting a fine specimen 
of Entozoon, which, as far as I am aware, is an entirely new and un- 
described species, a brief description of its anatomy may perhaps 
prove interesting to the members of the Society. 

The worm which I am about to describe was found in the lung of 
the Egyptian Cobra, Naja Hage, kindly sent to me for examination 
by D. W. Mitchell, Esq. I was fortunate enough to obtain four 
fine specimens, nearly all of equal size, from the same animal. They 
measure from 4 to 5 inches in length, and from 5 to 8 lines in cir- 
cumference. In external characters*they seem to resemble an En- 
tozoon found in the lung of a Cobra by Dr. Crisp, a short descrip- 
tion of which was given in the Proceedings of the Society for 1853, 
p- 22, Annul. pl. 30. fig. 7, by Dr. Baird ; who spoke of it as an un- 
described species of Pentastoma, and gave it the name of Pentastoma 
annulatum. Dr. Baird’s description of the specimen is, however, 
very short, and unfortunately incomplete, in consequence of his 
having seen only a small specimen, and that even imperfectly, on ac- 
count of the most important fact, the head remaining imbedded, and 
hidden from view in the lung of the snake. I think it probable, 
however, that the animal which he described is one of the same 
species as I have obtained specimens of. 


' External characters. 


The body of the entozoon is of a white colour, elongated, cylindrical 
and strongly ringed (Pl. XLVI. fig. 1). It begins with a round obtuse 
head, attached to the trunk by a short somewhat narrow neck. The 
body then gradually widens for the first three lines, where it mea- 
sures in the largest specimen (43 inches long) 8 lines in circum- 
ference, and from here down to within a few lines of the caudal 
extremity, continues of nearly the same diameter. Below this point 
it becomes regularly narrower the nearer we approach to the poste- 
rior end, which terminates obtusely. The caudal extremity is almost 
of the same diameter as the head. The rings which are, as before 
mentioned, very strongly marked, commence close to the posterior 
part of the head, and for the first three or four lines, gradually in- 


116 


crease in size and distance from each other. They then continue of 
the same relative size and distance apart (2 lines) till within about 
half an inch of the posterior extremity, when they again, however, 
become smaller and more closely approximated. In all the four 
specimens which I examined, the rings were twenty-seven in number, 
aud where largest, projected nearly half a line from the surface of 
the body. 

In the fresh specimen, when examined with a pocket lens, the ex- 
terior of the rings appeared mottled with faint white-coloured spots. 
They were and still are quite opaque, whereas the intervening tissue 
is so-thin and transparent, that the internal viscera can be seen 
through it. A number of white bands or cords appear to connect 
one ring with another ; the bands are largest in the lateral and dorsal 
regions. A dark-coloured line extends along the back throughout 
the whole length of the body: this, as I shall afterwards have 
occasion to show, is the digestive canal. 

On the under surface, in the centre and near to the anterior margin 
of the head, which is slightly flattened from before backwards, is a 
round foramen, the mouth. On either side of this opening are two 
depressions, equidistant from each other, each containing a prehen- 
sile hooklet of a bright yellow colour. These booklets in shape 
closely resemble a cat’s claw, which can be extended and retracted at 
pleasure, and when completely drawn in, the points of them can be 


neither seen nor felt. The obéuse posterior extremity has a deep _ 


cleft across it, and on its under surface are two openings, one in 
front of the other: the anterior is the entrance to the vagina, the 
posterior the anal aperture. 


Anatomy of the Entozoon. 


Parietes.—The whole body is invested with a delicate, smooth, 
transparent cuticle, whicb can be readily detached by slight mace- 
ration. Beneath the cuticle are two layers of striated muscular 
fibres (Pl. XLVII. fig. 13), a vertical and a transverse layer ;—the 
longitudinal fibres are by far the most developed ;—the circular are 
in some places entirely wanting. The projecting rings, on the other 
hand, are not composed of striated muscular fibres, but consist of 
fibro-areolar tissue. They seem to serve as fixed points of action 
for the longitudinal muscles ; appearing to supply, in fact, the place 
of a hard skeleton. The interior of the abdominal cavity is lined 
by a fine transparent membrane, on which I thought I could detect 
a single layer of delicate pavement epithelium. 

Digestive System.—The alimentary canal, in consequence of its 
peculiar dark saffron tint, is readily traceable from its commence- 
ment to its termination. It begins at the mouth, and runs in an 
almost perfectly straight line to the opposite extremity of the body, 
terminating, as was before mentioned, immediately behind the orifice 
of the vagina (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, @). Close to its commencement 
it is of the diameter of a fine crow-quill, and may be said to continue 
of nearly the same size throughout its whole course. It lies direetly 


117 


in front of the ovary and great nerves, and is almost entirely con- 
cealed from view by the innumerable tortuosities of the oviduct. 
It has four distinct coats, an internal mucous, an external serous, 
and two muscular layers, one running vertically and the other hori- 
zontally ; both of which consist in great part of the striated variety 
of muscular fibres *. The interior of the alimentary canal is marked 
by longitudinal rugee, from the surface of which long pyriform villi 
project. 

Nervous System.—The distribution of the nervous system of this 
highly organized Entozoon is, in some respects, identical with that 
found in the Linguatula tenioides, so beautifully described by Pro- 
fessor Owen. The large ganglion, or brain, is situated close to the 
mouth, and is intimately connected with the cesophagus, to which it 
seems to send two filaments (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4,4). I could not, 
however, satisfy myself of the existence of an cesophageal ring. 
The distribution of the large pair of nerve cords, which extend almost 
throughout the whole length of the body, differs very materially from 
that found in the Linguatula tenioides ; for, after passing over the 
fallopian tubes, instead of running down the sides of the ventral 
aspect of the body, they continue along the dorsum, behind the ali- 
mentary canal and close to the ovary (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, ec). They 
are at last gradually lost sight of a few lines above the anus. 

Organs of Reproduction.—In attempting to describe the organs 
of reproduction in this animal, I shall begin at the vagina and trace 
them gradually upwards, for it was by following this course that I 
was enabled, with the aid of the microscope, to distinguish the dif- 
ferent organs, and to ascertain the function of their various parts. 

The orifice of the vagina is situated immediately in front of the 
anal aperture (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, d). The vagina itself is about the 
thickness of a pin, and from 3 to 6 lines in length; it gradually 
widens out into the oviduct, or more correctly speaking, the uterus 
(Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, e). For about the first 6 inches the uterus has 
a greater diameter than the alimentary canal; it then however be- 
comes gradually narrower, till its diameter does not exceed that of 
a fine knitting-needle, and continues of this size till within a few 
lines of its termination, where it contracts still more. At its upper 
point of attachment, which is opposite the third or fourth ring, its 
diameter is not greater than that of the vagina. In two of the speci- 
mens I measured the length of the uterus, and found it to be 
40 inches from the orifice of the vagina to the place of its attachment 
opposite the third or fourth ring. Thus it is seen to be nearly ten 
times the length of the entozoon in which it is coiled up. Although 
it conceals the alimentary canal, it is not, as in the case of the Lin- 
guatula tenioides, coiled round it; neither has it the ferruginous 
tint spoken of by Owen as belonging to the oviduct of the latter 
species. It is, on the contrary, of a pale straw-colour when full of 
ova, and almost quite colourless when empty. Its parietes are thin 


* Ficinus and Valentin found indistinctly striated muscular fibres in the human 
stomach, 


118 


and transparent, and when viewed with the microscope are seen to 
be muscular, both longitudinal and circular fibres being distinctly 
visible. They consist of the non-striated variety of muscular fibre 
(Pl. XLVII. fig. 14). The fully developed ova are not attached to 
the parietes of the uterus by any connecting cellular substance, for 
on being cut across, the ova immediately flow out, and the parietes 
collapse. On the other hand, the imperfectly developed ova found 
in the upper portion of the uterus have a darker colour, and seem to 
be adherent by a glutinous material not only to each other, but also 
to the walls of the organ. 

At the upper point of its attachment to the abdominal parietes 
are two oblong bodies of a dull white colour (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4, ff). 
These bodies open directly into the uterus. On examination they 
were found to be filled with spermatozoa in all the various stages of 
development, from the primitive granule up to the perfectly formed 
spermatic filament (Pl. XLVII. fig. 8). The filaments are of con- 
siderable length, and are amassed together in bundles of tolerable 
size (Pl. XLVII. fig. 8, a). Some of the fully formed spermatozoa 
with large heads measured 4, mm. in length, and a few were even 
longer still. 

A question of great interest and importance might be here raised 
regarding the special function of these oblong bodies, which, as I 
have just mentioned, contain innumerable spermatozoa in various 
stages of development. Are they the spermatheca or copulatory 
pouches of a female ; or are they to be regarded as the testicles or 
male organs of generation of a hermaphrodite? I shall defer the 
consideration of this important point until after I have terminated 
the description of the animal. 

The organs just alluded to, which, for the sake of brevity, I shall 
speak of as testicles, are attached to the parietes of the entozoon 
by strong bands of striated muscular fibres. At the upper part of 
their point ef union, the uterus divides into two fallopian tubes, 
which gracefully curve round the digestive canal, pass behind the 
two great nerve cords, and after getting between them, reunite to 
form the ovary (Pl. XLVI. fig. 4,99). The ovary is of a ferru- 
ginous colour, intimately attached in the mesial line to the dorsal 
aspect of the animal, and continued downwards between the nerve 
cords and behind the alimentary canal to within about 5 lines from 
the anus, where it suddenly terminates in a blind sae. 

When viewed through a lens, the coats of the ovary are seen to 
be thin and transparent, and not closely surrounding their contents. 
They are here and there thrown into loose folds, and the ova can be 
distinctly observed in their interior, like a series of bunches of grapes 
closely strung together (Pl. XLVI. fig. 5). When the ova are highly 
magnified, they are recognized to be spherical bodies attached to- 
gether by littleypeduncles, and to consist of a tunic or yelk-sac, a gra- 
nular yelk and a germinal vesicle. I even detected in many of them 
the germinal spot (Pl. XLVI. fig. 6 d.). 

On tracing the development of the ova, I found that the germinal 
spot disappeared from them as soon as they had passed out of the 


=~ - 


119 


fallopian tubes into the upper attached portion of the uterus,—no 
doubt, in consequence of the ova having been impregnated during 
their transit through that portion of the uterus into which the 
testicles open as already described. From this point downwards 
the progressive development of the ova can be readily followed. But 
as this communication has already extended beyond the limits I had 
marked out for it, instead of giving my readers a detailed descrip- 
tion of the process of development, I shall take the liberty of refer- 
ring them to the accompanying figures, which accurately represent 
the different appearances observed in the ova from the time of their 
exit from the ovary till their arrival in the vagina (Pl. XLVI. fig. 7, 
Pl. XLVII. figs. 9, 10, 11 and 12). I may here only further re- 
mark, that impregnation evidently takes place from above down- 
wards, and that no spermatozoa in any stage of development could 
be detected in any part of the uterus ; thus forbidding the idea of the 
animals having received the vivifying fluid from a separate male 
organ after the uterus had been filled with ova. 

Having now completed my remarks upon the anatomy of the en- 
tozoon, I shall proceed to say a few words upon the important ques- 
tion of its sex, and I may premise these words by observing that it 
appears to me that some naturalists are at present running to extremes 
in attempting to find separate sexes in all animals, and to prove that 
there is no such thing as hermaphroditism in nature. Ultra views 
are at all times to be condemned, and I think in no case more so 
than the present, when the obstacles besetting the path to a definite 
conclusion are as complicated as they are numerous. A few years 
ago several members of the genus Pentastoma were regarded as true 
hermaphrodites by the most distinguished naturalists ; and now since 
some of the species have been ascertained to have separate sexes, a 
recent writer has ridiculed the idea of a single example of this large 
genus having male and female organs of generation united in one 
individual. Ido not intend to say that he has erred in jumping too 
hastily to his conclusion, but merely to remark that the entozoon 
which I have described in the foregoing pages, if not strictly belong- 
ing to the genus Pentastoma, is yet in many of its characters very 
closely allied to it, and that it still remains to be shown that this 
animal is not a hermaphrodite. As there are two sides to every 
question, and as it is wrong to give an opinion before both have been 
examined, I shall briefly state my reasons for thinking it possible that 
the animal we have just been considering is a female, and that the 
true male organs of generation are to be sought for in another indi- 
vidual. 

The Linguatula tenioides, which is the nearest allied species to 
my entozoon, was described by naturalists of the very highest stand- 
ing, such as Owen, Valentin, Von Siebold, Dujardin and others, as a 
hermaphrodite, in consequence of their finding that it possessed, in 
each individual, organs containing the female and organs containing 
the male reproductive materials in different stages of their develop- 
ment; and that these organs were not only so arranged as to allow 
of the vivifving contents of the one coming into contact with those 


120 


of the other ; but that a common canal resulting from the union of 
the channels through which the ova from the female and the sper- 
matic filaments from the male organ passed, contained the fructified 
result of such a reunion, as that of the opposite sexes could alone 
secure. 

The presence of a product in an organ, however, not being suffi- 
cient to ensure that it was produced by, and not introduced into, 
that organ, the question naturally arose in the minds of some, whe- 
ther we were justified in regarding the organs in the Linguatula 
tenioides containing the ova, as ovaries, and those containing the 
spermatozoa as testicles. At first some doubted, and at last others 
have denied, the reunion of the sexes in this species of Pentastoma. 

Van Beneden, the champion of the latter class of naturalists, states * 
that in four examples of the species of “ Linguatula de Diesing,” 
and in two others of another kind found in the lung of a Boa, he 
ascertained the male and female organs of generation to be in differ- 
ent individuals, and that Owen, Valentin, Von Siebold and others, 
have erred in describing the L. tenioides as a hermaphrodite. He 
describes the testicle in the male as being about 4 of the length of 
the body, and lying behind the alimentary canal, consisting of a 
pouch with thin parietes, terminating behind in a cul-de-sac. From 
the upper part of the testicle branch off two vasa deferentia, and 
from the end of each, floats an organ which he looks upon as a pro- 
state. These open into round vesicles constricted in the middle, 
each contaming a coiled-up tube, which he describes as a penis. 

I have quoted Van Beneden’s description of a male Pentastoma, 
because in the nasal fossa of the Cobra, from which I obtained my 
four specimens of entozoa, I found two small Pentastoma of about 
12 inch in length (Pl. XLVI. fig. 2) ; and on dissecting one I found it 
to agree in every respect with Van Beneden’s description of the male 
Linguatula. ‘The question then occurred to me, whether or not I 
might look upon them as being two males and my large specimens 
four females of the same species. The two small entozoa found in 
the nasal fossa look exactly like some other Pentastoma which I ob- 
tained from the cellular «tissue of a Morocco Cobra. Even taking 
into account the fact that the male is often much smaller than the 
female entozoon, their external characters and apparently their mode 
of life are so very different from those of the large worms found in 
the lungs, that I can scarcely believe them to belong to the same 
species of animal. Even admitting that they were the males of my 
large entozoon, I do not see how they could get their spermatozoa 
into the spermatheca of the large animals. Van Beneden says he 
found an opening for the penis to get out immediately behind the 
mouth, but then this organ, which he calls the penisf, is only a few 
lines in length, and consequently could project the seminal finid but 
a trifling way up the uterus, which, as before mentioned, is 40 inches 
long. The pouches containing the semen are situated too at the 

* Ann. des Sciences Naturelles, 3me série, tome 11-12, p. 325. 


+ Texamined what he took for the penis, and I have some doubts if it, or 
rather they, for there are two, are really what he supposes them to be. 


121 


very top of this immensely long duct. It may be said that the 
spermatozoa could find the way up themselves. That I admit might 
be the case if they were fully developed, and consequently moving 
filaments; but it would be impossible for them to get up in the un- 
developed condition in which some of them are found in the pouches. 
Besides this, if they were injected into the vagina, why did they not 
impregnate any of the ova on their passage up? Impregnation is 
distinctly seen to have taken place from above downwards, not from 
below upwards, or in any irregular manner. 

The only satisfactory way of accounting for the presence of sper- 
matozoa in different stages of development in the copulatory pouches, 
supposing that they were not generated there, would be to find a 
channel by which they might enter without having to pass through 
the 40 inches of oviduct. Now I have carefully searched for such a 
channel and can find no trace of one. Neither can I find any open- 
ing into the animal near to the spermatheca except the mouth, and 
I do not think any one will consider that a likely door for them to 
enter at. : 

I admit that my not being able either to detect a tube or an open- 
ing into the spermatheca does not incontrovertibly prove that no 
such tube or opening exists. But I think that fact taken in con- 
nexion with the others, especially that of the spermatic filaments 
being found in various stages of development in the pouches, is tole- 
rable evidence in support of the idea that the organ containing the 
spermatozoa is the one which generated them. And until we hear 
some more conclusive arguments on the opposite side, we may con- 
sider ourselves justified m regarding the spermatheca as testicles, 
and calling the entozoon a true hermaphrodite. 

In conclusion, I have a word to add regarding the habits of the 
entozoon I have been describing. I found two of them with their 
heads projecting through the air-sac of the Cobra, and firmly fixed 
by their prehensile hooklets to a large blood-vessel ; from which I 
conclude that they feed directly upon the blood of the animal they 
inhabit. They appear to be blood-suckers in the strictest sense of 
the word. In order to get to the blood-vessels to which they anchor 
themselves by their hooks, the worm has to pierce the surrounding 
tissues, and the hooks are no doubt made retractile into the de- 
pression in order to enable the animal again to withdraw its head 
after it has finished its meal. 

I found in the collection of Dr. Sharpey a fine specimen of an 
entozoon closely resembling the one I have been speaking of 
(Pl. XLVI. fig. 3) ; the only difference being that it is shorter and 
thicker, has only nineteen strong projecting rings instead of twenty- 
seven, and that its tail is conical and not cleft; farther, that the 
vagina is about.a line in front of the anus. Unfortunately no history 
is attached to this specimen. 


Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


122 


DESCRIPTION OF ANNULOSA, PLATES XLVI. AND XLVII. 
Puate XLVI. 


1. The entozoon ; natural size. 
a, The head; the under surface showing the mouth and four prehen- 
sile hooklets (two on either side of the buccal aperture). 
b. The caudal extremity, showing the cleft across it. 
c. The projecting rings. 
2. Small entozoon found in the nasal fossa of the Cobra; natural size. 
3. Large entozoon found in Dr. Sharpey’s collection. : 
a. Head, with the mouth and four hooklets. 
b. The conical caudal extremity. 
c. The entrance to the vagina. 
d. The anal aperture. 
4, Entozoon, fig. 1, dissected. Opened on the dorsum a little to the left of 
the mesial line. 
a,a. The digestive canal. 
b. The cesophageal ganglion. 
c. The great nerve cords. 
d. The vagina. 
e,e. The uterus or oviduct. 
Jt, f. The copulatory pouches or testicles (?). 
g,g- The ovary. 
h. The fallopian tubes. 
5. Portion of the ovary. 
a, a. The ova, resembling bunches of grapes. 
4, 6. The homogeneous membrane loosely covering the ova. 
6. A bunch of ova highly magnified. 
a. The yelk-sac, consisting of a double wall. 
6. The granular yelk. 
c. Germinal vesicle: indicated by the light-coloured space. 
d. Germinal spot. 
7. Impregnated ovum from the upper portion of the uterus. 


Puate XLVII. 


8. Spermatozoa found in the copulatory pouches or testicles (?). 
a,a. Granular cells. . 
b. The imperfectly developed spermatic filaments amassed together in 
large bundles. 
ce. Fully formed spermatozoa. 
9. Ovum taken from the uterus 6 inches below its upper attachment. 
a. The granular yelk becoming condensed and retracted from the yelk- 
sac. 
10. View of ovum in a more advanced stage of development. 
11. Profile view of a fully developed ovum. Two sets of hooklets are here 
shown. 
12. Face-view of the same, in order to show the arrangement of the four 
pairs of hooklets, and general form of the animal. 
13. Striated muscular fibres from the parietes of the parent entozoon. 
14, Magnified view of a small portion of the uterus, to shew its double layer 
of non-striated muscular fibres. 


123 


2. DescrirTION oF THIRTEEN New Species or PALUDINACEA 
FROM CEYLON, IN THE COLLECTION OF HuGu Cuming, Esa. 
By H. Dourn. 


Genus 1. PALUDINA. 


1. Patupina ceytonica. Testa ovato-conica, perforata, soli- 
diuscula, viridis, versus apicem fuscescens ; spira magis minusve 
elevata, exserta ; anfractus convexi, ad suturam et basin obso- 
lete, medio acute carinati; spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata ; 
sutura simplex, impressa; apertura ovata, intus alba, peri- 
stoma subincrassatum, refleriusculum, nigrum, 

Long. 21, lat. 16; apert. long. 123, lat. 9 mill. 


Genus 2. Biraynia. 


1. BrrHyNIA STENOTHYROIDES. Testa ovata, tenera, alba vel 
Sulva, pellucida, nitida ; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, ultimus 
effiatus, ventricosus, ad basin leviter carinatus, antice descend- 
ens ; sutura simplex ; apertura oblongo-ovata, parum coarctata, 
ad basin acuta, alba. Operculum oblongo-ovatum, testaceum, 
crassum, concentrice striatum. 

Long. 54, lat. 43; apert. long. 3, lat. 2 mill. 

Ceylon, Nilgherries. 

This species has some characters of Stenothyra. The last whorl 

is unusually great, the mouth somewhat contracted, but the general 
aspect is that of Bithynia. 


2. Brruynia inconspicua. Testa oblongo-conica, tenera, alba 
vel fulva, pellucida ; spira acuta ; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, 
sub lente leviter longitudinaliter striati ; apertura oblonga. 
Operculum testaceum, concentricum. 

Long. 5, lat. 32; apert. long. 24, lat. 13 mill. 

In shape nearly allied to our common B. tentaculata, but differ- 
ing in size; the whorls are rounder, broader in proportion to the 
height, and flatter than in B. orcula, Bens., and the whole form is 
more conic. 


Genus 3. PaLupomus. 


1. Patupomvus FuteuRATuS. Testa oblongo-ovata, tenera ; 
spira elevata, apice obtuso, leviter longitudinaliter et spiraliter 
striata, lete olivacea, fusco fulgurata, ad suturam impressam 
Susco fasciata ; anfractus quatuor convexi, supra medium ob- 
solete carinati ; apertura oblonga, simplex, albida, lineis fuscis, 
pellucentibus. Operc.? 

Long. 16, lat. 13; apert. long. 11, lat. 6 mill. 


2. Patupomus nasutus. Testa solida, oblongo-conica, apice 
acuto, nigrescens, versus apicem albicans, ad suturam linea 
valde impressa distincta, obsolete decussata ; anfractus quatuor 


124 


convexiusculi, ultimus medio leviter angulatus ; apertura sim- 
plex, oblonga, albida. Operc.? 
Long. 12, lat. 8; apert. long. 74, lat. 4} mill. 


3. Patupomus spH#zricus. Testa solida, globosa, olivacea, 


parum nitida, confertim longitudinaliter et transverse striata; . 


spira depressa, exserta; anfractus rotundati, fasciatimspiraliter 
nigro-maculati ; sutura simplex, alba. 

Long. 18, lat. 17 ; apert. long. 15, lat. 12 mill. 

This species is still rounder than P. globulosus, R., and different 
in the markings and sculpture: P. globulosus is in the upper part 
of the whorls slightly angulated; the whorls of P. sphericus are 
round. 


4. Patupomus souipus. Testa ovato-oblonga, solidissima, flava, 
brunneo-maculata ; spira exserta ; anfractus convext, spiraliter 
suleati, sub lente longitudinaliter striati ; sutura impressa ; 
apertura crassa, alba, semicircularis. Operculum corneum, ni- 
grescens, concentrice striatum, nucleo sinistro. 

Long. 19, lat. 143 ; apert. long. 13, lat. 10 mill. 


5. PALUDOMUS DISTINGUENDUS. Testa ovata, olivacea, nitida, 
fasciis nigris fulguratis longitudinaliter picta, spiraliter et 
longitudinaliter striata ; spira exserta ; apertura ovata, ceru- 
lescens; peristomate nigro, obsolete dentato; margine columellari 
planato, fasciis nigris, pellucentibus. 

Long. 25, lat. 19 ; apert. long. 18, lat. 125 mill. 

Nearly allied in shape to P. sulcatus, but differing in the sculpture 

and the inside of the mouth. 


6. Patupomus Cumineianus. JZ. globosa, solida, olivaceo- 
fusca, obsolete spiraliter sulcata; spira valde depressa, exserta; 
anfractus ultimus ceteros superans, ad suturam in formam 
canalis impressus ; apertura magna, obliqua, flavescens, intus 
albida, lineis nigris undatis langitudinaliter distincta. 

Long. 33, lat. 34; apert. long. 30, lat. 24 mill. 

Belongs in the same group with P. Gardeneri, R. ; very distinet in 

the deep channel-like impression on the upper part of the whorl, 
and in the large size of the mouth. 


7, PaLtupomus pRoMeEpDARIvs. Testa oblongo-ovata, nigra, 
obsolete spiraliter, longitudinaliter striata; anfractus con- 
veri, ultimus antice valde deflewus ; apertura subcircularis, 
alba, obsolete dentata, interdum flavo-cincta. Operculum sub- 
triangulare, corneum, nucleo laterali dextrorso. 

Long. 29, lat. 21; apert. long. 203, lat. 16 mill. 


8. Patupomus SKInNERI. Testa ovata, nigricanti-olivacea, 
confertim costis squamatis spiraliter cingulata, supra medium 
obsolete carinata; apertura semicircularis, alba, intus ceru- 
lescens. 

Long. 35, lat. 32; apert. long. 29, lat, 21 mill. 


~ ee 


125 


I woultl rather consider this as a variety of P. loricatus, R.; but 
as Mr. Cuming, who has a particular interest for this genus, said 
that he was convinced it was a distinct species, I give the description 
of it. 


/ 9, Patupomus Swarnsonr. Testa ovata, solida, olivacea, costis 
nigris spiralibus ornata, obsolete spiraliter et longitudinaliter 
striata; spira exserta; anfractus convexi, ad suturam nigri- 
cantem depressi; apertura ovata, albida, obsolete dentata, in- 
terdum fusco-maculata. 

Long. 25, lat. 23 ; apert. long. 21, Jat. 12 mill. 
Allied to pictus ; but differs in having black ribs. 


/ 10. Parupomvus Noputosus. Testa oblongo-ovata, lete olivacea, 
longitudinaliter nigro fulgurata ; spira exserta; anfractus 
costis tuberculosis spiraliter cingulati, sutura crenulata ; aper- 
tura subcireularis, nigra, intus albida, lineis nigris pellucen- 
tibus. 

Long. 27, lat. 21; apert. long. 20, lat. 163 mill. 


3. List or Brrps COLLECTED By Mr. Tuomas BrincGes, Cor- 
RESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY, IN THE VALLEY 
oF SAN JOSE, IN THE STATE OF CaLIFoRNIA. By PuiLie 
Luttey ScuaTer, M.A., F.L.S. erc. 


Mr. Bridges has requested me to bring before the notice of the 
Society a series of birds which he collected in the Valley of San José, 
at the southern extremity of the Bay of San Francisco. There are 
examples only of 33 species, but many of these are interesting—the 
W. American forms being very little known in Europe, although 
the Museums in the United States are well supplied with specimens 
resulting from the many recent expeditions into the west. The only 
list of Californian birds at all complete is that published by Dr. 
Gambel in the first volume of the second series of the Journal of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. M. Cassin’s beau- 
tiful work on the ‘Birds of California, Oregon, &c.’ has been unfor- 
tunately discontinued for the present, at the termination of the first 
volume. Had that been brought to a conclusion, there would have 
been much less still wanting to be known concerning the ornithology 
of the western regions of N. America. 

_ Mr. Bridges’ collection contains examples of the following spe- 
cies :— 


1, AccrprTeR Fuscus (Gm.). 
2. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (L.). 


3. Circus nupsontivs (L.). 


126 


4. GLAucIDIUM CALIFORNICUM, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 4: 
Glaucidium infuseatum, Cassin, Birds Cal., Oreg., &e. p. 189 (nec 
Temminck). 

This little Owl is quite distinct from the S. American passeri- 
noides, as stated by Mr. Cassin himself, and from every other 
Mexican or S. American species with which I am acquainted. Mr. 
Cassin has called it infuscatum, imagining it to be the true Strix 
infuscata of Temminck ; but I have no doubt that that name is cor- 
rectly applicable to the S. American passerinoides. It occurs only 
in the first part of dom vas. ‘Manuel d’Ornithologie’ (p. 97), 
where the author says he intends to describe a Brazilian species 
nearly allied to the European G. passerinum, under the title Strix 
infuscata. It is quite evident that he afterwards changed his mind 
on this point, and called the same bird passerinoides when he came 
to figure it in the ‘ Planches Coloriées.’ Under these circumstances, 
therefore, it is not correct to apply the term infuscatum to the Cali- 
fornian species. 


5, SELASPHORUS RUBER (L.). 
6. SELASPHORUS ANNA (Less.). 


7. LANIUS ExcuBITORIDES, Sw. Northern Zool. p. 123. pl. 34. 

This appears to be the western representative of L. /udovicianus. 
It has been often united with that species by modern writers, but, 
I believe, erroneously, being easily distinguishable by its whitish 
rump. In Texas both the two species seem to be equally abundant. 
See Woodhouse’s Appendix to Report of Zuni and Colorado Rivers 
Expedition, p. 76. 


8. TuRDUS MIGRATORIUS (L.). 


9. ToxosToMA REDIvIvuM, Gamb. Journ. Ac. Sc. Phil. i. p. 42. 

There are, I believe, four species of this curious form now known 
to occur within the limits of the United States, (1) the present 7’. 
redivivum (Cass. B. Cal. pl. 42) from California; (2) T. lecontit 
(Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N.Y.) from the Rio Hila; (3) 7’. ewrvirostre 
(Sw.) (Pomatorhinus turdinus, Temm., 7. vetula, Wagl.) from 
Mexico and Texas ; (4) an undescribed species in the collection of the 
Smithsonian Institution at Washington, discovered during one of the 
recent expeditions in New Mexico. 


10. Psaurria Minima (Gamb.): Cassin, B. Cal. p. 20. 
11. Srrra acuueata, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 254. 


Recently separated by Mr. Cassin from the eastern Sitta caro- 
linensis. 


12. ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS (Gm.). 


13. SrALIA MEXICANA (Sw.). 


7, eh 


127 


14, Savornis paLuipa (Sw.): Tyrannula pallida, Sw. Phil. 
Mag. 1827, p. 367; M. saya, Bp. Am. Orn. pl. 2. f. 3. 


15. Savornis nrericans (Sw.) ; Tyr. nigricans, Sw. Phil. Mag. 
1827, p. 367. 


16. Carropacus rHopocoLPus, Cab. (C. familiaris Ameri- 
canorum.) ; 
See my remarks on this species in P. Z. S. 1856, p. 304. 


17. Prerto ruscus (Sw.) ; Cass. B. Cal. pl. 122. 


18. Prprto orEGoNnus, Bell, Pipilo arcticus, ex California et 
Oregon auct. 


19. ZoNoTRICHIA GAMBELLI (Nutt.); Gambel in Journ. Ac. 
Phil. i. p. 50. 

It is doubtful, I think, whether this species is distinct from the 
eastern Z. leucophrys. 


20. AGELZUS GUBERNATOR (Wagl.). 
21. SruRNELLA NEGLECTA (Aud.). 


22, CYANOCITTA STELLERI (Pallas) ; Gamb. in Journ. Ac. Phil. 
i, p. 45. 


23. CYANOCITTA CALIFORNICA (Vig.) ; Gamb. ibid. p. 45. 
24. MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS (Sw.) ; Cass. B. Cal. pl. 2. 
25. MELANERPES RUBER (Gm.). 

26. Picus narrisi (Aud.). 


27. Picus GARDINERI (Aud.). 
These two last birds seem to be the western representatives of 
Pieus villosus and P. pubescens. 


28, Picus nuTratu, Gamb. R. Ac. Se. Phil. i. p. 259. Picus 
wilsoni, Malh. R. Z. 1849, p. 529. 

This bird was erroneously united by Mr. Gambel (after describing 
it as new) to Picus scalaris, and is figured under that name, Jourp. 
Ac, Phil. pl. 9, f. 2,3. See P. Z.S. 1856, p. 307. 


29. CoLapres MExIcaNvs (Sw.). 

30. CaLuirePLa picTa, Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. 15. 
31. CALLIPEPLA CALIFORNICA, Gould, Mon. pl. 16. 
32. Boraurus LENTIGINOSUS (Mont.). 


33. AEGIALITES VOCIFERUS (Wils.). 


128 


4. Note on THE UpLanb Goose. 
By Purute Lutzuey Scuater, M.A., F.L.S. etc. 


The new “ Upland Goose” recently received by the Society from 
the Falkland Islands, is certainly the true Magellanic Goose ( Chloe- 
phaga magellanica), Gmelin’s name magellanica being founded on 
Buffon’s Pl. Enl. 1006—a sufficiently recognizable representation of 
what seems to be the female of this species. See also Darwin’s 
Zool. of the Beagle, Birds, p. 134, where ‘‘ Upland Goose’’ is stated 
to be the name applied to this bird at the Falklands. 

The bird, which has for several years, I believe, bred in the So- 
ciety’s Gardens, and is commonly called the ‘* Magellanic Goose,” 
is ‘‘The Ashy-headed Goose” (Chloephaga poliocephala) of the 
British Museum Catalogue of Gallinz, Grallz and Anseres, published 
in 1844. 

This species is well figured in Gray and Mitchell’s Genera of Birds 
(pl. 165), under the name Bernicla inornata. But it seems doubt- 
ful whether this is really the true danas inornatus of King (Proc. 
Comm. Zool. Soe. i. p. 15). 

The adults of both sexes of this Goose, which are now in the So- 
ciety’s Gardens, are coloured as nearly as possible alike, which is 
rather curious, if, as appears to be the case, in the nearly allied C. 
magellanica the male and female are quite different. 

There are two other fine Geese which inhabit the southern extremity 
of the S. American continent—namely, B. antarctica (Gm.) and B. 
melanoptera, Eyton. Specimens of all these four species are in the 
British Museum. 


5. Description oF A New Genus or Gorcontape. By Dr. 
Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S.,V.P.Z. & Ent. Soc.,F.L.S. erc. 


(Radiata, Pl. VII.) 


ACANTHOGORGIA. Ka 


Coral branchy ; branches free, cylindrical, slender, beth of them 
almost entirely composed of transparent spicula ; cells elegantly bell- 
shaped, contracted at the bottom, and less so rather below the aper- 
ture, spinulose, with eight equidistant lines of two or three series of 
diverging short spines ; the mouth of the cell surrounded with nume- 
rous diverging, very slender, transparent, elongate spines, nearly as 
long as the cell. Axis horny black, more slender and brown near 
the tips. 

Acanthogorgia hirsuta, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, Radiata, pl. 3. 
fig, 2. 

Coral branched ; branches nearly on the same plane, separate. 

Hab. Unknown. British Museum. ; 


This genus bears some relation to Primnoa, but the cell is armed 
externally with rows of short, thin, and its mouth with a series of 


— > * Fi ia al ai Proc. ZS Radiata VII 
is a & 


; 


NIDALIA OCCIDENTALIS, Cray 
; W. West Imp. 


129 


delicate, elongated bristle-like spines, instead of the broad scale of 
that genus. From all other genera of the family it is most distinct 
and unlike. 

The MS. description of this very curious coral was accidentally 
mislaid at the time at which it was read, and did not appear in the 
printed Proceedings of the Society. It was figured, by an error of 
the artist, for and under the name of Nidalia occidentalis in the Pro- 
ceedings of the Zoological Society for 1851, Radiata, Pl. III. To 
rectify the error so committed, Nidalia occidentalis is now figured 


(Pl. VIL). 


June 23, 1857. 


Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P. Zool. & Ent. Soc., in the Chair. 
The following papers were read :— 


1. Descriptions oF Twetve New or LittLe-KNowN SPECIES 
OF THE SoutH AMERICAN Famity FoRMICARIID. 
By Puiuie Lurvey Sciarer, M.A., F.L.S. etc. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXVI.) 


1. GRALLARIA FERRUGINEIPECTUS. 


Supra pallide brunnea, olivaceo induta: loris et regione oculari 
et auriculari fulvo tinctis: subtus flavicanti-ferruginea, collo 
antico medialiter et ventre toto cum crisso albis : alis nigrican- 
tibus pallido brunneo limbatis, tectricibus alarum superioribus 
omnino nigricantibus, inferioribus autem cum campterio ochra- 
ceis: rostri nigri basi flavicante : pedibus pallidis. 

Long. tota 3°8, ale 2°6, caudz 1-2, tarsi ‘85. 

Hab. In Venezuela, in vicin. urbis Caraccas (Levraud). 

Mus. Paris. 


2. GRALLARIA LORICATA. 


Supra olivacea: pileo castaneo: oculorum ambitu, loris et gula 
tota albidis, fulvo tinctis : stria duplici gutturis utrinque nigra: 
pectoris et ventris lateralis plumis omnibus medialiter fulvo- 
albidis, undique late nigro marginatis : ventre medio et crisso 
albis, hypochondriis brunnescentibus: rostro clare brunneo, 
basi flavida : tectricibus subalaribus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 4°0, ale 2-8, caudz 0°8, tarsi 1°6. 

Hab. In Venezuela, in vicin. urbis Caraccas (Levraud). 

Mus. Paris. 

These two Grallarie are of smaller size and have shorter tarsi 


No. CCCXXXV.—ProceeEpDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


130 


than the typical members of the genus. The bill also is shorter, 
broader, and more flattened, and furnished with many basal bristles. 
Together with Lafresnaye’s Grallaria nana, they seem to form a sub- 
ordinate group pointing towards Conopophaga. 


3. HyrpocNEMIS MELANOPOGON. 


3. Cinereus, subtus dilutior, ventre medio albicante ; gula nigra : 
alis brunnescenti-nigris, tectricibus omnibus albo marginatis : 
cauda nigra rectricibus omnibus anguste albo terminatis : rostro 
nigro, pedibus fuscis. 

2 aut 3 gunr. Supra mari adulto similis, subtus gutture et pectore 
cinereo variegatis, gastreo albo, lateraliter cinerascentiore. 

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2°5, caudee 1°5. 

Hab. In Peruvia Orientali, Chamicurros (Hauawell). 

Mus. Brit. et P. L.S. 

This bird nearly resembles H. peecilonota and H. myiotherina in 
style of colouring, but the bill is longer and more slender, and more 
like that of some of the species of Myrmeciza. From H. pecilonota 
it is easily distinguished by the want of the white edgings of the 
interscapularies, from H. myiotherina by the restraint of the black 
colour to the throat, the want of the superciliary mark, and by the 
white termination of the rectrices. 

I have two specimens of this species in my own collection, and 
there is one in the British Museum, which formed part of Haux- 
well’s collection from Chamicurros. 


4, FoRMICIVORA MELZANA. 


Fuliginoso-niger, subtus intensior ; lateribus plumosis cum tectri- 
cibus subalaribus albis: alarum tectricibus et caude rectrici- 
bus albo terminatis: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 4-0, alee 3-1, caudee 2°5. 

Hab. New Grenada, Bogota. 

Mus. P.L.S. 

Obs. Similis F. axillari, sed colore corporis supra nigri nee plum- 

bei dignoscenda. 


5. Formicrvora urosticta. (Pl. CXXVI. fig. 1.) 


Cinerea subtus dilutior et magis albescens : plaga gulari elongata 
nigra: alis nigricanti-cinereis extus cinereo strictissime lim- 
batis, tectricibus autem nigris, albo terminatis: cauda nigra, 
rectricibus omnibus albo late terminatis ; rectricis une utrin- 
que extime tertia fere parte apicali alba, hoc colore apud alias 

= rectrices gradatim decrescente : rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis. 

Long. tota 3°5, alee 2°0, caude 1:2, 

Hab. In Brasilia Orientali. 

Mus. Brit. et P. L.S. 

Obs. A Formicivora azillari et aliis affinibus colore subtus dilu- 

tiore, gula nigra magis restricta et preesertim rectricum apicibus late 
albis distinguenda. 


131 


6. ForMIcIvoRA BREVICAUDA. 
Formicivora brevicauda, Sw., Zool. Journ. ii. p. 148. 


3. Cinereus unicolor, plaga ovali in gutture et pectore superiore 
nigra: alis nigricantibus extus cinereo limbatis, harum autem 
tectricibus nigris albo terminatis : cauda brevi, colore nigro- 
cinerea, rectricum macula subapicali nigra, ipsarum autem api- 
cibus albidis : rostro corneo, pedibus nigris. 

?. Olivascenti-brunnea, subtus clarior, capite subcinereo gutture 
albicantiore : tectricum alarium apicibus colore dilutioribus. 

Hab. In Brasilia Orientali prope urbem Bahia (Sw.). 

Mus. Brit. et P. L. S. 

Obs. Species ab auctoribus cum F. axillari et affinibus confusa, 

sed crassitie minore, cauda breviore, colore corporis cinereo unicolore 
et plaga gutturali ovali bene definita facile dignoscenda, 


7. FoRMICIVORA HAUXWELLI. (Pl. CXXVI. fig. 2.) 


Plumbea, subtus paulo dilutior, mento albescentiore : alis nigris, 
tectricibus omnibus albo terminatis, duas lineas albas Sormanti- 
bus ; secundaritis dorso proximis extus caude quoque tectrici- 
bus et rectricibus ipsis omnibus macula terminali alba preditis : 
uropygu plumis lawis, elongatis: cauda brevissima - rostro 
nigricanti-plumbeo, pedibus fuscis. 

Long. tota 3°7, alz 2-1, caudze 9. 

Hab. In Peruv. Orientali (Hauzwell). 

Mus. Brit. 


8. ForMICIVORA CINERASCENS. 


Formicivora cerulescens ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 112 (nec 
Vieill.). 

Pallide cinerascens fere unicolor, subtus dilutior 3 tnterscapula- 
rium basibus albis : alis nigricanti-brunneis cinereo limbatis ; 
tectricum apicibus albo guttulatis : cauda nigricante, rectricibus 
omnibus albo terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 6-0, alee 2°4, caudee 2°2. 

Hab. In Peruy. Orientali, Chamicurros (Hauzwell) et in ripis fl. 
Napo. 

Mus. Brit. 

Obs. Similis F. cerulescenti ex Brasilia sed rostro fortiore et lon- 
giore, cauda breviore et zqualiore, colore corporis inferioris dilutiore 
et campteriis non albis distinguenda. 

I formerly referred this bird to Vieillot’s Form. cerulescens, of 
which Menetries has given a figure in his ‘ Monograph of the Myio- 
therine,’ pl. 6. But a comparison of specimens of both species, 
which are now in the British Museum, has convinced me that these 
two birds, though much resembling each other in plumage, are essen- 
tially distinct, and I have given above the characters by which they 
may be easily separated. 

The example from Chamicurros, which was part of Mr. Haux- 
well’s fine collection, is not quite mature, and shows brownish colour- 


132 


ing beneath and upon the wings. Like F. cerulescens, this bird has 
only ten rectrices. 


9. HeERPSILOCHMUS PECTORALIS. 


Cinereus, dorsi medii plumis albo miztis; pileo nigro: fronte, 
superciliis et lateribus capitis albis: alis nigris, tectricum om- 
nium apicibus albo guttatis, secundariis late, primariis stricte 
albo extus marginatis : cauda nigra, rectricis une utrinque ex- 
time dimidio apicali et proximarum trium apicibus gradatim 
decrescentibus albis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis extus an- 
guste albo marginatis et tectricum caude apicibus quibusdam 
eodem colore guttatis: subtus obscure cinereus, plaga magna 
in pectore antico nigro: rostro plumbeo, mandibula inferiore 
albicante : pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2:1, caude 1:7. 

My attention was first called to this species when looking through 
the specimens of this family inthe Museum of the Academy of Nat. 
Se. of Philadelphia. 

There is also a single specimen in the British Museum, which 
came, I believe, from the same origin as the one at Philadelphia— 
that is from the Massena collection. There is no locality affixed. 

In style of colouring this bird seems to come nearest to H. pilea- 
tus, but it is much larger in size, and the’ pectoral black patch ren- 
ders it easily distinguishable from every bird of the family known 
to me. 


10. Dys1I1rHAMNUS XANTHOPTERUS. 


Dasythamnus xanthopterus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. d. Th. Bras. iii. 
p- 81. 


3. Capite colloque cinereis, fronte, regione superciliari et lateri- 
bus capitis albo striolatis: interscapulio et alis extus lete 
rufis, illo dilutiore ; dorso postico valde plumoso, colore virides- 
centi-rufo, hujus pennarum basibus cinereis : cauda nigricanti- 
cinerea, rectricibus extus rufescente marginatis: subtus albus, 
lateribus cervicis cinereis, ventris autem ochracescentibus : rostri 
nigri mandibula inferiore pallida, pedibus nigris. 

?. Mari similis sed pileo rufo et subtus magis fusco-flavicans. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 2°4, caudee 2°0. 

Hab. In Brasilia Orientali. 

Mus. Brit. et P. L.S. 

The British Museum possesses the male, and I have a female speci- 
men of this Dysithamnus, which is easily recognizable by its deep 
chestnut-red wings and back; the same in both sexes. The bend 
of the wing and whole of the upper coverts are of this colour, and I 
could hardly, therefore, at first think it possible that this could be 
the Dasythamnus xanthopterus of Burmeister (Syst. Ueb. d. Th. 
Bras. ili. p. 81), although his description agrees with the female of 
my species. But recollecting that Zav@0s, though commonly used 
in Natural History as synonymous with the Latin favus and English 


133 


“yellow,” is also capable of bearing the meaning “auburn,” or even 
“‘chestnut ;” it appears to me that the name “ xanthopterus,” 
though eminently calculated to mislead as applied to this bird, is 
perhaps not sufficiently inaccurate to require to be replaced by a new 
name. I have therefore retained Professor Burmeister’ s appellation 
for this species. His single example was obtained in the vicinity of 
New Friburg in the province of Rio de Janeiro. Those in the British 
Museum and my own collection have the ordinary appearance of 
Brasilian skins, and are probably from Rio or Bahia. 

I do not know what has induced Prof. Burmeister to attempt to 
change Cabanis’s correctly formed generic term Dysithamnus into 
Dasythamnus ; but in this, as in other instances, that author seems 
to undervalue the principle of priority, now universally recognized 
in the application of names in Natural History. 


11. THAMNOPHILUS MELANOTHORAX. 


Supra intense castaneus, remigibus alarum intus nigricanti-brun- 
neis, lateribus capitis et corpore subtus ad imum pectus atris, 
hoe colore in ventrem sensim dilutiore : ventre et lateribus ole- 
vascenti-brunneis rufo tinctis : cauda unicolore castanea : rostro 
corneo, pedibus nigro-fuscis. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 3:2, caudze 2°8. 

Hab. In America Meridionali ? 

Mus. Brit. 

I have never met with but the single example of this curious bird 
which is in the British Museum. The genus Thamnophilus is the 
only one I know of in which it can be placed ; but the bill is more 
conical and thicker and rather shorter than in the birds of that 
group, which most nearly approach it in size. There are two white 
spots on the outer secondaries of the specimen, but these are evi- 
dently the results of an incipient albinism. 


12, THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCEPS. 
Thamnophilus melanoceps, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 39. fig. 1. p. 28. 


Ferrugineo-rufus, subtus clarior : capite toto undique et collo 
supero nigris: rostro et pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 7-0, ale 3°2, caudee 2:4. 

Hab. Eastern Peru, Sarayacu on the Ucayali (Cast. et Dev.). 

Mus. Paris. 

I was not acquainted with this fine species of Thamnophilus when 
I wrote the article on the arrangement of those birds in the ‘ Edin- 
burgh N. Phil. Journal.’ Ihave since seen several examples in the 
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, which were obtained by MM. de 
Castelnau and Deville at Sarayacu on the Ucayali. The irides are 
marked “ orange.” 


134 


2. On Two Spectres oF BATS INGABITING New ZEALAND. 
By Rosert F. Tomes. 


(Mammalia, Pl. LIII., LIV.) 


The first notice of the occurrence of Cheiroptera in New Zealand 
was given by Forster in 1772-74 *, who recorded the occurrence of 
a Bat flying over the sea-shore near the margin of a wood in the 
estuary of Queen Charlotte. It was shot, but being struck only in 
the wing, lived for two days. ‘* He was described by me,” says he, 
“and was drawn by my son.” To this species Forster gave the 
name of Vespertilio tuberculatus. The description has been pub- 
lished in the work noted below, and the drawing is now in the British 
Museum. I shall have occasion to refer to both the description and 
the figure. 

In 1843 Dr. Gray gave a very condensed description of a Bat in 
the Appendix to Dieffenbach’s Travels in New Zealand, which he, 
believing to be the species mentioned in the MSS. of Forster, called 
by the same specific name. As Dr. Gray had specimens for exami- 
nation, he at once perceived that they could by no means be consi- 
dered as representatives of the genus Vespertilio, and that they did 
not even belong to the same family. Accordingly we find them 
in the ‘Catalogue of the Mammalia of the British Museum,’ pub- 
lished in 1843, placed in the Family Noctilionina, with the new 
generic appellation Mystacina, the old specific name tuberculata 
being retained. 

Having some time since had occasion to examine some species of 
Bats in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, Prof. Quekett 
showed me one which had been recently received from New Zealand. 
It was not until I had been assured that it came directly from that 
country, in a bottle with a collection of New Zealand insects, that I 
could be persuaded that no mistake as to locality had been made. 
The forms presented by this example were so entirely unlike those 
of the only New Zealand species with which I was acquainted, that 
it was with considerable surprise I beheld a bat having pretty much 
the same forms and proportions as the common little English Pzpi- 
strelle. 

Shortly afterwards an opportunity occurred of inspecting the fine 
collection of Cheiroptera in the Leyden Museum, which contains 
three examples of this supposed new species, but without any specific 
name. Finally, I detected other examples in the British Museum, 
amounting in number to five. 

Being then satisfied of the existence of two species of Bats in New 
Zealand, I was anxious to pursue the subject further, and to deter- 
mine, if possible, to which of these Forster had given the name of 
V. tuberculatus. The kindness of Dr. Gray speedily placed in my 
hands all the necessary materials. There could be no hesitation ; 
the supposed new species was undoubtedly the one from which 


* Descriptiones animalium in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772-74 
suscepto observatorum, edidit H. Lichtenstein. 1844. 


ba07'H'D 


wy 


foyroy SLIVINDUEEAT «SLTOLo 


BaCCH A) 
408) 17MM 


M 


* 


135 


Forster’s drawing had been made, whilst the description, indicating 
the number of incisors, and other peculiarities, pointed unequivocally 
to the same conclusion. 

As the above-mentioned zoologists have certainly been the first 
describers of two distinct animals, the names imposed by them will of 
course be retained ; but it is much to be regretted that their specific 
names are similar; and the more so, as the one most recently given 
was clearly intended as a reference to the earlier known species. 

The following description has been taken from the specimen in the 
College of Surgeons, and also from the specimens in the British 
Museum. With the advantages of specimens in spirit and in skin, 
it is probable that the description will be found tolerably correct, 
both as regards the form of the face, ears, &c., and the quality 
and colour of the fur. 


Fam. VESPERTILIONINA. 


1. ScoTOPHILUS TUBERCULATUS, Forster, Descript. Anim. p. 63. 
1772-74, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. t. 1. (Pl. LIII.) 


In form and proportions somewhat resembling the Pipistrelle of 
Europe; in size resembling Vesp. Nattereri; in colour very nearly 
similar to the Scotophilus Gouldii ef Australia. 


The muzzle is rather broad and obtuse, and moderately hairy. 
The nostrils are tumid, and of an oval form, with their inner margins 
more prominent than their outer, giving them a sublateral opening ; 
they are distant from each other about two lines. The forehead is 
rather flat. The lower lip is broad, with the extreme edge naked, 
and rather thickly clothed with short hair on the chin, which be- 
comes very thick on the throat. Immediately within the symphysis 
menti is a small but distinct wart. 

The ears are rather small, oval-triangular, with a pretty uniform 
outline, and with a kind of plait or crease on the basal front of the 
inner margin, giving that part of the ear a slightly projecting lobe, 
not however of sufficient magnitude to interfere materially with its 
general uniformity of outline. The outer margin is not hollowed 
out, but maintains a pretty regular curve, and has its basal portion 
brought forward, in the form of a narrow rudiment of membrane, on 
to the cheek, where it ends immediately under the eye. 

The tragus is short, rather broad, and of nearly uniform breadth, 
with the end round. It has, as in all the other species of this re- 
stricted group, an inward curvature. 

The wing-membranes spring from the base of the toes, and the 
latter occupy about half the length of the entire foot. The os calcis 
extends one-third of the distance from the foot to the tip of the tail, 
which has its extreme tip free. 

The face is furnished with some tufts and lines of bristly hair. 
Immediately in front of the eye. may be noticed a tuft, consisting of 
a few hairs, and on the gland of the upper lip is a similar one. 
From behind the nostril proceeds a narrow band of fine bristly hairs, 


136 


which curves downwards and backwards on the lip for a short distance, 
and then taking an upward curvature, passes in front of the eye, and 
is lost in the fur of the forehead. 

All the membranes, both above and below, have those parts con- 
tiguous to the body, hairy, especially the interfemoral, on which it 
extends more markedly than elsewhere. The part of the latter mem- 
brane which is destitute of hair, is smooth, and has about ten trans- 
verse strongly dotted lines. 

Over the whole of the body the fur is very thick, soft, and rather 
long. On the top of the head it is long enough to obscure the basal 
half of the ears, and thus give the appearance of an elevated crown. 

Everywhere the hair is unicoloured, and of a black-brown colour 
on the head and back, passing into chestnut-brown on the rump. 
Beneath it is similar in colour, but more strongly tinged with brown, 
especially towards the pubal region, where it is reddish-brown. 

On examining the cranium, I find that its chief peculiarity consists 
in its extreme shortness in relation to its other dimensions. In this 
respect it more nearly resembles the cranium of Lasiurus novebora- 
censis than that of any other species of bat I have yet seen, but it is 
even shorter than in that species. In its general conformation it 
bears considerable resemblance to that of the common Pipistrelle of 
Europe, especially in the degree of elevation of the cerebral region ; 
but the arrangement of the dental series is more like that of the 
Noctule Bat than that of the Piépistrelle, but bears a still greater 
resemblance to that of the Scotophilus Gouldii of Australia. Thus, 
on examining the teeth of the upper jaw, they are seen to be arranged 
in two straight lines which are nearly parallel, the incisors only de- 
viating from these lines, being placed across the front of the space 
enclosed by them. This enclosed space—constituting the anterior 
part of the palate—is nearly a parallelogram, being but slightly nar- 
rower in front than posteriorly. Its length to its breadth is as one 
and a quarter to one. 

The range of the teeth in the lower jaw must, of course, bear exact 
relation to that of the upper *, varying only in the number of the 
teeth and their individual form. 


* It will not be out of place here to remark, that this expression applies ex- 
clusively to the normal state of dentition of animals in a state of nature. The 
reverse of this may occasionally be seen in accidental varieties or malformations, 
and frequently in domesticated animals, where a great change in the form of the 
jaws and teeth has often resulted from long-continued selection of indiyiduals 
from which to produce a breed for some special purpose, which selection may 
have been further assisted by a constant training to the purpose for which the 
breed was designed. This must certainly be the case with some of the varieties 
of dogs. In the bull-dog, for instance, we find a most remarkable development 
of lower jaw, attended with an equally distorted arrangement of the teeth. It 
is scarcely necessary to allude to the singular appearance often observable in the 
front teeth of the human species, under- or over-lapping each other, as the case 
may be, and displaying every degree of intermediate arrangement. But these 
deviations from the normal state of dentition in no way affect the statement above 
made respecting the relation of the inferior to the superior maxilla, and their im- 
planted teeth. 


137 

The number of the teeth is as follows :— 

In. 757; Can. =>; Pre. Mol. 3; Mol. ===. 

The upper incisors are arranged in pairs, of which the inner one 
of each pair is much larger than the outer one. They are all some- 
what elongated, conical, and pointed, and when viewed in front are 
seen to have their points directed inwards, but when seen laterally 
have nearly a vertical direction, similar in this respect to the canines. 
A_considerable interval separates them on each side from the latter 
teeth, and this, with their regular conical outline and nearly vertical 
position, itute their chief peculiarities. “In the centre, between 
the inner ones; is~a~-considerable opening, caused by the non-deve- 
lopment of the anterior margins of the intermaxillary bones, and the 
notch in the front of the palate, just as in the Noctule Bat and most 
other true Vespertilionide. The other teeth in the upper jaw pre- 
sent no deviations from what is usual in the genus. 

In the lower jaw the incisors are of the form ordinarily observed 
in this genus; they are symmetrically arranged and trilobed. The 
canines present no marked peculiarities of form. The premolars are 
small, pointed, and have their basal cusps less developed than those 
of the corresponding teeth in the Noctule Bat. The first of these 
teeth is much the smaller of the two. The molars differ in no re- 
spect from those of the above-mentioned species, excepting that their 
cusps are perhaps somewhat longer and more pointed. 

In the following Table of dimensions, the first column represents 
the measurements of the specimen in spirit in the Museum of the 
College of Surgeons, before alluded to, and the other columns have 
been taken from specimens in skin in the British Museum :-— 


No. 1. | No. 2. | No. 3. | No. 4. 


“i “ “ a“ “a a“ “a 


Length of the head and body. .} 2 

ef thattall <3 2 i eof2l 4 jebrc6 
of the head.......... 0 7 
Of Che Sar iw ge uh). tee se 0 33 
of the tragus ........]| 0 14 

—of the fore-arm ......}1 6/1 6]1 6j)1 6 
of the longest finger ..} 2 8|/210)}2 8;2 7 

—of the fourth finger ..| 1 10/110|}2 0;2 0 
of the thumb........ 0 24,0 310 33) 0 34 
of the foot and claws..| 0 33/0 4;0 4/)0 43 


_ Expanse of wings ....,.....{10 9 [10 4 


The foregoing description had been taken with a view to its pub- 
lication, before that of Forster had been examined, the impression at 
that time being that the species was new. 

For the convenience of immediate comparison, and to show the 
general similarity of the two descriptions, a condensed description 
will now be given of that furnished by Forster. 

About the size of Vesp. communis, or a little larger; the head 
like that of a mouse, and of medium size; snout blunt, emarginate, 


138 


simple, with bi-tuberculated nostrils. The lower jaw rather shorter 
than the upper. 

Incisors in the upper jaw 4, in pairs, of which the two inner ones 
are the larger; the two outer ones smaller, and approximate to them. 
In the lower jaw 6, very small and approximate. Laniares (?) = ; 
molars =. 

Ears moderate, smooth, subovate ; tragus semiorbicular. Wings 
large and dark brown. The fur everywhere soft, fine, and rusty 
brown. 

Length from the end of the nose to the root 


of, the tall. a5 ssi¢ eS Pees ae 2 inches. 
Ps Aa oo ea eee ho as 
TS pADAE OM AUER 5 te eys -9hr isn ord ag gs hah Bn LD frag 


Fam. NocriLionina. 


Genus Mystacrna, Gray. 


Body very short and broad. Snout much produced ; nostrils sub- 
lateral, surrounded by a thickened projecting rim. Under jaw much 
shorter than the end of the nose. Top of the head considerably ele- 
vated ; ears lateral, simple ; tragus long, narrow, and pointed. 
Wings moderate ; thumb moderate. Index finger with two pha- 
langes, second finger with four, third and fourth fingers with three, 
each. Wing-membranes extending to the distal extremity of the 
tibia. Legs and feet short and stout. Tail very short, piercing the 
interfemoral membrane near to its base, and projecting on the upper 
surface of it, as in Taphozous. Interbrachial membrane, a narrow 
piece of membrane beneath the fore-arm, that adjoining the sides of 
the body, and that enclosing the tibia, as well as the basal portion of 
the interfemoral membrane, thick and leathery, with numerous deep 
wrinkles or corrugations on its upper surface. Incisors, two in the 
upper jaw, large, contiguous, and shaped like canines ; in the lower 
jaw two, small, and placed in front of the canines. 


1. Mysracina TUBERCULATA, Gray. (Pl. LIV.) 


Mystacina tuberculata, Gray, Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 34, 1843 ; 
Gray in Deiffenb. Journ. App. p. 296, 1843; Gray, Zool. Voy. Sul- 
phur, No. II. p. 23, 1843 ; Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, No. IV. 
pl. 22. 1844. 


The snout of this singular-looking species is considerably elongate d 
with the end of the nose emarginate between the nostrils, which are 
very prominent, and directed sublaterally. The mouth is placed far 
back in relation to the nose, and a space intervenes between the two, 
which is clothed with very fine short hairs. The hairiness and form 
of this space are somewhat similar to the same part in the Coati 
Mondi. No very strongly-marked peculiarity is observable in the 
mouth itself, but it is rather small, and has only the extreme edges 
of the lips destitute of hair. 


139 


The top of the head is convex, rounding off on every side, and the 
space between it and the end of the nose, 7. e. the face, is concave in 
its longitudinal direction, but not transversely, as in T'aphozous. 

The ears are lateral, and remarkably simple in form. Instead of 
the forward extension on the side of the face, so usual in the insecti- 
vorous species of this order, they are attached precisely as in the 
fruit-eating species, 7. e. just as we may observe them in a dog or cat. 
In form they are regularly oval, and slightly pointed. The tragus 
is straight, narrow, and pointed, reaching to the middle of the ear. 

The wings are rather broad, and of medium length. The thumb 
is of moderate size, with the basal joint very short ; the index finger 
is composed of two phalanges, the terminal one being very minute. 
The second finger has four phalanges, and the third and fourth fin- 
gers have three each. The presence of four phalanges in the second 
finger, instead of the usual number of three, in this family, will be 
again adverted to. The wing-membranes barely extend to the distal 
extremity of the tibia. 

The legs and feet are very short and stout, as in the genus Mo- 
lossus. The heel-cartilage is of medium length and substance, and 
the interfemoral membrane is rounded at its posterior margin, and is 
perforated near its base by the tail, which is short, and exhibits its 
terminal half free above the membrane, as in the genus Taphozous. 

The portions of membrane contiguous to the fore-arm, the sides 
of the body and the tibia, are very thick and leathery, with numerous 
deep wrinkles, and the basal half of the interfemoral membrane (as 
far as to where the tail becomes free) possesses the same peculiarity. 
The wrinkles, in many places, cross the legs and fore-arms, but they 
are only observable on the upper surfaces of the membranes and 
limbs. This singular part of the cutaneous system is marked by a 
regular and decided outline, and can scarcely be said at any place to 
graduate into the smooth membrane of the wings. Its extent is pretty 
well indicated by the hairy portions of the membranes in the genus 
Lasiurus, excepting that it only occupies one-half of the interfemoral 
membrane. 

In its general character, the fur is short, crisp and thick, having 
a grizzly shining appearance, very similar to that of some of the 
Soricide. That of the head extends towards the nose, and covers 
the whole of the face, being bounded anteriorly by a frill of stiff up- 
right hairs ; that commencing near the corner of the mouth extends 
upwards in front of the eye, and meets on the top of the nose with 
the corresponding part of the other side of the face. On all the 
upper parts of the body the fur is similar. It is dusky at its base, 
and tipped for half its length with shining grey-brown, having a 
slight tinge of olive. Beneath, the fur is brown at its base, with shi- 
ning tips of grey-brown. The fur of the throat extends to the chin 
and under lip, and densely covers the whole, excepting the extreme 
edge of the lip. 

The whole of the cutaneous system is very dark-brown, with the 
exception of the wrinkled part already mentioned, which is paler, 
and tinged with yellowish. 


140 


The cranium exhibits some peculiarities worthy of note. Viewed 
from above, the cerebral portion is seen to be about as much arched 
as that of Vesp. Nattereri, and has a faint sagittal crest towards the 
occipital region. Also there is a moderately pronounced occipital 
crest, which becomes more strongly developed in the vicinity of the 
acoustic elements of the skull. The auditory bulle have much the 
same form and proportion as the same parts in Vesp. Nattereri, and 
the facial portion of the skull is proportioned much as in that species. 
The orbital openings are of very moderate size, and the zygoma but 
little arched, and very slender. The bony palate terminates a little 
posteriorly to the last molar. The nasal opening is small, and the 
intermaxillary bones meet in front, for the support of the contiguous 
incisors, as in Miniopteris and Furipterus among the Vespertilionina, 
and Molossus, Rhinapoma, and Noctilio among the Noctilionina. 

The incisors in the upper jaw are two in number, large, conical, 
and pointed. They are provided with a distinct cingulum, visible 
in front, which passes into a well-marked basal lobe, or cusp, behind 
the tooth. As the incisors are situated very near to the canines, and 
are themselves in contact, this lobe is only visible when seen directly 
from behind. The incisive foramina are two in number and very 
minute. The canines are long, pointed, and triangular, without any . 
basal lobe. The next two teeth in the upper jaw present the same 
forms which usually characterize the premolars in the insectivorous 
Cheiroptera ; and the three remaining teeth, 7. e. the molars, may be 
similarly passed over. 

The hinder part of the lower jaw is formed very similarly to the 
same part in the genus Vespertilio, but has the posterior process less 
produced. Another point of difference occurs in the form of a some- 
what rounded posterior angle, something like that observable in Fu- 
ripterus, but more nearly resembling the same part in the jaw of the 
Ursus labiatus, and, as in the latter instance, very thin in substance 
laterally. The jaw itself is straight, especially the alveolar margin, 
which is in a line continuous with the posterior process. 

The canines in the lower jaw are of considerable size, and have a 
basal lobe behind. They are nearly contiguous, and the incisors, 
two in number, are placed in front of them as in some species of the 
genus Molossus (Nyctinomus), and, as in that genus, are probably 
lost with age. They are very small, feebly implanted in the jaw, 
and have their tips trilobed. The next two teeth are of the usual 
premolar type, such as we find in Vespertilio proper, and they are 
succeeded by the three molars, presenting no marked peculiarities of 
conformation. 


seal oe an 1-1, 2-2 | 3—3__14 
Dentition :—In. 5; Can. —; Pre. Mol. —; Mol. —=;.. 


In the following Table of dimensions, column number | has been 
taken from a large and probably adult specimen in the British Mu- 
seum, and numbers 2 and 3 from specimens, perhaps not quite adult, 
in my own collection. The latter one, having all the bones retained, 
would furnish the more exact dimensions, but that it is probably im- 
mature. From it the skull was extracted, from which the above 
characters have been taken :— 


141 


No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 
Length of the head and body ........ 2 6 Divd venga 
of the enclosed part of the tail.. 0 3 0 3 0 3 
of the free part of the tail .... 0 3 0 3 0 23 
of the head...) 086 2828 1 0 O11 O10} 
—— of the fore-arm.............. 19 17 1 8 
of the longest finger.......... 3 0 2 11 2.113 
——— of the fourth finger.......... 2.6 24 2 4 
Of Che thumb: 6 5:4): s cds aeictas 0 5 0 44 O 4 
mete tibia. 2 ods Leste As 0 8 ey 0 7 
of the foot and claws ........ 0 7% O 6 0 6 
Fisyanise Of Wins ee ec’. s tise cece 2 F207 TL 108s Es. 6 


The following are the dimensions of the skull extracted from the 
specimen which has supplied the measurements given in the second 
column of the above Table :— 


> 
= 


Length from the occipital crest to the anterior of the maxil- ‘ 


TIER, Sag ieiak so es oo 35 Sars moe Shy erie arnt 0 92 
Breadth across the zygomatic arches...............22+.. O 5 
Henethyat tire. nasal DONS... .. 2.0 dease ce sern ashe anes 0 3 
Greatest breadth of the nasal bones .................2-- 0 14 
Length of the dentinal series in the upper jaw - ~ 014 
Breadth between the two outer cusps of the two ‘posterior 

MERRIE Coat ak at tN agin wench v. Sb sl} acaba ON ee 0 34 
Breadth between the points of the two upper canines ...... 0 Ib 
Total length of the lower jaw... ...... 242+ ss esse cece eee 0 62 
Length of the dentinal series in the lower jaw............ 0 4 
Breadth between the outer cusps of the two posterior molars 0 22 
Breadth between the points of the lower canines ........ eri dal 


In summing up the characters of this singular species (as far as is 
known, the sole representative of the genus), several affinities not 
usually associated are manifest. Thus in the form of the tail, and 
the way in which it perforates the interfemoral membrane, it bears 
strong resemblance to the genus Taphozous, whilst the strength and 
form of the hinder limbs, but more especially the form and implan- 
tation of the canine and incisor teeth, would seem to indicate an affi- 
nity with the genus Molossus (Nyctinomus), both of these genera 
being representatives of the family Noctilionina. Again, on exami- 
ning attentively the forms of the ear and tragus, we shall be struck 
with the great resemblance which the latter bears to that of some of 
the examples of the genus Vespertilio, and the former, although dif- 
fering considerably from the ear in Vespertilio, bears nevertheless a 
greater resemblance to it than perhaps to that of any other genus. 
But there is another peculiarity to which I have already alluded, 
which is deserving of especial notice—the presence of four bony pha- 
langes in the second finger—a peculiarity in which it resembles the 
Phyllostomide or Leaf-nosed Bats of the New World, that number 
being one of their characteristics ; whilst in all the Old World genera, 


142 


with the exception of the one now under notice, we find that that 
finger has only three bony phalanges*. There are, however, several 
characters present which appear to belong exclusively to the present 
genus, such as the form of the snout and nostrils, the singular mark- 
ings on some of the membranes, and the peculiar quality of the fur. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV. 


Fig. 1. Mystacina tuberculata, three-fourths of the natural size. 
a. Head of the same, of the natural size. 
b & ce. Cranium of the same, of the natural size. 
d. Magnified representation of the front teeth of the same. 
Fig. 2. Magnified representation of the front teeth of Nyctinomus dilatatus, show- 
ing the resemblance between them and the same parts in Mystacina 
tuberculata. 


3. ON THE JAMAICAN CyCLoTUS, AND THE DESCRIPTION OF 
TWENTY-ONE PROPOSED New Species AND Eigcut New 
VARIETIES OF THAT SUBGENUS FROM JAMAICA, By THE 
Hon. Epwarp Cuitrty. 


Before entering upon the task of description, it seems advisable to 
offer a few observations upon the difficulty which has hitherto sur- 
rounded this group of Cyclostomide inhabiting Jamaica. 

The late Professor C. B. Adams, in Contr. to Conch., No. 8, p. 
140, ef seg. wrote an article upon it; and although the required 
study enabled him to add seven new species to the former Jamaican 
list, a perusal of his paper will show that he laboured under great 
doubts and without clear satisfaction as to the result. The fact is, 


that almost all the species in the Jam. Cat. of Adams}, 1851, from. 


No. 68 (for C. Duffianus, No. 67, is not a Jamaican, but a South 
American species—jide Adams and Mr. Bland, who found duplicates 
in South America), to No. 77 inclusive, run so much into one another 
in outward form of the mere shells, wanting the opercula, that it is 
next to impossible to classify them. There is also the difficulty of 
young and old shells intermingled, which, as regards some of the 
species, renders the “confusion worse confounded,” particularly in 
the young of C. Jamaicensis, and the more mature of C. crassus. 
The group in question, and many others, lead me to the firm con- 
viction that, unless the differences are very marked, a single specimen 


* A similar peculiarity occurs in the genus Centurio, which, when first de- 
scribed by Dr. Gray, was thought to be a native of the Old World, but there was 
some doubt as to the exact locality from which it had been received. But other 
examples have been since obtained from the New World, and its near alliance 
with the tailless Phyllostomide satisfactorily established. The existence there- 
fore of four phalanges in this finger in Cenfwrio cannot be considered, as in 
Mystacina, as an exception to a general rule, but on the contrary as a further 
extension of it. 

+ Whenever the name “ Adams” is mentioned in these communications, the late 
Professor C. B. Adams, of Amherst College, America, is referred to, unless other- 
wise specified. 


143 


is not to be trusted ; and that it is only by a multitude of specimens, 
perfect as regards maturity and possession of opercula, that truth can 
be arrived at, and species determined. 

The difficulty with Adams, as with myself, has hitherto been the 
want of the original types of the fundamental shells, so to speak. I 
allude especially to the types of C. corrugatus, Sow. ; C subrugosus, 
Sow.; C. Jamaicensis, Chemn.; and C. asperulus, Sow. [Of C. 
suturalis there never was a doubt.] That difficulty is evidenced by 
his note of interrogation “?” at p. 143, (éd.) after “1 C. corru- 
gatus,” and his description of “No. 1, C. corrugatus” below, 
which most clearly refers to a species, which to my certain knowledge 
he has distributed indiscriminately as C. corrugatus and C. jugosus. 
So he made up the collection which some time ago I presented to the 
British Museum. I know that the presence or absence of the um- 
bilical keel was a guide he was always looking for. He did not seem 
to understand Sowerby’s description “umbilico magno, crenulato, 
intus transversim striato.” Vid. Cont. Conch., p. 143. And beyond 
a doubt, his description of the operculum of C. corrugatus at p. 143, 
id. cannot for a moment be reconciled with Pfeiffer’s in Cat. Pha- 
neropneumona, p. 13. 

Mr. Cuming’s liberality in lending his choicest specimens for 
science’ sake is too well known to require my commendation. To 
him I am now indebted for the loan of his types of ©. corrugatus, 
C. jugosus, C. subrugosus, C. Jamaicensis, C. seminudus, C. varians, 
C. crassus, and C. asperulus, all of which have passed through 
Pfeiffer’s hands: and I have examined those in the British Museum. 

C. asperulus is not in my collection, though amongst those I am 
about to propose as new species, some approach very near to it. 
The two specimens (one with part of the operculum) in the Cumin- 
gian Museum, and those in the British Museum are somewhat like in 
character to Jamaica shells, especially C. crassus, in regard to absence 
of umbilical keel, and C. rudis-planusque (after mentioned) as regards 
operculum ; and I do not wish to cast a doubt as to its habitat being 
Jamaica, though I have not fallen in with it. 

Pfeiffer, in Cat. Phan. p. 13, has indicated that C. corrugatus was in 
the British Museum when he wrote ; but unfortunately the specimens 
there under that name vary so much in their opercula, that it is im- 
possible to say to which he referred. In fact, his description is believed 
to have been taken from one in the Cumingian Museum. But there 
again, equal doubts and uncertainty exist. Some shells, all named 
by Pfeiffer, having opercula of the character of those of C. Jamaicensis, 
are marked “C, corrugatus,” and others are similarly marked with the 
addition of “var.,” the opercula of which answer his description in 
Cat. Phan., p. 13, and have the precise character of that which it is 
my intention to adopt as the true C. corrugatus, those characters 
being totally dissimilar. Thence an interminable confusion exists, 
which it is very difficult to disentangle. 

It seems to me that Sowerby and Pfeiffer have had only single 
specimens to deal with, and not knowing how many forms of oper- 
cula there are, have certainly not been very minute in their descrip- 


144 


tions, and have not perhaps set sufficient value on those differences, 
which they had an opportunity of observing ; while Adams saw great 
differences, but from the want of many specimens feared to give spe- 
cific importance to them. 

I should not have adopted the independent course of disregarding 
previous naming or descriptions, nor attempt to propose new species, 
had I possessed a few specimens of each only. But having of almost 
every species plenty of perfect specimens, and having them so arranged 
that I know the precise habitat of almost all, I feel there is abun- 
dant justification for my proceeding. Sowerby’s description of the 
operculum of C. corrugatus is (doubtless from causes before alluded 
to) so very meagre, that it is utterly impossible to say to what shell 
he referred. Pfeiffer, Gray, and Adams have all been misled: for 
every Jamaican Cyclotus has its operculum “ extus lamind elevatd.” 
But it will be found that the description which I shall give of the 
operculum of C. corrugatus, does not militate with, but only enlarges 
upon Pfeiffer’s, which is ‘ with whorls, the margin of which is dila- 
ted into broad, spiral, raised, somewhat expanded lamina.” While 
the shells which Adams has distributed, (and at p. 143, Cont. Conch. 
has described with a ‘“?’’) as C. corrugatus, and which Gray has 
marked “ C. corrugatus var.”’ in the British Museum, militate very 
strongly with Pfeiffer’s description, and also exactly agree with the 
opercular type of C. jugosus, which type is so peculiar that it can 
hardly be supposed that Sowerby would not have especially noted it. 

Aided by what now appear marked differences in other parts of 
the shells, my principal guide to the new species I am about to pro- 
pose has been the Operculum. I am aware that some have to a cer- 
tain degree discarded the operculum as a specific test: yet a careful 
examination of my Jamaican Cyclotus,—the careful gathering toge- 
ther, all from one extensive and rich field,—will tend to the conviction 
that such a repudiation is not correct. We find the forms of opercula 
constant in all other subgenera and species of Cyclostomide, with 
equal certainty in shape and sculpture; and by more than analogy 
the opercula of the Jamaican Cyclotus, accompanied by differences 
in other parts of the shell, are specific guides and of specific import- 
ance. 

I propose for consideration that there are six distinct forms of 
opercula in the Jamaican Cyclotus. 


Form § I. that of C. corrugatus, Sow. 


Sowerby, in Pro. Z. S., 1843, p. 30, describes the operculum of it 
as “ testaceo, extus lamind elevatd, convolutd ; intus corneo, polito,” 
testaceous with elevated convolute lamina outside (or on the upper 
side), and horny and polished on the under side. 

Pfeiffer, in Cat. Phan. p. 13, describes it as ‘‘ with whorls, the 
margin of which is dilated into broad, spiral, raised, somewhat ex- 
panded lamina.” 

I should describe the fypical form of the operculum of that which 
I adopt as C. corrugatus, ‘with lamina rising more or less, and 
well separated from the plane of the operculum, bending outwards ; 


e 


145 
the upper margin, more or less dilated and reflected, so as to lie 
more or less parallel to the plane of the operculum, but not so much 
as to touch each consecutive whorl. Plane of operculum plain.” 


Form § II. that of C. varians, Ad. 

Operculum with outward-spreading whorls raised from its plane, 
the upper margins of which are thickened and inflected, and reflected, 
so as to meet and touch each consecutive whorl; and form a corru- 
gated, almost entire, planular surface; and when broken in half, 
forming on either side something like a number of italic capitals, 
W 7'T, or the rails of a railway. Where concave on the outer 
Surface, the concavity is formed by the increasing height of the 
lamina, the under side (as far as I have seen) being always planular. 


Form § III. that of C. seminudus, Ad. 


Operculum with slightly elevated, bluntly thickened, and broadly 
expanding whorls, the edges of which are wholly appressed to, and. 
not separated from the plane. 


Form § IV. that of C. Jamaicensis, Chemn. 
Operculum with moderately raised narrow lamellar whorls, which 
are flattened and blunt at the margin, and very slightly and narrowly 
expanded and reflected outwards ; the plane of the operculum always 

excentrically and sharply striated by lesser raised laminze. 


For § V. that of C. Rupis-Fontis, Chitty. 
Operculum with well-raised whorls, which are sharpened at the 
margin, and stand almost vertical with the plane, the margin being 
neither reflected nor inflected. 


Form § VI. that of C. jugosus, Ad. 
Operculum with highly raised whorls, the margins of which are 
sharp, and more or less inflected, convex interiorly and concave ex- 
teriorly. 7 


These differences are broad enough whereon to found sub-subge- 
nera, but from that I abstain. 

Under Form § I. I place my C. corrugatus and var. a, C. Port- 
landensis, C. notatior, and var. a, C. notatus, C. Nove-Spei, C. cy- 
cloatus, C. dubiosus, and C. suturalis. 

Under Form § II. C. varians and var. a, C. subrugosus, C. cor- 
rugatior, and var. magna, C. gemma, and C. zigzag. 

Under Form § III. C. seminudus, C. De Burgheanus, C. rudis- 
planusque, C. pretiosus, C. Bairdianus, C. ruber, and C. asperulus. 

Under Form § IV. C. Jamaicensis, C. Novus-Saltus, C. dentistig- 
matus, C. crassus, and C. inutilis. 

Under Form § V. C. Rupis-Fontis, and C. corrugatissimus. 

Under Form § VI. ,C. jugosus, and vars. rufilabris, parvus and 
striosus, C. pallescens, C. Westmorlandensis, C. nodosus, and C. 
Beswichi. 

N.B. Of C. perpallidus, the operculum is still unknown. 


No. CCCXXXVI.—ProceepinGgs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


146 


I do not place much value on the outward form, sculpture, and size 
of these Cyclotus, and, wanting the opercula, regard the classification 
of them as very difficult; I will, however, proceed to the more particular 
description of each species and variety as I find them in my own 
ptivate cabinet, taking them in the order already mentioned. 


g I. 


C. corruaatus, Sow. Proc. Z. 8. 1843, pp. 29, 30. 


Sowerby’s entire description is, “C. testa orbiculata, subdepressa, 
erassiuscula, albida, apice rufescente; epidermide tenui, fusca, induta ; 
spirula subprominula, acuminatiuscula ; anfractibus quinque, rotun- 
datis, transversim striatis et corrugatis ; sutura distincta, apertura 
circulari, subeffusé, superné angulata et in canalem inconspicuam 
desinente ; peritremate tenuiusculo, margine acutiusculo, latere um- 
bilicali incrassato; umbilico magno, margine crenulato, intus trans- 
versim striato. Operculo testaceo, extis lamina elevata, convoluta, 
intis corneo, polito.” 


C. corrueatus, Pfr. Cat. Phan. p. 13. 


Shell subturbinate-depressed, solid, regularly all over angularly 
wrinkled, white, with a deciduous fulvid epidermis; spire short, 
reddish, rather acuminate ; whorls 5, convex, the last one cylindrical, 
nearly flat beneath, with a nodulous ridge around the umbilicus, which 
is open, and of a middle size ; aperture a little oblique, nearly circular, 
with a slight angle above, inside whitish ; perzstome straight, blunt ; 
its margins joined into an angle, which often is doubled ; right mar- 
gin slightly sinuate ; left margin shortly affixed to the penult whorl. 
Operculum concave externally, with 9 very narrow whorls, the mar- 
gin of which is dilated into broad, spiral, raised, somewhat expanded 
laminze. Height 14; greatest breadth 22, least breadth 19 mill.—Cat. 


Phan. p. 13, 


C. corrueatus, Chitty. 

The shell I adopt as C. corrugatus I describe as ‘‘ depressed-tur- 
binate: colour blueish-white, with an epidermis of rich red-brown 
and yellowish-brown ; just below the suture and apex, rich red-brown; 
salmon-colour tinge within the aperture. Sculpture, the 33 upper 
whorls, excepting the nuclear apex, with the lines of growth strongly 
but finely defined, without wrinkles. Thence the lines of growth 
become coarser and coarser throughout the remainder ; coarser and 
coarser wrinkles diagonally from right above to left below on the 
penult whorl, the wrinkles gradually assuming a zigzag form, till 
they become very coarse at the periphery of the last whorl, and then 
eccentric curvilinear grooves which terminate.and are deepest, but 
are not tooth-marked at the umbilical keel, which is well raised, 
the terminating fourth part of the last whorl becoming compara- 
tively smooth. Spire, moderately elevated, with convex outlines. 
Whorls, 54, moderately rounded, rather flattened above, and spread- 
ing below, with moderate suture; the terminal half of the last 


147 


whorl much depressed above, at, and behind the aperture. Aperture, 
rather oblique in incomplete shells, subelliptical and subangular 
above, like a hanging pear—in finished shells, subcircular, rather 
dilated below on the right side, and the angularity above becoming 
almost obsolete by the thickening of the outside. Peritreme, well 
thickened and blunt all round. Umdilicus, deep and comparatively nar- 
row ; greatest breadth, that is from side to side at the wmbilical keel*, 
about 0°36, and least breadth 0°28. Umbilical keel, narrowly and 
roundly pinched up, the strize of growth extending over it imbricatedly 
from the hollow. Operculum, greatest breadth 0°51, least breadth0-46 © 
—slightly concave externally, with about+ 9 outward bending, 
spiral whorls of lamine rising from its plane, the summits of which 
spread, and are reflected outwards, but widely separated from one 
another, nearly parallel to the plane, and striated eccentrically, as like 
water flying off a turned wheel by centrifugal force ; lamina well 
detached above from the plane, and from each other whorl. Height 
of shell, 1 inch; greatest breadth 1-2, least breadth 1 inch f. 


C. corrvucGatus, var. a (?), Chitty. 


This shell differs from C. corrugatus in being much smaller. 
Height 0°8, greatest breadth 0°94, least breadth0°75; greatest breadth 
of umbilicus 0°27, least breadth 0°2; greatest breadth of operculum 
0°43, least breadth 0°37. The corrugation is finer. It is sometimes 
quasi smooth below, and marked with bands like C. Jamaicensis with 
transverse raised sub-obsolete lines. Umbilical keel is less promi- 
nent. 

Whorls 5. Whorls of operculum about 6 or 7. 


C. PortianveEnsis, Chitty. Portland. 


Form, depressed-turbinate. Colour, blueish-white with a deep bistre 
brown epidermis; apex blood-red sometimes. Sculpture, 34 of 
upper whorls coarse, strie of growth becoming thenceforth deeply 
corrugated vertically on the upper part of the last whorl until about 
the last third, where the corrugation ceases ; the strize of growth are 
finer and a few pits occur, and a few transverse obsolete ridges 
appear. No corrugation at the periphery: a few pits, and a slight 
corrugation surround the outside of the umbilical keel. Umbilical 
keel and striz of growth within the umbilicus are much stronger 
than in C. corrugatus. Spire, and outlines like C. corrugatus. 
Whorls, 51, last whorl and about 1th of penult whorl depressed 
above, below the suture. Aperture, like C. corrugatus, but rather 
more expanded on right than on left side ; oblique to axis, as C. cor- 
rugatus. Peritreme, like C. corrugatus. Umbilicus, much wider in 


* The measurement of the umbilicus in all instances is taken from side to side 
from the inner edge of the umbilical keel, taking care that the points of the com- 
passes shall be at a right angle with the axis of the shell. 

+ The nuclear centre and second whorl are probably never seen in mature shells, 
from their extreme delicacy while young, which causes the appearance of being 


" devoid of laminz in the extreme centre. 


t All my measurements are in decimals of an inch. 


148 


proportion than C. corrugatus: greatest breadth 0°32, least breadth 
0:26. Operculum, of general character of that of C. corrugatus: 
greatest breadth 0°45, least breadth 0°41 ; whorls, about 10, much 
closer approaching each other than in C. corrugatus, and spread of 
margin much less ; slightly concave. Height 0°85, greatest breadth 
1:07, least breadth 0°88. 


C. notratior. Chitty. St. Elizabeth. 


Form, colour, and sculpture much like C. corrugatus, finer in pro- 
portion. Whorls 5, a slight depression only on upper part of last 
whorl. Umbilical keel, not so distinctly raised, but broader in pro- 
portion: greatest breadth 0°25, least breadth 0:2. Operculum, of C. 
corrugatus character, slightly concave : raised lamina of 8 whorls, the 
margin scarcely reflected. Height 0°59, greatest breadth 0°8, least 
breadth 0°61. 


C. NoraTIor, var. a, Chitty. Yallahs Hill. 


Is much smaller and finer in sculpture, and the umbilical keel is 
much less prominent in proportion. Height 0°46, greatest breadth 
0°61, least breadth 0°53. 


C. noratus, Chitty. Trelawny. 


Sculpture, fine and almost smooth, with a slight corrugation on 
the upper part of latter half of the last whorl, which is devoid of de- 
pression in its upper part. Umbilicus, greatest breadth 0°17, least 
breadth 0°16. Umbilical keel, almost obsolete. Operculum, cha- 
racter of C. corrugatus, more concave than preceding; spiral la- 
mina, about 8 whorls, upper margin scarcely reflected. Height 0°58, 
greatest breadth 0°64, least breadth 0°56. 


C. novz-sPE!, Chitty. New Hope, Westmoreland. 


This shell is very much corrugated on the last and a quarter of the 
penult whorls, and eccentrically and very deeply round the umbilical 
keel; from all others of its size it may be distinguished, even in 
worn shells, by the appearance of pits or indentations on its exterior, 
as though the keel (which is very prominent) had been bitten into its 
shape by pointed distant teeth. Umdbilicus, greatest breadth 0°24, 
least breadth 0°18. Operculum, character of C. corrugatus ; lamina 
8 or 9 whorls, margin rather more broadly expanded and flattened 
than in C. notatus, slightly concave. Height 0°63, greatest breadth 
0°82, least breadth 0°71. 


C. cycLoatus, Chitty. New Hope. 


Form, as usual. Colour, a broad band of rich brown-red extending 
round above and below the periphery, whence its name—and above 
and below, light dingy yellow. Sculpture, fine striz of growth on 
upper three whorls, the remainder much coarser, corrugated below 
the suture, and below that, pitted; smooth and shining at the peri- 
phery ; much pitted outside the umbilical keel, coarse lines of growth 
inside umbilicus. Spire, much depressed. Whorls, 42rds, well 


SS ——- >. » 
ee 


149 


rounded with deep suture. Aperture, subcircular, angular (as usual) 


_ above. Peritreme, slightly indented above. Umbilicus, large, greatest 


breadth 0°27, least breadth 0°24. Umbilical keel, much raised on 
the inside, and moderately so on the outside. Opereulum, more con- 
cave than the preceding ; sculpture partakes of that of C. corrugatus 
and of C. Jamaicensis, the spiral lamina bending outwards, and its 
margin slightly reflected horizontally, as in the former, and the plane 
being strongly striated, as in the latter; 7, or perhaps, 9 whorls, 
convex on under side. Height 0°61, greatest breadth 0-88, least 
breadth 0°72. 


C. pusrosus, Ad., and C. sururauis, Sow. See Cat. Phan. 
p- 12. 


Habitat of C. dubiosus is north of “ Holland Estate,” near the 
“Ys” river. It is very scarce; and I never could obtain more 
than one small lot, of about nine or ten specimens, many not fresh ; 
and only one with the operculum, the spiral lamina of which is very 
like in all respects to that of C. suturalis (see id., p. 12); but has 
at least 7 whorls; these in both shells bend outwards, like to my 
type of C. corrugatus, with margins well reflected outwards, but 
scarcely horizontally, though more so in C. dubiosus than in C. su- 
turalis; the under side of operculum is flat. C. suturalis is found 
in the higher mountains which run from Manchester, as far as New 
Hope, Westmoreland, in the west end of the island; but not, I 
think, near the spot where the former is found, though passing it. 


§ IL. 


C. varrans, Ad. See Cat. Phan., p. 15, and ante, p. 145, as to 
formation of lamina on operculum. Operculum, planulate on the 
under side. Height 0°72, greatest breadth 09, least breadth 0°72. 


C. VARIANS, var. a., Chitty. 


Is of a darker colour; the operculum is slightly more concave ; 
the last part of the last whorl is nearly smooth, devoid of sculpture ; 
the umbilical keel is not so wide, and the shell is much less depressed 
in proportion to its breadth. Height 0°72, greatest breadth 0-86, 
least breadth 0°67. 


C. susruGosus, Sow. See Cat. Phan., p. 15. 


The description of operculum, wanting there, I am able to supply ; 
Class varians, more planular, with 9 or 10, or perhaps more whorls 
of the spiral lamina; planulate below. 


C. corrveatior, Chitty. Gutter’s Hill. 


Form, much depressed-turbinate. Colour, light red-brown, in- 
clined to pink, with a light brown epidermis. Sculpture, fine 
strie of growth on the Ist and 2nd whorls, except on the nu- 
clear apex; from about the completion of the 2nd whorl, the 
diagonal (from right above to left below) corrugation becomes 
very strongly and regularly defined, terminating, in regularity, 


150 


at about one half of the last whorl, where the corrugation be- 


comes coarse, irregular, and ill-defined, till little more than . 


coarse striee of growth are seen behind the aperture. From the 
periphery downwards, the corrugations on the last whorl, for about 
its first half, are much closer together than those above, and lie 
almost horizontally, but inclining from left above to right below ; 
and, outside the umbilical keel, the rest of the whorl below the peri- 
phery is much pitted. Strize of growth inside the umbilicus rather 
fine. Spire much depressed, with convex outlines. Whorls nearly 
5, well rounded with a deep suture. Aperture well rounded, slightly 
subangular above. Peritreme rather reflected, and spread on the 
right, sometimes double above; thickened (as is usual) on the left, 
and slightly detached from body-whorl. Umbilicus broad; greatest 
breadth, 0°35; least breadth, 0°31. Umbilical keel well developed. 
Operculum moderately concave above, planulate below, rather in- 
clined to that of C. corrugatus form, from the cross lines on the 
margin of the spiral lamina being less developed, but otherwise like 
the C. varians type in general character of closeness to one another. 
8 or 9 whorls, and still a vacuity in the centre. Height 0°7, greatest 
breadth 0°98, least breadth, 0°84. 


Var. minor, Chitty, is much smaller; being, height 0°53, greatest 
breadth 0°8, least breadth 0°65. 


Var. magna, Chitty, is much more conical ; height 0°8, greatest 
breadth 0°92, least breadth 0°81. 


C. gemma, Chitty. New Hope. 


Form, very much depressed-turbinate. Colour, bluish-white, with 
a light brown epidermis. Sculpture, like to C. corrugatior, but 
corrugation commences almost at the first quarter of the 3rd 
whorl ; corrugation very marked in proportion to size, as in 
C. corrugatior ; sometimes in zigzag vertically, sometimes with dia- 
gonal arrow-head-shaped indentations, the points being on the peri- 
phery, on the last whorl. Spire, much depressed, with convex 
outlines. Whorls, 41, well rounded with a deep suture, last whorl 
much depressed. Aperture, widely expanded, especially on the 
right side and below, slightly angular above. Perztreme, well ex- 
panded on right side, more separated from body-whorl on left than 
in C. corrugatior.. Umbilicus, broad; greatest breadth, 0°21, least 
breadth, 0°16. Umbilical keel, almost obsolete. Operculum, same 
as in C. corrugatior, with about 9 whorls. Height 0°41, greatest 
breadth 0°66, least breadth 0°51. 


C. ziezac, Chitty. Trelawny. 


Form, depressed-turbinate. Colour, white, with light brown epider- 
mis. Sculpture, like C. corrugatior in the upper whorls, only 
very much finer and closer, and more regularly corrugated, in 
zigzag form, on the last whorl, and finely corrugated all over 
the under side, except behind the aperture, round the um- 
bilicus. Spire, moderately elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 


rs 
i 
a ee 


151 


48, well rounded, with a deep suture at the upper whorls, and a 
moderate one above the last whorl. Aperture, subcircular, diam. 
0°34, expanding rather on the umbilical than on the opposite side, 
slightly detached from the body-whorl; angular above. Peri- 
treme, slightly sinuate. Umbilicus, narrow, greatest breadth 0°15, 
least breadth 0°13. Umbilical keel, well produced. Operculum, 
small (diameter 0°25) with spiral lamina of 9 whorls, and perhaps 
more; much more concave than in C. varians, and less so than 
C. corrugatior; planulate beneath. Ucight 0-6, greatest breadth 
0:75, least breadth 0°58. 


§ III. 


C. seminupus, Ad. See Ad. Contrib. Conch., pp. 143, 146; 
Cat. Phan., p. 15. 


In order to carry out my views as to the specific value of the 
opercula, it is necessary I should enlarge upon Adams’s descrip- 
tion, which is as follows :—‘‘ Operculum quite concave, with 
the spiral lamella scarcely elevated, but much thickened and 
appressed on the exterior side.” My description is: — Oper- 
culum concave on the upper side, and convex on the under side, 
with 5 or 6 distant whorls of spiral lamina, scarcely elevated, and 
much thickened; the margins spreading widely outwards horizon- 
tally into a surface covered by excentric lines, so as to join each suc- 
ceeding whorl, and apparently not detached ; closely appressed to the 
plane, though in reality (as seen on breaking the operculum in half) 
not soldered to it. This operculum, from its centre, represents the 
base of an amphitheatre, each whorl resembling very broad steps or 
seats rising towards the exterior; greatest diameter 0°34, least 
breadth 0°32. Umbilicus, greatest breadth 0°41, least breadth 0°34. 
Habitat, north-west border of Manchester, and Bogue estate, St. 
Elizabeth. 


C. De BureHzanvs, Chitty. ? Westmoreland. 


Form, globose-conic. Colour, bluish-white, with an epidermis, light 
brick-red, on the upper whorls, turning into a pale straw-colour for 
about 1th below the suture, on part of the penult, and on the last 
whorl, and rich red-brown over the remainder, which is sometimes in- 
terrupted by straw-coloured bands at the periphery and round the um- 
bilical keel. Sculpture, lines of growth on 3} of the upper whorls, 
thence it becomes finely corrugated below the suture on the penult 
whorl, very coarsely so on the last whorl, sometimes extremely so, 
and knotted at the sinuation in the peritreme, all below being smooth 
and shining, except for the continuance of the lines of growth, a few 
distant blunted spiral lines, and a few pittings scattered below at the 
junction of the umbilical keel and aperture. Within the umbilicus, 
the lines of growth are very coarse. Spire, well elevated with con- 
vex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded with a well-impressed suture. 
Aperture, rather oblique, well expanded below. Peritreme, light- 
brown, more sinuate above than C. seminudus, and sometimes very 


152 


deeply sinuated ; in age not so much thickened as in C. seminudus, 
but in one instance of a larger (than typical) old shell, very much 
produced from the body-whorl. Umbilicus, narrow ; greatest breadth 
0-3, least breadth 0°24. Umbilical keel,well developed, not very broad. 
Operculum, planular above, with a slightly elevated, broad, rounded 
lamina, of about 5 whorls far apart, and the last much farther from 
the outer edge of the operculum ; the margins broadly reflected and 
expanded on the plane of the operculum and covered with sharp 
excentric striz; on the under side, the centre is elevated at the 
nucleus, then concave and broadly raised all round the edge ; greatest 
breadth 0°43, least breadth 0:4. Height of shell 0°84, greatest 
breadth 0°99, least breadth 0°82. Named in compliment to Mrs. 
De Burgh. 

I have reason to fear that I may have distributed this shell as 
C. seminudus. Let me here observe how excellent a guide is the 
operculum ; but for the coneavity of C. seminudus and the flatness 
of this, other differences might have escaped notice. How marked 
are the differences, however ! 


Measurements of Measurements of 
C. seminudus. DeBurgheanus. 

Beehtob shell ico. Sos. OGb fuses dat beds 0°84 
Greatest breadth........ pain Danelsigty. taraeih. ae 0°99 
Least breadth .............. OP7 Stes: 32h dee saOSZ 
Greatest breadth of umbilicus. .0°41..............0°3 

Least breadth .............4. Dod beessiaczar, b 28 aan DA 
Greatest breadth of operculum. .0°34........ il ee 0°43 
Least breadth .. 2.04 0scees ss O52) ill. . ee 


C. RUDIS-PLANUSQUE, Chitty. Accompong Town, St. Elizabeth. 


This shell, likewise, Adams has distributed as a variety of C. varians, 
from which it most materially differs in its operculum. It is, how- 
ever, a puzzling shell, as it varies so much in its dimensions, as seen 
below. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, dark brown; sometimes light red- 
brown ; sometimes, in age, almost black on the last whorl; some- 
times with a light narrow band at the periphery ; sometimes with a 
broad band. Sculpture, inconstant, generally shining and smooth, 
except for rather coarse strie of growth; sometimes finely corru- 
gated on the penult whorl and below the suture on the last whorl, 
and below, at the junction of the peritreme and umbilical keel ; 
sometimes merely slightly pitted here and there; sometimes with 
the lines of growth very coarsely developed on the upper whorls ; 
coarse lines of growth within the umbilicus. Spire, well elevated, 
with convex outlines. Whorls, 43, moderately rounded, with deep 
suture above; moderate suture at the termination of the last whorl, 
which is much depressed. Aperture, pyriform, expanded on the 
right. Peritreme, generally very sinuate on the right above. Um- 
bilieus, narrow, greatest breadth 0°25, least breadth 0°22. Umébilical 
keel, well developed. Opereulum, like C. DeBurgheanus, only 
planular on the under side. 


i 


— 7S | 


153 


Of the largest specimen eee a : oe breadth 0°82, least 


: : height 0°51, greatest breadth 0°67, least 
Of the medium size.... breadth 0°53. 


breadth 0°35. 


C. pretiosus, Chitty. New Hope. 


Form, depressed-conic. Colour, middling light rich brown. Seulp- 
ture, 1st, 2nd and 3rd and 4 whorls (except the nuclear apex) very 
fine, gradually growing very strong and prominent, vertical lines of 
growth ; the rest, finely diamond-cut above and below, except the last 
third of the last whorl, which is smooth, with fine lines of growth, 
and sometimes diamond-cut below. Lines of growth coarse within 
the umbilicus. Spire, much depressed, with scarcely convex outlines. 
Whorls, 41, well rounded, with a deep suture, last whorl much ex- 
panded at the aperture on the right and below. Aperture, much 
detached from penult whorl, well rounded, width and height (into the 
usual angle) 0°24. Peritreme, very slightly sinuate above, much 
thickened in mature shells. Umbilicus, wide, greatest breadth 0°15. 
Umbilical heel, moderately developed fer little more than half a whorl. 
Operculum, like C. rudis-planusque, but with 4 whorls only, and the 
outer one is in proportion further from the edge. Height 0°41, 
greatest breadth 0°56, least breadth 0°45. 


C. Bairpranvs, Chitty. 


Form, globose-conie. Colour, rich red-brown, with sometimes a 
lighter band at the periphery and round the umbilical keel, yellow- 
ish at the suture on the last whorl. Sculpture, fine lines of growth 
on the upper whorls and fine corrugation on the penult and last ; 
moderately coarse lines of growth within the umbilicus. Spire, well 
elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with deep 
suture. Aperture, much expanded to the left, pyriform. Perv- 
treme, rather sinuate above, much projecting at the usual angle. 
Umébilicus, narrow, greatest breadth 0-2. Operculum, like C. seminu- 
dus, but with only 4 whorls, the last rising higher, further from the 
edge, and spreading more widely than any of this class of opercula, 
so as almost to form a concave surface, except towards the centre. 
Height 0°57, greatest breadth 0°65, least breadth 0°57. 


C. ruser, Chitty. Westmoreland. 


Form, depressed-conic. Colour, very red-brown, especially red on 
the apex and internally, with a somewhat lighter band at the peri- 
phery and round the umbilicus, slightly yellow below the suture on 
the last whorl. Sculpture, very fine lines of growth on the first 3 
whorls, and then coarser and coarser, yet fine diamond-cutting 
throughout ; corrugated also below the suture just behind the 
aperture, and very much where the peritreme and umbilical keel 
meet; coarse lines of growth within the umbilicus. Spire, not 
much elevated: convex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, deep 


Ge the waniar ee eae 0°34, greatest breadth 0°45, least 


154 


suture. Aperture, very oblique, approaching to straight on the left, 
and much expanded, especially above on the right. Peritreme, 
slightly sinuate above. Umbilicus, narrow, greatest breadth 0°24. 
Umbilical keel, strongly produced within, rather flat outside, conti- 
nuous round the whorl. Operculum, rather concave and convex on 
the lower side between the types of C. seminudus and C. Jamaicensis ; 
whorls 6, the margins rising higher before dilation than in C. semi- 
nudus, and being much broader and rounder than in C. Jamaicensis. 
Height 0°61, greatest breadth 0:88, least breadth 0-7. 

This shell has been distributed by Adams as a variety of C. varians. 


§ IV. 


C. Jamaicensis, Chemn. See Cat. Phan. p. 13. 


I will only add to that description, that the operculum, though 
generally planular, is sometimes very triflingly concave, and that the 
last lamella whorl is wide apart from the edge. 


C. pENTIsTIGMATUS, Chitty. Yallahs Hill and Portland. 


Form, depressed-conic. Colour, dark olive brown, strong red-brown 
at the apex and within the aperture. Sculpture, coarse lines of 
growth down to the last quarter of the penult whorl, thence coarse 
corrugation till it becomes extremely coarse, wide and highly raised 
at the back of the last whorl, and becomes obsolete at the back of the 
aperture ; below the periphery, smooth with about 14 deep eccentric 
tooth-like indentations running up to the umbilical keel (thence the 
name) ; lines of growth within the umbilicus, not coarse. Spire, well 
elevated, somewhat mammiform, with concave outlines. Whorls, 
53, much rounded with a deep suture, last very large and ventricose. 
Aperture, rather oblique, dilated on the right side, large, red-brown 
within. Peritreme, very sinuate above. Umbilicus, largely open and 
funnel-shaped, greatest breadth 0°36. Umbilical keel, very promi- 
nent and wide. Operculum, planular above, lamina of 9 whorls rising 
higher and much closer than in C. Jamaicensis, which it much re- 
sembles otherwise ; below the margins, the lamina spreads out as in 
C. seminudus, so as to touch each consecutive whorl, and appear to be 
appressed to the plane, but are de fucto detached. Last whorl close 
to the edge, rather concave below. Height 0-9, greatest breadth 1°13, 
least breadth 0°9. 

This shell may be readily known by the tooth-marks which give 
rise to its name. Its operculum and size distinguish it from 
C. Nove-Spei. 


C. novus-sattus, Chitty. New Forest. 


Form, depressed-couic. Colour, brown. Sculpture, throughout 
fine somewhat close regular strize of growth, which give a silky 
appearance. Spire, moderately elevated, with convex outlines. 
Whorls, 54, well rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture, circular, 
not expanded. Peritreme, simple. Umbilicus, greatest breadth 0°32. 
Umbilical keel, almost obsolete, just visible. Operculum, concave 


155 


above; spiral lamina of 7 whorls rising as in C. Jamaicensis, but 
much narrower at the margins, which are deflected and expanded 
on to the plane as in C. dentistigmatus, but do not quite so closely 
approach the consecutive whorl. Height 0°76, greatest breadth 0:97, 
least breadth 0°77. 


C. crassus, Ad. See Cat. Phan., p. 16. 


C. rnutixis, Chitty. (Unique.) 


Form, much depressed-conic. Colour, light brown ; apex red- 
brown. Sculpture, fine lines of growth on the 3+ whorls, thence 
(for its size) roughly corrugated, except the last quarter of last 
whorl, where, above, lines of growth are strong, with slight pitting ; 
lines of growth fine within the umbilicus. Spire, much depressed, 
with convex outlines. Whorls, 4, well rounded, with very deep 
suture. Aperture, oblique from left to right below, dilated above 
and much expanded to the right, horizontally elliptical, 0°22 across, 
0:2 vertically. Peritreme, rather sinuate above, and detached from 
the penult whorl. Umdilicus, open and large, greatest breadth 0-14. 
Umbilical keel, well defined inside umbilicus. Operculum, of C. Ja- 
maicensis type, concave exteriorly, with lamella of 5 whorls, like 
C. crassus. Height 0°31, greatest breadth 0°46, least breadth 0°35. 


§ V. 


C. rupis-FontTis, Chitty. Rock Spring, Hanover. 


Form, globose-conic, very thick and substantial. Colour, deep red- 
brown, with a broad band of dingy yellow next below the suture on 
the penult whorl, lighter behind the aperture, red at the apex, light 
brown at the periphery, and bluish-white inside the aperture. 
Sculpture, fine lines of growth, with a slight corrugation and slight 
pitting below the suture on the last whorl; lines of growth fine 
within the umbilicus, somewhat pitted close to the exterior of the 
umbilical keel. Spire, well raised, with convex outlines. Whorls, 
5z, well rounded with deep suture; last slightly depressed above. 
Aperture, slightly expanded on the right. Peritreme, very much 
thickened, slightly sinuate above. Umdbilicus, moderately open, 
greatest breadth 0°22, funnel-shaped. Umbilical keel, strongly 
and broadly produced outside and inside. Operculum, planular below 
and ‘above, plane plain or smooth, lamina with 6 whorls rising high 
and vertically to the plane exteriorly, thickened at the base and 
rising with a slight outward slope, so as to make the margin com- 
paratively sharp; termination of the last whorl sharp ; last whorl 
distant from the upraised edge of the plane. Height 0.79, greatest 
breadth 0°99, least breadth 0°75. 


C. corruGatissimvus, Chitty. 


Form, depressed-conic. Colour, brown. .Sculpture, 3 and 2rds of 
upper. whorls fine lines of growth, thencé very much and very 
coarsely corrugated above and below in zigzag form to close behind 


156 


the aperture with deep tooth-like indentations round the umbilical 
keel ; inside the umbilical keel fine strize of growth. Spire, not 
much elevated, with almost straight outlines. Whorls 5, well 
rounded, deep suture. Aperture, slightly oblique to the right below, 
much expanded below. Peritreme, much sinuate above, and sinuated 
throughout. Umbilicus, moderately open, greatest breadth 0°31, 
funnel-shaped. Umbilical keel, well developed, not very wide, 
deeply produced inside. Operculum, deep concave, lamina elevated, 
as in C, Rupis-Fontis, 7 whorls of the same character much closer 
together, and close to outer edge of plane ; termination of last whorl 
inflected and thickened. Height 0°81, greatest breadth 1-1, least 
breadth 0°81. 


§ VI. 


C. sugosus, Ad. See Cat. Phan. p.14. Had. St. Elizabeth. 
C. suGosvus, var. parva, Chitty. 


A small variety of this shell occurs. Height 0°52, greatest breadth 
0°8, least breadth 0°61. 


C. suGosvus, var. striosus, Chitty. 


A still smaller variety occurs, the mouth of which is less dilated, 
and the sculpture is altogether less corrugated, and which, from 
above the periphery on the lower part of the last whorl, gives place 
to close, parallel, diagonal groovings. Height 0°39, greatest breadth 
0:6, least breadth 0°5. 


C. sucosus, var. rufilabris, Chitty. 


This I doubtfully place as a variety only ; if thought otherwise, it 
may take specific rank as C. rufilabris, It is much more conical 
than C. jugosus, brownish on the lip, coarsely corrugate in the site 
of the obsolete umbilical keel; the umbilicus is very narrow; the 
end of the last whorl on the operculum is appressed to the preceding 
whorl. Height 0°61, greatest breadth 0°71, least breadth 0°57. 


C. pattescens, Ad. Hab. North-east corner of St. Elizabeth, 
Chitty. See Cat. Phan. p.14.—Lamella 10 whorls on opercu- 
lum, and much less raised than in C. jugosus. 


C. WresTMORELANDENSIS, Chitty. Westmoreland. 


Form, subglose-conic. Colour, red-brown, with light brown epi- 
dermis ; aperture red-brown; apex red. Sculpture, fine lines of 
growth, with slight coarse corrugation over the middle of last whorl, 
coarse lines of growth inside umbilical keel: Spire, well elevated, 
with slightly convex outlines. Whorls, 51, well rounded, but less 
above ; moderate suture. Aperture, well rounded, slightly oblique 
to the left below, a little dilated on the right below. Peritreme, 
much sinuate above. Umdéilicus, moderate size, greatest breadth 0°3. 
Umbilical keel, moderately produced. Operculum, planular below, 
but from the increasing height of the whorls of the spiral lamina, 
apparently concave above ; 9 or 10 whorls, closer than in C. jugosus, 


S Mammalig 


157 


end of last whorl appressed to preceding one. Height 0:8, greatest 
breadth 0°97, least breadth 0:81. 


C. noposvs, Chitty. Maroon Town, St. James. 


Form, more depressed-conic, Colour, white, with light brown 
epidermis, brown at lip and on operculum. Seulpture, lines of 
growth, remarkably knotted corrugation on last whorl, pitted deep 
about umbilical keel, and coarse lines of growth within. Spire, de- 
pressed, with rather straight outlines. W, horls, 54, well rounded, 
with deep suture. Aperture, rather oblique to the left below. 
Peritreme, slightly sinuate above. Umbilicus, wide, greatest breadth 
0°3, funnel-shaped. Umbilical keel, not wide, but well produced. 
Operculum, small, strong, sharp-edged lamina of 5 or 6 wide-apart 
whorls, rising almost equally from the flat plane, end of last thick- 
ened. Height 0-6, greatest breadth 0°85, least breadth 0°67. 


C. Beswicxz, Chitty. Bogue Estate, north-east corner of St. 
Elizabeth. 


Form, subglobose-conic. Colour, pinkish, with light brown epi- 
dermis. Sculpture, very coarse lines of growth, very slight distant 
corrugation on the last whorl, coarser below ; fine lines of growth 
within umbilical keel. Spire, well elevated, with almost straight 
outlines. Whoris, 53, moderately rounded, with moderate suture. 
Aperture, oblique and much dilated to the right below, depressed 
above. Peritreme, slightly sinuate above, sharp on the right. Um- 
bilicus, moderate, greatest width 0°25. Umbilical keel, strongly pro- 
duced. Operculum, with lamina of about 9 much incurved close 
spiral whorls, which are very slightly concave on the entire margins ; 
end of last a little incurved to preceding one. Height 0-75, greatest 
breadth 0-9, least breadth 0°74. 


C. peRPALLIDUS. Near Moore Town, Portland. 


This shell was originally brought to me by a negro named Shelly, 
whom I could never, even by money! excite to sufficient energy to 
collect more. See Cat. Phan. p- 16. Operculum still wanting. 


4. Description or 4 New Specizs or ANTELOPE (Oryx Bra- 
TRIX) FROM Bompay?, LaTELy LIVING IN THE MeEwna- 
GERIE OF THE Society. By Dr. Jonn Epwarp Gray, 
F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. & Env. Soc. Etc. 


(Mammalia, Pl. LY.) 


The African genus Oryx is divided into two sections, according 
to the form of the horn. In one, the Kookaam, or Gemsboc (0. 
gazella), the horns are straight ; in the true Oryx (0. leucoryx), they 
are arched and recurved. The former has a black streak along 
the lower part of the sides, and is found over a large extent of 
Africa, from the Cape to Abyssinia ; for O. Biessa of Riippell ap- 


158 


peared to be only a small variety of O. gazella, the smaller size de- 
pending on some peculiarity in the climate or locality, as is the case 
with the Strepsiceros kudu found in Abyssinia by Capt. Harris, 
which is only half the size of that inhabiting the Cape of Good Hope. 
The O. leucoryx, on the other hand, which is confined to Senaar 
and Senegal, is without any indication of the lateral streak. 

The animal now under consideration is intermediate between these 
species ; it has the straight horn of 4. gazella and the plain colour 
of A. leucoryx, but its dark legs and peculiar white feet at once 
separate it from either. 

The animal was presented to the Society by Capt. John Shepherd 
of the India House ; it was regarded in the Gardens as a half-grown 
Oryx gazella, and is said to have been brought from Bombay. A 
pair was shipped from the latter port, but the female died at sea. 
The male is now in the Collection of the British Museum. 


Oryx Beatrix. The Beatrice. (PI. LV.) 


The horns slender, straight, or only very slightly curved near the 
tip, annulated nearly to the tip. White; a spot on the middle of 
the face, a smaller spot between the base of the horns, a large 
patch on each cheek, extended above up to the eyes, and united to- 
gether beneath under the throat; the knees and front of the fore- 
and hind-legs, and a large spot on the chest, dark blackish brown ; 
the legs to the posterior grey-brown ; end of the tail black. 

Hab. Bombay, but probably brought from the shores of the Red 
Sea. Brit. Mus. 

This specimen is not half the size of the Gemsboc from the 
Cape, and is immediately known from it by the distribution of its 
colours. 

In form and size it resembles the true Oryx (0. leucoryzx), but it 
differs in the straightness of the horn, the size and form of the cheek- 
spot, and especially in the dark colour of the legs, and the well- 
marked white ring around the fetlock joint just above the hoof, 

The hair is whorled on the middle of the haunches like the rest of 
the genus, and the hairs of the back in front of the withers are 
directed forwards. 


5. Description or New Genera or Gorconiap&. By Dr. 
Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P. Z. & Ent. Soc. 
ETC. 


(Radiata, Pl. VIII.) 


1. SARCOGORGIA. 


The coral rather irregularly furcately branched on a single plane. 
The axis black, cylindrical, thick at the base, with slender flexible 
branchlets. The bark fleshy ; in the dry state, thin, like a continuous 
skin, smooth, without spicula, with rather close more or less raised 
cells, strengthened with a quantity of sand-like granular spicula. 


—_— —— 0 


Proc ZS Radiata VIII 


W. West Imp 


159 


This genus is at once distinguished from all the other Gorgonie 
that & have seen, by its thin, smooth, skin-like bark studded with 
sandy more or less raised wart-like cells, which on the thick stem are 
numerous all round the surface, scarcely raised, while on the thinner 
branchlets they are further apart, and form prominent wart-like 
cells. 

The axis is olive-brown, formed of concentric laminze, which often 
show a space between them at the fractures. When the bark is soaked 
in potash it is rather thick and flesh-like, and the cells are surrounded 
with a single series of rather regularly disposed, nearly equal-sized, 
angular, sand-like, transparent particles, forming a sheath to the 
polype. 

The tentacle of the polypes, when examined in this state, are 
thick, conical, and simple, without any indication of the pinnate tu- 
bercles which are to be seen in the living Gorgonia, according to the 
observations of most naturalists. 

I only know of a single species of the genus, which was purchased 
of a dealer in natural history at Liverpool, without any habitat. 


Sarcocoreia puipiprus. (Pl. VIII.) 


2. SUBERGORGIA. 


Coral fureately branched, rather compressed, with a continued 
sunken groove up the middle of each side. Cell rather prominent, 
convex, in two or three rather irregular series up each edge. Axis 
pale brown, wert-like, formed of rather loosely concentric fibrous 
laminz, containing a large quantity of calcareous matter, and effer- 
vescing with muriatic acid. The bark when dry is rather thin, 
smooth, hard and granular within. 


SUBERGORGIA SUBEROSA. 
Subexgorgonia suberosa, Esper. t. 49. 


This genus, and the genera Junceella, Ctenocella, and Gorgonella 
of Valenciennes, should be arranged with Corallium under the family 
Coralliide, characterized by having a calcareous axis. 


6. DrescrirTION or A RABBIT SAID TO BE FOUND ON THE HIMA- 
: LAYAN Mountains. By A. D. Barrett. 


(Mammalia, Pl. LVI.) 


This animal is smaller than the domestic Rabbit, being shorter 
and more compact ; its body is pure white, the nose, ears, legs and 
tail are of a dark brownish-black, the eyes dark red. 

The fur is much shorter and more nearly equal in length than in 
the common Rabbit. The young are perfectly white all over until 
they are five or six weeks old, at which time the nose and tail begin 


, 


160 


o get dark-coloured ; the feet soon afterwards get dark, and lastly 
he ears turn black. : 

In their movements they appear quicker than other rabbits, and 
they jump a considerable distance ; some in my possession I have 
seen leap upon objects 3 feet from the ground. The first specimens 
of these animals that came under my notice were obtained by Mr. 
Baker, who informed me that they came from the Himalayas. I 
have since seen a large number of them, and in no instance have I 
observed any variation in the colour or markings. They are prolific 
breeders, and appear extremely hardy. 

Having some recollection of hearing a furrier once speak of the 
skins of the Polish Rabbit, I took an opportunity a few days since to 
examine a large lot of these skins at a fur warehouse, when I found 
that they were beyond all doubt from the animal now under notice. 
Upon inquiry I was told that these skins are imported into this 
country in large numbers, and extensively used as a substitute for 
ermine, which fur they much resemble. I find in Mulsant, ‘Cours 
Elémentaire d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ the following :—“ The fur of the 
White Rabbit, even that of the Polish Rabbit, is easily distinguished 
from that of the ermine, by its less cylindrical hairs, which are con- 
siderably longer than the down.” I am also informed that they 
are bought at the great sale of furs that takes place annually at 
Leipsic ; to this great fair skins are brought from all parts of the 
world, and I think it highly probable that these skins are imported 
from the mountainous parts of Asia. 

I have not at present examined the skull of this animal, but should 
I find sufficient difference upon comparing it with the skulls of the 
other known species, I shall then propose for it the name of Lepus 
nigripes, or Black-footed Rabbit. 


July 14, 1857. 


Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. 


Mr. Gould having returned from a visit to the United States, 
whither he had proceeded for the purpose of studying the habits and 
manners of the species of Trochilus frequenting that portion of the 
American continent, detailed some of the results of his observations. 

Having arrived just prior to the period of the bird’s migration 
from Mexico to the north, and having had ample opportunities for ob- 
serving it in a state of nature, he noticed that its actions were very 
peculiar, and quite different from those of all other birds: the flight 
is performed with a motion of the wings so rapid as to be almost 
imperceptible ; indeed the muscular power of this little creature ap- 


161 


pears to be very great in every respect, as, independently of its rapid 
and sustained flight, it grasps the small twigs, flowers, &. upon 
which it alights with great firmness, and if wounded clings to them 
with the utmost tenacity : it appears to be most active in the morn- 
ing and evening, and to pass the middle of the day under the shade 
of the thick leafy branches. Occasionally it occurs in such numbers, 
that fifty or sixty may be seen on a single tree. When captured, 
it so speedily becomes tame, that it will feed from the hand or 
mouth within half an hour. Successful in keeping one alive during 
a long railway journey, in a gauze bag attached to his breast-button, 
for three days, during which it readily fed from a small bottle filled 
with a syrup of brown sugar and water, Mr. Gould determined to 
attempt the bringing of some living examples to England, in which 
he succeeded, but unhappily they did not long survive their arrival 
in London, and died on the second day: had they lived, it was his 
intention to have sent them to the Society’s Gardens, where they 
would doubtless have been objects of great attraction. Mr. Gould 
added, that he was certain that they might be readily brought to this 
country ; that they would live in’ the gardens at least during the 
months of summer, and that the captains of any of the great steamers 
now voyaging between England and America would willingly render 
the assistance requisite to effect this desirable object. 


Mr. Gould exhibited a highly interesting species of Ceriornis, 
which he had found in the Collection of Dr. Cabot of Boston, who, 
with the greatest liberality, permitted him to bring it to England 
for the purpose of comparison and description. The appearance of 
this bird is very singular, and the uniform buff colouring of the 
breast would lead to the supposition that it is merely a variety of 
one or other of the previously known species of the genus; but the 
greater length of the tarsi, and the well-defined markings of the 
back, forbid such a conclusion. For this new bird, forming the 
fourth species of the genus, Mr. Gould proposed the name of 


Crriornis Cazort. 


Forehead, sides of the head, nape and chin, black 3 crest and sides 
of the neck deep red; all the upper surface mottled with black, rich 
chestnut, buffy white, and black, the latter colouring assuming the 
form of a large circular spot at the tip of each feather; this buff 
mark greatly increasing in size on the scapularies, and the greater 
wing- and tail-coverts ; primaries and tail feathers very dark brown, 
crossed with toothed markings of buff mottled with black ; breast 
and under surface deep sandy buff stained with red, and black on 
the flanks, under tail-coverts and thighs. 

Total length, 181; bill, 12; wing, 10 ; tail, 71; tarsi, 33; middle 
toe and nail, 23. 

Hab. China. 

Remark.—This species is more nearly allied to C. Temmincki than 


No. CCCXXXVII.—Procerepings or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctety. 


162 


to the other members of the genus. The specimen is believed to be 
unique. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On SroasTOMID# AS A FAMILY, AND ON SEVEN PROPOSED 
New Genera, Sixty-one New Specises, anp Two New 
VARIETIES FROM JAMAICA. By THE Hon. Epwarp Cuairtty. 


Stoastomide! When I first open my cabinet of this Family to 
the spectator, two observations are generally made. The one, ‘* How 
minute! how could you trouble yourself with such specks! they are 
not worth seeing, for we cannot see them.”’ Then follows, ‘“ Well, 
they are very wonderful; but how did you collect them?” 

To the first observation I answer, ‘ True, they are but specks, and 
have very much injured my eyesight ; but they are worth seeing 
under the microscope ; for they are worthy to rank, and must rank, 
in point of sculpture, with the most wonderful and beautiful shells 
known to conchologists, and most of them are most worthy of a 
sculptor’s or designer’s study.” Among the Helices, Pupe, Acha- 
tine, Cylindrelle, Bulimi, &c. there are plenty of minute species 
almost microscopic, and interesting enough ; but, under the micro- 
scope, these only improve in size, and no further beauties are un- 
folded, and little further interest is given to them by its use. The 
Stoastomide, however, are not only wonderful for their minuteness, 
and from the knowledge that, however minute, they are part of an 
animal, perfect in its anatomy as that of the largest shell; but the 
form and sculpture of each species are so marked, that the microscope 
brings out in each, new beauties and new wonders, entitling them to 
rank among the most wonderful works in animal creation. And to 
say the least of these Stoastomide, ‘They are shells, and beautiful 
ones too, and are not only worthy, but must,—being known to exist, 
—be in every cabinet that pretends to the smallest degree of perfec- 
tion or completion.” 

To the second I shall reply by practical information which I think 
will be valued. 

«« Kasily attained, little valued,” may be taken as a good general 
maxim. But my love for this family arose from a difficulty ; and as 
it involves the history of Stoastoma, I may be permitted to relate it. 

In the winter of 1848-49 the late Prof. C. B. Adams paid 
me a visit in Jamaica ; and looking over a limited collection, he ob- 
served that which is now known as Stoastoma pisum. The singu- 
larity of its semicircular mouth was noticed by him, as it had been 
by me; but it then stood alone, and he put it on one side to be de- 
cribed as Helicina pisum, hesitating to give it generic importance. 
He next visited Manchester parish, the principal habitat of S¢. 
pisum ; and meanwhile’I, in my own garden in St. Thomas in the 
East parish, close to Yallahs Hill, found a minute shell with a some- 
what similar mouth, about which I corresponded with him. This 


163 


turned out to be that wonderful and beautiful speck St. Wilkinson- 
@anum. He again in Manchester collected more specimens of S. 
pisum and other species of the family , and, first under the proposed 
generic name of “‘ Hemicyclostoma,”’ the species were finally placed 
under the generic name of ‘“ Stoastoma”’ at the suggestion of Dr. 
A. A. Gould. While Adams was still away from me, as I was exa- 
mining my only specimen of S. Wilkinsoneanum, it dropped from 
my hand—fortunately on to the floor-cloth,—and I did not recover 
it till after a full hour’s careful search. This showed me the folly 
of being satisfied with the possession of one specimen only, where 
others might be obtained; and I determined to make a vigorous 
search for more. I ransacked my garden and all round, in vain ; for, 
as I now conclude, it had been brought there accidentally, per- 
haps by a bird; till at last I crossed a deep ravine, a streamlet at 
the bottom of it, and got to one side of what we call “ Little Yallahs’ 
Hill,” which stands a good half-mile crow-fly distance from my 
garden ; there I found a spot, a slope on the hill-side, with crumbling 
fine dirt running, or sifting as it were, down it. There I first found 
Geomelania Greyana (described as Cylindrella Greyana, Contrib. 
Conch. p. 82, till I made out the operculum of that genus). These 
were so numerous, and many so broken, that I put handfuls of the 
fine dirt into a small bag for home examination. The result was, 
plenty of St. Wilkinsoneanum, and other new species at the same 
time. 

The plan of collecting all minute shells, beyond this “bagging ”’ 
of dirt, is, to have a small zine or tin tray about 9 inches long and 
3 wide, with sides turning up all round half an inch high. I put 
about half a teaspoonful of dirt, such as I have alluded to, into it. 
Holding the tray at each end, and tilting it the furthest side down- 
wards, shaking it lightly backwards and forwards, right and left, end 
to end, causes the dirt to fall and spead somewhat evenly along the 
outer edge ; then, levelling the tray, a slight jerk from side to side 
of the tray causes the whole of the dirt to spread pretty evenly over 
the tray’s surface, and exposes every minute object to view, with the 
aid of strong spectacles or a lens. A pointed wetted camel’s-hair 
brush takes up and may deposit the minute subjects into a pill-box, or 
other receptacle, for future examination. The formation of Jamaica 
being mostly tertiary limestone, out of about a quart of such dirt as 
this, I have taken dozens and dozens of minute specimens of no less 
than thirty-one species, besides larger ones, which the naked eye 
could well see—probably upwards of fifty species from one quart of 
dirt altogether ! 


I am about to describe sixty-one new species, which, added to 
those described by Adams, make the total of eighty belonging to 
Jamaica. Yet let it not be imagined for one moment that I consider 
these are all that inhabit the island: on the contrary, I incline to 
think that that number might be doubled or trebled were the whole 
land explored. biog 

I consider that the range of each species is very limited, and that 


164 


each spot of land suitable to them will contain distinct species which 
are not to be found elsewhere. S. pisum is a remarkable exception. 
That shell occurs in the Back Woods or highest mountains in the 
north of Manchester; at Porus, say ten miles “crow-fly”’ distance 
on the east border of Manchester; at Moreland and “ Bull dead”’ 
in Manchester, say about the same distance south, near the western 
border : and again it is found at Accompong Town in St. Elizabeth’s 
parish, at (say) twenty-five or thirty miles to the west. And it is 
curious to observe, that, taking Manchester back woods as the focus, 
I have collected and received shells from many intermediate spots 
between it and Porus and Moreland, and Bull dead and Accompong 
town, without getting one St. pisum, although many shells equal or 
smaller in size of other genera and species. But take any other of 
the Stoastomide, and probably you will search for it in vain outside of 
a circumference of three-fourths of a mile from the spot where it first 
was found. Each such spot will contain probably as many as four 
or six or seven species ; but to that spot all those species are confined. 
In the following descriptions it will be seen that the habitat of six 
species is certainly “‘ Peace River:”’ and that that of eight species 
is as certainly Yallahs Hill. That latter I have personally explored ; 
one of my residences was near by, and I repeatedly visited it; and I 
have no hesitation in saying that none of those eight species are to 
be found at half a mile either way. There are hundreds of spots 
of this kind in the island never trodden by human foot, and there- 
fore there is no knowing how many Stoastomide and other minute 
shells might yet be found, or how many of other genera, from large 
to small, may yet be added to the terrestrial conchology of Jamaica. 
The number of unique specimens in my cabinet tells us this truth, 
I having been a collector in situ for years by myself or my black 
deputies, who are rarely to be bribed into a repetition of a visit to a 
strange and unwelcome spot. 

I must here record my great thanks to my friend Dr. S. Livesay 
for the personal assistance he has afforded me with some of these 
troublesome shells ; but more especially, not only for the loan of his 
microscope throughout the labour, but for his most ingenious con- 
trivances, which have been of the greatest help in the examination 
and measurement of shells, enabling me, by aid of one, to examine 
all parts by a rotatory motion, and at the same time to readily compare 
one shell with another ; and by aid of another, on the sliding-scale 
principle, to measure by the thousandth part of an inch with the 
nicest accuracy and with the greatest facility. Future describing 
conchologists would do well to make inquiries of that gentleman. 

In order to give a clearer understanding of my descriptions, it is 
well to state how I have proceeded to examine the shell. Dr. Live- 
say’s apparatus consists of a plate on which a battery (as it were) of 
large pins may be placed in grooves, and kept firm by an upper plate, 
moveable at one end, so as to admit of removing them when required, 
and fixed at the other by a hinge. These pins are revolved in their 
grooves by the fingers, there being a small piece of rounded cork 
stuck on the point of the pin to lay hold of. The shell is gummed 


— a 


=— [CC 


165 


on to the pin’s head, so that the plane of aperture is parallel to the 
length of the pin, and the axis of the shell at right angles with it. 
In this position the operculum, if there, or if not, the inside of the 
aperture, and also the apex and umbilicus, and indeed all parts of 
the shell, except the point of attachment, can be brought under the 
microscope by revolving the pin. 

Next, let me explain any new terms I may have used. In speak- 
ing of “‘above”’ or “ below,’’ I always consider the apex the upper- 
most, and the umbilicus the lowermost part. In speaking of “right” 
or “left,” the outer edge of the aperture is considered to be on the 
right hand. 

In pursuing the examination, we give in succession Form and Co- 
lour. Those two are manifest. Sculpture: we commence to describe 
the sculpture of the last whorl, and calculate from below the suture 
downwards towards the umbilical region at about a quarter from the 
aperture, or the last quarter or third of the last whorl. Spiral 
carine are sculptured raised lines, transverse to the axis or column 
of a shell. The spire and its outlines are self-evident. Whorls are 
counted from the aperture upwards ; from that part to where it is 
opposite or attached to, what is termed, the body whorl, forms one 
whorl, and so on upwards, the whole, half, third, or quarter being 
determined by the exact termination of the appearance of a suture 
at the nuclear apex. The aperture, or mouth, though not audibly, 
speaks its own shape, &c. Labrum in Stoastoma is the edge of the 
right-hand portion of the aperture, extending from the suture, as it 
were, above, round on the right, till it finishes its curve below; the 
labium being the almost straight part on the left. Labral and labial, 
coined words, refer to those parts of the edge of the aperture, &c. 
Labrum “ double” denotes a more or less fine, sharp groove close 
behind the very verge of the labral side of the aperture ; and it shows 
that some at least of Stoastomide have peristome and peritreme, 
though never prominent or expanded as in Choanopoma fimbriatulum, 
C. Chittyi, and the like. 

The ‘“‘labral lamella” is a term we adopt, equivalent to Adams’s 
‘spiral lamella,” ‘lamellar spiral keel,” “ spiral carina continued 
into the lower extremity of the labrum,” &c. ; or the “lamelliform 
keel,” “basal margin continued,” &c., “small lamella,” “raised la- 
mella,” &c. of Pfeiffer, Cat. Phan. I call it ‘‘/abral’’ lamella, be- 
cause it appears to me to grow out of the labral side of the shell, 
one specimen of Lewisia Agassiziana in progress of development 
clearly denoting the fact. It answers to the “ umbilical keel” 
of ‘some of the Cyclotus. In ‘‘measurement”’ of height the axis 
is placed at right angles to the base, so that “height” signifies 
distance between two parallel lines, the apex touching one, and the 
extreme lower edge of the aperture touching the other, the axis 
being at right angles. ‘‘ Greatest breadth ” measures from the edge 
of the aperture about the periphery to its extreme opposite at the 
other side of the last whorl, the axis being still at right angles. 
‘Least breadth” is when three parts of the last whorl touch two 
parallel lines, that is, the plane or edge of the aperture, the back of 


166 


the last whorl, and narrowest part of it close to the aperture, or the 
penult whorl, 

With, then, the one species from Polynesia, Electrina succinea, 
the total of Stoastomide amount to 81 species known ; and I proceed 
to propose an entirely new arrangement of them. Professor Adams 
foresaw the necessity and propriety of it. In his ‘Monograph of 
Stoastoma,’ p. 4, occur the following passages :—‘‘ The value of this 
genus is equal to that of the Lamarckian genera of Cyclostoma and 
Helicina. If these should be generally received as families, sub- 
divided into several genera according to the plan of Dr. L. Pfeiffer, it 
will be entitled to constitute a distinct family, Sroasromipz. Some 
of the characters rarely, if ever, occur in other genera, while the 
specific differences consist partly in slight modifications of these 
characters. Such are the blunt but not reflected edge of the labrum 
and the spiral lamella issuing from the umbilicus. The genus has 
thus a very obvious type, quite distinct from any hitherto discovered. 
An affinity with the Cyclostomide is established between <Apero- 
stoma (Troschel) and the depressed and discoidal species of Stoa- 
stoma.” “Its affinity with the Helicinide is established between 
Iucidella (Swainson) (??), and some of the conical species, as S. 
Redfieldianum and S. Leanum, by their general form and sculpture, 
and by the form of the base. But observations on the animals will 
be of more value on this subject. We were not so fortunate as to 
obtain living specimens. While preparing this Monograph, a cor- 
respondent informs us that S, piswm when alive is sea-green.” 

In raising Stoastoma into a family, I am thus justified by Pro- 
fessor Adams, and only carry out his views in calling it, Family 
Stoastomide, Adams. 

Fortunately I happen to be ‘‘ the correspondent ”’ who found the 
shell S. pisum in “a living state ;” when it is, and continues after, 
if so taken, of a ‘‘sea-green”’ colour externally. I have also exa- 
mined the outward form of the animal. The following are my rough 
original notes made long ago upon it :— 


‘© STOASTOMA PISUM. 


“The animal seems to have but one pair of horns, and is thus 
shaped. 


[The drawing supposes the animal to be in motion. ] 


EE CULO 


167 

** Horns short, thick at base, and pointed. Mollusk black, or of 
the darkest bottle-green. Seems to aid its progress by its snout.” 

So different, then, is the animal and shell from either Cyclosto- 
mide or Helicinida, that with propriety we may take it out of either 
family and place it as a distinct family, Sroasromipz, Adams, 
which I divide into the following genera ; adding, however, to Adams’ 
description, ‘‘ all the species ’»—“‘are sculptured with spiral lines ;”’ 
this, “‘ except very rarely, as in the instance of S. Philippianum ;”’ 
and it is right also to mention, that this family possesses the habit 
of absorbing part of the internal structure of their shells, as pointed 
out by Mr. Bland in a paper read before the Lyceum of Nat. Hist. 
N. Y. (see Annals), Feb. 27th, 1854. 

The genera will stand thus :— 

First, those most singular shells having, as it were, two mouths, 
such as the only two hitherto known, S¢. Agassizianum, Ad., and St. 
Philippianum, Ad., demand a section to themselves. These and two 
others I shall call Genus Lewista, in compliment to Prof. Lewis 
Agassiz. 

Secondly, those beautiful ones, like St. Gouldianum, with long 
projecting termination of the last whorl, and such decided sculpture of 
a few (four or six) strong transverse strie, with fine ones intervening 
—being all of subdiscoidal form (‘‘ Gouldia”’ being preoccupied 
among marine shells), I shall call Genus ““W1Lk1nsona,” in honour 
to the memory of the lady whose name it bears, as well as to that of 
Adams, it being the second shell of the kind he described: with a 
subdivision for those devoid of the lengthened last whorl, but with 
similar sculpture. 

Thirdly, those singular shells with somewhat depressed spire, sub- 
angulated on the upper part of the last whorl, then quasi straight 
or flat at the periphery, and then subangulated again at the base, 
Genus “ Fapyenrs,” in memory of the lamented author of the 
‘ Flora of Jamaica.’ 

Fourthly, those shells which represent the S. pisum, the first 
type, and are subglobose, Sroastoma. 

Fifthly, depressed conic shells, like unto S. Chittyanum, Genus 
Mercatretia ; 8. Chittyanum being the only one described by 
Adams. 

Sixthly, the globose, discoidal forms, such as Stoastoma Cumingi- 
anum (that name being elsewhere preoccupied), I call Genus *‘ Pr- 
TITIA,”’ as the second named by Adams, and in compliment to M. 
Petit de la Saussaye. 

Seventhly, globose conic shells, like S. Lindsleyanum, I call 
Genus “LInDSsLEYA.” 

And, eighthly, the subdiscoidal, like 8. Blandianum, I nominate 
Genus ‘ Buanpia.” 


In assigning the following new specific names, it will be found that 
I have adopted Prof. Adams’s course of naming them after persons. 
In his list of nineteen species, only one, S. piswm, is otherwise named. 
I have called all my new genera after persons recorded by Adams, 


168 


aud all my new species after scientific men, or persons living, wel 
known among conchologists, the exceptions of personal friends being 
very few. And let me hope, that m so doing, I show the high 
esteem I feel this family of shells is entitled to, and also my great 
respect for the names I have made use of. 


STOASTOMIDA, Adams. 


Gen. Lewis, Chitty. 


1. L. Agassiziana, dd. 3. L. Woodwardiana, Chitty. 
2. L. Philippiana, dd. 4. L. MacAndrewiana, Ch. 


Gen. WiLKk1nson a, Chitty. 


5. W. Wilkinsonzeana, dd. 12. W. Tappaniana, Ad. 
6. W. Gouldiana, 4d. 13. W. Hollandiana, Ad. 
7. W. Schomburghkiana, 02. 14. W. Dysoniana, Ch. 
8. W. Abbottiana, Ch. 15. W. Hanleyana, Ch. 
9. W. Jardineiana, Ch. 16. W. Bensoniana, CA. 
10. W. Greenwoodiana, Ch. 17. W. Moussoniana, CA. 
11. W. Laidlawiana, Ch. 


Gen. Fapyren1, Chitty. 


18. F. Fadyeniana, dd. 20. F. Grayana, Ch. 
19. F. Bowerbankiana, Ch. 


Gen. Sroastoma, Ad. 


21. 8. pisum, dd. 24. S. (Electrina) succineum, 
22. S. Pfeifferianum, dd. Sowd. 
23. S. Livesayanum, Ch. 


Gen. Metcatrei, Chitty. 


25. M. Metcalfeiana, Ch. 31. M. Sinelairiana, CA. 
26. M. Chittyana, da. 32. M. Mitchelliana, Ch. 
27. M. Bacqui¢ana, Ch. 33. M. Dorhniana, Ch. 
28. M. Sutherlandiana, Ch. 34. M. Layardiana, Ch. 
29. M. Morchiana, Ch. 35. M. Swiftiana, Ch. 


Q 


30. M. Verreauxiana, Ch. 


Gen. Petrria, Chitty. 


36. P. Petitiana, dd. 39. P. Stevensiana, Ch. 
37. P. Cumingiana, dd. 40. P. Fortuneana, Ch. 
38. P. Anthoniana, dd. 41. P. Adamsiana, Ch. 


169 

42. P. Tayloriana, Ch. 45. P. Grevilleana, Ch. 
43. P. Stricklandiana, Ch. 46. P. Carpenteriana, Ch. 
44, P. Stokesiana, Ch. 47. P. (? Lewisia) Barroniana, Ch. 

Gen. Linpsteya, Chitty. 
48. L. Lindsleyana, Ad. 61. L. Gaskoiniana, Ch. 
49. L. Pickeringiana, Ch. 62. L. Newcombiana, Ch. 
50. L. Redfieldiana, 4d. 63. L. Riisseana, Ch. 
51. L. Jayana, Ad. 64. L. Poeyana, Ch. 
52. L. Leana, dd, 65. L. Henryana, CA. 
53. L. Denisoniana, Ch. 66. L. Alderiana, Ch. 
54. L. Polyblankiana, Ch. 67. L. Bridgesiana, Ch. 
55. L. Albersiana, Ch. 68. L. Salléana, Ch. 
56. L. Fischeriana, Ch. 69. L. Arthuriana, Ch. 
57. L. Moricandiana, Ad. 70. L. Gutiereziana, Ch. 
58. L. Reeveana, Ch. 71. L. Oweniana, Ch. 
59. L. Shuttleworthiana, Ch. 72. L. Wollastoniana, Ch. 
60. L. Boissieriana, Ch. 

Gen. Bianp1A, Chitty. 
73. B. Blandiana, Ad. _ 78. B. Hilliana, Ch. 
74. B. Jeffreysiana, Ch. 79. B. Trailliana, Ch. 
75. B. Bairdiana, Ch. 80. B. Lukesiana, CA. 
76. B. MacGillivrayana, Ch. 81. B. Loweana, Ch. 
77. B. Troscheliana, Ch. 


Genus I. Lewis1a, Chitty. 
Quasi double-mouthed. 


Lewista Acasstzrana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Agassizianum, 
Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 158; Cat. Phan. p. 234, 


The habitat of this shell is near Ackendown, Westmoreland. The 
“deposit,” of which Adams speaks, is still remaining in one of my 
specimens (the original type), and beyond a doubt is the operculum, 
like many others I shall describe. It is so fixed in the aperture, 
that I will not risk its breakage in removal, and so I cannot fully 
describe it. It is excessively concave in its centre, continued on the 
labial side in a long, broad, smooth, shining convex plate, shaped 
like a tongue, and extending almost and sinking into the opposite 
extreme of “the spiral lamella excessively developed and soldered,” 
&c., as described by Adams. 


Lewisia Puixipprana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Philippianum, 
Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 158; Cat. Phan. p. 235. 


Operculum, still ——? 


Hab. Burnt Hill, near Ackendown, Westmoreland, non Acken- 
down. 


170 
Lewis1a WoopwarpiAna, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Hanover (unique). 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 14 spiral 
carine, widely apart, rather blunt ; about 4 visible on the penult 
whorl, lines of growth well defined. Spire, very slightly elevated, 
with concave outlines. Whorls, 4, very slightly rounded, with a 
lightly impressed suture ; last whorl well rounded. Aperture, well 
detached from the body whorl, slightly depressed and slightly con- 
stricted, semielliptical. Labrum, double, slightly thickened, reflected 
and rounded off, smooth, plain, not scolloped. Ladium, straight, 
edge produced angularly in its centre, and much rounded and re- 
flected towards the umbilicus. Ladral lamella (see ante), rises 
somewhat abruptly from the labrum, forming a cavity longer in its 
interior than the aperture, and joins the last whorl below, beyond 
the umbilicus, by rather a sharp inflection upwards; so that from 
its junction to outside the labium is not wider than the lesser dia- 
meter of the aperture; exteriorly very convex, with a deep suture 
between it and the last whorl beneath. Umbilicus, concealed. Oper- 
culum, ? 

Height 0°057, greatest breadth 0-083, least breadth 0°07. 

Named in compliment to S. P. Woodward, Esq., British Museum, 
author of ‘ Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ Xe. 


Lewista MacAnprewiana, Chitty (unique). 


Hab. Near the Botanic Garden, St. Andrew’s. The smallest 
Stoastoma! 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pearl white, semitransparent, most 
likely therefore a young shell. Sculpture, 25 equidistant fine spiral 
carine. Spire, much depressed, with convex outlines. Whorls, 
31, well rounded, with rather a deep suture ; last whorl well rounded. 
Aperture, well rounded, more than a semicircle, very slightly ex- 
panded below ; a little detached from penult whorl and very slightly 
depressed. Labrum, slightly double, thin, reflected very shortly, 
white, shining, smooth, planular. Ladium, well detached from 
penult whorl, rather lower than plane of labrum, very slightly curved 
to the right below. Umbilicus, N.B.! apparently very shallow, but 
covered by an externally convex white callosity, which proceeds from 
behind the upper end of the labium and covers the umbilicus, and 
is attached to the body whorl all but at its extreme left ; whereunto 
it may, in older specimens, be entirely soldered. This, though in- 
complete at the aperture, bears the characters of a complete shell. 
The labral lamella is very slightly produced, rounded at its edge, 
quite separate from the above callosity on the right, but appa- 
rently joining the exterior of it on the left, round the umbilical 
region. 

Feight 0-024, greatest breadth 0°046, least breadth 0-036. 

I have some doubts as to placing this unique specimen in this 
subgenus, but think that, from the callosity over the umbilicus and 
its seeming immaturity, and the appearance that the labral lamella 


171 


is not complete, it will, from older or other specimens, be found to 
be properly classed. 

Named in compliment to Robert MacAndrew, Esq., so well known 
from his valuable dredging operations. 


Genus II. Wiik1nson a, Chitty. 


§ 1. 
Shell subdiscoidal ; last whorl extraordinarily produced. Seulpture, 
a few strong and many fine carine. 


WILKINsonzxA WILKINSON ZANA, Chitty. 


\Hab. Yallahs Hill, East face. 

The symmetrical form and beautiful sculpture induce me to rank 
it first. Is was also the second Stoastoma found, though not de- 
scribed till long after S. Gouldianum, the latter in Sept. 1849 and 
the former in Oct. 1850; for Adams at that time was inclined to 
treat it as a mere variety! Stoastoma Wilkinsoneanum, Ad. Cont. 
Conch. p. 148 ; Cat. Phan. p. 233. 


WILKinsonxA Govutp1ana, Chitty. 


Hab. The backwoods in Manchester’s highest mountains, north- 
ern region. Stoastoma Gouldiana, Ad. See Mon. Stoast. Adams, 
1849, p. 5; Cat. Phan. p. 232. 


Var. a. Ad. 


Same habitat. 
Labrum not so much produced above. Aperture more cupped 
and expanded in proportion. (See, as above.) 


Var. 6. Chitty. 

Hab. Trelawny, still further north. 

Is much smaller than var. a., and labrum and aperture are mini- 
ature of S. Gouldianum proper. 

Height 0-035, greatest breadth 0-073, least breadth 0°058. 


WILKINsonzA SCHOMBURGHKIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Moreland, Manchester. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, semitransparent very pale horn. Seulp- 
ture, lines of growth very apparent ; counting from the suture, there 
are five less prominent and then one very prominent rounded spiral ca- 
rine, three less and one very prominent, two less and one very pro- 
minent, two less and one prominent, three less and one very promi- 
nent, and eight less, gradually becoming finer round the umbilicus : 
visible on the upper whorls, three less, one prominent and two less. 
Spire, much depressed, with considerably convex outlines. Whorls, 

3rds, well rounded but flattened at the lower part; suture very 
lightly impressed. Aperture, constricted at more than the width of 


172 


the last whorl from the labrum, about 0°015, and then convexly 
rounded externally and concavely internally ; widely expanded, de- 
flected below, subsemielliptical. Labrum, leaves the body at about 
50°, very much thickened and reflected ; pure white; deeply scol- 
loped by the strong spiral carinze, which form five blunted points. 
Labium *, nearly straight above, curved below abruptly to the right 
and then to the left back again ; much below the plane of the labrum, 
joining it at about the constriction of the aperture above, but rising 
to the plane below. Umbilicus, narrow and deep. Labral lamella, 
very slightly rounded, and projecting at its junction with the labrum, 
narrow and slightly produced below. Operculum, very broadly 
margined all round by a wide convex fold and a raised lamella on 
the labral side like the capital italic D ; very deeply concave, with, 
in the hollow, three or four rounded raised ridges crossing diagonally 
from right above to left below, which are finely decussated diagonally 
from left to right, the labral side finely plaited, the lower left end 
expanding broadly, and folding over the lower part of the labium 
in thin plaits or lamine; which plaits are continued on the lower 
side of the operculum. A very interesting shell. 

Height 0°039, greatest breadth 0-074, least breadth 0-053. 

Named in honour of Sir Robert Schomburgk, the celebrated 
traveller in Guiana, and great naturalist, &c. 


Wiixinsonza Assortiana, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Hanover. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, white, subtransparent, shining. 
Sculpture, five very strong spiral carine, with, at the periphery, two 
highly microscopic, scarcely visible, intervening the strong lines; 
three rather stronger, below the lowest strong carina round the um- 
bilicus ; one strong on the upper whorls. Spz7e, much depressed, 
with convex outlines. Whorls, 4, very slightly rounded, with a light 
suture. dperture, extraordinarily produced from the body-whorl, 
rather constricted far away from the labrum, and rather cupped 
inwards to the labrum; flattened above, expanded and depressed 
below, semielliptical. Labrum, extraordinarily produced and de- 
pressed at the uppermost strong spiral carina, slightly scolloped and 
pectinated at and by the other strong carine, reflected and thickened 
slightly. Labiwm, widely detached from the body-whorl, very little 
curved to the right below, very much below the plane of the labrum. 
Umbilicus, shallow and broad. Labral lamella, slightly and angu- 
larly spread out close to the labrum, then thin and narrow and not 
concealing the umbilicus. Operculum, most extraordinary, and who 
can describe it?! Very deeply concave in the middle, with a broad 
raised margin all round, very broad and much rounded on the labial 
side, which has a largely developed tooth-like horizontal plait or fold 
half-way down it descending into the hollow, and a much larger one 
proceeding from the lowest labial side, flowing, as it were, to the left 


* It is singular, that out of only ten specimens, every one should have the 
operculum which partially hides the labium. 


173 


well over the labial side, and also over the labium, not concealing 
the lowest part of the operculum, but showing the lowest part of 
the labial side to be broad and spreading,—trumpet-shaped. Un- 
fortunately I possess but two specimens, ouly one having the oper- 
culum, which is so firmly fixed in the shell that I dare not further 
attempt its extraction, and therefore I cannot further examine its 
extraordinary structure. 

Height 0°034, greatest breadth 0°066, least breadth 0:049. 

Named in compliment to Captain George Abbott, of the R.W.I. 
Steam Mail Company’s Service (at present commanding the ‘ Mag- 
dalena’), for his great care and attention in procuring and _pre- 
eae specimens of natural history for the Zoological Society of 

ondon. 


WiLkinsonzA JARDINEIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Swift River Head, St. George’s. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, lines of 
growth visible ; seven strong spiral carinee, without intervening fine 
ones ; three strong, on upper whorls. Spire, slightly elevated, with 
concave outlines. Whorls, 4, moderately convex, with a lightly im- 
pressed suture ; last whorl wholly detached from the penult, extend- 
ing about one-third the widest breadth of the shell beyond it, and an- 
gularly and pointedly produced above. Aperture, slightly constricted 
about the point of attachment to the penult whorl, then bulging or 
swelling out and becoming slightly constricted at the labrum ; semi- 
elliptic, but modified by the below-mentioned depression of the 
labrum, and production of the last whorl, and also, in a correspond- 
ing degree, on the lower side. Zaérum, produced above to an extra- 
ordinary degree at the second carina, and there very much depressed 
or bent inwards, thickened and reflected ; very slightly scolloped by 
the spiral carinee. Zabium, much detached from the penult whorl ; 
upon a plane with the lower part of the labrum, but much below it 
above ; slightly sinuate above, and very much so to the right at its 
junction with the labrum below. Umbilicus, moderately deep, only 
partially concealed by the /abial lamella, which is narrow and shortly 
incurved towards the umbilicus. Operculum, 2 

Height 0-024, greatest breadth 0°059, least breadth 0-042. 

Named in compliment to my friend Sir William Jardine, Bart., of 
Applegarth. 


Wirxinsonza GReEENwoop1IANA, Chitty. 


Hab, ——? Hanover. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of growth 
visible ; three fine spiral carine and one strong, and so on until the 
fifth strong carina, below which, round the umbilicus, are six fine 
carinze ; on the upper whorls one strong in the centre of six fine 
carine. Spire, depressed with convex outlines. Whorls, 33, slightly 
convex, with lightly impressed suture. Aperture, separated from 
penult whorl in an elegant curved line, more than semicircular, 


174 


rather flattened above and very slightly expanded. Labrum, spread- 
ing not very prominently above, white and smooth, slightly reflected 
and expanded about its centre, pectinated very slightly by four of the 
stronger carine.  Labium, slightly detached from penult whorl; 
sinuous, thin, and slightly reflected; on the plane of the labrum 
below, much below it above. Umdbilicus, moderately deep and nar- 
row, well circumscribed by the labial lamella, which is sharply and 
slightly produced. Operculum, ? 
Height 0°032, greatest breadth 0-054, least breadth 0-044. 
Named in compliment to Major Greenwood, whose collection of 
shells from New Zealand was sent by him to the British Museum. 


Wiixinson2a Larpiawiana, Chitty. 


Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale green. Sculpture, 1st, 
2nd and 3rd spiral carinz, strong; 4th strongest; 5th, 6th and 7th 
strong; 8th strongest; 9th, 10th and 11th strong; 12th strongest ; 
13th, 14th and 15th strong; 16th strongest ; 17th, 18th and 19th 
strong; 20th strongest; 21st and 22nd stronger; 23rd, 24th, 25th 
and 26th, round umbilicus, fine; the strong lines are all obsolete 
behind the aperture; on the upper whorls are 5 strong, 1 strongest, 
and 2 stronger carine. Spire, slightly elevated, with convex out- 
lines. Whorls, 3}, well rounded, with deep suture. Aperture, very 
slightly constricted at a distance from the labrum, and the strong 
carinze become obsolete ; thence, aperture well expanded; rather 
depressed above and expanded below; more than a semicircle: La- 
brum, very double, more so above than below; joins the body-whorl 
at the constriction by an angle of about 70°; rather strongly pro- 
duced at the first strongest carina; deeply and broadly pectinated 
and scolloped between the strongest carme, namely the 4th, 8th, 
12th, 16th, and 20th, making five points; slightly thickened and 
reflected ; white. Labium, slightly reflected, rather thin, slightly 
curyed to the right above and below ; well detached from the body- 
whorl; below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus, moderately 
deep, broad ; little affected by the /abral lamella, though it is equally 
and strongly produced all round. Operculum, shallow in the centre 
and very flatly concave, with two sharp diagonal carine across it, 
from right above to left below: labral side with a broad border and 
raised lamella: upper end, diagonally plaited from left above to 
right below, and lower end the same, only from right above to left 
below. 

Height 0:036, greatest breadth 0°064, least breadth 0-048. 

Named in kind remembrance of my bosom friend, Henry Laid- 
law, Esq., Stipendiary Justice, Manchester, Jamaica. 


———— a 


175 


§ 2. 


Last whorl not strongly produced. Sculpture a few strong, and 
many fine carine. 


Witkinsonza Tarpaniana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Tappania- 
num, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 149; Cat. Phan. p. 233. 


Hab. Peace River, Manchester. 


Wiixinson#A Houianpiana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Hol- 
landianum, Ad. Cont. Conch. p. 149; Cat. Phan. p. 234. 


Hab. The back woods of Manchester. 


Wirxinsonza Dysontana, Chitty. 


Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland. 

Form, subdiscoidal or very depressed conic. Colour, very pale 
yellow. Sculpture, beautiful,—6 very highly raised sharp spiral 
carinze, with about 11 very fine highly microscopic carine inter- 
vening in the first space below the suture, 9 on the second space, 
7 on the third, fewer on the fourth and fifth, and very numerous 
beyond the sixth strong carina round the umbilicus. On the upper 
whorls, one strong carina in the middle, and one close above the 
suture, with a proportionate number of very fine intervening. Spire, 
slightly elevated, with very convex outlines. Apex, sharp. Whorls, 
43, scarcely rounded, with very light suture; last whorl scarcely 
produced from the body-whorl. Aperture, very slightly constricted 
at the fauces, not expanded, except very slightly below. Labrum, 
pectinated and very slightly scolloped by the six strong carine, thin 
and sharp. Labium, detached from the penult whorl; on a plane 
with the labrum, very slightly rounded above, much below to the 
right. Umbilicus, very deep and suddenly narrowed. Labral lamella, 
very strongly produced close to the labrum above, less prominent 
round the umbilicus. Operculum, slightly concave in the middle, 
with a deep broad margin all round, very fine granulations in the 
hollow, with (?) four very fine distant carine crossing diagonally 
from right above-to left below. 

Height 0°04, greatest breadth 0°066, least breadth 0-053. 

Named in compliment to the memory of the late Mr. David Dyson 
of Salford, so well known for his zoological researches in Central 
America, Venezuela, &c. 


Witxinsonza Hanteyana, Chitty. 


Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover. 

Form, subdiscoidal, or very depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. 
Sculpture, lines of growth, wide apart: 3 strong spiral carine ; 
4th, stronger; 3 strong; 8th, stronger; 3 strong; 12th, stronger ; 
3 strong; 16th, stronger; 2 strong; 19th, stronger; and 4 strong 
round the umbilicus. On the upper whorls, 3 strong; 1 stronger ; 
and 3 strong. Spire, slightly elevated, with straight or very slightly 


176 


concave outlines. Wahorls, 33, well rounded with light suture. 
Aperture, much constricted behind the labrum, and then much di- 
lated ; depressed above and expanding below ; subsemicircular, La- 
brum, double, slightly produced above ; pectinated and slightly scol- 
loped by the five stronger carinze ; attached to the body-whorl and 
produced at an angle of about 70°; slightly thickened and reflected. 
Labium, much lower than the plane of the labrum above ; less so, 
below, moderately detached from the body-whorl ; rather curved at 
both extremities. Umbilicus, shallow and broad, not affected by the 
labral lamella, which is fine and narrow throughout. Operculum i 

Height 0°041, greatest breadth 0-061, least breadth 0:047. 

Named in compliment to Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., author of ‘ Bri- 
tish Shells,’ &c. 


Wirxinsonaa BensoniAna, Chitty. 


Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, rather dark brown. Sculpture, six 
prominent sharp spiral carinze intermingled with eighteen less strong : 
on the upper whorls, one strong between about six less strong. 
Spire, very little elevated, with slightly concave outlines. Whorls, 
34, slightly rounded with a very light suture. Aperture, semicir- 
cular, depressed above in the uppermost third, much expanded 
below. Labrum, much and pointedly produced above, at an angle 
of about 75° from the body-whorl, white, slightly thickened and _re- 
flected, angulated, not pectinated, by all five points of the sharper 
carine. Ladium, rather curved below, much detached from body- 
whorl, on a plane with the labrum at the lower end, much below it 
above. Umbilicus, rather deep and broad. Labral lamella, regu- 
larly produced, strong but narrow, subangularly pointed close at the 
labrum. Operculum, moderately concave, serpentine on the labial 
side, with a groove on the labral side. 

Height 0-027, greatest breadth 0°049, least breadth 0:038. 

Named in compliment to W. H. Benson, Esq., who has contri- 
buted so much to our Indian land-shells. 


Wixixinson#£A Movussoniana, Chitty. 


Hab. Yallahs Hill. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, white, semitransparent. Sculpture, 
22 lines, four of which are very slightly stronger than the rest, 
lowest most strong and prominent ; on the upper whorls, 7. Spire, 
slightly elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 35, slightly rounded, 
with a light suture. Aperture, slightly expanded and depressed 
below, more than a semicircle. Labrum, thickened and reflected, 
double above, very slightly scolloped by the four stronger carinze, or 
rather the labrum is produced in straight lines to meet each stronger 
carina, forming three straight lines scarcely pectinated, in octagonal 
shape, moderately and roundly produced above from the body-whorl. 
Labium, rather curved, below the plane of the labrum above, mode- 
rately detached from the body whorl. Umdzlicus, deep. Labral 
lamella, sharply, finely and uniformly produced. Operculum, slightly 


177 


concave, smooth, with ? two strong rounded carinz vertically cross- 
ing the hollow. 

Height 0:035, greatest breadth 0°058, least breadth 0:042. 
evaes in compliment to Prof. A. H. Mousson of Zurich, Switzer- 
and. 


Genus III. Fapyernra, Chitty. 


Spire depressed, subangular on the upper part of the last whorl, 
subplanulate at the periphery, subangulate below, and subpla- 
nulate round the umbilicus. 


Fapyenta Fapyentana. See Stoastoma Fadyenianum, Ad. 
Mon. Stoast. Adams, 1849, p. 7; Cat. Phan. p. 231. 


Hab. Hills S.W. of Port Henderson. 
Other shells, I have reason to know, have been distributed for 
this. 


Fapyenia BowErBanxkiana, Chitty. 


Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale tinge of brown. Sculp- 
ture, 24 strong equidistant (above) spiral carinze, wider apart below, 
and more faint round the umbilicus, and obsolete at the labrum ; 
with a hiatus between the 13th and 14th, equal to the space occupied 
by 3 carinze, at the periphery ; 7 visible on the upper whorls. Spire, 
much depressed with concave outlines. Apex, mammillated. Whorls, 
4, well rounded above, with a deep suture; last whorl rather large 
and expanded; subangular at the upper part, subplanulate at the 
periphery, and subangular below, subplanulate, but more convex 
round the umbilicus than in F. Fadyeniana; the whorl is much 
wider above than below, so that the subplanulate periphery is nearly 
at right angles with the outline of the spire. It is the same in F’. 
Fadyeniana. Aperture, very slightly constricted above behind the 
labrum ; dilated, large ; rather more constricted below, behind, and 
at the labrum; upper third flattened almost at a right angle with 
the labium ; well rounded below. Ladrum, simple, white. Labium, 
on a plane with the labrum, well detached from the body-whorl ; 
thickened and reflected towards the umbilicus, more so below than 
above; much rounded to the right below. Umbilicus, rather deep. 
Labral lamella, well defined, strong and prominent, and inflected 
upwards towards the umbilicus. Opereculum ? 

Height 0:041, greatest breadth 0°08, least breadth 0063. 

Named in compliment to my friend and fellow-labourer in science, 
Dr. L. Q. Bowerbank, M.D., of Kingston, Jamaica. 

Note.—In F. Fadyeniana fine spiral carinze intervene the coarser, 
and all are more distantly apart. 


Fapyrenta Grayana, Chitty. 
Hab. Yallahs Hill. 


Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, rich light brown. Seulpture, about 
33 irregular and inequidistant, some fine and some rather strong, 


No.CCCXXXVIII.—ProcrerpInGsor THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


178 


spiral carinze, of which 8 or 9 are visible on the upper whorls. 
Spire, much depressed, less than in F'. Bowerbankiana, with concave 
outlines. Apex, mammillated. Whorls, 42rds, with a moderate 
suture ; last whorl typical, subangulated and subplanulated as in F. 
Bowerbankiana and F. Fadyeniana. Aperture, semicircular, only 
slightly affected by the subangularity above and below the periphery, 
very slightly dilated. Labrum, double; outer edge pectinated by 
the spiral carinz, inner edge simple, white and shining. Ladium, 
white, thickened and reflected towards the umbilicus about its centre, 
below much curved to the right, much lower than the plane of the 
labrum at its lower end; widely separated from the body-whorl. 
Umbilicus, very deep and narrow. Labral lamella very broadly and 
sharply produced throughout ; besides the labral lamella within the 
umbilicus, extending from the back of the labium to the umbilicus 
and body-whorl, are four or five well-produced distinct sharp lamelle. 
Operculum, deep concave in the centre, and. a broad margin all round, 
which, on that side, folds well over the labrum, especially below ; 
much covered by numerous coarse granulations, and in the hollow 
on the labral side with four or more strong raised lamelle, which are 
also covered with coarse granulations. 
Height 0076, greatest breadth 0-105, least breadth 0-087. 
Named in compliment to Dr. J. E. Gray, British Museum. 


Genus IV. Sroastoma, Adams. 
Shell subglobose. 


STOASTOMA Pisum, Ad. See Mon. Stoast. Adams, 1849, p. 11; 
Cat. Phan. p. 228. 


Sculpture, almost obsolete, very numerous raised spiral microscopic 
carinze, which are well defined on the upper whorls, four or five 
being visible. Labrum, double. Labium, well detached from the 
penult whorl. Operculum, concave and finely granulated in its con- 
cavity. 

Hab. Manchester, generally, and near Accompong Town, St. Eli- 
zabeth.— Chitty. 


SroastoMA PreIrreR1anuM, Ad. See Mon. Stoast. Adams, p. 8; 
Cat. Phan. p. 230. 


Labrum, double. Operculum, concave, finely granulated in its 
concavity ; margin sharp on the labral side, rather broad, but not 
thickened on the labial side. 

Hab. Manchester back woods.—Chitty. 


Sroastoma Livesayanum, Chitty. 


Hah. Near Ashley Hall, Trelawny. 

Form, subglobose. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 11 distant, 
blunt and raised spiral carinze, of which 5 are visible on the upper 
whorls. Spire, conic, moderately elevated, with slightly convex out- 


——— es 


179 


lines. Whorls, 42rds, scarcely rounded, with a very light suture. 
Aperture, very slightly expanded ; semielliptical, widest in the upper 
third of the labrum, very oblique. Labrum, pectinated by the spiral 
carinee ; double, very slightly reflected. Labium, slightly below the 
plane of the labrum, well detached from penult whorl, but connected 
with it by five or six of the spiral carinze ; arcuated to the left above 
into a sharp angle with the labrum, very much curved below to the 
right. Umbilicus, very small and deep. Labral lamella, strongly 
produced above, but immediately lost in the umbilicus. Operculum, 
semielliptical, planular, with fine granulations on the labral side, and 
concave on the labial side, with a raised ridge all round, which is 
much thickened and rounded, and highly raised about the lower part 
of the labral side. 

Height 0-081, greatest breadth 0-103, least breadth 0-08. 

Named in compliment to my friend Dr. Livesay, a devoted col- 
lector of genera. 


Sroastoma, or ELEcTRINA, sUCCINEUM, Sowerby, will belong 
to this group. See Cat. Phan. p. 228. 


Genus V. Metca.reia, Chitty. 


Shell, depressed conic. 


Mertcatreta Cuittyana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Chittyanum, 
Ad. Mon. Stoast. Ad. 1849, p. 10; Cat. Phan. p. 231. 


Hab. Peace River, Manchester. 

Operculum, very slightly concave, with two strong lamellz cross- 
ing its centre horizontally, and on the labial side two much finer 
ones above, and three or four below. 


Mercatreta Metcarerana, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Hanover. 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of 
growth visible ; sixteen strong, but not much raised inequidistant 
spiral carinze, those round the umbilicus being most prominent, with 
here and there one very fine carina intervening. On the upper 
whorl, 5 carine. Spire, moderately elevated with very slightly con- 
cave outlines. Apex, obtuse. Whorls, 44, very moderately convex, 
with a lightly impressed suture. Aperture, subsemicircular, slightly 
spreading. Labrum, subangularly produced from the body-whorl, 
not abruptly produced, deeply pectinated by the spiral carine. La- 
bium, slightly detached from the body-whorl, very slightly curved 
below to the right ; much below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus, 
very deep and narrow. Labral lamella, very little, but sharply, pro- 
duced, not concealing the umbilicus. Operculum, slightly concave, 
finely granulated in the hollow with three strong apparently not ser- 
rated horizontal lamelle, extending from the labral side over two- 
thirds of the width of the operculum, and one equally strong between 


180 


the first and second above extending one-third across only, the lowest 
slightly curved downwards. ' 
Height 0-073, greatest breadth 0°096, least breadth 0°079. 
Named in compliment to W. Metcalfe, Esq., the possessor of a 
fine cabinet of shells. 


MercarerA Baqauikana, Chitty. 


Hab. Near “The Cave,” high road, Westmoreland. 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, rich brown, fading into faint yel- 
low and white. Scu/pture, 19 spiral carinz, with one fine intervening 
each pair. On the upper whorls 6 carine. Spire, moderately and 
rather concavely elevated. Whorls, 4}, slightly rounded with a 
lightly impressed suture. Aperture, slightly expanded, shortly and 
roundly produced from the penult whorl, scarcely depressed ; sub- 
semicircular, rather dilated above. Labrum, pectinated by all the 
stronger carinze, slightly scolloped. Ladium, slightly detached from 
the penult whorl, rather abruptly detached from the labrum above 
and curved below to the right, much lower than the plane of the 
labrum below. Umbilicus, not deep. Labral lamella, expanded 
above, narrow round the umbilicus. Operculum, concave in the 
middle, seven lamellze radiating horizontally from the labial side, one 
short and central above, one (the longest) crossing the hollow, one 
short on the labral side, one longer (second in length), one short, 
and two longer (third in length) below. 

Height 0°06, greatest breadth 0°089, least breadth 0-071. 

Named in compliment to my bosom friend, Mons. Baquié, of 
Westmoreland, Jamaica. 

This shell is closely allied to Metcalfeia Chittyana at first glance, 
but differs in many minute particulars; the pectination on the 
labrum is alone sufficient to distinguish it; and their habitats are 
about sixty miles asunder. The spire is more conical than in M. 
Chittyana, spiral carinze more distant, labium less widely detached 
from penult whorl, upper part of labrum more produced, apex is more 
blunt. In M. Chittyana the labral lamella expands suddenly above 
close to where it leaves the labium, rising above the plane of the 
aperture, and then descending round the umbilicus in a uniform 
curve without projecting; in M. Baquiéana it does not rise above 
the plane; but after leaving the labium, it spreads out towards the 
centre of the umbilicus, and continues uniform till it is lost in the 
umbilicus. In the former the lower end of the labium is on a plane 
with the labrum, in this it is below the plane. In this, the aperture 
is larger and more oblique, and the last whorl is less expanded. 


Mercatreia SUTHERLANDIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Belmont, St. James. 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, very pale horn or white. Seulp- 
ture, lines of growth visible ; 19 rather strong inequidistant spiral 
carinee, with an unequal number of finer ones intervening. On the 
upper whorls 5 carinze. Spire, moderately and rather concavely 
elevated. Whorls, 5, moderately elevated, with a deep suture. 


18] 


Aperture, less than a semicircle, slightly expanded in the lower two- 
thirds, slightly oblique. Labrum, unequally and not strongly pec- 
tinated by the spiral carinee, very slightly produced above. Labium, 
well detached from the body-whorl, attached to labrum above in a 
slight curve, very slightly waved in its centre, and well curved to 
the right below. Umbilicus, moderately deep, and labral lamella 
moderately produced. Operculum, i 

Height 0-072, greatest breadth 0°12, least breadth 0:079. 

Named in compliment to Dr. P..Sutherland, the Arctic voyager, 
now Government Surveyor of Port Natal. 


Metcatrera Mércarana, Chitty. 


Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland. 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 5 
strong spiral carine, 1 fine; 7th strong and 3 fine; 8th to 15th 
strong and 1 fine intervening each; on the upper whorls 8 strong. 
Spire, slightly elevated with concave outlines. Whorls, 43, very 
slightly rounded with a light suture. Aperture, slightly expanded, 
more below than above ; slightly produced, abruptly from the penult 
whorl: more than a. semicircle. Labrum, thin, and very slightly 
reflected; pectinated by the strong carine. Labium, on a plane 
with the labrum above, lower below 3 Joining the labrum with a curve 
above ; much curved to the right, below well detached from the 
penult whorl. Umbilicus, narrow and deep. Labral lamelia, well 
produced above and rather wide below. Operculum, moderately 
concave in the middle, with a wide border on the labial side, which 
is vertically grooved and again crossed by four or five raised horizontal 
plaits : labral side with about eight short horizontal lamellz, about 
four extending across the hollow, and a linguiform point at the lower 
extremity of the labial side overlapping the labium. 

Height 0-072, greatest breadth 0-1, least breadth 0-074. 

Named in compliment to M. March, of Copenhagen, distinguished 
for his knowledge of Mollusca. 


MercaLrera VERREAUXIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Hanover. 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn or yellow. Sculpture, 
17 strong spiral carinz with 1 fine intervening each. On the upper 
whorls 5 strong with 1 fine intervening. Spire, moderately elevated, 
with straight outlines. Whorls, 43, moderately rounded, with a 
light suture. Aperture, scarcely separated from the body-whorl, 
more than a semicircle, large, rather expanded and depressed below. 
Labrum, very slightly produced above, strongly and prominently 
pectinated by the strong carinz, imbricated in those round the peri- 
phery, white and shining. Ladium, slightly rounded into the labrum 
above, and on the right below ; very slightly reflected ; on a plane 
with the labrum above, lower below; very slightly detached from 
the body-whorl. Umdbilicus, deep and narrow. Labral lamella, 
sharp and very slightly produced. Operculum, moderately concave, 
with large coarse granulations on the upper part of the labial side, 


182 


slightly lamellated horizontally ; lower portion of labial side broad 
and spreading over the labium, with a deep groove, and terminating 
with a broad uplifted linguiform plait, which is distinct from the 
spreading upper portion. 

Height 0°06, greatest breadth 0:078, least breadth 0-06. 

Named in compliment to M. Verreaux, an experienced zoological 
collector. 


MetcaxrerA SrncLArIRiANa, Chitty. 


Hab. Maroon Town, St. James (unique). 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn or yellow. Seulp- 
ture, 9 strong spiral carinze, with one fine intervening ; on the upper 
whorls, 3 strong and fine ones intervening. Spire, slightly elevated, 
with rather concave outlines. Apex, rather acute. Whorls, 44, mo- 
derately rounded, witha light suture. Aperture, slightly spreading 
about the periphery to below ; subsemicircular. Labrum, very slightly 
produced above, more so below; broadly detached from the body- 
whorl, strongly pectinated by the spiral carine. Labium, well de- 
tached from the body-whorl, on a plane with the labrum above, 
lower below, slightly curved to the right above, much so below, much 
thickened. Umbilicus, narrow and deep, well covered by the labral 
lamella. Operculum, 2 

Height 0°057, greatest breadth 0-084, least breadth 0-067. 

Named in compliment to Dr. Andrew Sinclair, R.N., late Colonial 
Secretary of New Zealand. 


MercatrerA MitrcHe.iiana, Chitty. 


Hab. Maroon Town, St. James (unique). 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 15 strong 
spiral carinze, rather inequidistant, with one very fine intervening, 
and about the periphery sometimes two and sometimes three fine 
carinz : at the periphery the two strong carine are widest apart, 
with three fine intervening; the next division below has one fine 
only, and the next below, two ; on the upper whorls four strong ca- 
rine. Spire, slightly elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 
43, slightly rounded, with a moderate suture; last whorl expanded 
above and falling away below. Aperture, semicircular, much di- 
lated below the periphery. Ladrum, very slightly pectinated by the 
strong carina, very slightly produced above. Ladium, on a plane 
with the labrum above, much lower below; slightly curved to the 
right below, moderately detached from the body-whorl. Umbilicus, 
deep, little affected by the labral lamella. Opereulum, ? 

Height 0-07, greatest breadth 0°095, least breadth 0:077. 

Named in compliment to D. W. Mitchell, Esq., the energetic Se- 
cretary of the Zoological Society of London. 


Mertcatreia Doruniana, Chitty. 


Hab. Pedro District, St. Ann’s. 
Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 4 strong 
spiral carinz and 1 fine, 1 strong and 1 fine, 1 strong and 3 fine, 


183 


1 strong and 2 fine, and 1 strong and 3 fine, 1 strong, then 8 strong 
with fine intervening ; on the upper whorls, 5 spiral carinze. Spire, 
slightly elevated, with concave outlines. Whorls, 4, very slightly 
rounded with a moderate suture. Aperture, more thana semicircle, 
moderately expanded, very oblique. Ladbrum, moderately produced 
above, reflected, much pectinated by the strong spiral carine. La- 
bium, well detached from the body whorl, curved to the right below, 
straight above, almost on a plane with the labrum. Umbilicus, deep 
and moderately broad. Labral lamella, strong, sharp and expand- 
ing, with a projecting angular point a little below its junction with 
the labrum. Operculum, ? 

Height 0-052, greatest breadth 0-079, least breadth 0:061. 

Named in compliment to Herr Heinrich Dohrn, of Stettin, a 
zealous young conchologist. 


METCALFEIA LayarpIANna, Chitty. 


Tab, ? Westmoreland. 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, rich light brown. Sculpture, 
about 25, slightly, unequally raised, inequidistant spiral carinze ; on 
the upper whorls 6 or 7, Spire, moderately elevated, with rather 
concave outlines. Whorls, 41, moderately rounded, with a mode- 
rate suture; last whorl well rounded. Aperture, moderately ob- 
lique, very moderately expanded and slightly deflected below, semi- 


Named in compliment to E. L. Layard, Esq., late of Ceylon, now 
Curator of the Museum, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. 


Mercaurera Swirtiana, Chitty. 

Hab. Near Mr. Channer’s, Santa Cruz Park, Saint Elizabeth 
(unique). 

Form, depressed conic. Colour, pale horn, light brown at apex. 
Sculpture, 28 irregularly strong and inequidistant spiral carinee 3 on 
the upper whorls 6. Spire, moderately elevated, with slightly concave 
outlines. Whorls, 42, moderately rounded, with a deep suture; 
last rather large. Aperture, slightly constricted and very slightly 
expanded at its margin ; semicircular ; slightly depressed above and 
slightly expanded below. Labrum, very slightly produced above ; 
very slightly pectinated externally by, more or less, all the carine ; 
smooth and white and shining at its extreme margin. Labium, well 
detached from body-whorl, on a plane with the labrum; much curved 


184 


to the right below and reflected to the left. Umbilicus, deep and 
narrow. Labral lamella, widely spreading. Operculum, ——? 
Height 0-059, greatest breadth 0-087, least breadth 0-069. 
Named in compliment to Robert Swift, Esq., of the Island of St. 
Thomas, an ardent collector. 


Genus VI. Prtitia, Chitty. 
Shell, globose discoid. 


Petit1A Peritiana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Petitianum, Ad. 
Ann. Lyc. New York, v. n. 2. p. 67; Contr. Conch. p. 151; Cat. 
Phan. p. 232. 


Hab. Peace River, Manchester. 


Petit1a Cuminerana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Cumingianum, 
Ad. Mon. Stoast. Ad. 1849, p. 9; Cat. Phan. p. 231. 


Hab. ? Manchester. 

Note.—If I have the right type of this shell, the operculum, in 
addition to the “numerous lamellar grains’’ described by Adams, 
has 6 or 7 very slightly raised vertical lamelle curving from above 
to the left below, with an inner raised margin inclosing the concavity 
and sloping outwards to the extreme edge of the operculum.— 
Chitty. 


Petitra ANTHONIANA, Chitty. See Stoastoma Anthonianum, 
Ad. Contr. Conch. p. 151; Cat. Phan. p. 232. 


Hab. ——? Manchester. 


Peritia STevENSIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Yallahs Hill. 

Form, globose discoid. Colour, very light brown. Seulpture, 23 
well-raised inequidistant spiral carinz, wider apart below round the 
umbilicus ; on the upper whorls 7. Spire, slightly elevated, with 
convex outlines. Whorls, 4, well rounded, with a deep suture. 
Aperture, subelliptical, well detached from the body-whorl ; slightly 
constricted and scarcely expanded, and but little deflected below. 
Labrum, double, outer edge very finely pectinated by the spiral 
carine ; inner edge white, smooth, slightly thickened and reflected ; 
continuous with the labium above, with a slight curve. Labium, 
almost straight, very slightly curved to the right below, where it is 
below the plane of the labrum. Umbzilicus, deep. Labral lamella, 
produced to a saw-like tooth at some little distance below its junc- 
tion with the labium ; convex externally. Operculum, 

Height 0-047, greatest breadth 0-086, least breadth 0- 065. 

Named in compliment to the naturalist’s universal friend, S. Ste- 
vens, Esq., Bloomsbury Street, London. 


185 


Peritia Forruneana, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Manchester. 

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 25 
spiral carinze, about 8 on the upper whorls. Spire, much depressed, 
with convex outlines. Whorls, 4, moderately rounded, with light 
suture. Aperture, constricted at about the width of the last whorl 
from the labrum, and then expanded considerably at about an angle 
of 30°, expanded above and deflected slightly below ; more than a 
semicircle. Labrum, slightly double, especially above and below, 
less at the periphery ; inner edge smooth, white and shining, broadly 
but slightly scolloped and finely pectinated by about 5 points ; joined 
and rounded into the labium above ; much produced angularly and 
deflected above ; produced from the body-whorl at an angle of about 
60°. Labium, straight, with a slight curve to the right below; on 
a plane with the labrum above, and slightly lower below. Umdbi- 
licus, very deep. Labral lamella, very sharp and narrow, not cover- 
ing the umbilicus. Operculum, slightly concave, with apparently 
obsolete bars crossing it horizontally. 

Height 0-043, greatest breadth 0-078, least breadth 0-061. 

Named in compliment to Robert Fortune, Esq., the celebrated 
Chinese traveller and collector. 


Prtit1a Apamsiana, Chitty. 


Hab. New Hope, Old Hope, and a smaller variety on the road 
east of the “ Water-wheel,”? Westmoreland. 

Form, globose-discoidal. Colour, reddish horn. Sculpture, 13 very 
strong spiral carinz, with between the Ist and 2nd and 2nd and 3rd, 
1 each rather less strong; between the 3rd and 4th and 4th and 
5th, 3 each less strong; between the 5th and 6th, 1 less strong ; 
between the 6th and 7th, 3 less strong; between the 7th and 8th, 
1 less strong, and none between the remaining strong carinz. Lines 
of growth very faint ; on the upper whorls, 4 strong carinze with in- 
tervening less strong. Spire, slightly elevated, with rather convex 
outlines. Whoris, 44, very slightly rounded and very light suture ; 
last whorl slightly swelling behind the labrum, and slightly con- 
stricted at the aperture. Aperture, very slightly expanded and 
scarcely detached from the penult whorl. “Labrum, appressed to the 
body-whorl, not produced, much thickened, slightly double below ; 
smooth and simple. Labiwm, much thickened and reflected towards 
the umbilicus in its centre, slightly curved to the right below; well 
detached from the body-whorl. " Umbilicus, moderately deep, co- 
vered by an expansion very convex externally of the ladral lamella, 
which is much produced immediately after leaving the labrum, and 
then becomes abruptly narrowed till it joins the body-whorl. In the 
labral lamella it approaches the subgenus Agassizia. Operculum, 
very peculiar, deep concave in the centre and studded with very fine 
granulations ; edge all round very much thickened and folded over 
in vertical plaits outside, especially at the lower end of the labial 


186 


side; throughout the labial side overlapping the labium with sharp, 
fine, numerous raised lamelle on the labral side. 
Height 0-062, greatest breadth 0-09, least breadth 0-077. 


Var. a. 

From near “ Water Wheel.” 

Height 0°044, greatest breadth 0-076, least breadth 0:061. 

Named in honour to the memory of the late Professor C. B. 
Adams of America, my friend and conchological master. 


Pretit1a Taytorrana, Chitty. 

Hab. ? St. Ann’s. 

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 24 fine, 
sharp, inequidistant, spiral carinze, 6 of which interspersed are rather 
strong ; on the upper whorls 5. Spire, very slightly elevated, with 
convex outlines. Whorls, 4, slightly rounded, with a light suture. 
Aperture, very slightly constricted behind the labrum, and slightly 
expanding ; scarcely detached from the body-whorl; slightly de- 
pressed above and expanded below. Labrum, white, shortly reflected, 
not produced above, very little pectinated by the stronger spiral 
carine ; slightly double below. Labium, on a plane with labrum, 
straight, appressed above to the body-whorl. Umbilicus, rather 
deep and narrow. Labral lamella, scarcely produced. Operculum, 
slightly concave, rather produced at the upper corner of the labial 
side; smooth, but not shining. 

Height 0-033, greatest breadth 0-06, least breadth 0-043. 

Named in compliment to T. L. Taylor, Esq., the possessor of a 
fine collection of shells. 


Perit1A STRICKLANDIANA, Chitty, 


Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland. 

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, rich red-brown. Sculpture, lines 
of growth apparent; 38 inequidistant, irregularly raised, very fine 
spiral carine; on the upper whorls 8. Spire, very little elevated, 
with convex outlines. Whorls, 32rds, well rounded, with a deep 
suture. Aperture, widely dilated, not constricted, more dilated and 
depressed below ; very slightly detached from body-whorl. Labrum, 
very widely double, moderately produced above, inner and outer 
edge strongly pectinated! and scolloped by 6 points of the spiral 
carine. Labium, very little detached from body-whorl, straight 
above and abruptly curved below to the right; much below the 
plane of the labrum. Umbilicus, deep and rather broad. Laédral 
lamella, very little produced. Operculum, slightly concave, with 
fine granulations in the hollow ; labral margin with two sharp raised 
lamellee round it ; a small narrow linguiform point overlapping the 
labium at the lowest extremity on the labial side. 

Height 0°049, greatest breadth 0°074, least breadth 0-055. - 

Named in compliment to H. E. Strickland, Esq., of Apperley 
Court, Tewkesbury, a liberal collector. 


187 


Peritta Stoxestana, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Hanover (unique). 

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of 
growth visible: 4 widely separated, rather strong, slightly raised, 
rounded spiral carinze ; 1 finer; 2nd to 7th strong, and 1 finer close 
below ; 8th strong (the one at the periphery strongest and rather 
sharp), and 2 very faint, round, and distant from the umbilicus ; on 
the upper whorls 5. Spire, very little elevated, with rather concave 
outlines. Apex, somewhat mammiform. Whorls, 4, well rounded, 
with a deep suture. Aperture, semicircular, altogether rather de- 
pressed, very slightly constricted, not spreading, moderately detached 
from penult whorl. Labrum, scarcely produced above, thickened, 
slightly reflected ; smooth and white, not pectinated. Labium, well 
detached from body-whorl, on a plane with labrum, almost straight 
within the aperture, white, thickened and expanded towards the um- 
bilicus, much so below, but most so and somewhat pointedly in its 
centre. Umbilicus, broad and deep. Labral lamella, much ex- 
panded at a distance from its junction with the labrum, becoming 
very fine as it fades into the umbilicus. Operculum, ? 

Height 0-049, greatest breadth 0-08, least breadth 0-061. 

Named in compliment to Capt. Lort Stokes, R.N., late of H.M.S. 
‘ Acheron,’ a zealous collector. : 


Peritia GrevitLEana, Chitty. 


Hab. Yallahs Hill. 

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, strize of 
growth visible ; 5 strong spiral carinee, with 5 less strong intervening : 
on the upper whorls, 2 strong, with the lesser intermediate ones 
(this might almost be classed in the 2nd division of Wilkinsonea). 
Spire, slightly elevated, with straight outlines. Whorls, 32rds, well 
rounded, with a well impressed suture. Aperture, obliquely elliptic, 
more expanded in the upper than lower portion, slightly campanulate 
on the right owing to a slight constriction behind the labrum. La- 
brum, very slightly produced above, thickened and reflected at about 
its middle. Labium, below the plane of the labrum above, slightly 
curved to the right. below and thickened, slightly detached from 
body-whorl. Umbilicus, not deep, broad. Labral lamella, slightly 
developed. Operculum, moderately concave, shining, but with very 
fine granulations. 

Height 0°05, greatest breadth 0-069, least breadth 0:057. 

Named in compliment to my friend Dr. R. K. Greville, of Edin- 
burgh. 


Petiti1a CARPENTERIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Pool’s Rock, Hanover. 

Form, globose-discoid. Colour, ? Sculpture, strie of growth 
visible: 8 strongest spiral carinz and 1 strong; 5 strongest and | 
strong in each interspace ; and 2 stronger round the umbilicus: on 
the upper whorls 3. Spire, much depressed with convex outlines. 


188 


Whorls, 32rds, moderately rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture, _ 
semicircular, rather constricted behind the labrum, not expanded, 
very slightly detached from the body-whorl. Zabrum, not produced 
above, smooth, rather double, inner edge sharp, the strongest lines 
terminating abruptly at the outer edge. Labium, very slightly 
curved to the right below, well detached from the body-whorl, lower 
than the plane of the labrum below. Umbilicus, very shallow and 
broad, much covered by the Jabral lamella, which is much and widely 
produced above. Operculum, ? 

Height 0:038, greatest breadth 0°07, least breadth 0°054. 

Named in compliment to P. P. Carpenter, Esq., of Warrington, 
author of an excellent Catalogue of the Mazatlan Shells in the British 
Museum. 


Perit1a (? Lewista) Barroniana, Chitty. 

Hab. ? (unique). 

Form, globose-discoidal. Colour, ——?% Sculpture, 20 spiral 
cearinee, 7 of which are rather more prominent, namely the 2nd, 4th, 
8th, 12th, 16th, 18th and 19th: on the upper whorls, 6. Strize of 
growth visible. Spire, much depressed, with straight outlines. 
Whorls, 4, moderately rounded, with a light suture. Aperture, much 
constricted at the labrum, semicircular, widely separated from the 
body-whorl. Labrum, not produced above, simple, thin, rather 
double, slightly and coarsely pectinated on the inner edge, much 
thickened and slightly reflected. Labium, much reflected, mode- 
rately curved below, on a plane with the labrum above, lower below. 
Umbilicus, moderately deep, very broad, much concealed by the 
labral lamella, which spreads enormously and suddenly above, ex- 
teriorly convex (? Lewisia). Operculum, very deeply concave in the 
centre, finely granulated, upper margin broad, and indented on the 
labral side, and enormously spread convexly over the lower end of 
the labium ; almost equal to the spread of the labral lamella, deeply 
grooved at the lower end, terminating in a linguiform projection. 

Height 0-048, greatest breadth 0-084, least breadth 0-065. 

Named in compliment to Charles Barron, Esq., Curator of the 
Royal Naval Museum, Haslar. 


Genus VII. Linpsieya. 
Shell, globose-conic. 
Linpsteya Linpsteyana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Lindsley- 
anum, Adams. Mon. Stoas. Ad. 1849, p. 12; Cat. Phan. p. 229. 
Hab. Manchester back-woods. 


Linpsteya Pickeriner1Ana, Chitty. 


Hab. ?, ? Manchester, ? Yallahs Hill. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 17 
strong blunted rounded spiral carinze, within each interspace one or 
rarely two very fine carinee: on the upper whorls 5, with a fine one 


189 


in each interspace. Spire, well elevated, with straight outlines. 
Apex, rather sharp. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with a deep suture. 
Aperture, almost exactly semicircular, rather depressed below. La- 
brum, rather curvilinear in its plane, very slightly produced above, 
pectinated strongly by the strong carinze. Labiwm, moderately de- 
tached from body-whorl, very slightly curved to the right below; on 
a plane with the labrum above, slightly lower below. Umbilicus, 
moderately deep and broad. Ladral lamella, produced broadly, but 
sinking immediately into the umbilicus. Opereulum, moderately 
concave, with a rather broad margin, with, on the labral side, 5 or 6 
raised lamellze converging towards the umbilicus, the labral side close 
to its lower extremity bending to the right like the labium, and at 
its very extremity furnished with a fine linguiform projection which 
spreads slightly over the labium. 

Height 0°086, greatest breadth 0°14, least breadth 0-086. 

Named in compliment to John Pickering, Esq., an extensive col- 
lector of British shells. 

This shell in many respects resembles L. Lindsleyana, but is much 
larger, and its proportions under measurement are very dissimilar ; 
its aperture is wider, and apex much sharper. 


LinpsLeya REDFIELDIANA, Chitty. See Stoastoma Redfieldi- 
anum, Adams. Mon. Stoas. Ad. 1849, p. 13; Cat. Phan. p. 229. 


Hab. Peace River, Manchester. 


Linpsteya Jayana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Jayanum, Adams. 
Mon. Stoas. Ad. 1849, p. 14; Cat. Phan. p. 230. 


Hab. ? Manchester. 


Linpsteya Lerana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Leanum, Adams. 
Mon. Ad. Stoas. p. 15; Cat. Phan, p. 229. 


Hab. Peace River, Manchester. 


LinpsteyA Dentson1ana, Chitty. 


Hab. Moreland, Manchester. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, lines of 
growth visible: 4 strong spiral carine and 1 fine; 6th strong, 
7th fine ; 8th strong, and 9th and 10th fine; 11th strong, 12th to 
15th fine; 16th strong, 17th to 19th fine; 20th strong, 21st to 
23rd fine; 24th strong, 25th and 26th fine ; 27th strong, and 28th 
to 36th fine ; on upper whorls, 5 strong, with fine ones on the inter- 
mediate spaces. Spire, much and concavely elevated. Whorls, 
33, convex, with a well-impressed suture. -dperture, more than a 
semicircle, more angular above than LZ. Leana, very slightly con- 
stricted and dilated again slightly, more so below; less campanulate 
than L. Leana ; aperture larger and wider above than L. Leana. La- 
brum not produced above, continuous all round with labium, sharply 
and slightly reflected at rather more than a right angle, with a ridge 
on the inner side, very slightly pectinated by about ten points of the 


190 


strong spiral carinze, not thickened as in L. Leana; rather double 
below. Labium, on a plane with labrum, more closely appressed to 
body-whorl above. Umbilicus, narrow, much deeper and wider 
than in LZ. Leana. Labral lamella, very slightly developed. Oper- 
culum, 2 

Height 0°06, greatest breadth 0-074, least breadth 0-056. 
Named in compliment to John Denison, Esq., well known for his 


extensive collection of shells. 


LinpsLeya PoLtyBLaNnkKIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Westmoreland. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, light red-brown. Sculpture, an 
uncountable number, say 50, extremely fine, raised, wavy, well-de- 
fined spiral carine ; about 20 on the upper whorls. Spire, well 
elevated, with convex outlines. Aper, acute. Whorls, 44, quite 
round, with a very deep suture. Aperture, subelliptical, rather flat- 
tened above and broad spreading, narrowed helow and rather straight- 
ened on the labial side, not in the least degree angular above or below; 
labrum and labium continuous, much reflected. Labrum, excessively 
double, especially above, where the outer stands clear out from the 
inner edge. Laéium, much reflected and closely attached to body- 
whorl, very little straightened. Umbilicus, deep and narrow. Labral 
lamella, very fine and narrow, lost immediately in the umbilicus. 
Operculum, 

Height 0°069, greatest breadth 0-071, least breadth 0-056. 

Named in compliment to George Polyblank, Esq., a liberal ama- 
teur collector. 


LinpsLEYA ALBERSIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 25 fine 
spiral carine ; on the upper whorls 9 or 10. Spire, well elevated, 
with rather convex outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with a deep 
suture. Aperture, subelliptical, labrum and labium being con- 
tinuous ; white, smooth ; slightly expanded and deflected below, very 
slightly detached from body-whorl, and almost vertical. Labrum, 
double ; smooth, white, not affected by the spiral carine; con- 
tinuous with the labium. Labium, moderately detached from body- 
whorl. Umbilicus, moderately deep, not affected by the labral la- 
mella, which is very little produced. Operculum, moderately con- 
cave, smooth and shining. 

Height 0-049, greatest breadth 0-063, least breadth 0-044. 

Named in compliment to Dr. J. C. Albers, of Berlin. 

This shell is like Z. Arthuriana, but differs materially in sculpture, 
number of whorls, and measurement. 


Linpsteya FiscHeriana, Chitty. 


Hab. ? St. Ann’s. 
Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 6 strong 
spiral carinee, with | fine in the interspaces ; then 3 fine and | strong ; 


. 
a 


191 


then 1 fine and 5 strong, with 1 fine in the interspaces; then 3 fine 
and 1 strong and 1 fine and 1 strong; on the upper whorls 5 strong 
and 1 fine in each interspace. Spire, well elevated with straight 
outlines. Whorls, 45rds, well rounded, with a deep suture. Aper- 
ture, very slightly expanded and depressed, scarcely separated from 
the body-whorl, semicircular. Laérum, white, shining, very slightly 
produced above, very slightly double, largely pectinated by 11 points 
of the strong carine. Labium, slightly detached from the body- 
whorl, upper three-fourths straight, rather abruptly curving to the 
right below; on a plane with labrum. Umbilicus, deep and narrow. 
Labral lamella, strong, wide and sharp, projecting in an angular 
point a little below its junction with labrum. Operculum, 2 

Height 0-072, greatest breadth 0-086, least breadth 0-072. 

Named in compliment to M. Paul Fischer, the well-known French 
conchologist. 


Linpsteya Moricanpiana, Chitty. See Stoastoma Morican- 
dianum, Adams, Cont. Conch. p. 150; Cat. Phan. p. 230. 


Hab. Yallahs Hill? 


Linpsteya Reeveana, Chitty. 


Hab. The borders of Manchester, Trelawny and St. Ann’s. 

Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 7 strong spiral carinz, those about 
the periphery being more distantly apart, with in each interspace 
3 finer carinz ; on the upper whorls 4 strong carine : almost obsolete 
behind the labrum. Strie of growth slightly visible. Spire, well 
elevated, with slightly convex outlines. Whorls, 4, well rounded, 
with a deep suture; last whorl well rounded and very globose. 
Aperture, peculiar and very large and spreading, considerably con- 
stricted far behind the labrum, very much expanding again like the 
half of the bowl of a spoon; subangular above and below on the 
left, depressed above, well dilated on the right below, widest hori- 
zoutally, flattened below. Ladrum, at about 4rd of the length of the 
constriction, attached to the body-whorl, in, as it were, a curvilinear 
opening of about 35°; the spiral carine at the back almost obsolete 
and striz of growth stronger; double, the outer edge pectinated by 
7 points of the stronger carine and scolloped ; inner edge much 
thickened, pectinated by about 4 points, much produced and de- 
flected above, modifying the aperture. Ladium, appressed in its 
upper end to the penult whorl, straight above, slightly curved to the 
right below, very much below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus, 
rather deep and very narrow. Ladral lamella, very finely produced. 
Operculum, well thickened on the labial side, very slightly concave 
and smooth. 

Height 0-061, greatest breadth 0-073, least breadth 0-061. 

Named in compliment to Lovell Reeve, Esq., the able conchologist. 


LinpDsLeyA SHUTTLEWORTHIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Burnt Hill Glade, Westmoreland (unique). __ 
Form, globose-conic. Colour, ? Sculpture, strize of growth 


192 


very visible, oblique ; about 16 strong sharp spiral carine, stronger 
below, with one faint finer in each interspace; on upper whorls 
5 strong, with finer intervening. Spire, slightly and rather con- 
cavely elevated. Whorls, 5, moderately convex, with a deep suture ; 
last whorl large and spreading behind the labrum, but, on the left, 
assimilating the form of the subgenus Metcalfeia, and rather fall- 
ing off below. Aperture, semicircular, except as modified by the 
labium ; very slightly spreading. Labrum, thin, slightly reflected, 
pectinated by about 10 points, 4 fine and close on the upper part, 
6 strong and wide apart round the periphery, strongest at the peri- 
phery ; above, moderately produced from the body-whorl in a grace- 
ful curve. Labium, well detached from the body-whorl, curved 
throughout, below the plane of the labrum at lower end, thickened 
and reflected towards the umbilicus. Umbilicus, deep and narrow. 
Labral lamella, very slightly produced and immediately merged in 
the umbilicus. Operculum, ? 

Height 0:072, greatest breadth 0°12, least breadth 0-084. 

Named in compliment to Robert Shuttleworth, Esq., of Berne, 
the well-known botanical and conchological collector and author. 


Linpseya BoissreriAna, Chitty. 


Hab. New Forest, Manchester. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, striz of 
growth visible: 12 prominent not very strong spiral carinz, with 
between the Ist and 2nd, 2 finer carinze; between 2nd and 3rd and 
3rd and 4th, 1 fine ; between 4th and 12th, 2 fine ; beyond the 12th, 
5 or 6 very, fine round the umbilicus: on the upper whorls 5 strong, 
with intermediate fine. Spire, well elevated, with slightly convex 
outlines. Whorls, 5, well rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture, 
more than a semicircle, moderately expanded and slightly deflected 
below. Labrum, but slightly separated or produced from the body- 
whorl, well pectinated by the strong carine. Labium, slightly de- 
tached from body-whorl, on a plane with labrum above; slightly 
lower below, moderately curved to the right. Umbilicus, deep and 
narrow. Labral lamella, rather produced at junction with labrum, 
narrow below. Operculum, slightly concave, five horizontal lamellze 
across it, strongest in the middle, fine granulations, a linguiform 
sharp projection overlapping the labium. 

Height 0°064, greatest breadth 0-083, least breadth 0°067. 

Named in compliment to M. Edward Boissier, of Geneva, the 
eminent naturalist. 


Linpsteya GasKo1niana, Chitty. 


Hab. Near Ashley Hall, Trelawny. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, white. Sculpture, 14 strong spiral 
carinee, with 2 fine in each interspace; on the upper whorls 5, with 
fine ones intervening. Spire, well elevated, with straight outlines. 
Whorls, 43, with a moderate suture. Aperture, more than a semi- 
circle, subelliptical. Ladrum, detached from the body-whorl, pro- 
duced moderately above, very strongly pectinated by about 13 points, 


193 


slightly expanded, reflected, and depressed below. Ladium, slightly 
detached from the body-whorl, curved to the left above, and more 
80 to the right below. Unmbilicus, shallow and narrow, partially 
hidden by the gracefully curved but slightly projecting /abral lamella. 
Operculum, very slightly concave, with a few coarse granulations, 
overlapping the labium on the labial side. 

Height 0-064, greatest breadth 0-084, least breadth 0-064. 

Named in compliment to J. S. Gaskoin, Esq., alover of and writer 
on conchology. ' 


LinpsLeya Newcomsiana, Chitty. 


Hab, Clarendon Mountains (damaged, unique). 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, Sculpture, 18 strong 
rounded spiral carinee, with 2 finer intervening at the periphery ; on 
the upper whorls 5. Striz of growth visible. Spire, well-elevated, 
with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 5, moderately rounded, with 
a well-impressed suture. Aperture, semicircular, scarcely detached 
from body-whorl, not expanded or depressed, except slightly below. 
Labrum, very little produced above, pectinated by all the strong 
lines. Ladium, well-detached from body-whorl, slightly curved 
below, on a plane with labrum above, lower below. Umbilicus, deep 
and narrow. Labral lamella, slightly and evenly produced. Oper- 
culum, —— ? 

Height 0-08, greatest breadth 0: 1, least breadth 0-081. 

Named in compliment to Dr. Newcomb, of Albany, N. Y. 


Linpsteya Riseana, Chitty. 


Hab. Near Mr. Channer’s, Santa Cruz Park, St. Elizabeth 
(unique). 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 13 sharp 
spiral carinee with 1 finer in each interspace ; on the upper whorls 
3 strong with fine intervening. Spire, well-clevated, with straight 
or very slightly concave outlines. ~Whorls, 4, very much rounded, 
with a deep suture ; last whorl large. Aperture, sub-semielliptical, 
slightly expanded, rather flattened above and expanded below. 
Labrum, double, white, thickened, slightly scolloped and pectinated by 
8 points, continuous with the labium, very slightly produced above. 
Labium, well-detached from body-whorl, continuous with labrum, 
much curved, more so below, very slightly lower than plane of the 
labrum _ below. Umbilicus, moderately deep and broad. Ladbral 
lamella, very slightly produced. Operculum, ——? 

Height 0:049, greatest breadth 0°067, least breadth 0-05. 

Named in compliment to A. H. Riise, Esq., of the Island of St. 
Thomas, a scientific conchologist. : 


Linpsteya Poryana, Chitty. 

Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn, almost white at the 
aperture. Sculpture, about 18 strong spiral carinz, with here and 
No. CCCXXXIX.—Proceepines oF THE ZoOOLoGIcAL Society. 


194 


there 1 fine carina intervening, rather inequidistant ; on the upper 
whorls 4. Spire, well-elevated, with straight outlines. Whorls, 
4, scarcely convex, with a very light suture. Aperture, larger than 
semicircular, rather flattened above, moderately expanded, much on 
the right below. Ladrum, slightly double and very little pectinated 
by the carinze, produced above and much reflected, scarcely detached 
from body-whorl. Labium, little detached from body-whorl, straight, 
except the curve to the right below; very little below the plane 
of labrum in the lower part. Umdbilicus, moderately deep. Labral 
lamella, very little produced. Operculum, concave, minutely gra- 
nulated. 

Height 0°077, greatest breadth 0°11, least breadth 0-078. 

Named in compliment to M. Felipe Poey, now of the Havanna. 


Linpsteya Henryana, Chitty. 


Hab. Pool’s Rock and Halley’s Mountain, Hanover. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 18 blunt 
coarse spiral carinee, with 1 very fine (about the periphery) inter- 
vening ; on the upper whorls 7. Spire, well-elevated, with straight 
outlines. Whorls, 41, well-rounded, with deep suture. Aperture, 
very slightly expanded, more than a semicircle, spreading above and 
below, very slightly detached from the body-whorl. Ladrum, thin 
and smooth, pectinated by about 10 points outwards, scarcely pro- 
duced above. Labium, moderately detached from body-whorl, thin, 
curved to the right below, on a plane with the labrum above, rather 
lower below. Umbilicus, rather broad, and suddenly very deep. 
Labral lamella, considerably produced, more expanded above ; within 
the umbilicus, and higher up the outside of the labium is another 
lamella, almost as strong as the labral lamella. Operculum, slightly 
concave, with about 12 very coarse granulations on the labral lower 
side. 

Height 0°053, greatest breadth 0°067, least breadth 0°054. 

Named in compliment to Henry Adams, Esq., of London, the 
conjoint author with his brother Arthur Adams. 


Linpstreya ALperR1AnNa, Chitty. 


Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale yellowish horn. Sculpture, 
striee of growth visible; 17 strong spiral carine, with 1 fine in each 
interspace, 3 fine intervening at the periphery, where the strong 
carinee are wide apart ; on the upper whorls 3, with finer intervening. 
Spire, well-elevated, with slightly concave outlines. Whoris, nearly 
5, moderately convex, with a moderate suture. Aperture, semicir- 
cular, slightly expanded below. Labrum, slightly produced above, 
rather reflected, scarcely detached from the penult whorl, rather 
strongly pectinated by about 11 of the spiral carme. Labcum, very 
slightly curved to the right, else almost straight, moderately de- 
tached from the body-whorl, rather below the plane of the labrum. 
Umbilicus, very deep. Labral lamella, slightly produced. Oper- 


ei i 


195 


culum, slightly concave, crossed horizontally by 5 lamella, labial side 
plaited vertically, 
Height 0-068, greatest breadth 0-086, least breadth 0:073. 
Named in compliment to Josiah Alder, Esq., of Newcastle. 


Linpstrya Brivoesiana, Chitty. 


Hab. Bodle’s Pen Wood ( high road to Clarendon), St. Dorothy. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, very pale horn. Sculpture, 19 
strongly raised spiral carinee ; on the upper whorls 6, Spire, mode- 
rately elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 43, mode- 
rately rounded, with a moderate suture. Aperture, semicircular, 
very slightly expanded above, more so below. Labrum, scarcely de- 
tached from body-whorl, slightly produced above, pectinated and 
scolloped bluntly by about 15 of the carine. Labium, straight, ex- 
cept a slight curve below ; moderately detached from the body-whorl, 
rather below the plane of the labrum in lower end. Umbilicus, deep. 
Labral lamella, rather produced at its junction with the labrum, mo- 
derately broad round the umbilicus, Operculum, moderately con- 
cave, a very few coarse granulations, with 8 or 10 very short raised 
lamellze converging to, but not reaching, the centre, on the labral 
side ; a linguiform sharp projection overlapping the lower extremity 
of the labium. 

Height 0:06, greatest breadth 0-076, least breadth 0°063. 

Named in compliment to Thomas Bridges, Esq., an able z00logi- 
cal and botanical collector, particularly in Chili and other parts of 
South America. 


LinpsLeya SALLEANA, Chitty. 


Hab. New Forest, Manchester (unique). 

Form, globose-eonic. Colour, ? Sculpture, 12 strong spiral 
carinze, 2 fine in each interspace and 3 less strong round the umbi- 
licus: on the upper whorls 4 corresponding fine ones. Spire, well- 
elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 43, well-rounded, 
with a deep suture. Aperture, slightly expanded above, more so 
below, scarcely detached from last whorl, more than a semicircle. 
Labrum, scarcely produced from body-whorl, not produced above, 
very slightly reflexed and thickened, coarsely pectinated by the 
strong carine. Labium, moderately detached from body-whorl, 
slightly curved throughout, on a plane with labrum. Unmbilicus, 
broad and moderately deep. Labral lamella, much produced at its 
junction with labrum, below, sharp, and dipping abruptly into the 
umbilicus. Operculum, 7? 

Height 0-079, greatest breadth 0-092, least breadth 0:073. 

Named in compliment to M. Auguste Sallé, an excellent zoolo- 
gical collector. 


Linpsteya ARTHURIANA, Chitty. 

Hab. John Crow Hill, Portland. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, light yellow. Sculpture, 31 raised 
spiral carinee, not quite equidistant ; on the upper whorls 7, Spire, 


196 


well-elevated, with rather convex outlines. Whorls, 32rds, very 
well rounded, with a deep suture, last whorl very globose. Aperture, 
slightly and somewhat abruptly expanded, more than a semicircle, 
subelliptical, slightly depressed above and expanded below. Labrum, 
rounded into labium, more broadly below, very slightly produced 
above, double, white, smooth, not pectinated. Labium, scarcely 
detached from body-whorl, on a plane with labrum. Umbilicus, very 
shallow, broad. Labral lamella, scarcely produced. Operculum, 
slightly concave, very finely granulated in the centre. 

Height 0:049, greatest breadth 0:066, least breadth 0°054. 

Named in compliment to Arthur Adams, Esq., of London, the 
conjoint author with his brother Henry Adams. 

This shell is like I. Albersiana, but differs in sculpture, number 
of whorls and measurements. 


LinpsLeya GuTIEREZIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. New Hope, Westmoreland. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 16 strong 
spiral carinze, only about the periphery one fine intervening ; on the 
upper whorls, 5. Spire, well-elevated, with straight outlines. Whorls, 
54, well-rounded, with a deep suture. Aperture, less than a semi- 
circle, very slightly spreading, and very slightly deflected below. 
Labrum, slightly separated from body-whorl, rather produced above, 
in a broad notch, pectinated by about 15 of the strong carine. La- 
bium, well-detached from body-whorl, curved inwards, more so 
below ; thickened and reflected in the centre and its lower end to- 
wards the umbilicus. Labrum and lahiwm continuous above ; labium 
on a plane with labrum below. Umbilicus, deep. Labral lamella, 
sharply produced as it leaves the labrum, becoming narrow and 
abruptly lost in the umbilicus. Operculum, f 

Height 0:084, greatest breadth 0-15, least breadth 0082. 

Named in compliment to Sefior Don Nicolas José Gutierez, Curator 
of the Museum at the Havanna. 


LinpsLeya OweEniAna, Chitty. 


Hab. Yallah’s Hill. 

Form, globose-conic. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 19 strong, 
rather inequidistant spiral carinee ; on the upper whorls 6. Striz 
of growth visible. Spire, moderately elevated, with rather concave 
outlines. Whorls, 44, well-rounded, witha deep suture. Aperture, 
semicircular, rather flattened above, slightly expanded in the lower 
two-thirds. Labrum, rather produced above, not reflected, thin, 
strongly pectinated by spiral carinze. Ladium, rather detached from 
body-whorl, gradually curved to the right below. Umbilicus, ra- 
ther deep and broad, slightly hidden by the Jabral lamella, which 
is but little produced. Operculum, concave, finely granulated, with, 
on the labral side extending half across, 5 horizontal raised lamellze 
converging towards the umbilicus, the margins of which are covered 
with fine granulations giving the appearance of serration; lower 


197 


third laps tightly over the labium, grooved horizontally, and then 
finished by a linguiform, raised, folding projection. 
Height 0-069, greatest breadth 0-094, least breadth 0:073. 
Named in compliment to Professor Owen. 


Linpsteya Wo.tastoniAna, Chitty. 


Hab. ? Hanover. 

Form, globose-discoidal. Colour, white, semitransparent. Sculp- 
ture, about 31 very fine inequidistant irregular spiral raised carinz, 
about 8 rather stronger than the rest; on the upper whorls 8. 
Spire, slightly raised, with convex outlines, Whorls, 33, very mo- 
derately rounded, with a light suture. dperture, slightly con- 
stricted behind labrum, and then slightly expanded, semicircular. 
Labrum, very little produced above, thickened and reflected and very 
slightly pectinated by the stronger carine. Ladium, well-detached 
from the body-whorl, moderately curved below, on a plane with the 
labrum. Umébilicus, moderately deep and wide. Labral lamella, 
narrow and sharp. Operculum, slightly concave, plain and smooth, 
except a few coarse granulations. 

Height 0:036, greatest breadth 0:064, least breadth 0°05. 

Named in compliment to T. Vernon Wollaston, Esq., M.A., so 
well known for his Natural History researches in Madeira. 


Genus VIIT. Buanp1a, Chitty. 
Shell subdiscoidal, not prominently sculptured. 


Buianpia Buanpiana, Chitty. 
See Stoastoma Blandianum, Ad. Mon. Stoas. Adams, 1849, p. 6; 


Cat. Phan. p. 234. 
Hab. Peace River, Manchester. 


Branpia JEFFREYSIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Roaring River, Westmoreland. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 22 fine 
distant and nearly equidistant spiral carinz, 5 interspersed being 
rather stronger; carine, finer behind the aperture: on the upper 
whorls 6. Spire, very little elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 
33, moderately rounded, with a light suture. Aperture, constricted 
at a distance behind labrum, and widely expanded and cupping in- 
wards at the labium, rather flattened above. Labrum, moderately 
produced above, treble in the upper part, broadly but not deeply 
scolloped, and pectinated by the 5 stronger carinze, much thickened, 
white and shining. Zaéium, thickened and much reflected to the 
left at its edge, curved tu the right below, widely detached from body- 
whorl, much below the plane of labrum. Umbilicus, very deep and 
broad. Labral lamella, rather strong. Operculum, very concave, 
margined with a broad convexly raised ridge something like Wik. 
Schomburgiana, with two deep plainly visible indented grooves on 


198 


the labial side; 5 sharp diagonal raised lines crossing from right 
above to left below on the labral side of the hollow. 

Height 0°04, greatest breadth 0-063, least breadth 0-047. 

Named in compliment to J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq., late of Swansea, 
now of London, a zealous conchologist and possessor of the finest 
British collection. 


BuanpiA Barrorana, Chitty. 


Hab. Yallah’s Hill. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, very pale horn or pure white. 
Sculpture, about 30 or 40 spiral carinz, almost obsolete, scarcely 
visible under a 14-inch microscope, about 5 being rather more sharp 
than the rest; on the upper whorls about 7. Spire, very slightly 
elevated, with rather concave outlines. Whorls, 34, moderately 
rounded, with a light suture: last whorl rather flattened at the peri- 
phery. Aperture, semielliptical, very much produced from the 
body-whorl, rather depressed above, but elegantly expanded through- 
out. Labrum, very much produced above, joining the body-whorl 
in a very graceful serpentine curving lamella, (by which the shell 
may be distinguished,) much thickened and reflected. Labium, mo- 
derately detached from the body-whorl and thickened and reflected, 
slightly curved to the right below, very much below the plane of 
the labrum. Umbilicus, broad and moderately~deep. Labral la- 
mella, very sharp and narrowly produced. Operculum, deep con- 
cave, apparently smooth, or with blunt vertical lamellz, margined all 
round, labial side much curved, rather pointed at upper and lower 
extremity. 

Height 0°033, greatest breadth 0-062, least breadth 0-052. 

Named in compliment to my friend Dr. Baird, of the British 
Museum. 


Var. Minor. A much smaller variety, coming from the same 
habitat. ‘ 


BuanpiA MacGiiivrayana, Chitty. 


Hab. (?) Pedro district, St. Ann’s. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale yellow. Sculpture, 20 faint 
equidistant spiral carine ; on the upper whorls, 6. Spire, very little 
elevated, with convex outlines. Whorls, 3}, moderately rounded 
with a moderate suture. Aperture, large, very broadly expanding, 
slightly depressed above. Ladrum, double throughout, but more so 
above, slightly reflected, white, smooth, much produced above, leaving 
the body-whorl at an angle of about 50°. Ladium, almost appressed 
to the body-whorl in its centre, slightly curved above, more below to 
the right, below the plane of the labrum. Umbilicus, shallow and 
spreading. Labral lamella, very little produced. Operculum, not 
concave, but moderately sunk or depressed (flat or smooth) in its 
interior surface, more so at the lower labial side ; edge on labral side 
much and broadly folded over convexly. 

Height 0°034, greatest breadth 0-055, least breadth 0°045. 


199 


Named in compliment to John MacGillivray, Esq., the well-known 
and able naturalist and collector. 


Buianpia TroscuEiana, Chitty. 


Hab. Clarendon Mountains. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, ? (only two bad specimens). 
Sculpture, 23 irregular inequidistant coarsely rounded spiral carinze 
obsolete at the periphery, 4 more prominent than the rest ; on the 
upper whorls, 5. Spire, much depressed, with convex outlines. 
Whorls, 34, well-rounded, with a well-impressed suture. Aperture, 
very slightly expanded, rather flattened above and depressed below, 
more than a semicircle. Labrum, moderately produced above, 
double, white, thickened and reflected, very slightly pectinated by 
the four stronger carinz, or rather squared as in Wilkinsonea Mous- 
soniana. Labium, well-detached from body-whorl, slightly curved 
to the right above and below, on a plane with the labrum below, 
lower above. Umbilicus, broad and deep. Labral lamella, very 
little produced. Operculum, smooth and concave, deep on the labial 
side. 

Height 0°03, greatest breadth 0-059, least breadth 0°045. 

Named in compliment to Dr. Troschel, of Bonn, Editor of the 
‘ Archieve’ of Natural History, &c. 


Buanpia Hitxiana, Chitty. 


Hab. ?, Westmoreland. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 22 inequi- 
distant spiral carinze, wider apart and stronger above, and a few at 
the periphery most raised ; on the upper whorls, 5. Spire, much 
depressed, slightly concave. Whorls, 34, moderately rounded, 
with a rather deep suture. Aperture, very slightly constricted at 
the fauces, slightly expanded, depressed above, more than a semi- 
circle. Labrum, well-produced above and pointedly, leaving the 
body-whorl at about an angle of 30°, white, slightly pectinated by 
about five points, thin, reflected. Labium, slightly curved below, 
well-detached from body-whorl. Umdbilicus, rather deep and broad. 
Labral lamella and operculum, like Wilkinsonea Bensoniana. 

Height 0°025, greatest breadth 0-047, least breadth 0-041. 

‘Named in compliment to the Hon. Richard Hill, of Spanish Town, 
Jamaica, well-known as an ornithologist and lover of general natural 
history. 


BuanpiA TRAILLIANA, Chitty. 


Hab. Clarendon Mountains (unique). 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 5 coarser 
spiral carinee and 2 coarse; 6th to 10th ‘coarse, with one coarse 
between, and after each, 11th coarser, and 5 coarse, round umbilicus ; 
on the upper whorls, 5. Spire, much depressed, with convex out- 
lines. Whorls, 34, well-rounded, with a deep suture; last whorl 
well-rounded, large. Aperture, semicircular, slightly constricted at 


200 


a distance from the labrum, and then elegantly and slightly expanded. 
Labrum, well, and in an elegant curve, produced above, treble above 
and double below, as in Helix Rupis-fontis in my cabinet (N.B. since 
first describing this shell it has unfortunately got broken), very 
slightly thickened at its extreme edge, and white. Labiwm, mode- 
rately detached from body-whorl, wide and much reflected, curving 
slightly throughout, below the plane of labrum. Umbilicus, mode- 
rately deep ond. broad. Labral lamella, slightly produced. Oper- 
culum, ? 

Height 0-034, greatest breadth 0-057, least breadth 0°041. 

Named in compliment to Dr. Traill (Malacca ?), the great East 
Indian collector. 


Brianp1a Luxisiana, Chitty. 


Hab. Near Port Maria (unique). 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, pale horn. Sculpture, 27 fine sharp 
spiral carine, the 6th, 10th, 16th, and 23rd being rather stronger ; 
on the upper whorls, 6. Spire, much depressed, with slightly con- 
vex outlines. Whorls, 34rd, moderately rounded, with a moderate 
suture. Aperture, slightly depressed above, expanded below, semi- 
elliptic. Labrum, produced above in a curve, leaving the body-whorl 
in a quasi angle of about 80°, double and widely so above, pectinated 
by about 5 points, very slightly reflected, white. Labium, nearly 
straight, very little curved to the right below, slightly detached from 
the body-whorl, on a plane with the labrum above, lower below. 
Umbilicus, moderately deep. Labral lamella, rather produced in its 
centre. Operculum, ? 

Height 0-024, greatest breadth 0-051, least breadth 0°04. 

Named in compliment to Dr. Lukis of Guernsey, an able natu- 
ralist and antiquary. 


Buanpia Loweana, Chitty. 


Hab. Bodle’s Pen Wood, St. Dorothy. 

Form, subdiscoidal. Colour, dark horn. Sculpture, spiral carine, 
5 less and 1 strong repeated four times, then 5 less and 2 strong, 
then 3 fine and 1 strong, and 4 less strong; on the upper whorls, 
7 or 8. Spire, very slightly elevated, with slightly concave outlines. 
Apex, obtusely prominent. Whorls, 34, very slightly rounded, with 
a deep suture. Aperture, more than a semicircle, rather expanded 
above, very slightly deflected and expanded below. Labrum, slightly 
produced above at the Ist and 2nd strong carinz, broadly pectinated 
and scolloped by all the strong carinee. Labium, well-detached from 
the body-whorl, below the plane of the labrum above, slightly 
rounded and nearly up to the plane of the labrum in the lower end. 
Umbilicus, moderately deep. Lubral lamella, very sharp and narrow. 
Operculum, deeply concave in the centre and minutely granulated ; 
two or three microscopic lamelle crossing vertically, the edge all 
round thickened and deeply reflected outward, the upper edge having 
five or six deep ifregular vertical folds. 

Height 0°027, greatest breadth 0°055, least breadth 0042. 


201 


Named in compliment to the Rey. R. T. Lowe, lately Chaplain in 
Madeira, and the well-known contributor to the natural history of 
that island. 


2. LisT OF ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF Mexican Birps, OBTAINED 
By M. AuGuste SALLE FROM THE ENVIRONS OF JALAPA 


AND S. Anpres Tuxtua. By Puinip Lutriey Scuiater, 
M.A. 


M. Auguste Sallé, since his return from Southern Mexico (where 
he made the very extensive collection of birds, of which I gave an 
account in these Proceedings for last year), has received in Paris a 
considerable number of specimens procured by some of his corre- 
spondents in the same part of the country. Among them are many 
species of which he did not himself obtain examples. These he has 
been kind enough to send over for my inspection, and I have thus 
been enabled to form an additional List of upwards of sixty species 
of birds found in this part of Mexico, which were not included in my 
former catalogue. The majority of these were obtained in the en- 
virons of Jalapa and S. Andres Tuxtla, both of which places. are 
within the confines of the State of Vera Cruz. 

1. SpizarTus ornaTuS (Daud.). 


Jalapa. 

2. HeRPETOTHERES CACHINNANS (L.). 
Jalapa. 

3. AsTURINA NiTIDA (Lath.). 

Jalapa. 

4. ELanus Leucurus (Vieill.). 

Jalapa. 

5. ATHENE HyYPOG#A, Bp., Cassin, B. Cal. p. 188. 
Jalapa. ; 

6. PETROCHELIDON BICOLOR (Vieill.). 
S. José. 


7. PRoGNE DoMINICENSIS (Gm.). 
S. Andres Tuxtla. 


8. Momorus CZRULEICEPS, Gould. 
Jalapa. 


9. HyLomaNnes momorTuta, Licht. Abh. Ac. Berol. 1838, p. 449, 
pl. 4. 


Jalapa. 


202 


10. CeryLe Torquarta (Linn.). 
Jalapa. 


11, CeryLe amazona (Lath.). 


Jalapa. 
Agrees with S. A. examples. 


12. X1PHOCOLAPTES ALBICOLLIs (Vieill.)? 


A fine bird of the section of Dendrocolaptine which embraces the 
larger species (albicollis, major, promeropirhynchus, &c.), is in M. 
Sallé’s collection from the vicinity of Jalapa. It is the first of the 
genus that I have seen from the country northward of Panama, and 
a full series of specimens would possibly show that it was different 
from the S. A. X. albicollis, to which I have referred it provision- 
ally. Lafresnaye, in his ‘ Monograph,’ has employed the name Den- 
drocolaptes for this section, but that name is rightly applicable to 
the D. cayanensis and its affines, for which he has used the generic 
term Dendrocops. 


13. RHAMPHOCEZNUS RUFIVENTRIS (Bp.), Gray’s Gen. pl. 47. 
f. 2 


S. Andres Tuxtla. 


14. RoimaMpPuHus 4&stTIvus (Lath.). 
Jalapa and S. Andres Tuxtla. 


15. Sytvicota aMERIcANA (Linn.), Wilson’s Am. Orn. pl. 28. 
f. 3. 


Tlacotalpam. 

I am rather surprised to find this bird so far to the south. I 
should rather have expected to see its Central American representa- 
tive S. mexicana (Bp. Consp. p. 310). 


16. BastLevTERUS CHRYSOPHRYS, Bp. Consp. p. 314. 


Olivaceo-viridis: gutture et corpore medio subtus flavis : lateribus 
olivaceis : pileo et capitis lateribus intense castaneis : super- 
ciliis latis et longis, aureis: fronte et superciliorum marginibus 
superioribus nigris : rostro nigro: pedibus pallide flavis. 

Long. tota 5:0, ale 2°3, caude 2°1. 

This very pretty species of Basileuterus is shortly characterized 
by Prince Bonaparte in his ‘ Conspectus’ from the specimen in the 
Berlin Museum. M. Sallé’s examples were obtained in the vicinity 
of Jalapa. 


17. Reguius caALENDULA (L.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 5. f. 3. 
Jalapa. 


18. Turpvus assrmtis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 4. 


Jalapa and Vigia. 
This fine Thrush is very closely allied to a well-known S. Ame- 


203 


rican species 7’. crotopezus, Licht. (7. albicollis, Spix). The under 
surfaces of these two birds are very nearly alike — Turdus assi- 
milis showing only rather a larger white patch on the neck and 
deeper cinereous breast ; but above 7’. erotopezus is of a rich umber- 
brown colouring, and the tail of a bluish-grey ; whereas in the Mexican 
species the whole upper surface is of a paler and more cinereous 
brown. I have seen examples of this bird also from Orizaba and 
Puente Nacional in Mexico and from Guatimala. 


19. Matacocicuia MExicANA, Bp. Compt. Rend. t. xliii, Nov. 
1846. 


Jalapa. 


20. THAMNOPHILUS MELANURUS, Gould, P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 69. 
pl. 83. 

Santecomapam. 

I have already recorded the appearance of this species in Chiriqui 
(P. Z. S. 1856, p. 142); but I was not prepared to find it so far 
north. 


21. ToprrosTRUM CINEREUM (Linn.), antea, p. 83. 
Tlacotalpam, March 1856. 


22. CAMPTOSTOMA IMBERBE, Sp. Nov. 


Genus novum Tyrannidarum, Tyrannulo affine: rostrum altum, 
breve, valde compressum, apice acuta et dente finali nulla; cul- 
mine multum arcuato et regulariter incurvo, gonyde paulum 
ascendente ; vibrissis rictalibus nullis: ale modice, dimidium 
caude attingentes ; primariis secunda, tertia et quarta inter se 
equalibus et quintam paulo excedentibus, sexta his paulo bre- 
viore sed primam superante: cauda modica quadrata: tarsi 
breviusculi : pedes ut in genere Tyrannulo. 


C. IMBERBE, Sp. Nov. 


C. supra olivascenti-fuscum, pileo semicristato, cinerascenti-fusco; 
alis fuscis, secundariarum et tectricum marginibus externis pal- 
lidioribus et albicantibus ; cauda pallide cinerascenti-fusco 
unicolore : subtus cinerascenti-albidum flavo perfusum: rostri 
nigrt mandibula inferiore basi flavicante ; pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 3°5; ale 2°8; caudz 1°3. 

Hab. In vicinitate urbis S. Andres Tuxtla in rep. Mexicana. 


204 


M. Sallé’s recent collections contain a single specimen of this curi- 
ous little bird, which was obtained in the neighbourhood of S. An- 
dres Tuxtla. There is no doubt about its belonging to the Tyran- 
nide, but the form of the bill appears to be quite different from 
that of any bird hitherto recognized as of that family, and to require 
a new generic appellation. I have therefore called it Camptostoma 
from the arched form of the culmen. The specific name imberbe 
refers to the entire absence of rictal bristles. I consider Tyrannulus 
to be perhaps its nearest-allied generic form, from which, however, 
it may be at once distinguished by the peculiar depth and compres- 
sion of the bill. Dr. Hartlaub’s Ornithion inerme belongs, I suspect, 
to this same section of Tyrannide. 


23. SavoRNIS PALLIDA (Sw.), antea, p. 127. 
Jalapa. 


24. Mitvu.vus rorricatus (Gm.), Bp. Am. Orn. pl. 2. f. 1. 
Jalapa. 


25. SCAPHORHYNCHUS MEXICANUS, Lafr. R. Z. 1851, p. 473. 
Jalapa. 


26. PacuyrRHAMPHuS MAJoR, Cab. in Wiegm. Archiv, p. 246; 
antea, p. 78, d et 9. 
Jalapa. 


27. VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS (Gm.). . 
Jalapa. 


28. Cyanocorax uNicoLor, DuBus, Esquisses Orn. pl. 17 
(1848) ; C. concolor, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. iv. p. 26 (1848). 


Jalapa. 


29. CyANocorAx oRNATUS (Less.), R. Z. 1839, p. 41; Bp. 
Consp. p. 379. 

Jalapa. 

30. CyanocoraxX ULTRAMARINUS (Temm.), Pl. Col. 439. 

Adult specimens of this bird in M. Sallé’s recently received col- 
lections from Jalapa seem to be quite the same as Temminck’s plate. 
I believe the bird called Cyanocitta floridana in my former list to 
have been the young of this species. 


31. Cyanocorax NANus, DuBus, Esquisses Orn. pl. 25, 


Jalapa. 

The Guatimalan species (C. pumilo) which is figured as * C. 
nanus ?’’ in the ‘ Contributions’ (1849, pl. 33) is perfectly distinct 
from the present birds and Prince Bonaparte has done quite right in 
keeping them apart. In the C. nanus the throat is silvery whitish- 
blue, whereas in C. pumilo it is quite dark, almost black. 


205 


32. Icrerus GuLARis (Wagl.).—Psarocolius gularis, Wag]. Isis, 
1829, p. 754 ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn, pl. 9. 


Dr. Cabanis (Mus. Hein. p.185 (note)) says that I. mentalis, Less. 
Cent. Zool. pl. 41, is not the same as this bird. He gives no rea- 
sons for his assertion, and, as far as I can judge from a comparison 
of descriptions and figures, I am inclined to think otherwise. 


33. Icrerus PecToRALis (Wagl.). — Psarocolius pectoralis, 
Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 755 ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pl. 10. 


34. HyPHANTES BALTIMORENSIS (Linn.). 
Jalapa and S. Andres Tuxtla; vo. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 142. 


35. AGELZUS PHa@NICEvs (Linn.)? 

Tlacotalpam, March 1856. 

This bird is rather smaller in size than specimens from U. S., but 
seems hardly separable. I have a similar example from Guatimala. 

36. Satrator GRANDIs (Licht.), P. Z. 8, 1856, p. 72. 


Cordova. 

A common Mexican species, which was in M. Sallé’s first collection 
from Cordova, but accidentally omitted in my catalogue. Botteri 
has sent many specimens from Orizaba, some of which are immature 
and have the superciliaries yellowish-green and plumage more oliva- 
ceous, in which state it is 8. icterophrys, Lafr. 


37. BuUARREMON ALBINUCHUS (D’Orb. and Lafr.), P. Z, 8. 1856, 
p. 86. 


Jalapa. 

38. PyRANGA BIDENTATA (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 126. 

Jalapa. 

39. CuLororpHonra occrPiTALis, DuBus; P. Z. 8.1856, p. 270. 
Jalapa. 

40. Eusp1zaA AMERICANA (Linn.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 142. 

S. Andres Tuxtla.’ 

41, Curysoris AuTUMNALIs (L.). 

Jalapa. 


42. PreroGiossus ToRQUATUS (Wagl.), Gould, Mon. Rhamph. 
ed. ii. pl. 20. 

S. Andres Tuxtla, called ‘* Pito real.” 

43, Grococcyx MEXICANUs (Gm.). 

Jalapa. 

44. CHAMZPELIA PASSERINA (L.). 

S. Andres Tuxtla, April 1856. 


206 


45. GrorrRYGON CHIRIQUENSIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 143. 

M. Sallé has received a specimen from Jalapa seemingly referable 
to this species, which is now in Prince Bonaparte’s collection. 

46. Ortyx PEcTORALIS, Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. 5. 

Jalapa. 


47. DENDRORTYX BARBATA (Licht. ), Gould, Mon. Odont. pl. 22. 
Jalapa. 


48. PuaTauea asasa (L.). 
Jalapa. 


49. Cancroma cocHEaria (L.). 
S. Andres Tuxtla. 


50. Heropras cANpIDIssiMA (Wilson). 
Jalapa. 


51. Nycrtcorax GARDENI (Gm.). 
Jalapa. 


52. ABGIALITES vocIFERUS (Linn.). | 
Jalapa. 


53. Himanrorus NiGRICOLLIs (Vieill.). 
Jalapa. 


54, Parra cymnostoma, Wagl.; P. Z. S. 1856, p. 283. 
Jalapa. 


55. ARAMIDES CAYENENSIS (Gm.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 143. 
S. Andres Tuxtla. 


56. FunicA AMERICANA (Gm.). 
Jalapa. 


57. QuERQUEDULA piscors (L.). 
Jalapa. 


58. Dariza acuta (L.). 
Jalapa. 


59. ERISMATURA DOMINICA (Linn.), Pl. Enl. 968. 
Jalapa. 


~ Proc. Z. 5. Mollusca . XXX) 


1.Cyclostoma Hugenia, Reeve 2. Cyclo:tomae tubulum Reeve 
3. Surombus taurus, Reeve 


GB. Sowerby delet buh 


Proc ZS. Maltusca — 


|. Trochus (Fuchele) alabastrum, Reeve 3 Pyrula ( Rhizochilus) De Burghie, Reeve. 


2. Murex Barclayi, Reeve. 


4. Cyprea Barelayi, Reeve. 


Sowerby del et fith . 


G.B 


207 


60. Popicers pominicus (L.), Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 101; 
Max. Beitr. iv. p. 835; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 440. 


Jalapa. 
This little Grebe seems to be extensively diffused over the tropical 
portion of the New World. 


61. PLorus anuinea (Linn.). 
Jalapa. 


ee PHALACROCORAX MEXICANUS (Brandt.), Bp. Consp. ii. 
p- 173. 


Jalapa. 


July 28, 1857. 
Professor Busk, F.R.S., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. Descriptions or SEvEN New SHELLS FROM THE COLLEC- 
TION OF THE Hon. Sir Davin Barctay, or Port Louis, 
Mauritius, By Love.u Reeve, F.L.S., F.G.S. 


(Mollusca, Pls. XXXVII., XXXVIII.) 


Sir David Barclay, a gentleman resident at the Mauritius, and 
long known to conchologists as a zealous collector of shells, having 
availed himself of the occasion of visiting this country to bring a few 
of the rarer specimens of his cabinet for comparison, I have, at his 
request, examined them, and selected the following as being new :— 


1. Srromsus tTauRus (Pl. XXXVII. fig. 3). Strom. testa 
ovata, erassissima, ponderosa ; spira exserta, nodoso-tubercu- 
lata; anfractibus transversim striatis et tenuiliratis, ultimo 
superne obtuse angulatis et perampliter bi- tri-tuberculato, 
tuberculo obliquo peramplo infra in medio ornato ; columella 
densissime callosa, superne fere ad apicem appresse dilatata ; 
apertura subcontracta, labro dense incrassato, tuberculis per- 
amplis obtusis armato superne bidactylo, dactylo supremo 
elongato, curvato; albida, aurantio-fusco variegata et sparsim 
vittata, columella et apertura fauce rubido-carneo tinctis. 

Long. 3+ poll., lat. 22 poll. 

Hab. abet Sie group of the Seychelles. 

This remarkable shell, which Sir David Barclay has for some time 

past known as an undescribed species, and distinguished in his 
cabinet by the above name, is curiously intermediate in its generic 


208 . 

characters between Strombus and Pterocera. In detail of pattern 
and sculpture it resembles S. Jaciniatus, but there is a large central 
oblique tubercle on the back, and the tip is thickened into two very 
large obtuse oblong tubercles, the upper part being produced into 
two decided Pterocera claws, one of which is prolonged in a curved 
manner to the extent of an inch and a half. The specimen has 
rather the appearance of being malformed ; but notwithstanding this 
seeming irregularity of growth, there is no doubt whatever of its 
being specifically distinct from any hitherto described form. 


2. Cyprza Barcrayi (Pl. XX XVIII. fig. 4). Cypr. testa pyrt- 
Sormi-ovata, subumbilicata ; dorso elevatiusculo, extremitatibus 
eleganter calloso-productis, subrostratis ; basi convera; denti- 
bus utrinque octodecim ad novemdecim fortibus tumidiusculis ; 
interstitiis conspicue sulcatis, profundis ; dentibus exterioribus 
super labrum decurrentibus, medianis bifidis ; nitente, alba, 
dorso aurantio-spadiceo undique eximie punctato et lentiginoso, 
extremitatibus aurantio-spadiceo tinctis. 

Long. 1 poll., lat. 2 poll. 

Hab. Island of Diego Garcia, a dependency of Mauritius (taken 

on a block of coral dredged up from deep water). 

An exquisitely delicate species in the finest possible condition, 
perfectly unlike any of this favourite genus hitherto known. It is 
of an elegantly pyriform shape, with the extremities rather produced ; 
the teeth on each side the aperture being especially characteristic, 
from their strong development and deeply grooved interstices. The 
painting is a delicate profusion of orange-buff dots of different degrees 
of tone upon a shining pearl-white ground; the extremities and 
teeth, the outer of which extend nearly across the base, being tinged 
with the orange-buff in a darker and brighter hue. 


3. Pyruta(Raizocuitus) De Burcu (Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 3). 
Pyr. testa pyriformi-ovata, subanguste umbilicata ; spira bre- 
viuscula, turrita ; anfractibus superne late angulato-expansis, 
ad angulum squamis subamplis plano-compressis flabellatim 
coronatis, infra basin versus attenuatis, undique dense liratis, 
liris subtilissime serratis ; alba, aperture fauce sulcata. 

Long. 12 poll., lat. 14 poll. 

Hab. China. 

A beautifully turbinated pagoda-like shell, being coronated through- 
out the expanded angle of the whorls with large compressed fan- 
shaped scales. It is of the same peculiar typical form as the Pyrula 
Mawae, the umbilicus being, however, much more contracted, and is 
believed to be an inhabitant of the same locality. 

I have the pleasure of naming this very delicate and remarkable 
species in honour of Mrs. De Burgh, a lady, whose warm assiduity 
and zeal in collecting shells is equalled by her intelligent apprehen- 
sion of their characters and correct estimation of their comparative 
rarity and beauty. 


EE 


* 209 
4. Trocuus (EucHELE) ALaBAstRuM. Tro. testa subdepresso- 
conoidea, anguste profunde umbilicata ; spira exserta; sutura 
peculiariter profunde excavata ; anfractibus deinde concavis, et 
fortiter tricarinatis, carinis subirregulariter undatis et exqui- 
site serratis; calcareo-alba, carinis punctis nigris subdistantibus 
Lig pos 2 6d notatis. 

Long. 2 poll., lat. 2 poll. 

Hab. Island of Diego Garcia, a dependency of the Mauritius. 

Of this very striking species there is a second specimen in the col- 
lection of Mr. Cuming. It is of a pure chalk-white substance, 
strongly spirally grooved and keeled throughout, the keels being 
sparsely dotted with black. 


5. Murex Barciayi. Mur. testa trigono-ovata, canali bre- 
viuscula, recurva ; spira brevi, acuminata ; anfractibus transver- 
sim tenuissime serrato-liratis et striatis, longitudinaliter tri- 
varicosis, varicibus basin versus conspicue fimbriato-laminatis, 
interstitiis triseriatim tuberculatis et nodatis ; rosaceo-alba, 
purpurascente et ferrugineo-carneo tincta et maculata. 

Long. 31 poll., lat. 14 poll. 

Hab. St. Brandon Shoal, near Mauritius (thrown on shore after 

a hurricane). 

This very beautiful species is very closely allied to a shell in Mr. 
Cuming’s collection, which has been attributed by Mr. Sowerby, in 
his ‘Conchological Illustrations,’ to M. trigonulus, Lamarck. It 
is also as closely allied to a shell in the collection of the King of 
Denmark, which was figured for that species by myself in the ‘Con- 
chologia Iconica.’ From both, however, it is sufficiently distinct to 
establish its claim to rank as a new species. ) 


S J 


oP és se J Sa \I ba esa —A' 

6. CycLostoMa TUBULUM. Cyel. testa imperforata, turbinata ; 
spira elevatiuscula ; anfractibus rotundatis, levibus ; apertura 
circulart ; labro eleganter expanso ; lutescente-alba, nigricanti- 
Susco multifasciata. 

Lat. 12 poll. 

Hab. ? 

This very elegant species partakes of the characters of C. Belair 
and Boivini, but is quite distinct from either of those species. . There 
is no umbilicus and very little umbilical callosity. The bands are 
peculiar in extending over the expanded Bp to the extreme, edge. 

‘ » 1 Ger la? 

7. CycLostoma EvcEniz. \ogat i subprofunde umbilicata, 
subdepresso-orbiculari ; spira brevi ; anfractibus ad suturam 
leviter impressis, deinde convewis, spiraliter dense elevato- 
striatis, in medio acute tenuicarinatis; apertura circulari, 
labro (in hoc specimine) simplici; fulvescente-spadicea, infra 
castaneo plus minus tenue vittata. 

Lat. 1 poll. 

Hab. Mauritius (found in the heights ok Flacq, at the roots of a 

Bois-de-Natte tree). 


No. CCCXL.—Proceepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


210 


Most nearly allied to C. filosum, but of lighter texture and 
warmer colour. 


2. Notice or A Larce Srecies or Lineus’?, TAKEN ON THE 
Coast NEAR Montrose. By Dr. Joun E. Gray, V.P.Z.S., 
F.R.S. erc. 


(Annulosa, Pl. XLVIII.) 


Mr. Beattie, the Secretary of the Museum of the Natural History 
Society of Montrose, has kindly presented to the Museum a frag- 
ment containing the head of a large marine animal which was taken 
off the coast near Montrose on the 18th July, 1857. 

Mr. Beattie has accompanied the specimen with a figure, and 
the following note respecting it :— 


“Length varies from 18 to 20 inches. After having been taken 
a few hours, it divided itself into two pieces of nearly equal length, 
the posterior of which divided itself into 32 different pieces, all of 
which seemed to me to move for a whole day ; the head part, con- 
tinuing to live for two days, moved about, changing its shape con- 
tinually, and now and then throwing off an additional joint.”’ 

The head portion which is in the British Museum resembles the 
fragment of a very large Lineus, with a large longitudinal mouth 
opening into a longitudinal cavity, which extends the whole of its 
length, having a central, broad, longitudinal rounded ridge extending 
the whole length of the dorsal surface. The sides of the body are 
irregularly torn. 

The specimen is in far too imperfect a condition to describe, but 
I think that it may be provisionally named Lineus Beattiai, after 
its discoverer; and I hope that we may be favoured with a more 
perfect description of the animal made from a living specimen. 

I may observe, that there is a large round hole in the centre of 
the lower part of the body, about one-fourth the entire length from 
the mouth, which has been mistaken by some persons for the vent ; 
but it is evidently an artificial perforation extending entirely through 
the substance of the body, and piercing both surfaces of the central 
cavity. 


3. On a COLLECTION OF BrrDS MADE BY SiGNoR Martreo Bort- 
TERI IN THE VICINITY OF ORIZABA IN SOUTHERN MExIco. 
By Puinie Luruey Sciatrer, M.A., F.L.S. erc. 


Signor Matteo Botteri, the well-known Dalmatian botanist and 
traveller, has transmitted to Mr. 8. Stevens a considerable collection 
of birds formed in the vicinity of Orizaba in Southern Mexico, where 
he has lately been resident in pursuit of his investigations in various 
branches of natural history. Having recently been engaged in study- 
ing the fine series of specimens of birds obtained by M. Sallé at 


FrocZ. 3, Amnulosa XLVHI 


LINEUS BEAT TIELGray. 


WWest fp. 


— 


211 


localities not very distant from M. Botteri’s head-quarters, it was 
with much pleasure I undertook, at Mr. Stevens’s request, to look 
through this collection—concerning which I now beg to submit the 
following remarks to the Society. The greater part of the birds ob- 
tained by Signor Botteri belong, as might have been expected, to 
species which have already been mentioned as occurring in M. Sallé’s 
collections. I do not think it necessary therefore to repeat the 
names of these birds, which are upwards of 120 in number; but I 
think it will be useful to note the species contained in Signor Bot- 
teri’s collection, of which M. Sallé has not as yet obtained specimens, 
so as to render the list of S. Mexican birds as complete as possible. 

Mr. J. H. Gurney has kindly communicated to me the names of 
the Accipitres in Signor Botteri’s collection, and Mr. Gould has 
been so good as to examine the Humming-birds. 


1, CarHartes aura (L.)? 


2. CATHARTES ATRATUS (Bartram) ? 


I have not myself the means of instituting a comparison between 
these examples and specimens from the United States and from South 
America—so I cannot say whether they are really referable to the 
northern or southern species —if these are really truly distinct. . 


3. Potysorvus THARUS (Mol.). 


This peculiar Accipitrine ranges over the whole of South America 
down to Patagonia, and northwards as far as Texas and Florida. 


4, BuTEo HARLANTI, Aud. 


Mr. Gurney considers this bird probably a variety of Buteo bore- 
alis. Mr. Gurney remarks, ‘‘ There appears to me to be two varie- 
ties of Buteo borealis frequently met with: one with a rufous breast 
and belly, found in Mexico, Texas and California ; the other with a 
smoky-brown breast, found in Mexico, Texas, and some of the 
Southern States, but not, as faras I have observed, westward of the 
Rocky Mountains, and therefore differing in this particular from the 
range of the red-bellied variety. This brown-bellied variety is the 
Buteo harlani of Audubon, as may be seen by reference to his ori- 
ginal specimen in the British Museum.” 

The rufous-breasted bird spoken of by Mr. Gurney is doubtless 
the same as that called “ Buteo montanus, Nuttall,’ by Mr. Cassin 
in Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil. viii. p. 39, and previously confounded by him 
with Buteo Swainsoni. 


5. Bureo Lineatus (Gm.). 

6. BuTEO PENNSYLVANICUS, Wilson. 

7. Burgeo ERyTHRONOTUs (King) : Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 34. 

8. MorprHnus anTHRAciNus (Licht.) : Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 25. 


9. Circus nupsonivs (Linn.). 


212 


10. Orus Bracuyotus (Linn.). 


11. Coryie riavicastra (Vieill.), Temm. Pl. Col. 161. fig. 2. 


A single specimen in M. Botteri’s collection seems undoubtedly 
referable to this species, which I little expected to find so far north. 


12. CyANOMYIA CYANOCEPHALA (Less.). 


M. Botteri’s collection contained specimens of three other Trochi- 
lide, namely Delattria rhami, Amazilius arsinoe, and Trochilus co- 
lubris, all of which also occurred in M. Sallé’s series from Cordova. 


13. SaLPINCTES MExICANUS (Sw.), Bp. Consp. p. 224. 
14, HetmirHeRos cexatus (Say), Bp. Consp. p. 315. 
15. HeELMITHEROS ? 


Botteri, no. 130. 
An obscure species, probably the same as no. 64 of Sallé’s col- 


lection. 


16. HetmMirHEerRos ? 


A small greenish species apparently of this genus, of which I have 
also specimens in my own collection from Guatimala and Mexico. 


17. ReG@uLus saTRAPA, Licht. 


A young bird of this species, which has already been noticed as 
far south as Texas. See Sitgreave’s Report, p. 67. 


18. Turpvus minor, Gm. ; Bp. Consp. p. 271.—Merula olivacea, 
Brewer.—Turdus olivaceus, Giraud, B. Long Island, p. 91 (1844). 
—Turdus swainsoni, Cab. in Tsch. F. P. p. 48? 

M. Botteri’s examples do not appear to differ much from the N. 
American bird, and the New Grenadian 7. minimus, Lafr., is hardly 
separable. I have also seen specimens from Guatimala, which are 
referable to this species. 


19. Turpus sotirartus, Wilson; Bp. Consp. p. 270.—Turdus 
silens, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369. 

This species is easily distinguishable from the last by its rufous 
tail. It is common in New Jersey, U.S. A., where I obtained spe- 
cimens in October 1856, and, I believe, in the United States gene- 
rally. Botteri’s examples do not differ from these. 


20. ToxosTOMA CURVIROSTRE (Sw.), vide antea, p. 126. 


21. Mimus potyetorrus (Linn.). 

Already noticed by Mr. Swainson (Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 369) as 
inhabiting Mexico, but M. Botteri’s specimen seems smaller; and 
further examination and comparison of specimens should be made to 
prove this species identical with the N. American bird. 


213 


NEOCHLOE, gen. nov. 


Neochloe genus novum Vireoni affine, sed ad Sylvicolam et hujus- 
modi genera spectans. Rostrum magis carinatum, basi latiore, 
apice magis acuta: ale breves, quadrate, remige prima brevi, 
secunda longiore, quarta, quinta, sexta et septima fere equali- 
bus et tertiam paulo superantibus ; secundariis longis et pri- 
mariam tertiam eacedentibus : pedes ut in genere Vireone. 


22. NEOCHLOE BREVIPENNIS, sp. nov. 


N. cinereus, dorso murino et viridi paululum lavato : eapite toto 
supero cum marginibus alarum et caude flavicanti-viridibus ; re- 
migibus et rectricibus intus nigricanti-cinereis : abdomine medio 
erissoque albis. 

Long. tota 5-0, alee 2:2, caudze 2°1. 

Of this little bird must, I think, be constituted a third genus of 
Vireonine ; the peculiar form of the wing rendering it impossible to 
arrange it as either a Vireo or Vireosylvia. It has much of the 
general form of a small species of the former genus, but is readily 
separable by the short and square wing, all the secondaries (except 
the three outer) exceeding the second primary in length. 

M. Botteri’s collection contains one example of this bird (num- 
bered 277), which is labelled “ Orizaba, 8 Oct. 1856.” 


23. VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS, Bp. Consp. p- 330. 

Botteri, no. 325. 

A single specimen of this very curious bird in Sig. Botteri’s col- 
lection is the first that has ever come under my notice. This being 
the type of the genus, the species called Vireolanius icterophrys, Bp. 
(P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 151. pl. 103) will be rather abnormal—the bill 
being more like Cyclorhis and the tail shorter. This form seems to 
unite Vireo and Cyclorhis, and inclines me to agree with Prince 
Bonaparte’s views in arranging them not far apart. Icteria also, to 
which the present bird shows much resemblance in colour, should 
probably be placed in the same family. 


24. My1apEsTEs ogscurus, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p- 99. 


M. Botteri has transmitted examples of this bird, as also of my 
M. unicolor (P. Z. S. 1856, p. 299), a nearly allied species. 


25. Motorurus pecoris (Gm.). 


Agrees with N. American specimens. Also noticed by Mr. Swain- 
son, Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 436. 


26. AGELZUS GUBERNATOR (Wagl.), Bp. Consp. p- 430. 


27. HEDYMELES MELANOCEPHALUS (Sw.).— Guiraca melano- 
cephala, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 438. 


28. Pyranea Hepatica (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p- 124. 
29. Pyranea Lupovicrana (Sw.), P. Z. S. 1856, p. 125. 


214 


30. Sp1za vERSICOLOR, Bp. P. Z. 8S. 1837, p. 20. 


Specimens of this bird were obtained by Lieut. Couch in the State 
of New Leon, which are now in the Museum of the Philadelphian 
Academy,—-so it appears to be distributed all through Mexico. 


31. AmmMopromus —— % 


M. Botteri has transmitted a single example—not in very good 
order—of a bird apparently belonging to this genus, which is probably 
undescribed. It somewhat resembles Ammodromus ruficeps, figured 
by Mr. Cassin in his ‘ Birds of California,’ but is more cinereous in 
plumage. I wait for additional specimens before venturing to cha- 
racterize as new a bird belonging to this complicated group. 


32. ZONOTRICHIA BOTTERII, sp. nov. 


Supra ex cinereo rufescens, capitis et dorsi medii pennis media- 
liter fusco-nigris, harum autem marginibus rufescentibus, eolore 
rufescente fusco mixtis: alis nigricantibus, tectricibus omnibus 
pulido fusco late, remigibus rufo anguste, extus limbatis : 
cauda graduata, nigricante; rectricum externarum apicibus 
valde dilutioribus, pallide cinereis: subtus albidus, pectore 
cinerascentiore, gula clariore, precipue ad latera rufescente 
irroratus: carpo flavicante: alis et cauda subtus cinereis: 
rostro plumbeo ; tomiis pallidioribus : pedibus flavis. 

Long. tota 6°0, alee 2°5, caudee 2°6. 

I have in vain attempted to identify this bird with any of the 
known species of N. American Zonotrichie, and am forced to the 
conclusion that it is probably undescribed. It comes nearer to Z. 
cassinti, Woodhouse (Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil. vi. p. 60), than to any other 
species with which I am acquainted ; but differs from this entirely 
in the markings of the upper surface, the whole centre of the fea- 
thers being dark, whereas in Z. cassinii the dark colour is confined 
to a subapical spot. The structure of the two birds is very much 
alike, but the feet are rather stronger in the present species. I hope 
M. Botteri will forward better specimens of this interesting species 
(the examples in the present collection being badly preserved), so 
as to allow me to make a more accurate investigation of its differen- 
tial characters. 


33..Picus sarpinu, Malh. R. Z. 1845, p. 374. 

A single example, wanting the tail, is apparently referable to this 
rather curiously coloured species of Picus. 

34. Coccyzus ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wils.). 

One specimen, apparently of this species, seems to be rather smaller 
in size than N. American examples. 

35. LepropriLa ALBirrons, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 74. — Perist. 
brachyptera, G. R. Gray, in Mus. Brit. 

Much confusion has been caused in the nomenclature of this 


215 


Pigeon (as in numberless other instances) by the practice of pub- 
lishing names without descriptions. 


36. TRINGoIDES MACULARIUS (Linn.), Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 59. 
fig. 1. 


37. GLorTis MELANOLEUCA (Gm.). — T. vociferus, Wils. Am. 
Orn. pl. 58. fig. 5. 


38. QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS (Gm.), Wils. Am. Orn. 
pl. 70. fig. 4. 


4. On THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF AIR IN THE BONES OF 
Birps. By Epwarp Crisp, M.D. erc. 


In my last communication upon this subject (see p. 9), I stated 
that I purposed addiug to the list of birds dissected, and afterwards 
describing the air-sacs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities ; the 
method by which air is admitted to the hollow bones, and the flight 
of birds in relation to these matters; but as the communication is 
longer than I expected, I will reserve the second part of my subject, 
viz. the admission of air to the bones, for my next and concluding 
paper. 

My dissections * have not been so numerous as I could have 
wished, but the following list, in addition to that of my first com- 
munication, will, I think, enable me to form tolerably accurate con- 
clusions. The birds since examined are the following :— 


Kestrel. F. tinnunculus. Jay. C. glandarius. 
Kite. F. milvus. Crow. (C. corvus. 
Common Buzzard. Ff. buteo. Cuckoo. C. canorus. 


Marsh Harrier. F. eruginosus. Spotted Woodpecker. P. major. 
American Eagle Owl. S. Ameri- Grey Parrot. P. erythacus. 


canus. Crested Paraqueet. P. Nove 
Long-eared Owl. S. otus. Hollandie. 
Tawny Owl. S. aluco. Impeyan Pheasant. P. Impey- 
Barn Owl. S.flammea. anus. 


Glossy Starling. Juida nitens. Heron. A. cinerea. 
Spotted Fly-catcher. M.grisola. Turnstone. S. interpres. 


Whin-chat. S. rubetra. Sarus Crane. G. Antigone. 
Weod Wren. S. sibilatrix. Bean Goose. A. segetum. 
Willow Wren. S. trochilus. Cereopsis Goose. Cercopsis Nove 
Blue Titmouse. P. ceruleus. Hollandie. 


Marsh Titmouse. P. palustris. Eider Duck. <A. mollissima. 
Long-tailed Titmouse. P. cau- Smew. Mergus albdellus. 


_ datus. Red-necked Grebe. P.rubricollis. 

Black-headed Bunting. E. sehe- Great Northern Diver. C. gla- 
niclus. cialis. 

Canary. C. canaria. Cormorant. C. cormoranus. 


* T have examined the skeletons of numerous birds not mentioned in the above 
lists ; but for the sake of greater accuracy, I think it better to confine myself to 
birds dissected soon after death. 


216 


The above list of thirty-five birds (eight’of them foreign) includes 
eight rapacious; of these the Faleonidz had air in the humeri, fe- 
mora, and bones of the trunk. The four Owls, Strigidz, bad air only 
in the humeri. Of the twelve passerine birds the Carrion Crow, the 
Jay, and the Tits had air only in the humeri; whilst the remaining 
seven, including five birds of passage, had no air in the bones. The 
humeri of the [mpeyan Pheasant were hollow. In the four climbers 
the humeri contained air, but the femora were full of marrow. Of 
the three Waders, the Turnstone had the bones of the limbs free from 
air, but the humeri of the Heron and Sarus Crane were hollow. In 
three of the web-footed birds, the geese and ducks had hollow 
humeri, but the other four birds were without air in the bones of 
the extremities. So that only five Falconidee of the above thirty- 
five birds, had air in the limbs; the arm-bones of nineteen were 
hollow, and in twelve the limb-bones contained marrow. 

General Summary.—Adding these specimens to the fifty-two be- 
fore described, the deduction is as follows. Air in many of the 
bones, 5 (Falconidee); air in the humeri and not in the inferior 
extremities, 39; no air in the extremities, and. probably in none of 
the other bones, 48. I say probably, because I have not inspected 
the trunk bones in all; but in the Swallow, Martin, Snipe, and 
many birds of passage, I have found all the bones filled with marrow ; 
and I infer that when the bones of the limbs contain no air, that 
those of the trunk are also air-less. 

It will be remarked that I have spoken chiefly of the bones of the 
extremities; but in many birds that have air in the humeri and femora, 
the sternum, clavicles, scapule, furcula and vertebre are also sup- 
plied with this fluid. In the sternum, the air-holes are seen along 
the base of the keel; in some birds one air-hole only is present; in 
others, many exist, giving this part a cribriform appearance ; the 
vertebree, too, of some birds (especially the Falconidz), as shown by 
a section of the spine of the Golden Eagle (4. chrysaéta), are com- 
posed of a beautiful net-work of bone, rendermg them extremely 
light. 

"The fact that I am especially anxious to bring before the Society 
is, that in no bird that I have inspected did the bones of the extre- 
mities beyond the humeri and femora contain air. 

Air-sacs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities —I have examined 
these in the various classes of birds, and have found a great resem- 
blance in all. They are mostly larger in high-flying birds and in 
those of long and rapid flight. The best mode of inspecting these 
cavities, which are formed by doublings of the pleural or peritoneal 
membranes, is to inflate them in the dead bird by means of a blow- 
pipe inserted in the trachea. A ligature is then placed upon the air- 
tube, and the body of the skinned bird exposed to a slow heat for 
a few hours ; the membranes are by this means rendered dry and 
stiff, so that the thoracic and abdominal viscera may be removed. 
The body of the Long-eared Owl (S. otus) on the table has been 
thus treated, and many of the air-sacs are plainly seen. But let me 
describe more minutely the situation and form of these sacs in a few’ 


217 


birds. In the Barn Owl (S. fammea) the upper part of the chest 
is closed (as in most birds) by a tough membrane ; in the thoracic 
cavity are two anterior and two posterior sacs on each side, and a 
middle cavity, which may be called the sternal sac. The inferior 
boundary of these sacs is a transverse duplicature at the base of the 
heart. In the upper part of the abdomen are two large sacs sur- 
rounding both lobes of the liver, and a triangular sac between them. 
On each side is a long anterior sac, the left extending from the lung 
above, having the stomach and gullet on the inner side and the ribs 
on the outer, bounded below by a membranous expansion extending 
from the last ribs to the abdominal muscles. On the right side 
nearly the same arrangement prevails. Posterior to the last de- 
scribed are two large sacs covering the kidneys, and extending to 
the coccyx. 

In the abdomen the apertures in the lungs, by which air escapes 
into these cavities, are seated below the membranous diaphragm on 
each side; they are best seen by inflating the trachea when the bird 
is under water; but in some birds, the geese for example, the aper- 
tures are so large, that they are readily seen without inflation. In 
the Long-eared Owl (S. otus), the Tawny Owl (S. aluco), Marsh 
Harrier (F. eruginosus), and Common Kite (F. milvus), there is 
nearly the same arrangement. In the Gulls (Laride), which, 
judging from those dissected, have no air in the bones, these sacs 
are very large, and the bodies of these birds may be blown out to a 
great size. In the Pelican (P. onocrotalus), they are comparatively 
larger than in any bird I have examined. 

These cells are all readily distended by inflation through’ the 
trachea, and when one of them is punctured the others become lax. 
If the inflation is made through the femur in one of the Falconide, 
the air escapes by the trachea, but I have not succeeded in inflating 
. the abdominal cells through the humeral aperture ; numerous ex- 
periments, however, will be required before one can speak positively 
upon this subject. 

The aperture by which the air is admitted into the humerus is 
seated upon the upper and inner part of the head of this bone. It 
is of a rounded or oval form, sometimes consisting of a single open- 
ing, and in other instances, especially in the smaller birds, of several 
small perforations in a thin layer of bone. In the Black Swan (C. 
niger) there is a curious net-work at the entrance, consisting of 
eighty or a hundred openings. In the Golden Eagle (4. chrysaéta) 
the external aperture is large, with numerous small perforations. In 
the Snowy Owl (S. nyctea) it is of a circular form, with a few small 
openings through athin layer of bone. In the thigh bone this aper- 
ture (when present) varies in shape: in some of the Owls two small 
openings exist, with a ridge between them; in the Golden Eagle 
and in most of the Falconide I have examined, it is of large size. 

I have examined the humeral aperture in many young birds, 
Hawks, Owls and Magpies, when full-fledged, and have found it 
closed by a thick covering, the spot being indicated by the bloody 
appearance of the membrane. In these young birds, which in the 


218 


adult state have hollow humeri, the cavity of these bones is filled with 
thin marrow ; and probably it is not till some time after the wings 
have been used, that the air-hole is formed by the absorption of the 
membranous covering. 

In my last paper I stated that in one Swift (C. apus) the humeri 
were filled with marrow, and in two others they were hollow. I 
have only been able to obtain one other specimen, and in this the 
humerus was hollow; so that the first described was probably a 
young bird: and the same remark will apply to the Goat-sucker 
(Caprimulgus), which I now find has in the adult state a hollow 
humerus. 

The hollow bones are strengthened at their extremities by cross 
and transverse beams; but notwithstanding the assertion of many, 
that a hollow bone is stronger than one containing marrow, I believe 
these bones to be considerably weaker: they are readily splintered 
by shot, as all who are accustomed to shoot a variety of birds are 
aware, from the number of broken wings among the accipitrine and 
gallinaceous birds. Some humeri containing marrow are of great 
strength and thickness, and very difficult to break ; indeed a shot 
may pass through them without splintering the bone. The humerus 
of the Great Northern Diver (C. glacialis) on the table, is as thick 
and heavy as that of most quadrupeds: the cavity for the marrow 
is very small, and the parietes of the cylinder measure 3 lines. In 
addition to its great weight, it is 3 inches in length, forming a re- 
markable contrast with the Swift (C. apus), the length of which is 
only 4 lines. 

Before closing this division of my paper, I may mention that most 
writers, in describing the humerus of a bird, speak of the air-hole as 
if generally present ; but I believe in the majority of birds it is not 
to be found in this or any other bone. 

The manner in which air is supplied, and the muscular apparatus 
connected with the humeral and femoral apertures, will, as I have 
said before, be given in another communication. I may merely ob- 
serve here, that a prolongation of the thoracic air-sac is continued 
over the joint, so as to allow of the most perfect mobility. The 
thigh-bone, when hollow, is supplied with air in a like manner. 

The flight of birds in relation to the presence of air in the bones. 
—Notwithstanding the assertion before quoted, ‘‘ that in the diurnal 
birds of prey, as in almost all other birds of flight, the femur is 
filled with air,’ it will be found, on reference to the table, that 
scarcely one bird of flight has a hollow femur, and that the great 
majority of the British birds of passage have no air in the bones, 
judging from those examined; thus of the twenty-one birds of 
passage named in the tables, only five, the Turtle-Dove, Swift, 
Goat-sucker, Cuckoo and Bean Goose had hollow humeri, but these 
had no air in the femur; the remaining sixteen had marrow im all 
the bones of the limbs. It will be seen also that many birds of 
short flight, as the Tits, Woodpeckers, and others, have hollow 
humeri. 

The presence of air too in the humerus does not appear to in- 


‘ 


219 


fluence the mode of flight, as instanced by the Swift, Swallow, and 
Martin, the Tits and the Wagtails, the Starlings and Partridges. 
It will probably be found, when this matter is more fully investi- 
gated, that all soaring birds, and those that remain stationary in 
the air for a short time, have hollow humeri, as the Faleon and Sky- 
lark. It will be interesting also to observe the influence of climate 
as regards the presence of air in the bones. 

If we look to the form and length of the bones of the wing, how 
different are they in birds possessing almost equal powers of flight ! 
Take this example before me, the wing of the Swift and of the Marsh 
Harrier. The length of the bones of the former is :—humerus, 
4 lines; cubitus, 8 lines ; metacarpus, 8 lines; phalanges, 4 lines ; 
total 2 inches; longest primary feather, 53 inches. Total length of 
wing, 73 inches. 

Inthe Marsh Harrier the humerus is 4 inches in length ; cubitus, 
42 inches ; metacarpus, 24 inches ; phalanges, 1 inch; and pollex, 
z of an inch ; the longest primary feather, 12 inches; the length of 
the bones, 13 inches. Total length of wing, 23 inches. 

The difference in the comparative length of the wing-bones in 
these birds is very remarkable, and numerous instances of a similar 
kind might be adduced; but I am obliged to limit myself to a few 
examples. 

From the above investigation I have come to the subjoined con- 
clusions :— 

ist. That in the majority of British birds no air-cavities connected 
with the lungs are present in the bones. 

2ndly. That the presence of air in the bones is not necessary for 
swift and long-continued flight, as instanced especially by the Gulls, 
Snipes, Swallows and Martins. 

3rdly. That in no bird that I have examined was air found in 
the bones of the extremities beyond the humeri and femora. 


Dr. Crisp exhibited a nest he had found in June last in the eastern 
part of Suffolk, which he believed to be that of the Great Grey 
Shrike (Lanius excubitor). It was placed in a thick hawthorn fence, 
about 12 feet from the ground, upon a large forked branch. It was 
composed chiefly of dried grass and a little moss on the exterior, 
the lining of short grass; no horsehair nor clay was present; the 
form rather shallow, and the size about that of the Missel Thrush 
(7. viscivorus), the diameter 6 inches, the greatest depth from the 
rim 4 inches ; from the top of the dome next described to the bottom 
of the nest 93 inches. It was closely domed over with twigs, vary- 
ing in length from 8 to 12 inches, a small hole being left in the rim 
for the entrance of the bird. The nest resembled that of the Magpie 
(P. caudata) in miniature, but, as before stated, no clay entered 
into its composition. 

Dr. Crisp was inclined to think that this was the deserted and 
unfinished nest of the Grey Shrike, as two birds of the colour of a 
Jay were seen about the spot early in the spring by a person well 


220 


acquainted with all our common birds, and who stated that “he 

never before saw any birds of a similar kind.” Dr. Crisp also 

thought that near a wood where Squirrels, Jays and Magpies were 

abundant, as in this locality, the bird might sometimes cover its 

nest. Mr. Wolf informed him, ‘that he once found a nest of this 

aes in Germany, which he believed was that of the Grey 
rike.”” 


November 10, 1857. 


Dr. Gray, F.B.S., V-P., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On SEVERAL New Species or BirDS FROM VARIOUS PARTS 
OF THE WorLD. By Joun Goutp, V.P., F.R.S. Etc. 


Mr. Gould called attention to three species of Australian birds 
collected by Mr. Elsey during the recent expedition under A. C. 
Gregory, Esq., from the Victoria River on the north-west coast to 
Moreton Bay: two of these birds were of especial beauty and in- 
terest, viz. a Psephotus and a Malurus. The former is allied both 
to the P. pulcherrimus and P. multicolor, but differs from either, 
among other characters, by the rich yellow mark on the shoulder ; 
and the Malurus is distinguished from all the other members of its 
genus by its larger size and by the beautiful lilac circlet which 
adorns the crown. The third species alluded to was a Petroica, 
allied to the P. superciliosa, a bird discovered by the late Mr. Gilbert 
in the neighbourhood of the Burdekin Lakes, and which with the 
present would admit of separation from the other species of the 
genus. 


For the Parrakeet Mr. Gould proposed the name of 


PsEPHOTUS CHRYSOPTERYGIUS. 


Male.—Band across the forehead, extending above the eye to its 
posterior angle, very pale yellow; on the centre of the crown a patch 
of black ; sides of the head, cheeks, neck, throat, upper portion of 
the abdomen, lower part of the back, rump and upper tail-coverts, 
verditer blue, somewhat greener on the cheeks and upper tail-coverts ; 
immediately below the eye a tinge of yellow; back of the neck, 
back and scapularies, light greyish-brown, slightly tinged with green ; 
shoulder and lesser wing-coverts fine yellow; primaries and se- 
condaries black, margined externally with blue ; feathers of the lower 
part of the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts, light scarlet, mar- 
gined with greyish green ; two centre tail feathers dark green at the 
base, passing into deep blue towards the extremity, and tipped with 
dull black ; the remaining tail feathers light green crossed by an 


221 


irregular oblique band of dull bluish black, beyond which they be- 
come of a paler glaucous green, until they end in white; but each 
has a dark stain of bluish green on the outer margin near the tip ; 
irides brown; bill and nostrils bluish horn-colour ; feet mealy grey. 

Total length, !1 inches; bill, 2; wing, 41; tail, 7; tarsi, >. 

Female.—Similar to the male in colour, but all the hues much 
paler, and the markings much less strongly defined. 

Young.—In this state the whole of the head, all the upper sur- 
face, wing-coverts, throat, and breast are of a pale glaucous green ; 
the rump and upper tail-coverts and the tail similar to the same 
parts in the male, but not so bright ; and the lower part of the ab- 
domen is greyish white, with faint stains of scarlet. 

In the notes accompanying the specimens, Mr. Elsey states that 
they were procured on the 14th of Sept., 1856, in lat. 18° S. and 
long. 141°30’E., that their crops contained some monocotyledonous 
seeds, and that the os furcatorium was small, but well-developed ; 
of this he was certain, as he had a discussion with Mr. Gregory on 
the subject, and dissected on the same day Platycercus palliceps 
and Aprosmictus erythropterus, and noticed that while the former 
was entirely destitute of that bone, and had only a weak ligamentous 
band in its place, the latter had a distinct os furcatorium closely re- 
sembling that of Psephotus. He remarked, too, that the flight of 
the Psephotus was swift and decided; and adds, that he never saw 
it on the ground, although the contents of its crop would indicate 
that it obtained its food there. 


The Malurus he designated 


MALURUS CORONATUS. 


Male.—Crown of the head rich lilac purple, with a triangular 
spot of black in the centre, and bounded below by a band of velvety 
black, which commencing at the nostrils passes backwards through 
the eye, dilates upon the ear-coverts, and meets at the back of the 
neck ; back and wings light brown ; tail bluish green, becoming of 
a deeper hue towards the extremity; lateral feathers margined ex- 
ternally and tipped with white ; under surface buffy white, becoming 
. gradually deeper on the flanks and vent ; irides brown; bill black ; 
feet fleshy brown. 

Total length, 63 inches ; bill, $; wing, 2}; tail, 33; tarsi, 11. 

Female.—All the upper surface light brown; lores and space 
behind the eye white ; ear-coverts chestnut ; in other respects similar 
to the male. 

Hab. Victoria River, North-Western Australia. 


The Petroica he proposed to call 


Perroica? CERVINIVENTRIS. 


All the upper surface, wings and tail chocolate-brown ; line over 
the eye, throat, tips of the greater wing-coverts, base of the prima- 
ries, base and tips of the secondaries, and tips of the tail, white ; 


222 


breast grey; abdomen deep fawn colour, becoming almost white in 

the centre ; bill black; feet blackish brown ; irides dark brown. 
Total length, 63 inches; bill, $; wing, 33; tail, 31; tarsi, 4. 
Hab. Victoria River, North-western Australia. 


_ The three birds above described are in the British Museum. 


The next species to which he directed attention was a new Hawk 
belonging to the genus Spilornis, and which differs remarkably from 
the S. undulatus or Bacha of the continent of India, and the S. ho- 
lospilus of Manilla. 

For this bird he proposed the appellation of 


SPILORNIS RUFIPECTUS. 


Crown of the head and the lengthened feathers of the occiput 
deep black, the occipital plumes margined at the tip with rufous ; 
feathers at the nape black, margined with rufous, showing conspicu- 
ously ; all the upper surface and wings dark chocolate-brown, with 
paler edges ; chin and sides of the neck greyish black ; chest deep 
cinnamon-brown ; primaries and secondaries blotched with white at 
intervals on their internal web; under wing-coverts, abdomen, vent, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, crossed by bands 
composed of two large spots of white bounded above and below with 
a narrow line of black ; tail dark brown, crossed near the base by a 
narrow and not very distinct band of greyish, and near the apex by 
broad bands of a lighter hue passing into whitish on the edges of 
the internal webs and narrowly edged at the tip with pale reddish- 
brown and white ; bill blackish-brown ; the cere, naked orbits, and 
feet appear to have been yellow. 

Total length, 193 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 133; tail, 9; tarsi, 23. 

Hab. Celebes, vicinity of Macassar. From the collection of Mr. 
Wallace. 


The next was a highly interesting species of Bullfinch, which he 
designated 


PyRRHULA AURANTIACA. 


Male. Bill, face, wings, and tail deep purplish-black ; rump, 
upper and under tail-coverts white ; the remainder of the upper and 
under surfaces rich reddish-orange, deepest above ; the lesser wing- 
coyerts are also reddish-orange, as is the apical half of the inner- 
most of the greater wing-coverts, while the outer ones are slightly 
tipped with buffy-white ; irides black ; feet pinky-flesh colour. 

Total length, 5} inches; wing, 31; tail, 23; tarsi, 5. 

Female. Has the black circle round the bill ; head and neck ash- 
coloured ; back ash colour, tinged with orange-red ; lower parts like 
those of the male, but much less brilliant and approaching to olive. 

For his knowledge of this pretty species Mr. Gould was indebted 
to the researches of Dr. A. Leith Adams of the 22nd Regiment, who 
killed it on the Western Himalayas, and who informs me that he 


223 


first met with it in the month of March 1852, on one of the wooded 
slopes of the Pir Pinjal Mountains, westward of the valley of Cash- 
mere; its habits closely resemble those of P. erythrocephala, fre- 
quenting as it does thick bushy places, and being usually seen in 
small societies. It is not uncommon in the valleys and jungles 
around Cashmere. Dr. Adams remarks that, although the two 
Species are so similar in their habits and in the localities they fre- 
quent, he never met with them in company ; but noticed that while 
the P. erythrocephala is tolerably abundant in the ranges around 
Simla, the present species was only seen on the hills in the neigh- 
bourhood and to the westward of Cashmere. Its call is not so loud 
as that of P. vulgaris, and somewhat resembles the chirp of the 
Greenfinch, Chlorospiza chloris. 


Fora new Motmot Mr. Gould proposed the name of 


Momorus 2QUATORIALIS. 


Crown of the head deep black, surrounded by a zone of verditer 
green, to which succeeds a line of fine deep blue from the anterior 
portion of one eye round the occiput to the anterior portion of the 
other; to this succeeds a fringe of deep black from the nostrils 
round the back of the neck ; lores, space below the eye and ear- 
coverts black, with a very fine fringe of blue on the lower edge and 
a small tuft of verditer green at its hinder extremity ; all the upper 
surface green, washed with cinnamon on the shoulders; primaries 
green on their external webs, black on the inner ; tail dark bluish- 
green; under surface green, washed with cinnamon and with a tuft 
of broad round black feathers, margined at their base with verditer 
green, in the centre of the breast; bill black ; feet blackish-brown. 

Total length, 16 inches; bill, 24; wing, 64; tail, 83; tarsi, 14. 

Hab. Archidona, near the Equatorial line, on a branch of the Rio 
Napo. 

Remir) -This is a large and robust species, and differs from all 
others in the broad spatulate feathers of the breast tuft. 


A very fine Odontophorus, remarkable for the rich chestnut-red 
colouring of its under-surface, received the appellation of 


ODONTOPHORUS HYPERYTHRUS. 


Crown of the head, wings, and upper surface of the body dark 
brown, minutely freckled with black ; orbits naked, beset with minute 
white feathers continued in a stripe behind the eye; on the centre 
of the back and wing-coverts are large blotches of velvety-black ; 
and at the tip of the innermost secondaries a small oval spot of buff ; 
throat, sides of the chest, breast, and abdomen dark chestnut-red ; 
vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts blackish-brown, indistinctly 
banded with dark sandy red ; tail nearly black ; bill and feet blackish- 
brown. 

Total length, 10 inches; bill, 4; wings, 52; tail, 2}; tarsi, 24. 

Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota. 


224 


Remark.—For this bird Mr. Gould is indebted to the Messrs. 
Verreaux of Paris, who obtained it in a collection from Santa Fé de 
Bogota. In size it fully equals, if it does not exceed, O. dentatus 
and O. speciosus, from which latter it differs in the total absence 
of any black on the throat. 


2. NorEs ON AN UNNAMED PARROT FROM THE ISLAND OF ST. 
DomMINGO, NOW LIVING IN THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS ; AND 
ON SOME OTHER SPECIES OF THE SAME FamiLy. By 
Paruie Lutruey Scuater, M.A. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXVII.) 


M. Auguste Sallé has called my attention to the fact, that the 
White-fronted Parrot of San Domingo, commonly regarded as the 
immature state of Chrysotis leucocephala, is in truth quite a different 
species from that bird. It may be distinguished at once by having 
no red on the throat and a narrower white frontal band than the true 
leucocephala, which is from Cuba. M. Sallé, who has had ample 
opportunities of observing this bird in its natural state, is confident 
as to its distinctness, and I have no doubt he is quite right. Under 
these circumstances, I propose to call the San Domingan bird, which 
has not yet received a specific designation, Chrysotis Sallei,—a just 
‘ tribute to one who has made such extensive discoveries in the Na- 
tural History of the New World, and is the only modern naturalist 
who has explored the still imperfectly-known zoology of the island 
which it inhabits. 

The true Chrysotis leucocephala is figured in Edward’s ‘ Glean- 
ings,’ vol. iv. pl. 166, as “‘ The White-fronted Parrot,” and by Buffon 
in the ‘ Planches Enluminées’ as the “ Perroquet a front blane du 
Sénégal,’ and “ Perroquet de la Martinique,” nos. 335 and 549. 
It is also well represented by Le Vaillant as the male of ‘‘ Le Per- 
roquet a face rouge”’ (pl. 107 et 107 bis). It is included in the 
revised list of Cuban birds lately published in Cabanis’ Journal ; and 
specimens in the collection of the Academy of Philadelphia were 
procured by Mr. Richard Taylor in that island. 

Examples of this bird likewise occur in the British Museum, and 
there is a specimen now living in the Society’s gardens. 

The Chrysotis Salli is figured by Buffon in his ‘ Planches En- 
luminées,’ no. 548, as the “‘ Perroquet a ventre pourpre de la Mar- 
tinique.’ Specimens collected by M. Sallé in San Domingo are in 
the British Museum and at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and 
there are two fine examples now living in the Society’s gardens. 

There is likewise living in the Society’s gardens an example of 
another nearly allied species of Parrot, which has also been some- 
times confounded with the true Chrysotis leucocephala. This is 
the Red-fronted Parrot (Chrysotis vittata) figured in the ‘ Planches 
Enluminées’ under the title of “ Perroquet de S. Dominique,” and 
often called by Gmelin’s specific name “‘ dominicensis.” It is not, 


225 


however, as far as I know, found in the island of Dominica, but in 
Puerto Rico, whence examples now in the Museum of the Jardin des 
Plantes at Paris were transmitted by Maugé. Le Vaillant has re- 
presented this bird as the female of his ‘‘ Perroquet a face rouge.” 

Mr. Gosse’s Psittacus leucocephalus from Jamaica, of which there 
is one specimen in the British Museum, seems different again, and 
ought probably to bear the name Chrysotis vinaceicollis; the bird 
described by M. de Lafresnaye as Pionus vinaceicollis (Rev. Zool. 
1846, p. 321) being probably intended for the young of this; but 
a larger series of examples is perhaps requisite to confirm this 
species. 

It is very interesting to notice how the different islands of the 
Antilles are thus tenanted by distinct, though corresponding, species 
of Parrots:—Cuba by Chrysotis leucocephala and Conurus guia- 
nensis* (?), Jamaica by Chrysotis vinaceicollis and Conurus nanus, 
Puerto Rico by Chrysotis vittata and Conurus maug@it, and San 
Domingo by Chrysotis Sallei and Conurus chloropterust. 

While upon the subject of Parrots, I may add some notes taken 
during a late inspection of specimens of these birds in several Mu- 
seums. 

Prince Bonaparte, in one of his last papers, proposed to call the 
little Mexican Conure, which so nearly resembles Myiopsitta tigrina © 
of Souancé, Bolborhynchus catharina (Compt. Rend. March 1857). 
But there is no doubt that the Mexican bird (whether really distinct 
from the Venezuelan ¢igrina or not) should bear the name lineola of 
Cassin. Mr. Cassin’s type, which is in the Philadelphian Academy’s 
Museum, was obtained by Mr. Pease, near Puente Nacional, in the 
State of Vera Cruz, and there is no ground for supposing error in 
the locality. I have seen the same bird in the collection of Dr. 
Cabot of Boston. It was obtained by him in Yucatan, in the island 
of Cosumel in 1842. 

The Parrots belonging to the genus Tonygnathus of the East 
Indian islands are in much confusion, which a more accurate know- 
ledge of the localities whence specimens are brought would, I think, 
soon clear up. The type of the genus, Tanygnathus macrorhynchus 
(Pl. Enl. 713), distinguished by its enormous blood-red beak and 
green head, with the wings varied with black and yellow, is said to 
be from New Guinea. This is very likely to be the case, but more 
certain localities are the islands of Gilolo, where examples were pro- 
cured by Forsten, and Ceram, where Reinwardt found it living, as I 
learn from the marked specimens in the Leyden Museum. Next to 
it comes T. marginatus (Pl. Enl. 287, fig. mala) from the Philip- 
pines. This species has the hind part of the head blue, and the 
wings varied with yellow and blue. A third bird of this genus is 
Tanygnathus Mulleri, Bp. Consp. p. 5, et Mill. et Schlegel, Verh. 


* Probably not the true guianensis of Guiana, but so called by Cabanis, Journ.. 
f. Orn. 1856, p. 106. 

tT Psittacara maugei, Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 59. 

} Psittacara chloroptera, Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 59. 


No. CCCXLI.—ProcerepiInGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


226 


Ned. Ov. Bez., Land en Volk. p. 108. The type specimen of this 
bird (which is in the Leyden Museum) was brought by Miller from 
the island of Bouton; but the same species occurs near Macassar, 
in the adjacent island of Celebes, whence Mr. Wallace has lately 
transmitted specimens ; and living examples in the Zoological Gar- 
dens at Rotterdam are said to be from Timor. 

We have now living in the Society’s gardens examples of Tany- 
gnathus macrorhynchus and T. Mulleri. 

In our gardens we have also now living another very interesting 
bird, namely the large green Lory, described by Prince Bonaparte in 
a note in our ‘ Proceedings’ in 1850 (p. 26) as Psittacodis Wester- 
manni, and which may be easily distinguished from its near ally, the 
Psittacus magnus or sinensis of the older authors (of which we have 
also a living specimen), by the want of the red patch on the flanks, 
as well as by the different hue of the deep green colour. Prince 
Bonaparte has employed for these birds, which, as he well remarks, 
form the only green genus of true Lories, the term Psittacodis. 
But the true type of Psittacodis (as constituted by Wagler*, its ori- 
ginator) is the extraordinary Parrot, Psittacus paragua—a distinct 
form altogether, to which Prince Bonaparte has applied the name 
Stavorinius. Mr. G. R. Gray, in his last list of Genera (p. 88, 
genus 1491), applies the term Mascarinus to these Parrots. But 
Lesson’s name Mascarinus cannot, I think, possibly be used other- 
wise than for the Psittacus mascarinus of Madagascar, which Lesson 
placed within the genus, although he did not arrange it as the first 
species. It seems quite absurd to call a group of birds occurring 
only in the Moluccas “‘ Masearinus.’’ I therefore suggest the adop- 
tion of the term “ Polychlorus,” given by Scopoli as the specific de- 
signation of Psittacus magnus, as a generic name for these birds— 
which will so stand as Polychlorus magnus, and Polychlorus Wester- 
manni (Pl. CXXVII.) ; and the third species, Prince Bonaparte’s 
Psittacodis intermedius, of which there are examples in the British 
and Leyden Museums—as Polychlorus intermedius. 

It is singular that the only other known example of Polychlorus 
Westermanni, from which Prince Bonaparte’s description was taken, 
is also a living bird in the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam, where 
the collection of Psittacide (which I had the pleasure of inspecting 
a few weeks since) is very good, embracing about sixty-four species. 

It is however surpassed by that in our own Gardens, where at the 
present moment no less than seventy-five species may be seen living. 


3. On a CoLLECTION OF BIRDS RECEIVED By M. SALLE FROM 
- SouTHERN Mexico. By Paiuie Luruey Scuater, M.A. 


M. Sallé (whose fine series of Mexican birds I have twice already 
brought before the notice of this Society) has lately received a third 


* Wagler, Mon. Psittacorum, p. 495. 


227 


collection from the same country, which he has kindly submitted to 
my inspection. This was made in the district of S. Andres Tuxtla 
in the State of Vera Cruz, by M. Adolphe Boucard, and embraces 
nearly &0 species contained in M. Sallé’s previous collection, of which 
I need not repeat the names. But there are also other Species in 
this last collection which did not occur in either of the former, and 
I purpose giving some account of these, so as to make the catalogue 
of South Mexican birds as perfect as possible. 


1. Sancornampuus papa (Limn.). 


Although this bird has been described by Hernandez as Mexican, 
I am not aware that its occurrence in any of the States of the 
Mexican confederacy has been noticed by any modern writer. Some 
of the United States ornithologists have claimed it as occurring with- 
in their territories, but, I believe, on insufficient grounds. 


2. Morpunus uruBiTINGA (Gm.). 


3. MorPHNUS ANTHRACINUS (Nitzsch). 
A young bird of the seeond year. 


4. Morrunus scuistaceus (Sund.), juv. 
Santecomapam. 


5. Asrurtna niripa (Lath.). 
A young bird. Santecomapam. 


6. Burro GuiesBreGHTi, DuBus, Esq. Orn. pl. 1. 


A fine adult bird of this spendid species. 
8. Andres Tuxtla. 


7. CrccaBa TORQUATA (Daud.): Bp. Consp. p. 43. 
Santecomapam ; the forests—scarce. 


8. TROGON MELANOCEPHALUS, Gould, Mon. Trogon. pl. 12. 

Beautiful specimens of males and females of this rare species pro- 
cured at Cateman in November and December 1856. 

9. CeryLe supeRcitiosa (Linn.). 

Agrees with S. A. specimens. 

10. PHAETHORNIS LONGIROSTRIS, Delattre, Echo d. M. 8. 1843, 
no. 45.—T’.. cephalus, Bourc. et Muls. R. Z. 1848, p. 269. 


This fine species was originally discovered in Nicaragua by De- 
lattre, and specimens were obtained in the same country by M. Sallé 
during his former voyage. 


11. Vireo riavirrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pl. 54. 


228 


12. VirEO NOVEBORACENSIS (Gm.). 


Both these Greenlets from Santecomapam. They were collected 
in January 1857, and seem to agree with specimens from the United 
States. 


13. Arriua ciTREopPyGtA, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 86. 


This species, which was established by Prince Bonaparte on spe- 
cimens brought by Delattre from Nicaragua, is closely allied to A. 
brasiliensis of Brazil and A. spadicea of Cayenne (uropygialis, Cab. 
in Schomb. Guiana). It may be distinguished by its dark brown 
back, and the darker flammulation of the neck. Two specimens 
were obtained at Santecomapam in March 1857. It is represented as 
migratory and very rare—found only in the deep forests, and perched 
very high in the trees. 


14. Icrerus GuLaris (Wagl.); Bp. Consp.i.p.435; P.Z.S. 
antea, p. 205. 


Specimens of this species of a deeper reddish hue than any I have 
yet seen from S. Andres Tuxtla in March 1857. 


15. Icrerus GiraupI, Cass. (melanopterus, Hartlaub); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 434. 

At one time I was inclined to agree with Prince Bonaparte (Notes 
Orn. p. 13) that these two names might belong to different species. 
Having lately examined individuals from different localities, I think 
otherwise. The type-specimens of Mr. Cassin in the collection of 
the Academy at Philadelphia and those from Bogota only vary slightly 
in the amount of yellow on the bend of the wing, and can hardly be 
considered distinct. The present examples from Santecomapam, 
obtained in January, are rather longer in the wing than the Bogota 
skins, but otherwise agree. 

With the five species previously mentioned, the present two make 
up seven Icteri inhabiting the province of Vera Cruz, and I have 
specimens of an eighth (I. Wagleri, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 7) from 
Orizaba in the same State. I have also seen Icterus parisiorum, Bp. 
(scottit, Couch.), from Coahuila, and I. pustulatus from Mazatlan 
in Northern Mexico; so that this portion of America may be con- 
sidered as the head-quarters of the brilliant birds of this genus. 


16. OcyaLus waGuLeERI, Gray, Gen. B. p. 342. pl. 85. 


The most northern locality I have hitherto noticed for this spe- 
cies. It is common in Guatimala, whence specimens have been sent 
by Mr. Skinner ; there are examples in the British Museum from 
Chiriqui (Capt Kellett), and the bird appears to extend into New 
Grenada. 


17. GONIAPHZHA PARELLINA (Bp.) ; P.Z.S.1856, p. 302. sp.149, 


18. GonrIAPa#A CONCRETA (DuBus), ibid. sp. 150. 
The present collection contains males and females of both these 


ee 


229 


interesting species, obtained at Santecomapam in January 1857. 
The females of the latter bird are of a uniform chocolate-brown, 
quite different in tinge from those of the other species of the genus. 
T have in my collection a male of G. concreta from Orizaba. 


19. Evpxonia Goutot, mihi, P. Z. §. 1857, p. 66. pl. exxiy. 


A male of this beautiful Euphonia from Santecomapam in January 
1857, which confirms my impression that the bird in Sallé’s original 
collection, described as ‘a probable female (P. Z. S. 1856, p- 303. 
sp. 168), was of this species. Among some drawings of birds made 
by Mr. Bell on the Mosquito Coast, is an accurate representation of 
the & and ? of this species, which indicates the extension of its 
range further southwards. 


20. Lanro auranttvs, Lafr. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 303, sp. 158. 


The present collection contains several males of this splendid bird 
from Santecomapam, obtained in March 1857. The former collec- 
tions contained only a single female. 


21. CELEUS BADIOIDES (Less.) ; Cent. Zool. pl. 14; Bp. Consp. 
p. 130.—Meiglyptes badiosus, Reichb. ! 


“Very rare at Cuesalapa and Santecomapam, in the forest. Mi- 
gratory. January 1857.” 


22. CENTURUS PUCHERANI (Mahl.) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 120. 
Santecomapam, March 1857. 
My collection contains an example of this species from Orizaba. 


23. Dryocopus GUATIMALENSIS, Hartl.— Dryocopus regius, 
Reichb. Handb. d. Sp. Orn. pl. 649. fig. 4331-32. p. 393. 


Santecomapam, March 1857. 

This same bird was in M. Sallé’s first collection, and was wrongly 
inserted in my list (P. Z. 8. 1856, p- 306. sp. 197) as D. erythrops. 
The true D. erythrops is from Brazil. The other Mexican species, D. 
scapularis of my list, has also been figured by Reichenbach as D. 
leucorhamphus, pl. 648. p. 393. 


24. DipLoPrerRuS EXCELLENS, Sp. nov. 


Similis D. nzevio ex Amer. Merid. sed major, supra magis rufescens, 
caude tectricibus superioribus cinnamomescenti-rufis nigro 
longitudinaliter striatis: subtus purius albus, pectore non 
cinerascente, sed paululum rufo tincto: crisso rufescente : 
rostro breviore, altiore; tarsis longioribus. 

Long. tota 11-7, alee 4°5, caudee 6°3, tarsi 1-4. 

M. Jules Verreaux, whose experienced eye is ever active in distin- 
guishing new species, called my attention to this bird of M. Sallé’s 
last collection, after I had somewhat doubtfully referred it to D. 
nevius. Upon a close re-examination it certainly appears distinct 
from the South American species, and I have set forth above the 
grounds of difference, though I have some doubts whether the pre- 


230 


vailing rufous tinge of the back may not be owing to the bird being 
not quite adult. I have not adopted the term meazcanus, which M. 
Verreaux has used for this species in his MS. as we have already a 
Dromococcyx mewicanus, which is of a genus not separated by many 
authors from Diplopterus. 


25. Conurus perzi (Wagl.).—Sittace petzi, Wagl. Mon. Psitt. 
p- 650. 

Acapulco. 

This species very closely resembles the South American C. aureus. 
I have already mentioned three parrots as occurring in M. Sallé’s col- 
lections, namely Pionus senilis and Psittaeula lineola (P. Z. 8S. 1856, 
p- 306) and Chrysotis autumnalis (antea, p. 205). This makes a 
fourth. Besides these M. Sallé found Chrysotis viridigenalis, 
Cassin (Pr. Ac. Se. Phil. vi. p. 371 ; Journ. iii. pl. 13. p. 153), which 
seems to be the same as Souancé’s C. coccineifrons (R. Z. 1856, 
p- 154) common in the ¢ierra caliente, as also C. ochroptera, Gm., 
(vanthops, Spix). In the same country M. Sallé observed Conurus 
astec, Souancé (R. Z. 1857, p. 97), and two Aras, one of which was 
most likely Ara militaris, known to occur in Mexico, These ten 
species are probably all that occur in this part of Mexico. But on 
the table-land is found Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, which extends 
up to the Rio Grande, where it was obtained by John Audubon 
within the limits of the State of Texas. 


26. NycTicoRAX GARDEN! (Gm.). 
Cateman, December 1856. 


27. CANCROMA COCHLEARIA (Linn.). 
Cateman, January 1857. 


28. Isis aLBa (Linn.), juv. 
Santecomapam, March 1857. 


29. CALIDRIS ARENARIA (Linn.). 
Santecomapam, January 1857. 


4, Liste pes OISEAUX RAPPORTES ET OBSERVES DANS LA RkE- 
PUBLIQUE DoMINICAINE (ANCIENNE PARTIE ESPAGNOLE DE 
vite St. Domrncur ov D’Haitt), par M. A. Satie, PEN- 
DANT SON VOYAGE DE 1849 A 1851. (Communicated by 
Puiuie Lutiey SciaTer.) 


M. A. Sallé has at my request drawn up the following list of birds 
met with by him in the island of San Domingo, together with some 
interesting observations on their habits. We know so little of the 
ornithology of this interesting island (and indeed of the Antilles gene- 


231 


rally, except Jamaica and Cuba), except from the older writers, that 
any addition to our information will I am sure be acceptable. I have 
taken some pains in the verification of the nomenclature of M. 
Sallé’s list, and have added a few observations on this subject and 
on the range of the species. 


1. TinnucuLus sparvertus (Linn.). 

On le nomme vulgairement Cernicaro ; il est assez commun dans 
les plaines de Nisao ; se pose sur les buissons. 

2. ATHENE DOMINICENSIS, Bp. Consp. p. 38. 


Cucu, vit dans des terriers creusés dans les berges, aubord des 
chemins ; l’ouverture est garnie de fiente de cheval ; lorsqu’on passe 
il sort et se met a l’entrée du terrier et fait la réverence. 


3. Vireo saLTizoauus, Vieill. 


4, GALEOSCOPTES PLUMBEUS (Linn.). 


Aux environs de S*° Domingo. 

(This species must not be confounded with @. rubripes of Cuba. 
It is more like a Thrush than a Mocking-bird in its habits, accord- 
ing to M. Sallé—P. L. 8.) 

5. SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linn.). 

Se trouve dans les jardins, od il vit de fruits et d’insectes. 


6. SeropHaca ruticrLxa (Linn.). 
Dans les bois, ot: elle chasse les insectes. 


7. SYLVICOLA PaLMaRuM (Vieill.). 
8. Syivicona coronara (Linn.). 


9. SyLvicoLa CANADENSIs (Linn.): 
Dans les montagnes couvertes de pins de l’intérieur de l’ile. 


10. SyivicoLa pENsitts (Gm.). 


11. SprnDALIs MULTICOLOR (Vieill.). 
Trés rare; jen’ai tué que 3 ou 4 ind. dans les gorges des montagnes 
dans l’intérieur de l’ile sur des arbres élevés; il a un chant agréable. 


12. Loxrerita viotacea (Linn.).—Pyrrhulagra violacea, Bp. 
Consp. p. 493. 

On le nomme Gallito ; il est rare, et vit de grain dans les fourrés et 
terrains en friche. 

(Quite distinct from Lozigilla portoricensis ex Porto Rico.—- 
P.L.S 


13. EupHonra musica (Linn.). 
Sur les grands arbres dans les gorges des montagnes ; le chant en 


232 


est magnifique et trés fort, ou le nomme Sirguero : c’est le nom espa- 
gnol du Chardonneret. 

14. Duxus pominicvus (Linn.). 

Me semble ne pas s’éloigner des Saltutor : voir la Rey. Zool. 1851, 
p- 583. 

15. PH@NICOPHILUS PALMARUM (Linn.). 


Cet oiseau est mal nommé Palmiste, car il ne fréquente pas les pal- 
miers; il parait avoir été confondu avec le Dulus: on le nomme Sigua 
de cabeza prieta ; il vit isolé dans les petits bois ou taillis voisins des 
lieux habités ; il se reinit par paire au printemps pour nicher, et fait 
son nid bas avec des brins d’herbes. 

16. Mimus pominicvs (Linn.). 


On le nomme Risensefior ; il se tient dans les plaines et niche sur 
les petits arbres. 


17. Tyrannus inrREPIDUs (Linn.)? 


18. TyRANNUs MATUTINUS, Vieill. 

Oiseaux trés querelleux et mechants envers les autres oiseaux; on 
les nomme Pir. 

19. CypsELUS CAYENNENSIs, Gm. ? 

Vol trés haut et en grand nombre aprés la pluie et surtout l’aprés 
midi. 

20. PRoGNE pomiINicensis (Gm.). 

Golondrina. 


21. Paonrpara oLtvacea (Linn.). 
“* Juan amaruco,” dans les plaines et dans les broussailles. 


22. IcrERUS pomMINIcENSIs (Linn.). 

Il fait son nid sur les feuilles de Palmier ; c’est un tissus trés clair 
et trés fin, mais il ne pend pas en bourse, comme celui d’autres 
espéces du continent ; on le nomme “ Sigua amarilla ;’ on le tue aux 
environs de la ville de St? Domingo, mais pas trés commun. 

23. QuISCALUS BARITA (Gm.). 

On le nomme Chonelino, et on le trouve partout aux environs des 
habitations. 

24. Corvus LevcoGnapHatus, Daud. Tr. d’Orn. ii. p. 231. 

Tl se trouve dans les grands bois et a le cri comme le nétre; on le 
mange apres en avoir été la peau ; on le nomme Cuero. 

25. Corvus Jamaicensis, Gm.; Bp. Consp. p. 385. 

On le nomme Cao, qui est son cri sur différens tons; c’est un 


233 


oiseau insupportable par son cri, et il sort par bandes de 8 ou 10 ind. 
et poursuive les voyageurs avec acharnement, et méme les animaux 
en criant ; on le trouve dans les lieux secs de l’ile entre Bany et 


Azua. 


26. CERTHIOLA 
Sur les fleurs des Agaves. 


2 


27. LAMPORNIS AURULENTA (Vieill.). 
Sur les fleurs de Cactées. 


28. SPORADINUS ELEGANS (Aud. et Vieill.). 


Dans les montagnes de l’intérieur, sur les fleurs des arbres 
(Inga). 


29. MELLISUGA MINIMA. 
Dans les clariéres sur les fleurs. Voir Rev. Zool. 1849. p. 498. 


30. CERYLE aLcyon (Linn.). 


(—Reichenbach suspects that this species is different from C. al- 
eyon, and calls it domingensis, Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 26.—P. L. S.—) 


31. Topus pominicensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 331.—T. 
subulatus, Gould.—T. angustirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 478. 


Je crois ces trois espéces des ages et sexes différent de la méme 
oiseau. 

On le nomme Barancoli ou Baranquero 4 cause de son habitude 
de creuser son nid dans les berges ou falaises des Barrancas (pré- 
cipices). On le trouve par toute Vile; il se perche sous le bois sur 
des branches basses; il se tient triste, le bee haut, le cou ramassé et 
tournant stupidement et lentement la téte, de temps en temps il s’en- 
vole brusquement a la poursuite des insectes ; il a un vol trés court et 
trés rapide ; il fait un bruit particulier avec ses ailes, comparable 4 
celui produit par une feuille de parchemin 4 laquelle on imprimerait 
une forte secousse ; il fait aussi claquer son bec d’une force extraordi- 
naire. Au printemps ces oiseaux se réunissent par paire; les ¢ se 
battent en faisant claquer leur bec et se poursuivent avec acharne- 
ment, quand ils faisent la cour 4 leur 9, on les voit prendre toutes 
sortes des positions, hérisser les plumes, gonfler la gorge, laisser 
trainer les ailes 4 la maniére du Dindon faisant la roue, et les agitant 
de temps en temps pour faire du bruit; si la 9 fuit, le ¢ la pour- 
suit. Cet oiseau niche dans les Barancas, ou ily a éboulis produit 
par les eaux ; 14 dans un petit trou a forme évasé et rondu intérieure- 
ment il y fait son nid. J’ignore si le trou a été complétement 
creusé par l’oiseau (les gens du pays l’affirment) mais évidemment 
Vintérieur a été amélioré et il y a des petites herbes séches ; pendant 
que l’un des sexes est dans le trou on voit ordinairement l’autre 
veillant, perché presqu’a l’entrée, soit sur une petite racine ou une 
petite liane pendante ; il niche aussi dans les trous des rochers. I] 


234 


se nourri dans la maniére et a un peu Vhabitude des Jacamars 
(Galbula). 


32. CenTurus striatus (Lath.), Bp. Consp. p. 119. 


On le nomme Carpintero ; il est assez commun aux environs de la 
ville de S* Domingo. J’en ai tué un ayant une larve de Dipteére para- 
site (Aricia pict). Voir Ann. de la Soc. Entomologique de France, 
p- 657, 1853. : 


33. CHLORONERPES PASSERINUS (Linn.). 
Trés rare dans les foréts de l’est prés d’ Higuey. 


34. SAUROTHERA DOMINICENSIS, Lafr. 


35. SAUROTHERA VIEILLoTI, Bp. Consp. p. 97. 


Ces sont des oiseaux peu farouches, qui sont presque toujours a 
terre, courants trés vite dans les buissons A travers les haies et se 
nourrissant des lézards et des insectes. On les nomme Pajaro bobo. 


36. Coccyzus pomrnicvs (Linn.). 


37. Coccyzus sENnicuLus (Lath.). 


(In the Paris Museum, from Guadeloupe, Martinique and Porto 
Rico.—P. L. S.) 


38. CrRoTOPHAGA ANI, Linn. 


Trés commun dans les plaines ou terres en friches ; on les nomme 
Judio 4 cause de leur cri, qui produit ce nom. 


39. Bucco CAYENNENSIS ? 


(Tamatia de St. Domingue.) Tué un seul dans des grands bois 
sombres. 
(I do not know what bird this can be.—P. L. S.) 


40. Curysotis Satu, Sclater, antea, p. 224. 


Différent de celui de Cuba cet oiseau est un peu plus gros et n’a 
pas autant de rouge sous la gorge, &c. ; on les nomme Cotora ; ce n’est 
que le matin et le soir qu’on les voit voler comme les Pigeons a des 
trés grandes distances 4 la recherche de leur nourriture ; ils se tien- 
nent trés loin des villes, et durant tout le jour, pendant la chaleur, 
ils sont occupés 4 manger sur les arbres. Mais comme ils sont trés 
babillards de leur naturel, c’est 14 ce que les fait découvrir parmi le 
feuillage, car, s’ils étaient silencieux, le chasseur les découvirait diffi- 
cilement 4 cause de leur couleur ; leur chair est assez bonne 4 manger, 
quoique ferme. 


41. Conurus CHLOROPTERUS. — Psittacara chloroptera, Sou- 
ancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 59. 


Je n’ai tué qu’une seule de cette Perruche dans les grands bois de 
Pintérieure de Vile; elle y est donc rare. 


235 


42. TROGON ROSEIGASTER, Vieill. 


Se tient sur le haut des plus grandes montagnes de l’intérieur de 
Vile; ils sont en bande d’une 10°, et ont un chant plaintif ; en l’imitant 
on les fait venir 4 portée pour les tirer ; ils se perchent sur les plus 
grands arbres, et mangent des baies assez grosses et qu’ils avalent 
entiéres. Ils font leur nids dans des vieux trous des Pics, en en per- 
gant un autre du cété opposé ; les ceufs sont blancs et arrondis. On 
les nomme Piragua. 


43. CoLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA, Linn. 


Toute l'année ce Pigeon se trouve au marché de Santo Domingo, 
ou 4 cause de son abondance il se vend 4 un prix si modique qu’on 
peut le considérer comme une véritable manne pour les habitants de 
ce pays. On les tue 1°, au vol a la passée, car tous les matins ils 
passent au dessus de la ville, allant manger dans l’ouest, et tous les 
aprés midi ils repassent allant se coucher dans I’est ; 2°, au moyen 
d’appeaux faits de beaux échantillons préparés, et séchés au four, 
avec des morceaux de bois mis 4 l’intérieur pour les soutenir. On 
les attache on bout d’une perche, au sommet des arbres dont ces 
pigeons recherchent les fruits et bientot des bandes appercus la 
téte blanche de l’appeau, viennent s’abattre comme des fléches sur 
Parbre au-dessous duquel se trouve le chasseur, qui les tire A son aise. 
Ils nichent vers le mois de mars et alors vivent par paire isolés dans 
les bois ; en Avril elles se réunissent en bandes considérables jusqu’au 
Octobre ; on les nomme Paloma. 


44, CoLUMBA CORENSIS, Gm. 


Vit dans les montagnes de l’intérieur de Vile dans l’épaisseur des 
forets vierges et se tient au sommet des arbres dont il mange les 
baies ; ils sont recherchés par les chasseurs, étant un excellent gibier ; 
on les nomme Paloma morada. 


45, LEPTOPTILA 2 


Qu’on nomme Torcasa ; elle ressemble un peu a la Leptoptila ru- 
fazilla, vit isolée dans les bois sur les chemins, souvent A terre. 
(This is perhaps Leptoptila jamaicensis (Linn.).—P. L. S.) 


46. ZENAIDURA CAROLINENSIS, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 84. ? 


On la rencontre dans les plaines par petite bande de 5 4 6; elles se 
perchent a l’ombre des Gayacs. 


47. GEOTRYGON MONTANA (Linn.). 


On les appelle Perdriz et on distingue la rouge et la grise ce qui est 
le gd et 2. Elles habitent dans les montagnes couvertes des forets 
épaisses et solitaires, elles se tiennent 4 terre et cherchent leur nour- 
riture sous les bois sans jamais s’écarter dans les champs poury 
vinre des grains cultivés. Elles font leur nid 4 hauteur d’homme et 
souvent plus bas, et elles sont tristes et silencieuses comme les foréts 
sombres ou elles vivent. 


236 


48. CHAMZPELIA PASSERINA (Linn.). 


On la trouve dans les plaines et sur les chemins suivant les sentiers 
et aussi dans les champs cultivés. 


49. NUMIDA MELEAGRIS. 


Originaire des cétes d’ Afrique elle y est devenue sauvage, ainsi 
que d’autres animaux domestiques(Bceufs, Pores, Abeilles, &c.), par 
la paresse des habitants, les révolutions dont cette fle a été souvent 
le théatre, et surtout par le manque de soins dont ces animaux sont 
objet. Elles sont assez nombreuses dans les endroits secs et sa- 
blonneux au nord et au sud de I’fle, surtout entre les villes de Bany 
et San Juan de la Maguana, Santiago et Monte Cristo, ou elles trou- 
vent un refuge assuré parmi le grand nombre de Cacteés qui cou- 
vrent ces plaines ; elles perchent le soir 4 la cime des plus grands 
arbres. Elles sont trés difficiles 4 chasser et sont trés méfiantes, aussi 
on ne peut les tuer qu’avec des chiens ou a cheval, se laissants appro- 
cher des animaux. Elles différent de la domestique par sa taille 
plus petite et ses pattes noires ; sa chair excellente la fait rechercher; 
on les nomme Guinea. 


50. Heropias Levce (IIl.). 
On les nomme Garza blanca. 


51. Heropias CANDIDISSIMA (Gm.). 


52. BuToRIDES VIRESCENS (Linn.). 
Garza morada. 


53. PH@NICOPTERUS RUBER (Linn.). 
Je ne l’ai pas tué mais vue prés la Laguna de Neiba. 


54. ANGIALITES VOCIFERUs (Linn.). 


Commun dans les plaines humides, au bord des marais ou des 
ruisseaux ; il courre trés vite, et pousse un cri percant en s’envolant; 
on le nomme Frailecitto. 


55. ARAMUS SCOLOPACEUS, Vieill. 


Se proméne sous les arbres dans les férets sombres et humides, ou 
il vit de petits reptiles, mais surtout des mollusques, dont il rompt 
la coquille pour en extraire animal. I] perche le soir au sommet 
des grands arbres prés des ruisseaux, et de la aprés le coucher du 
soleil durant la nuit et avant le lever du soleil il fait retentir les 
bois de son cri fort et sonore. On les appele Carwo, sans doute A 
cause du cri, qui est analogue. 


56. RALLus 
Petit, se tenant dans les roseaux. 


’ 


“unsprepny ‘SANVEAOWADUY SOHLYNOONOHEIS . 
} 


9 ua, 


$ NSS: eas: Re Que 
Gh NS or SSE fy 
we 


ezrs ‘ye 


‘JA 899Stg S$ 7 ‘JOTI 


7? 


237 


57. GALLINULA GALEATA, Licht. 


A Vembouchure de la rividre Jayna sur ies plantes aquatiques qui 
flottent sur la rivitre dont le courant est insensible. 


58. Popicers pominicus, Linn. 


: Dans les marais dans les plaines prés Higney ; on le nom Zambul- 
dor. 


59. HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS. 
Id. 


60. QuERQUEDULA DISCORS. 
Id. On le nomme Pato. 


61. Suza Fusca (Linn.). 
Sur le bord de la mer dans les lieux déserts. 


5. On StpHonoGnatuus, A NEw Genus or FistuLaRips. By 
Str Joun Ricwarpson, F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E. erc. 


(Pisces, Pl. VI.) 


SIPHONOGNATHUS, gen. nov. 


Facies elongata, fistulosa, Aulostomatum, ex osse nasali et fron- 
tali, ossibusque palatinis, preoperculis, pterygoideis cum tym- 
panicis productis formata. Premazillaria sub lateribus ossis 
nasalis, fere immobilia. Rictus oris mediocris, horizontalis in 
rostro extremt, motu solo cardinali mandibule subincurve 
aperiens et claudens. Mazille pars descendens, gracilis in 
disco parvulo subrotundo ad angulum oris expansa. Labia 
premacillaria et mandibularia arcta, super ossa propria re- 
plicata : priora ex utroque latere ante os nasali approximantia 
coalescentiaque et filamentum parvulum, impar, terminale, 
gracile pre ore instar proboscidis dependens, efficientia. 

Foramina narium utrinque bina in acie faciei ad oculum approzi- 
mata: apertura anterior, operculata vix oculo nudo discer- 
nenda, posteriori hianti nec marginate vicina. Dentes om- 
nino nulli. Pharynx angusta, levis. Cranium nec cristatum 
nec spinosum. Apertura branchialis obliqua, infra antrorsum 
tendens. Ossa branchiosteya quatuor utrinque, gracilia. 
Branchie quatuor. Vertebre costifere 29-30 circiter. Coste 
breves, graciles. (Vertebre caudales non numerate.) Anus 
pone medium. 

Squame cyclodei leves, ovales, in tempora, genas et occiput pro- 
currentes ; vultus esquamosus, levis. Forma corporis elongata, 
subcylindrica ; caude pyramidata. 

Pinne ventrales nulle. Pinna caude cordato-lanceolata, acu- 
minata. Pinne pectoris radiis paucis apicibus simplicibus, 


238 


planis non dilatatis. Radii anteriores pinne dorsi, elastict, 
non pungentes, nec tamen articulos ostendentes. Pinne ant 
radius primus eodem modo subspinosus. Radii omnes pin- 
narum simplices membrana tenut connext. 

Intestina simplex, sine versura recté in anum tendens ; dilatatio 
ventriculi parva. Ceca pylorica nulla nobis detecta. Vesica 
pneumatica ampla. 


SIPHONOGNATHUS ARGYROPHANES. 


In general form this fish approaches Au/ostoma, the structure of 
the head and the tubular elongation of the palate and os hyoides being 
similar. The body is less compressed, being roundish, but yet with 
somewhat flattened sides, and a slight tapering towards the anus. 
The compression increases in the tapering tail. As in Aulostoma, the 
great length of head is due to the prolongations of the prefrontals, 
palatines, vomer, nasal, pterygoids, tympanics and hyoid bones, con- 
stituting a tube terminated by the horizontal opening of the mouth. 
The premaxillaries form the upper border of the mouth, and have 
little or no motion. They conceal the slender limb of the maxillary, 
but the irregularly triangular or small suborbicular plate of the latter 
protects the corner of the mouth. Equal in length to the maxillaries, 
the mandible is articulated to the extremities of the tympanics, and 
is slightly curved, producing a lateral gaping when the mouth is 
closed. Both it and the premaxillaries are edged by narrow lips 
which fold back on the limbs of their respective bones. At the ex- 
tremity of the snout the premaxillary lips unite to form a fine awl- 
shaped proboscis-like barbel, which hangs down before the mouth. 
No teeth whatever could be discovered in the jaws or in the tubular 
mouth,—not even in the pharynx, whichis narrow. Form of the head 
a slender four-sided obelisk, the space between tbe eyes being occu- 
pied by the forked mid-frontal into which the nasal is dovetailed. 
The latter as it runs forwards is feebly convex, and shows a smooth 
and scarcely prominent medial line, which terminates in the slightly 
swelling extremity of the bone and of the snout. Under each edge 
of the nasal, the long slender premaxillary appears as already men- 
tioned. On the sides, the facial tube is completed by dark brown 
membrane, and on the ventral surface also a membrane stretches 
from the interopercula and tympanics of one side to those of the 
other, being supported on the mesial line, interiorly by a very slen- 
der lingual bone, which is neither prominent nor covered with flesh 
so as to form a tongue. Continuous with this under-surface of the 
mouth follows the branchiostegous membrane, whose deeply cres- 
centic distal edge makes no flap at the isthmus to which it is attached. 
Four slender, moderately long, elastic branchiostegals support the 
membrane on each side. One specimen, it may be noticed, has only 
three branchiostegals on the right side. The gill-plate is connected 
to the nuchal region by scaly membrane, and terminates in a small 
flexible strap-shaped apex, above which only a small corner of the 
gill-opening appears, nine-tenths of the opening being below it. 


SS a 


239 


No bony crests or spinous points exist on the cranium. -The nostrils 
are on the edge of the head, close before the eye, the hinder one being 
an open pore, not above a line from the orbit, and the other is situated 
a quarter of an inch before it ina pulpy membrane, and being closed 
by a flap is not very perceptible. The space between each pair is of 
course equal to the breadth of the head in that region. 

Scales cycloid, oval, most of them oblique, or unequal at the base, 
of moderate size and delicate texture, showing very fine concentric 
lines of structure, and from five to fifteen faint basal grooves. Scaly 
integument covers the upper half of the operculum, and also a rec- 
tangular space bounded anteriorly by the vertical limb of the 
preoperculum and the eye. On the top of the head the scales end 
by a crescentic line, whose ends touch the angles at the eye. The 
facial part of the head is clothed with scaleless integument, and there 
are many pores and mucous canals extending along the under edge 
of the prefrontal. A soft tubular ring supplies the place of subor- 
bital bones, and the small preorbitar scale bone is almost mem- 
branous, but becomes rough in drying, from the number of mucous 
canals which run through it. Between the gill opening and the 
caudal fin, there are 102 scales in a longitudinal row, six rows above 
the lateral line, and nine below it. The lateral line is formed by a 
row of small pores, each placed on the tip of a small scale, of whose 
disk little appears, because of the overlapping of the adjoining scales 
above and below. A taper-pointed scale terminates the scaly integu- 
ment on the base of the caudal on each side. 

Fin-rays—Br. 4—4; D. 23|23, last two approximated at the 
base ; A, 2/13, last two approximated at the base; C.17; P. 10; 
V.0. Dorsal commencing over the bones of the pectorals and just 
behind the tips of the gill-covers. It runs considerably past the 
anus, and some way further than the anal, its outline being even, 
though rising slightly in its course. Its rays are simple and un- 
branched like those of the other fins (except the caudal), and half 
of them are without visible joints, elastic at the base and tapering 
with flexible points. The anal commencing near the anus does not 
reach so far down the tail as the dorsal. It is composed of similar 
rays, and in the anterior two the joints are obsolete. The caudal, 
semilanceolate at the base, tapers to a slender, very acute point. Its 
rays are sparingly divided at the tips. Pectorals supported by ten 
simple rays with flattened but not dilated tips. No ventrals. 

The intestines of the smaller specimen were examined, but not 
satisfactorily, as they had received injury, particularly the air-bladder, 
from a glass rod that had been thrust down the throat of the fish. 
The alimentary canal is quite straight and simple, with a slight 
widening beiow the cesophagus, but no defined stomach. No py- 
loric ceeca were detected. The inside of the gut was thickly lined 
by a fine, floceulent mucus-like matter, and on scraping it away a 
multitude of longitudinal stricze were seen extending along the inner 
membrane. The liver, partly perished, was on the right side, and 
did not descend far. Air-bladder torn, so that its size and form 


240 


could not be ascertained. It appeared to have been large, and its 
coats to have been soft, fibrous, and nacry, and though thick, very 
readily torn. The melt was enclosed in a delicate capsule with a 
long seminal duct. 

Under the lateral line there is a bright silvery stripe extending the 
whole length of the fish, and above it a stripe of equal breadth of a 
brownish-purple colour. This stripe reaches the tip of the caudal 
in one direction, and in the other passes over the upper part of the 
gill-cover, along the sides of the head to the mouth. Above, the 
back is of a lighter brown, and along the base of the caudal there 
is a purplish-black line. These colours are described as they exist 
after two or three years of maceration in spirits, and they have doubt- 
less undergone alteration since the fish was taken. 

Science is indebted for this novel and highly interesting form of 
fish to the late Captain Sir Everard Home, who never lost an oppor- 
tunity of adding to our Natural History collections. He obtained it 
in King George’s Sound. Some half-digested pieces of fish were 
found in the mouth, but nothing except mucus in the intestines. 


Dimensions. 
Inches. 
Length from tip of the snout to extremity of caudal, 
exclusive of rostral barbel................-..-.. 16°50 
from tip of the snout to tip of the gill-cover.. 4°80 
—_—— from tip of the snout to fore-edge of the orbit 3°00 


from tip of the snout to anus............-- 10-00 
Distance between the orbits................++.--- 0°38 
Length of diameter of the eye 5... 5......-. 0.2." | O85 

of rostral barbel ...... 0°62 


from posterior angle of the eye to the tip of 


the gill-cover. 25. 22s es we ewer ~ 1°43 
of the opening of the mouth .............. 1-10 

Height of the head behind the preoperculum........ 0°65 
Greatest breadth of shoulders or nape ............ 0°70 
Height of body behind the pectorals .............. 1-00 
Length of naked space between dorsal and caudal 2°00 
PUMA we feces ee hes Gee fing ete ee 2°50 

of attachment of anal fin.................. 1-80 

Of pecroralsl, Coes. ccc ree ch tate ee les 0°95 

Height of posterior dorsal rays ....-.-+.-40---- 0°80 


241 


November 24, 1857. 
John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On Four New Species or Mus anp one oF HapPALotis 
FROM AusTRALIA. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S., V.P., nrc. 


Mr. Gould alluded to the prevailing opinion that none but Mar- 
supial animals were to be found in Australia, and observed that this 
opinion may be correct to a certain extent, yet the Placentalia are 
well represented in that country by numerous species of the genera 
Hapalotis, Mus, &c.; and remarked that in few countries are the 
smaller members of the Rodentia more abundant both in species and 
individuals. It is to this latter order that the four new species now 
exhibited by him pertain. 

For the first of these he proposed the name of Mus assimilis ; this 
animal is about the same size as the Mus decumanus of Europe, and 
has a very similar aspect ; its hair, however, is more soft and silky, 
and its incisor teeth very long and narrow. 


Mus AssiMILis. 


Face, all the upper surface and sides light brown, very finely pen- 
cilled with black ; under surface greyish-buff, the base of the fur all 
over the body dark slaty-grey ; whiskers black ; tail nearly destitute 
of hairs ; all the feet clothed with very fine silvery-white hairs. 


Total length from nose to base of tail.... 74 inches. 
=e OEE CAL oe ces en Os oo 39, 10 a 
SOG SOPE-MMN Ss. e's ee as 

————— of the tarsus and toes...... 1+ ,, 


Remark.—The minute silvery-white hairs of the feet give these 
organs a very delicate appearance ; yet they are not positively white, 
neither are they brown. ~ 

The two specimens from which the above description was taken 
and to which the remarks refer are from the banks of the Clarence 
in New South Wales, where they were procured by the late Mr. 
Strange. Three other specimens collected by Mr. Gilbert at King 
George’s Sound differ only in being about a fifth smaller in all 
_ their admeasurements ; it is just possible that it will hereafter be 

found that these latter animals are distinct from the former, but at 
present they are regarded as identical; and if such be the case, the 
range of the species extends along the whole southern sea-board of 
the continent from east to west. 

The second species is a short robust, compact Rat, equal in size 
to the ‘common Water Vole of England (Arvicola amphibius), but 
rather smaller than the Mus fuscipes of Australia. It is in every 


No. CCCXLII.— Procrepinecs or tue ZooLoGicat Society. 


242 


respect a true Mus, and is an inhabitant of the open plains of Dar- 
ling Downs, New South Wales; its incisor teeth, when compared 
with those of M. assimilis, are broad and less elongated ; its hair 
also is coarser, and more wiry. Its colouring is as follows: — 


Mus sorpibDvs. 


-Head, all the upper surface, and flanks clothed with a mixture of 
black and brown, the former hue prevailing along the centre of the 
back, and both nearly equal in amount on the flanks; whiskers 
black ; under surface greyish-buff ; hind feet silvery-grey ; fore feet 
greyish-brown ; tail thinly clothed with extremely fine black hairs. 


Total length from nose to base of tail.... 6% inches. 


Githe tail. Moree ne ees 5 mA 
een ofthe tore-armia sy. hs oe as 
a of the hind leg and toes... . it 5 


Hab. Open plains of Darling Downs. 

Remark.—The name of sordidus has been assigned to this animal 
from the dark colouring of its upper surface. 

The third species to which Mr. Gould called attention is a remark- 
able black Rat of nearly the same size as, and of a similarly delicate 
form to the, Black Rat of Europe (Mus Rattus), but from which it 
differs in having the tip of the nose, the front part of the lips, a_ 
longitudinal stripe on the breast, the hind and fore feet, white. For 
this he proposed the name of 


Mus MANICATUS. 


Head, ears, and all the upper surface black, gradually passing into 
the deep grey of the under surface ; nose, fore part of the lips, stripe 
down the centre of the throat and chest, hind and fore feet, white ; 
whiskers deep black ; tail denuded of hairs. 


Length from nose to base of tail .... 7 inches. 
Of the faerie otitis baa pais 

—_—— of the fore-arm............ 12°, 

——s—'of taretiand toes O07. oR as 


Hab. Port Essington. ; 

Remark.—This animal was presented to Mr. Gould by J. B. 
Turner, Esq. 

The fourth is a very diminutive Rat, with coarse hair and a some- 
what short tail ; it is even smaller in size than the Mus Gouldi and 
M. gracilicauda, but is more nearly allied to the latter than to any _ 
other. Three or four specimens, all of the same size, are contained 
in the collection at the British Museum, and there are others in the 
Derby Museum at Liverpool, all of which were collected by Mr. 
Gilbert on the Victoria Plains, Western Australia. 


Mus NANUS. 
Head, all the upper surface, flanks, outer sides of the limbs, and 


Ye ee 
og eee ee iP 
ape 


CH ord 12.3. Furcella gigantea 
4Chana anulata. 5. C. tesselata. 


243 


hairs clothing the tail, brown, with numerous interspersed fine black 
hairs; under surface greyish-white, becoming much lighter and 
forming a conspicuous patch immediately beneath the tail ; whiskers 
black ; feet light brown; base of the whole of the fur bluish-grey. 


Length from nose to base of tail .... 4 inches. 
af thetailia dob hte Be 


4 
a 
ey Ae ea eet 2 »» 
3 
4 


a) 


This animal is known to the Aborigines of Moore’s River in 
Western Australia by the name of Jilbeetch. 

On the part of Dr.Gray, Mr. Gould brought under the notice of the 
Meeting a new and very distinct species of Hapalotis, which is nearly 
allied to, but considerably exceeds in size, the Hapalotis melanura. 
This animal was collected by Mr. Elsey in the interior of Australia 
during the recent expedition from the north-west coast of Australia 
to Moreton Bay. It is a harsh wiry-furred animal, and differs from 
H. melanura not only in size, but in the apical half of the tail being 
white. 


HAPALOTIS HEMILEUCURA. 


Head, all the upper surface, and flanks very light sandy-brown, 
with numerous, but thinly placed, fine long black hairs ; under sur- 
face buffy-white, with even lighter feet and fore-arms ; tail brown, 
deepening into black about the middle, beyond which the apical 
portion is white ; the white hairs being prolonged into a small tuft 
at the tip. 


Length from nose to base of tail .... 8 inches. 
Ob thera soul Spon 64 ,, 
of the fore-arm............ lt ,, 
of the tarsus and toes ...... lt, 


2. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS FurcELLA, OKEN, a Con- 
CHIFER WITHOUT CONCHA OR NORMAL VALVES, AND ON THE 
GENERA TEREDO AND CHazNA. By Joun Epwarp Gray, 
Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. etc. 


(Mollusca, Pl. XX XIX.) 


The shelly tube of this animal has been described under several 
names. Linnzeus considered it as a Serpula; Pallas, Home, and 
more recently Messrs. Adams have regarded it as a Teredo. Oken 
(1815) considered it a genus under the name of Furcel/a, to which 
the following names have been given :—Septaria, Lamk., Closso- 
naria, Févussac, Clausaria, Menke, Kuphus, Gray, altered to Kyphus 
by Agassiz. 

There is no doubt that it is allied to Teredo, and it has been se- 
parated from that genus by the older conchologists because the apex 


244 


of the tube is solid and furnished with two separate tubular aper- 
tures, evidently for the siphons of the animal, which in some speci- 
mens are said to be produced beyond the end of the larger tube 
into two slender, elongated, cylindrical tubules, as figured by Rum- 
phius; hence the name given to it by Oken: but I have never 
seen a specimen which exhibited this character. 

The habit of the animal at once separates it from Teredo, which 
always lives in wood, while the Furcella lives sunk perpendicularly 
in the sandy mud of the tropical seas. 

The external appearance of the shelly tube agrees with this ha- 
bitat ; for instead of being nearly cylindrical and more or less twisted 
according to the hardness or knots in the wood, it is club-shaped 
and closed at the larger end with a convex plate like the tube of 
Chena mumia, which lives in the sand in a similar manner; but 
the tube of the Furcella is much larger, and generally rather distorted 
and irregular on the surface, divided into sections by more or less 
distinct constriction of its diameter or by the slight alteration in the 
direction of the tube, marked a, 4, c, on the Plate, which on exami- 
nation are evidently produced by the periodical stoppages in the 
growth of the animal, which at each period of suspended activity 
evidently closes up the end of the tube; the animal absorbs this 
terminal plate when it again returns to activity, and requires a 
larger tube for its increasing dimensions. In the specimen before me, 
the space between these interruptions in growth increased in length 
as the animal grew and enlarged in diameter. 

-The tube is thickened above as the animal leaves it, and is much 
thinner near the lower or closed extremity. The whole length of 
the tube is solid, without any perforations, except quite near the 
closed end, where it is pierced with a number of unequal-sized rather 
irregularly disposed small perforations, generally scattered ; but some- 
times there is a short series of five or six placed in a longitudinal 
line, and these holes appear to be filled up by an internal coat when 
the animal absorbs the end and lengthens its tube. 

The larger end of the tube is entirely closed over by two convex, 
arched, shelly laminze, continuous from each side of the tube, and 
meeting and slightly overlapping one another in the central line, 
which is opposite to the septum between the two tubes in the smaller 
end of the shell-sheath of the animal. 

These small holes are evidently intended for admission of water 
to the animal, and the shelly septa at the bottom to protect the 
animal from the sand in which it lives. The holes are similar to the 
tubes of Penicillus aquarius and Clavagella, which live in sand, 
and Bryopa melitensis, which lives in porous stone. 

I have not observed any similar perforations in the tube of the 
Teredo ; and indeed they would not be of any use, as the tube is 
deeply sunk in the substance of the wood in which they burrow. 

The Teredines appear during their period of rest to close the end 
of their tube, with a shelly septum formed of a single convex plate. 
There are two fragments of tubes in the British Museum which ap- 
pear to belong to that genus, from their external appearance and 


245 


prismatic structure, which are so closed at the bases: in one speci- 
men the closing septum is uniformly convex, and like the tube-struc- 
ture ; in the other the septum is divided into two equal portions by a 
transverse groove or depression ; but on neither of the specimens can 
I observe any traces of the septum being formed of two plates over- 
lapping in the middle like the septum of Furcella. 

The calcareous tubes of Septaria, mentioned by Home, Phil. Trans. 
1806, p. 276, Dillwyn, R. Shells, ii. p. 1088, and in the ‘Mag. Nat. 
Hist.’ 1838, p. 408, as having a succession of Septa, proved on re- 
examination, Mr. Woodward informs me, to be the shell of Vermeti. 

The character of the Family Teredinide is, that the animal 
always lives in a tube; that it is provided with two appendages, 
one on each side of the siphons called palettes, which differ consi- 
derably in structure in the different genera; and that the front of 
the body of the animal over the mouth is encased in two very small 
valves like those of a Pholas in structure and form, but in a more 
rudimentary state of development; the tubular case of the animal, 
apparently taking the place or being in fact a great development of 
the dorsal additional shelly plate usually found more or less deve- 
loped in the different genera of Pholadide. 

Now it is clear that by Pallas, Home, and Messrs Adams referring 
this shelly tube to the genus Teredo, they believed that it had all 
these peculiarities. 

I was, therefore, very much pleased when a perfect specimen of 
this interesting genus came into my hands yesterday, to believe that 
I might have the opportunity of bringing before the Society the pa- 
lette and valves of this genus, which until now have been desiderata, 
especially as the sound made by shaking the tube showed that some 
shelly pieces were contained within it. 

But on making a small aperture on the side near the base of the 
tube to examine the structure of the valves, I was astonished to find 
that, though the genus had two of the characteristics of the family 
of Teredinide, it wanted one of them ; the plates within were 
only the palettes, which are simple and somewhat like those of the 
more common Teredo norvegica, and that there were no proper 
shelly valves, not even any rudiments of them; and that the animal 
forms a genus in that family which has the abnormality of wanting 
the true shelly valves which are so universal in the Conchifera. 

The reason of this absence may be explained by the fact that the 
animal does not require them to protect its head and nervous centre, 
living as it does in a soft sandy mud; while they are required in 
Teredo and the allied genera which have to bore their way into hard 
wood or stone to form the hole that is to be lined with the shelly 
tube. 

Sir Everard Home in his ‘ Lectures,’ when describing the animal of 
Teredo navalis (ii. t. 81), refers this shell-tube to the genus Teredo, 
and gives a very good figure of the palettes, or as he called them, 
“operculum,” of it (tab. 81. f.4 & 5), but he was not aware of 
this absence of the shelly valve; for he figures what he considers 
the “boring shell of the same Teredo” (fig. 6): but what he has 


246 


here taken for the ‘‘ boring shell,” or true valves of the animal, is 
evidently a fragment of the plates which closes the end of the tube. 

It may be supposed that, perhaps, the valves might be very small 
and had fallen out; but I think it is impossible, as the holes at the 
narrow part of the tube are very small and scattered with fragments 
of shell and sand. The tube otherwise is quite closed, and the 
animal had evidently been eaten out by dipterous larva, as there 
were abundance of the cases of their pupa-skins in the cavity. 

I may observe, that in the genus Penicillus, Brug. ( Aspergillum, 
Lamk.), which also lives in sand, and has a fringe of tubes round 
the convex base of the tube, the shelly valves are immersed in the 
substance of the tube ; but Furcella is the only genus of bivalve shells 
I am acquainted with that is entirely destitute of true valves, like the 
Tunicata. 

The possession of the two separate apertures at the upper extre- 
mity of the tube does not appear to be exclusively confined to this 
genus; for in the British Museum we have three specimens of tubes 
which belong to Teredo norvegicus, or to a species allied to it, pro- 
cured at the same time probably from the same place, but without 
any habitat. 

They all have a succession of transverse laminz at the upper extre- 
mity of the tube. In No. 1 these plates are pierced with an oblong 
central hole for the passage of the siphons, as is the case with most 
specimens of 7’, norvegicus. No. 2 is similar, but there is a pro- 
jection on one side of the perforation of the plates dividing the aper- 
ture on that side into two parts; and in No, 3, instead of having a 
single oblong aperture as in the other specimens, there are two sub- 
circular ones separated by a central transverge septum as in Furcella, 
as if the imperfect rib in No. 2 was transformed into a shelly plate 
extending right across the aperture, and which must be deposited 
between the two siphons of the animal. 

In general the tubes of Teredo are entirely imbedded in the wood, 
but sometimes, as in a specimen we have in the Museum from the 
mouth of the River Nunn, the apices of the tubes of the shell pro- 
ject as if they were produced by the animal as the shelly tube en 
larged beneath ; but I believe this arises from, and at least is pro- 
bably, if not entirely, produced from the surface of the wood disin- 
tegrating and leaving the apices of the tubes exposed. In the same 
collection are a series of the tubes of a species of Teredo, from 
Van Diemen’s Land, which are more or less covered with Serpule 
and Vermeti ; I suspect these must be specimens which have been 
partially or entirely exposed by the rotting of the wood in which 
they were enclosed. 

These specimens from Van Diemen’s Land, so covered with Serpule, 
also exhibit another peculiarity : in one case two tubes are parallel 
to each other, and firmly united by the outer surface of one of their 
sides into one body, which induced me to believe that they might be 
Serpule, until I examined the structure of the shell and observed 
the simple contracted apex of the upper extremity. 

In those genera of Teredinide which have a number of half-septa 


247 


across the upper or smaller aperture of the tube, forming a kind of 
incompletely valvular structure on the sides of the siphons, or as 
in Furcella, where the space between the siphons is entirely closed 
up, leaving only a tube for the passage of the siphon on each side of 
the upper cavity, these septa and the solid calcareous matter forming 
the tubes must be deposited by the surface of the siphons them- 
selves, as the canal of the univalve Zoophagous Gasterops is depo- 
sited by the siphon of the mantle of these animals. 

And as the palettes or opercula, as they have been erroneously 
called, of this family, are fixed on each side between the base of the 
two more or less elongated siphons, in all those genera, which have 
a siphonal septum like Furcella or lamina like Teredo at the apical 
end of the tube, these palettes are always enclosed in the tube, and 
cannot be exserted as they are sometimes represented. 

The character of this genus must be thus amended :— 


FuRcELLA. 


Animal without any true shelly valves; siphonal palettes distinct, 
large ; apex dilated, transverse, spathulate, with a central midrib and 
an elongated slender cylindrical base. 

Tube clavate, irregular, sometimes bent ; apex with two tubular 
siphonal apertures separated by a broad hard shelly longitudinal dis- 
sepiment ; base pierced with small scattered perforations; end in- 
closed by two overlapping convex septa, arising from the sides and 
completely closing the ends. 

These arched terminal plates appear to be absorbed before each 
period of activity, and the end is again closed with similar plates at 
each period of rest, after a sufficient elongation and enlargement of 
the tube for the protection of the enlarged animal. Living sunk in 
sandy mud on the shore in tropical climates. 


The perfect specimens of Chena mumia are covered with a thin 
external coat (sometimes covered externally with particles of sand and 
Foraminifera, which are imbedded in its surface), which is only par- 
tially attached to the general substance of the tube by thin lines, 
concentric with the lines of growth, leaving the rest of the coat 
separated from the surface of the tube by a distinct hollow space. 

In some specimens, as those in the British Museum from Mozam- 
bique, the attached part of the outer coat is in nearly concentric 
ring-like transverse lines round the tube, leaving a more or less 
complete hollow ring between each attached portion. In others, as 
that from the Philippines in the same collection, the attached portion 
of the outer coat is oblique and interlaced so as to leave only narrow, 
elongated, oblong, hollow tessellated interspaces on the surface, which 
are acute at each end. 

I am not certain that these characters are permanent ; but if so, 
one may be called Chena annulosa, and the other Chena tessellata. 
In the latter the outer coat is simple and smooth externally. In 
the specimen from the Philippines the tube is covered with a close 
coat of sand and a few Foraminifera, which are deeply imbedded in 


248 


the substance of the thin outer coat, giving it a very peculiar ap- 
pearance. 

The shell on the newly hatched animal, which remains as a nu- 
cleus on the coat of the older shells, is smooth, uniformly convex, 
without any appearance of the anterior truncation or of the radiating . 
ridges, which is so peculiar in the adult shells ; and it seems also to 
have a straight lower edge without any appearance of the large ven- 
tral gape of the genus. 

The cavity of the tube is contracted by an internal ring just above 
the hinder end of the shells, leaving an oblong central aperture of 
about half the diameter of the tube. This contraction is formed of 
several shelly plates with interspaces between them. 

The animal has the power of repairing a fracture of the tube. 
There is a specimen in the Museum which had evidently been com- 
pletely broken across about half its length, and the direction of the 
tube altered ; the two portions have been united by an internal irre- 
gular white shelly coat. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX. 


Fig. 1. Furcella gigantea, half the natural length; a, 5, c, d, e, the remains of 
former closing of the tube. 

Fig. 2. Furcella gigantea, view of terminal closing of the tube; of the natural 
size. 

Fig. 3. Palettes, showing the inner and outer sides. 

Fig. 4. Chena annulata, enlarged. 

Fig. 5. Chena tessellata, enlarged. 


3. REVIEW OF THE SPECIES OF THE FisstROSTRAL FAMILY Mo- 
MOTID&. By Pariie Lutytey Scuater, M.A., F.Z.S. etc. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXVIII.) 


Considerable additions have been made of late years to this rather 
peculiar family of birds, of which one member only was known to 
Linnzus; and there are now at least sixteen or seventeen different 
Motmots, of which examples oceur in European collections. Two 
or three very interesting articles have been written upon the habits 
and certain structural peculiarities of these birds; but no modern 
writer except Lesson, in his little-known volume, entitled ‘ Description 
des Mammiféres et Oiseaux’ (where descriptions of eleven species 
known to the author are given), has attempted a complete review of 
the species. The following paper has been drawn up with a view to 
meet this deficiency, aud to bring together in one place short cha- 
racters sufficient for distinguishing these birds, so as to obviate the 
necessity of referring to all the different publications where the species 
were originally described. 

Latham’s term Momotus, being long precedent to Illiger’s Prio- 
nites, which is sometimes employed for this group, has every claim 
for adoption. I therefure propose to call the group Momotide (as 


Proc. 2.5. Aves. CXXVII. 


PRIONIRHYNCHUS CARINATUS. (Du Bus) 


ens, hth. W. West Imp 


249 


I think they have quite sufficient distinctive characters to entitle them 
to rank as an independent family), and not Prionitida, as is done 
by some modern systematists. 

The Motmots are a purely tropical American family, occupying 
an area nearly coequal with that of several other characteristic groups 
belonging to the same fauna. From Southern Mexico, where two 
species occur, they extend through Central America and some of the 
more southern Antilles over the whole of the eastern portion of 
South America as far southwards as south-eastern Brazil and Para- 
guay, where a single species is found. Their true focus seems to 
be Central America, where the greatest number of species and the 
most characteristic forms occur. 

Concerning the spatulation of the two medial rectrices in some of 
these birds, which has occasioned so much discussion, I am not in- 
clined to agree with Waterton, who thinks that it is performed by 
the bird with his own beak (see Wanderings, ed. 4, p. 114); nor 
with Schomburgk, who attributes it to the form of the nest (Nau- 
mannia, 1, pt. iv. p. 20); but I consider it a purely natural forma- 
tion, which, like the denudation of the base of the bill in Corvus 
Srugilegus, does not become complete except in the adult bird. 

' A similar formation occurs in certain groups of Humming-birds 
(Spathura, Loddigesia, &c.) and among the Parrots in the genus 
Prioniturus ; but in these cases the feathers are, I believe, produced 
with the stem already denuded, and do not (as in Momotus) become 
spatulated by the falling away of the intermediate barb. 


Familia MomoTipz. 


Rostrum longius quam caput, modice incurvum, plerumque com- 
pressum, apice paululum uncinata ; mandibularum marginibus 
serratis ; oris angulis vibrissis munttis : nares basales, apertura 
parva et rotundata: ale breves, rotundate, remigibus quarta, 
quinta et sexta fere equalibus et longissimis : cauda, e rectri- 
cibus decem aut duodecim, quarum due externe alnormaliter 
breves, elongata valde graduata, rectricibus duabus mediis lon- 
gissimis et harum apicibus plerumque spatulatis: tarsi breves, 
antea scutellati: pedes prehensorii, digito exteriore longo et 
cum mediali usque ad medium, interiore autem brevi et ad 
basin tantum cum medio conjuncto ; posteriore hoc paulo bre- 
viore; unguibus incurvatis et compressis. 


Genus I. Momortus. 


Momotus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 110 (1790). 

Prionites, Il. Prodr. Syst. p. 224 (1811). 

Baryphonus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 48 (1816). 

Rostrum elongatum, compressum ; mandibuiis fortiter serratis : 
cauda elongata. 


Div. a. Caude rectricibus duodecim, harum duabus mediis spatu- 
latis. 


250 


1. MomorTus BRASILIENSIS. 


Momotus, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 465. 

Ramphastos momota, Linn, 8. N. 1. p. 152. 

Momotus brasiliensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 140; Gray, Gen. p. 68. 
sp. 1; List of Sp. in B.M. ii. 1. p. 39; Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et 
Ois. p. 264. 

Prionites momota, Schomb. Guian. iii. 704; Bp. Consp. p. 165 ; 
Vol. Anisodact. p. 8; Hahn, Ausl. Vog. ii. pl. 3. 

Momotus momota, Jard. & Selby, Il. Orn. 1. p. to pl. 23. 

Baryphonus cyanocephalus, Vieill. N. D.d. H. N. xxi. 315. 

Prionites brasiliensis, Tsch. F. P. p. 251 (7). 

Motmot du Brésil, Buff. Pl. Enl. 370. 

Le Motmot, Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. i. pl. 37, 38. 


Clare viridis subtus rufescente indutus : pileo medio et lateribus 
capitis cum macula pectorali nigris ; pileo antice thalassino, 
postice ceruleo cincto: cervice postica lete castanea. 

Long. tota 17, alee 5°75, caudee 11-0; rostri a fronte 1°4, a rictu 

1°95. 

Hab. Cayenne, British Guiana (Schomb. § Waterton) ; Para 
(Wallace) ; Eastern Peru (Tsch.) ; R. Ucayali (Hauzwell). 

Mus. Brit., Paris., &e. 

The specific term 4rasiliensis is rather an unfortunate one for this 
bird, which seems most frequent in collections from Cayenne and 
Guiana, though since, as Mr. Wallace has informed me, it is common 
at Para and all along the Lower Amazon, the name cannot be said 
to be altogether inaccurate. But in what is generally known to or- 
nithologists as Brazil—about Bahia and Rio—the present bird does 
not occur, and is replaced by another member of the family. 

This species seems to extend up the valley of the Amazon as far 
as the confines of Eastern Peru. Specimens from the Ucayali in 
Mr. Gould’s collection are rather more brightly coloured, but present 
the same characteristic castaneous blotch on the nape as the Cayenne 
bird, and are not separable from this species. 


2. MomMoTUS HQUATORIALIS. 
Momotus equatorialis, Gould, P. Z. 8. antea, p. 223. 


Clare viridis, cervice postica et corpore subtus vix rufescente tinc- 
tis: pileo medio et lateribus capitis eum macula lata pectorali 
nigris : pileo undique cyaneo (his plumis cyaneis postice ceruleo 
prepilatis) et item nigro cireumeincto. 

Long. tota 17°0, alee 6°3, caudze 8-0; rostri a fronte 1°7, a rictu 

2°15. 

Hab. Archidona in rep. Equatoriana. 

Mus. Joh. Gould. 

Mr. Gould has obligingly lent me the type of his description of 
this Motmot, which, as might be expected from the locality, appears 
to be different from any other described species. It approaches most 
nearly to M. Lessoni, which it resembles in the blue border of the 


251 


back of the crown being again edged with black. But it is still 
larger than that species, the bill being stronger, and the wings longer, 
the hue of the blue on the head is less thalassine, the green of the 
body below is purer, and the black blotch on the breast is particu- 
larly large. The single specimen sent is in not quite perfect plu- 
mage, that is to say, the tail is not yet spatulated ; but there are 
indications of the commencement of this process. The exact locality 
in which the specimen was obtained is marked ‘ Archidona,’ which 
is a small Indian village on the Rio Misagualli, above its confluence 
with the Napo in the Canton of Quixcs. 


3. MoMoTUS MICROSTEPHANUS, Sp. Noy. 
Momotus brasiliensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 135. 


Clare viridis, collo postico et corpore subtus rufescente tinctis ; 
spatio verticali medio et lateribus capitis cum macula pectoral 
nigris: pileo antice thalassino, postice ceruleo late cincto. 

Long. tota 14:5, alee 4-6, caudze 9:0, rostri a fronte 1°2, a rictu 
1°8. 

Hab. Interior of New Grenada. 

Mus. P. L.S. 

In my list of Bogota birds I noticed the peculiarities of the M. 
brasiliensis coming from that locality. Since then I have seen a 
considerable number of Motmots from that country, and, as they all 
present similar appearances, I think myself justified in elevating 
them to specific rank. The dimensions are smaller than in the dra- 
siliensis, the black space on the head much more confined, the tha- 
lassine front being much broader and extending nearly to the vertex, 
leaving only a small black patch between it and the bright blue 
behind. And the castaneous patch behind the head is wanting, 
there being, however, in some specimens a brownish-bronze tinge on 
the upper back. 

As a general rule the species from the mountain ranges of New 
Grenada are distinct from those of the eastern littoral of South Ame- 
rica, and I think it seems likely that this Motmot does not form an 
exception to this rule. 


4. Momortus NATTERERI, sp. nov. 


Prionites brasiliensis, Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 
1838, p. 34? 


Supra pure viridis, subtus fulvo tinctus, ventre medio et tectrict- 
bus subalaribus pure pallide rufescenti-ochraceis : pileo medio 
et lateribus capitis nigris ; pileo antice thalassino, postice 
ceruleo circumcincto, his pennis ceruleis thalassino miztis, 
striga pectorali parva, fere omnino cyanea, medialiter nigra. 

Long. tota 17:0, alee 5-5, caudze 9-0, rostri a fronte 1°4, a rictu 

1°9, tarsi 1°1. ; 

Hab. Yungas in Bolivia (d Orb.) ; Goyaz, Brazil (Natterer). 

Mus. Paris., Ac. Phil., Vindobiensi et P. L. 8. 

I have one Bolivian specimen, of what would at first appear to be 


> 


252 


M. brasiliensis, and have seen others. They closely resemble the 
Cayenne bird certainly, but seem to merit separation as much as its 
four or five other allies, which are now generally admitted as species. 
My Bolivian bird is nearly equal in size to the brasiliensis ; but the 
bill is not quite so thick, and narrower and more compressed, and 
the wings are rather shorter. The plumage above is pure green up 
to the nape, presenting no tinge of rufous, but a slight bronzy gloss 
on the neck ; below there is a strong rufous cast, the belly and under 
wing-coverts being nearly pure pale buff. The head is coloured 
nearly as brasiliensis, but the blue feathers behind are mixed with a 
little thalassine. 

A Motmot in the Vienna Museum, which I refer to this same 
species, was obtained by Natterer in the neighbourhood of Goyaz in 
Brazil, and I therefore propose to distinguish this bird by the title 
of M. Nattereri. There are also examples of this species in the col- 
lections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and of 
Mr. Gould. 


5. Momorus SUBRUFESCENS. 


Momotus subrufescens, Sclater, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, 
p- 489. 


Supra viridis rufescente tinctus, subtus cinnamomeo-rufescens : 
pileo medio cum capitis lateribus et macula pectorali nigris ; 
pileo undique thalassino cincto, sed his pennis thalassinis pos- 
tice ceruleo terminatis. 

Long. tota 16-0, ale 4°8, caudee 9°5, rostri a fronte 1°2, a rictu 

17. 

Hab. Santa Martha (Verreaux) ; Cartagena (Mus. Berol.). 

Mus. Brit., Ac. Phil. et P. L. S. 

I first described this apparently distinct species of Motmot from 
some specimens in MM. Verreaux’s collection. It approaches nearest 
to M. bahamensis, but is not nearly so dark below as that bird ; and 
has the upper back strongly tinged with rufous, which passes off as 
we descend towards the rump, whereas the upper surface of the other 
is nearly pure green. There are specimens of a Motmot which I 
refer to this species in the Berlin and British Museums, and the col- 
lections of Sir William Jardine and Mr. Gould. 


6. Momorus BAHAMENSIS. 


Prionites bahamensis, Sw. An. in Men. p. 332; Bp. Consp. p. 68 ; 
Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n. s. pl. 45; Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisodact. 
p. 8. 

Momotus bahamensis, Gray, Gen. p. 68; List of Sp. ii. 1. p. 39. 


Clare viridis, subtus suturate rufo-castaneus: pileo lateribus 
capitis et macula pectorali nigris: pileo undique thalassino 
cincto ; occipitis pennarum apicibus ceruleis. 

Long. tota 16:0, alee 5-5, caudz 9:0, rostri a fronte 1°4, a rictu 

1°85. 

Hab. Bahamas (Sw.)?; Tobago (Kirk.) ; Trinidad. 

Mus. P. L. S. 


253 


I am much inclined to doubt whether this Motmot is really found 
in the Bahamas. It is common in Tobago and Trinidad. It is easily 
distinguishable from its affines by the deep uniform chestnut colour- 
ing of the lower surface. 


7. Momorus LrssonI. 


Momotus Lessoni, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 174; Des Murs, Icon. 
Orn. pl. 62; Less. Deser. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 266; Sclater, P. Z. S. 
1856, p. 285. 

Prionites Lessoni, Bp. Consp. p. 165. 


Clare viridis, gula cyanescente, pectore paululum rufescente ; 
pileo, lateribus capitis et macula pectorali nigris : pileo undi- 
que cyaneo, his plumis cyaneis apud nucham ceruleo prepilatis, 
et postice item nigro marginato. 

Long. tota 16:0, ale 5°5, caudee 8°5, rostri a fronte 1°45, a rictu 


_ Hab. Nicaragua, Realejo (Less.) ; South Mexico, Xacatepec 
(Deppe in Mus. Berol.); vicinity of Cordova (Sallé). 

Mus. Paris., P. L.S. 

This fine large green northern representative of M. brasiliensis 
may be recognized from its congeners by having the blue hind-border 
to the cap edged with black towards the nape. This is also the case 
in M. equatorialis, but I have already mentioned its differences from 
that species. 


8. MomorTus CHRULEICEPS. 


Momotus ceruleiceps, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1836, p. 18; Gray, Gen. 
p- 68; Less. Desc. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 265. 

Prionites ceruleiceps, Bp. Consp. p. 165, et Consp. Vol. Aniso- 
dact. p. 8. 


Prionites ceruleocephalus, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n.s. pl. 42. 
Momotus subhutu, Less. Descr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 265. 


Luride viridis : capitis lateribus et striga parva pectorali nigris : 
pileo viridescenti-ceruleo ; fronte et superciliis clarioribus ; oc- 
pitis pennis ngro mixtis. 

Long. tota 16°0, ale 5°5, caude 8°5, rostri a fronte 1°15, a rictu 

1-8. 

Hab. Southern Mexico, Xalapa (Mus. Berol. et Heineano) ; Ta- 
maulipas (Mus. Jard.) ; Vera Cruz (Sallé). 

Lesson’s M. subhutu, described in the little summary of this group 
given in his ‘ Description des Mammiféres et Oiseaux,’ is attached 
by Prince Bonaparte to his M. psalurus with a mark of doubt. But 
on attentively considering Lesson’s description, I think there can be 
little doubt this is the bird really intended by it. 


9. Momorus MEXICANUS. ” 
Momotus mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 442; Zool. Ill. n.s. 


254 


pl. 81; Gray, Gen. p.68; List of Sp. in B.M. ii. pt. 1, p. 40; Less. 
Descr. &c. p. 266; Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisod. p. 7. 

Prionites mexicunus, Bp. Consp. p. 165. 

Momotus Martii, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 23 (err.). 


Viridis, supra rufescentior, subtus valde albescentior : pileo et 
cervice supra brunneo-rufis: striga pone oculos et macula pec- 
torali nigris : macula suboculari cyanea. 

Long. tota 12°5, alee 4:4, caudze 6°5, rostri a fronte 1°15, a rictu 

15. 
Hab. Southern Mexico, Golan (Delattre) ; Quicaltan (Deppe in 
Mus. Berol.) ; Lucappa (Bates in Mus. Derd.). 


10. Momorus CASTANEICEPS. 
Prionites castaneiceps, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 154. 


Similis M. mexicano sed major, pileo saturatiore castaneo et ma- 

cula suboculari subobsolete alba nec cyanea. 

Hab. Guatimala, Coban (Delattre). 

Mus. Derbiano, Ac. Phil. et Bremensi. 

Besides the specimens noticed by Mr. Gould, I have seen examples 
of this species in the Bremen Museum also from Guatimala, and in 
the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
It appears to be probably different from the preceding. 


11. Momorvus SEMIRUFUS. 


Prionites Martii, Spix, Av. Bras.i. p. 64. pl. 607; Tsch. F. P. 
p- 252 certé. 

Momotus semirufus, Sclater, Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 489. 

Baryphonus semirufus, Bp. Consp. Vol. Anisodact. p. 8. 


Viridis ; capite colloque supero et corpore infra ad medium ven- 
trem castaneo-rufis, lateribus capitis et macula pectorali nigris : 
ventre imo crissoque cum alis extus paululum cerulescentibus. 

Long. tota 19°5, alee 7°3, caude 11°5, rostri a fronte 1°75. 

Hab. New Grenada, Santa Martha and Bogota: Rio Napo, 
Ecuador (Jameson) ; Upper Peruvian Amazon, Rio Javarri (Cast. et 
Dev.). 

Mus. Brit., Paris. 

This fine large Motmot I first saw in 1853 in the hands of MM. 
Verreaux, who had then lately received two specimens of it from 
their collector at S. Martha. Shortly afterwards in looking through 
the birds of this family in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes I 
observed three individuals of the same species, one of which was 
labelled ‘ Bogota,’ and another as having been collected by MM. Ca- 
stelnau and Deville on the Rio Javarri. I at that time considered 
the bird as without doubt unnamed, and described it accordingly in 
Guérin’s ‘ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.’ But about a year after- 
wards, in looking through Tschudi’s types at Neuchatel, I was sur- 
prised to find a specimen of this bird labeled ‘ P. Marti, Spix,’ as 
that name has been generally thought to apply to the M. platyrhyn- 


255 


chus of Leadbeater—belonging to the genus Prionirhynchus. Now 
upon referring again to Spix’s figure and description, I think that he 
is as likely to have intended one bird as the other for his P. Maritii, 
and it will be difficult to pronounce decisively which of the two 
ought to bear that name, until the type in the Munich Museun, if 
still existing, be examined, and the fact ascertained whether it is a 
specimen of Momotus semirufus or Prionirhynchus platyrhynchus. 


Div. b. Caude rectricibus decem, et harum mediis non spatulatis. 


12. Momorvus cYANOGASTER. 


El tutu, Azara, Pax. i. p. 243. 

Baryphonus cyanogaster, Vieill. N. D. d’N. H. xxi. 317, et Enc. 
Méth. p. 898. 

Prionites ruficapillus, Hartl. Ind. Azar. p-4; Max. Beitr. iii.1257 ; 
Licht. Verz. p. 21; Tsch. F. P. p. 251. 

Baryphonus ruficapillus, Vieill. Gal. pl. 190; Bp. Consp. Vol. 
Anisodact. p. 8. 

Prionites tutu, Ranz. Elem. di Zool. iii. pt. 3. p. 157. 

Momotus levaillantii, Less. Man. d’Orn. ii. 104 ; Gray, Gen. 
p. 68; List of Sp. in B.M. ii. pt. 1. p. 39; Less. Descr. d. Mamm. 
et Ois. p. 265. 

Prionites levaiilanti, Bp. Consp. p. 163. 

Le Motmot oranrouzx, Levaill. Prom. Supp. pl. B. 


Viridis : capitis lateribus et macula duplict pectoris nigris : pileo 

toto et fascia lata ventrali castaneis : ventre imo cerulescente. 

Long. tota 16°5, ale 5°5, caudee 9°0, rostri a fronte 1°4, a rictu 
‘0 


Hab. Paraguay (Azara) ; South-eastern Brazil (P. Maz.); Eastern 
Peru (Tsch.). 2 

The Prince Maximilian found this Motmot singly or in pairs in 
the woods of the south-eastern provinces of Brazil. He Says it was 
generally observed sitting quietly upon a branch like a Bucco, and 
allowing the hunter to approach without fear. Especially in the 
morning and evening it emits its prolonged, soft, flute-like note, re- 
sembling that of our European Hoopoe. Its food consists of insects. 

This bird, which is well figured by Le Vailliant in the Supplement 
to his ‘ Promerops, &c.,’ pl. B, is sometimes called ruficapillus ; but 
that name is more strictly applicable to the species represented by 
the same author in his ‘ Oiseaux de Paradis,’ pl. 39, and of which 
some account will be found hereafter. 

Although I have never yet had an opportunity of examining Para- 
guay specimens of this species, there seems little doubt that Azara’s 
“Tutu” is referable to it, and we must therefore employ Vieillot’s 
term “ cyanogaster” as its first-given specific appellation, although 
in most examples the blue tinge on the belly is but slightly apparent. 


256 


Genus II. HyLomanes. 


Hylomanes, Licht. Abh. Ac. Berol. 1838, p. 449. 


Rostrum debilius et minus incurvum, non compressum sed dilata- 
tum, marginibus tenuissime serratis: cauda brevis, rectricibus 
decem et harum mediis non spatulatis. 


1. HyLoMaNES MOMOTULA. 


Hylomanes momotula, Licht. Abh. Ac. Berol. 1838, p. 449. pl. 4; 
Bp. Consp. p. 164. 

Momotus momotula, Gray’s Gen. p. 68. pl. 24; List of Sp. in 
B. M. ii. 1. p. 40. 

Viridis : pileo rufo : superciliis cyaneis : regione auriculart nigra : 

subtus albescens, viridi tincta. 

Long. tota 6°0, ale 3:0, caudex 2°25, rostri a fronte *9. 

Hab. Mexico, Valle Real (Licht.) ; Jalapa (Sallé). 

Mus. Brit., Berolin., Bruxelliano. 


2. HyLOMANES GULARIS.' 


Prionites gularis, Lafr. R. Z. 1840, p. 130; Bp. Consp. p. 165, 
et Consp. Vol. Zygodact. p. 8. 

Momotus gularis, Gray’s Gen. i. p. 68 ; Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1848, 
p. 33. pl. 17; Less. Deser. Mamm. et Ois. p. 266. 


Viridis ; gula et ventre imo cyaneis : regione ophthalmica rufes- 
cente : macula auriculari utrinque et pectoris duplici nigris : 
cauda subtus fusca, supra apice cerulescente. 

Long. tota 10-0, alze 4:0, caudee 5°5, rostri a fronte 1°l. 

Hab. Guatimala (Lafr. et Strickl.). 

Mus. Paris. 

This bird seems to me to be most naturally arranged as a second 
species of Momotula, though, as Mr. Strickland has observed, it par- 
takes of the characters of the other genera. Mr. Strickland’s 
examples were, I believe, from the neighbourhood of the city of 
Guatimala. 


Genus III. PrionrirHYNCHUS. 


Crypticus, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 338 (1837). 


Rostrum elongatum, dilatatum, carinatum, incurvum, marginibus 
tenuissime serratis: caude rectricibus decem, harum mediis 
elongatis et spatulatis. 


1. PRroNIRHYNCHUS PLATYRHYNCHUS, Leadbeater. 


Momotus platyrhynchus, Leadb. Linn. Trans. xvi. p. 92; Jard. 
& Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 106; Gray’s Gen. p. 68. sp. 8. 

Prionites Martii, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 64. pl. 60? 

Crypticus Martii, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 119, certé; Consp. p. 165; 
Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 267. 


257 


Viridis, capite et cervice supra et corpore infra ad medium 
pectus castaneis: cauda cerulescenti-viridi : striga lata per 
oculos ad aures et maculis duabus in pectore nigris. 

Long. tota 14:0, alee 4:9, caude 8°2. 

Hab. Eastern Peru, wood region (Tsch.); Sarayacu (Cast. § 

Dev.) ; Bolivia. 

This bird was first well described by Mr. Leadbeater before the 
Linnean Society. I have already stated that I think it possible that 
Prince Bonaparte and subsequent naturalists have been in error in 
considering Spix’s Prionites Martii as intended for this bird, and I 
have therefore thought it safer to employ for it Leadbeater’s name 
platyrhynchus. 

I have made the new generic term Prionirhynchus for this form 
in the place of Crypticus, because the latter term is in use for a genus 
of Coleopterous insects, founded by Latreille in 1817. 


2. PRIONIRHYNCHUS CARINATUS. (PI. CXXVIII.) 


Prionites carinatus, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux, xiv. pt. 2. p. 108, 
et R. Z. 1848, p. 249. 
Crypticus carinatus, Bp. Consp. p. 165. 


Supra olivascenti-viridis: fronte juxta marginem masille rufes- 
cente: superciliis cyaneis: tenia a naribus infra oculos ad re- 
gionem paroticam ducta et pennulis quibusdam pectoris nigris : 
infra virescenti-rufus, mento viridi-cerulescente : remigibus 
Susco-nigris, pogonio externo viridi-cerulescente: cauda supra 
viridi-cerulescente : rectricibus duabus intermediis spatudatis 
et nigro terminatis : rostro et pedibus nigris, illius apice cornea. 

Long. tota 14-0 poll. 

Hab, Guatimala (Du Bus). 

The Vicomte Du Bus has kindly sent me a beautiful figure of 
this Motmot, from which the accompanying plate has been reduced. 
I have never seen this bird, and I believe his specimen is the only 

one known. 


Genus IV. Eumomora, gen. nov. 


Rostrum Prionirhynchi sed minus carinatum et dilatatum, pau- 
lum incurvum, mandibularum marginum media solum parte ser- 
rata: caude rectricibus decem, harum quinque utrinque ex- 
time graduate, ad apicem quadriformes ; medie due ceteris 
duplo longiores, magna parte denudate et spatulis terminate. 


1. EUMoMoTA SUPERCILIARIS, 


Crypticus superciliaris, Sandbach, MS 

Prionites (Crypticus) superciliaris, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n. s. 
pl. 18. 

Momotus superciliaris, Gray, Gen. p. 68. sp. 10; List of Sp. in 
- B.M. ii. 1. p. 40. 


No. CCCXLITI.—Proceepines or THE ZooLoGicay Society. 


258 


Crypticus superciliosus, Sw. An. in Men. p. 267; Less. Desc. d. 
Mamm. et Ois. p. 267. 

Crypticus apiaster, Less. R. Z. 1842, p. 174. 

Momotus yucatanensis, Cabot, Pr. N. H. Soc. Boston, iv. 467 ; 
Gray, Gen. p. 68. sp. 13. 

Prionites yucatanensis, Bp. Consp. p. 165. 


Olivaceus ; dorso medio, macula post-oculari et ventre imo casta- 
neis: superciliis latis et maculis subocularibus lete glauco- 
cyaneis: vitta per oculos utrinque transeunte nigra: vitta 
gulari longitudinali nigra, utrinque cyaneo marginata: alis 
nigris extus cyaneo marginatis: rectricibus subtus nigricanti- 
bus, supra cerulescentibus, nigro terminatis : duarum media- 
rum rachide nuda longissima, apice spatulata. 

Long. tota 14-0, alee 4°5, caudze 8-0. 

Hab. Central America, Yucatan (Cabot) ; Bay of Campeachy 

(M. B.); Guatimala and Honduras. 

This beautiful bird, with the peculiar incurved bill—the serration 
of which is confined to the middle of the mandibles—and compara- 
tively short tail, with the two medial rectrices far projecting and de- 
nuded to a much greater extent than in other Motmots, seems to 
present characters quite as distinctive as Hylomanes or Prionirhyn- 
chus, and I have accordingly proposed for it the new generic name 
Eumomota. Prince Bonaparte has remarked (Notes Orn. p. 89) 
that there seems to be two varieties of this bird, one from the western 
coast of Central America more red, the other from the eastern coast 
more blue. 


The preceding account embraces all the species of Motmots with 
which I am acquainted. There are a few others mentioned by 
authors, concerning which I subjoin the following remarks :— 


1. Le motmot dombé, Levaill. Ois. de Par. i. p. 113. pl. 39. 
Baryphonus ruficapillus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. dH. N. xxi. p. 315. 
Prionites dombeyanus, Ranz. Elem. di Zool. iii. pt. 3. p. 158. 
Momotus dombeyi, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 251; Less. Man. d’Orn. 
. 103. 
Momotus rubricapillus, Steph. Zool. xiv. p. 84. 

Prionites dombeyi, Sw. Class. ii. p. 338. 

Momotus ruficapillus, Gray’s Gen. p. 68. sp. 4. 

Prionites ruficapillus, Bp.’s Consp. p. 165. sp. 4. 

Momotus tutu, Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 265. 

Le Vaillant, upon the authority of whose figure some systematists 
have formed and others adopted the several scientific names above 
given, writes as follows concerning this Motmot :—‘* Whatever may 
be the case with the second species of Motmot of the older writers, 
which all nomenclatists have spoken of, but none have seen, here is 
one well-characterized, and differing from the first in that it has all 
the top of the head red, and that it has not part of the tail-feathers 
ebarbed, nor a black spot on the stomach. All is otherwise quite 
similar in colour between the two species, except that the green of 


259 


the back and wings and the blue of the middle tail-feathers and pri- 
maries are more pure in this species than in the other. The size 
also of the two birds is nearly the same : in the tail there is this. dif- 
ference, that the four middle feathers of the present Motmot are of 
equal length. We owe this second species of Motmot to Dombé, a 
zealous naturalist... .. The Houtou is found in Guiana; the 
Motmot Dombé inhabits the forests in the environs of Lima. The 
traveller I have named assures me that it is very common there, and 
that he had not remarked any difference between many individuals 
that he had seen of this species and the two he had brought back, 
of which one was deposited with many other beautiful birds of Peru 
in the cabinet of the king. It is a pity that this individual has been 
entirely destroyed by fumigations of sulphur and by insects; as to 
the other, we know not what has become of it.”’ 

Such is Le Vaillant’s account. Supposing it to be accurate, the 
species appears distinct from any other known. But no such bird 
has been recognized by any other author, nor is to be found, as far 
as my experience goes, in any collection. As for its frequency in 
the vicinity of Lima, I am inclined to doubt the fact. Von Tschudi 
gives us accounts of three Motmots that inhabit the Cisandean wood- 
region of Peru, but says nothing of one occurring in the coast- 
region ; nor do I believe that any species of the family occurs on the 
western side of the Andes. Had this bird been common about Lima 
he could hardly have missed it, collecting so much as he did in that 
quarter. I cannot help thinking therefore that Le Vaillant’s figure 
and description are inaccurate, having been made after the ‘“ moths 
and fumigations”’ had operated upon the specimen, or perhaps from 
Dombé’s recollections. In such case the Motmot dombé was pro- 
bably the Momotus eyanogaster, which does occur in Eastern Peru, 
and has the medial rectrices whole. 


. 2.  Momotus psalurus, Puch.” ; Bp. Compt. Rend. 1854. 
XXXvill. p. 659, et Notes Orn. s. 1. coll. Delattre, p. 88. 


Prince Bonaparte, in his communication to the French Academy . 
on the collections made by M. Delattre in Nicaragua, has given a 
short account of this species, which I subjoin :—“ Les exemplaires 
rapportés de Nicaragua par M. Delattre sont intermediaires entre 
momotus et bahamensis pour les couleurs comme pour la localité (!). 
La calotte noire est en effet moins étendue que dans le P. bahamensis, 
mais plus que dans P. momotus et entourée par la teinte aigue-marine 
méme postérieurement, le bleu n’occupant que la pointe des longues 
plumes: les couvertures inférieures des ailes sont rousses ainsi que 
la ventre et les cuisses: les appendicules des pennes de la queue 
sont beaucoup plus larges que dans les autres espéces: le coup d’ ceil 
exercé de M. Pucheran a distingué a cause de cela dans nos galeries 
ce beau Volucre, notre seconde espéce, sous le nom de Pr. psalurus.” 

I can make no other suggestion concerning this species than that 
it is probably the same as M. lessoni. Dr. Pucheran utterly dis- 
claims the paternity of the name which Prince Bonaparte has thus 
attempted to affiliate on him. 


260 


3. Momotus parvirostris is a name mentioned by Prince Bona- 
parte in the same passage. He merely says it is “‘ encore intermé- 
diaire,” i. e. between M. brasiliensis and psalurus I suppose. The 
bird intended, I should judge from the locality, to be perhaps M. 
subrufescens. 


4. Momotus varius, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 469; Gm. S. N. i. p. 357, 
is an old name founded on Ray’s Yayauhquitoll (!), concerning 
which it is difficult to say much. 

The annexed table will serve to give a general idea of the geogra- 
phical distribution of this family as far as I have been able to gain 
information upon it. 


MOMOTIDARUM SCHEMA GEOGRAPHICUM. 


ale |e g 
+ | © : 
5 vA Az E = 8 ce] 
oe CI] | Z m= 7 
ez| = (SalSaltel"] 1 8) 2B] fleet 
39| gd \ieu|53/5S| & a ) Pe = 1 
ao| 2 /Eelesies| 2/2) | | 2/28) 2 
Zs gi|/se2/se\s8 a = q [<>] = 
&2| 6/45 /86/28/ G/ 8) dd) a} 8 od] é 
es ete | LA Mies, eisai — || | 
I. Momorvs. 
1. brasiliensis ......... Sed (ec ee et il ed (ee del ea er Che ek ko 
2. equatorialis ...... adds. Mechs. eee | piserete opel castihderen 
3. microstephanus, .55| scen|yecar |i ieee farK a cas eeaenfenano| (ow lovee) | sect sohlluase 
| 4, nattereri eeccccescces eos eee eee eee eee ace * aes eee eee eee 
5. subrufescens ...... Pee Mil cdi Neca (ORS Pol ae (eel Wc Sed ee acre! jac rnp lice 
6. bahamensis......... ciel thene lewes | taco tl) cee |l soe. | gees, |l) town | cme teteets moma ee 
1) Za AeBHOMIe eee oees TARE Bll Rt eae” lees i ecey| Sone. | weet Nusde' I yecey ane ¥: 
8. ceruleiceps......... ce AO a reat Men eg eral tcl Pl . 
| Q. AMEXICANUS cesesoece] fi yee | 22s |ytece | eannl, oss| eas | ces.| «Lame ea 
LO. EASTANEICEDS pcencoe| ives fam | ne<2 AMisor uence), cong| eed | seo} cronies 
11. semirufus ......... ces tp eo esse eee le | as = ho mo fees 
12. cyanogaster....... ee Ae A SM 
j | 
If. HyLoMAneEs. 
1. momotula ......... * ° Anh er 
2, @ULAVIS. .cestect se ses * : ; | see | eee | ve . 
III. PriontruyNncuus. 
1. platyrhynchus...... a ea Ry ST lsh il aL al er Be gece: 
2. carinatus............ Teen et Newer ween ttssey irene: |! Sect hase. Beeae 
IV. Evmomota. 
eye 8 | 
1. superciliaris ...... |: kel se ° as hs 
F 
ST gr Ge | gee le aay aaa RPEY Ne eae a ——_————— | ———— 
| A (U5 1 Dio cA Sa | 1 1 1 1 
| 


261 


4. On a CoxtuectTion or Brrps TRANSMITTED By Mr. H. W. 
Bates rrom THE Upper Amazon. By Paruipe Lutiey 
Scuater, M.A. 


Mr. S. Stevens has lately received a small but interesting collec- 
tion of birds from Mr. H. W. Bates, now resident at Ega on the 
Upper Amazon. Although many travellers and collectors have 
passed through this country, we are still without any detailed in- 
formation concerning the general character of its ornithology. Those 
into whose hands collections from new localities come, are in general 
too prone to pick out single objects and describe them as new, in- 
stead of what is much more important in a scientific point of view, 
giving an accurately determined catalogue of the whole of the spe- 
cies. Such accounts are always useful—in the first place increas- 
ing our knowledge of the facts of geographical distribution, and, 
secondly, giving great assistance to future investigators who are 
studying collections from the same quarter. The species trans- 
mitted by Mr. Bates are the following. They are mostly from Ega 
or from the Rio Javarri, the frontier stream of Peru and Brazil, but 
the exact locality is in every case affixed. 

Mr. J. H. Gurney has determined the Accipitres in this collec- 
tion. 


1. Morpunus urvsITINGA (Gm.). 
Rio Javarri. 


2. MorPHNUS sSCHISTACEUS (Sund.).—F. ardesiacus, Licht. in 
Mus. Berol. 


Rio Javarri. 


3. BuTgo pzNNSYLVANICUS (Wils.). 
Rio Javarri. 


4. ASTURINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Gm.). 
Ega. 
5. Micrastur GILVICOLLIS (Vieill.). —Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill. 


Nouv. Dict. x. p. 323; Puch. R. Z. 1850, p. 91.—M. concentricus, 
auct. 


Rio Javarri. 


6. Harpacus piopon (Temm.). 
Rio Javarri. 

7. Scors ? 
Ega. 


8. TRoGON MELANURUS, Sw. 
Ega and Rio Javarri, 3 et 9. 


9. Bucco macropacty.us (Spix) ; Sclater, Syn. Buce. p. 14. 
Rio Javarri. 


262 


10. Bucco puLMENTUM, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 194, pl. 106. 
- Rio Javarri. 


11. Bucco orp, Cass. ; Sclater, Syn. Buce. p. 9; Pelzeln, Sitz. 
Ac. Wiss. Wien, 1856, p. 492. 


Ega. 
12. Monasa PERUANA, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 194. 


13. UroGALsBa PARADISEA (Linn.). 

Ega. ; 

M. Pelzeln has made some remarks in the ‘ Sitzungsberichte’ of 
the Vienna Academy on my separation of Uroyalba amazonum from 
U. paradisea. 1 confess I was probably wrong in regarding the 
latter as a species, and that it is apparently-only a variety of U. 
paradisea. ' 


14. GALBULA CHALCOCEPHALA, Dev.; P.Z.S. 1855, p. 14. 
Rio Javarri. 


15. GALBULA TOMBACEA, Spix. 


Rio Javarri. 

Since I have seen additional specimens of this bird, I am rather 
uncertain as to the reality of the distinctness of G. fuscicapilla of 
New Grenada (P. Z.S. 1855, p. 13. Pl. LXXVII.). In one of the 
Amazon specimens there is nearly as much fuscous colouring on the 
head as in the New Grenadian bird; and this may possibly be 
referable to age or sex. 


16. BrRacHYGALBA ALBIGULARIS.—Galbula albigularis, Spix, 
Av. Bras. i. pl. 57. f. 1. p. 54. 


Rio Javarri. 


Aneo-nigra, pileo fusco: superciliis et regione auriculart cum 
gula albis: plaga elongata in ventre medio castanea : rostro 
flavicanti-albo, pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 6:2, alee 2°6, caudee 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°9. 

When I saw Spix’s somewhat deteriorated type-specimen of the 
present species in the Museum at Munich, I somewhat hastily con- 
cluded that it was a young bird of G. paradisea. But the examina- 
tion of the example in Bates’s collection, and of another similar one 
in the British Museum, have convinced me that this is certainly not 
the case. It seems in truth a Brachygalba, with the same short 
square tail as in B. inornata, but with the bill rather stouter and 
straiter. Herr v. Pelzeln states in one of his interesting communi- 
cations to the Vienna Academy, ‘ Ueber neue und wenig gekannte 
Arten der K. ornitholog. Sammlung,’ that he thinks that this bird 
may be possibly the young of my B. melanosterna. I am sorry I 
have no means at present of comparing it with examples of that 
Jacamar ; but the very pure white throat of the present species, 


263 


which is quite absent in B. melanosterna, seems to render this sup- 
position improbable. 


17. JACAMEROPS GRANDIS (Gm.). 
Rio Javarri. 


18. Lamrornis MANGo (Linn.). 
Santarem. 


F 19. Evrrromena macrura (Gm.); Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. 6. 
gel. 


20. Lampornis AURESCENS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p- 88. 


Rio Javarri. 
A young bird. 


21. CHRyYSURONIA JOSEPHIN#& (Bourc.). 
Rio Javarri. 
A young bird which Mr. Gould is inclined to refer to this species. 


22. CHLOROPHANES ATRICAPILLA (Vieill.). 
Ega. 


23. DAcNIS FLAVIVENTRIS, Lafr. & D’Orb. 
Rio Javarri. 


24. Dacnis cayana (Linn.); Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 106. 

Ega. 

Maagly allied species to this widely distributed bird is Dacnis 
nigripes from Brazil, lately described and figured by Herr A. von 
Pelzeln in the Proceedings of the Vienna Academy (1856, March, 
vol. xx. p. 157). It may be distinguished by its black feet, and the 
female is more like that of D. angelica. I have specimens of both 
sexes in my collection. 


25. Dacnis anGELIca, De Filippi; Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 107. 

Ega. : 

Prince Bonaparte has named * the Bogota variety of this bird 
archangeliea. But if the Bogota bird be considered distinct, it 
ought to bear the name “‘ angelica,” as originally given to it by De 
Filippi, while that from Cayenne is more particularly Mr. Strick- 
land’s Dacnis melanotis. f 


26. Ca@reBa cyanea (Linn.). 
Ega. 


27. C@REBA CHRULEA (Linn.). 
Ega. 


* Catalogue des oiseaux recueillis a Cayenne par M. E. Desplanches, p. 7. 


264 


28. Ca@ReBA NITIDA, Hartl. 
Rio Javarri. 


29. Piryius Grossus (Linn.), 
Rio Javarri. 


30. TacHyPHONUs sURINAMUs (Linn.). 
Ega. 


31. TAcHYPHONUS CRISTATUS (Gm.). 
Ega. 


32. TACHYPHONUS RUFIVENTRIS (Spix). 
Rio Javarri. 


33. Lanto versicoxLor (Lafr. & D’Orb.). 

Rio Javarri. 

This is the only example I have ever met with of this bird besides 
the types brought by D’Orbigny from Bolivia. 


34. CaLLisTE SCHRANKI (Spix). 
Ega and Rio Javarri. 


35. CALLISTE BOLIVIANA, Bp. 
Rio Javarri. 


36. CALLISTE GYROLOIDES, Lafr. 
Rio Javarri. 


37. TANAGRELLA IRIDINA. 


Tanagra iridina, Hartl. R. Z. 1841, p. 105. 

Tanagrella elegantissima, Verr. R.Z.1853, p.195 ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 
1856, p. 267, et Syn. Av. Tan. p. 93. 

Rio Javarri. 

On the receipt of this specimen from the Rio Javarri, it imme- 
diately occurred to me that Dr. Hartlaub’s Tanagra iridina from 
Mogobamba in Peru was much more likely to belong to this species 
(generally known as “‘elegantissima’’) than to the TJ. velia of 
Cayenne, with which it is usually associated. I therefore de- 
spatched specimens of both birds to Bremen, with a request to Dr. 
Hartlaub to compare his type with them. Dr. Hartlaub states in 
reply, that although in his specimen there is a distinct greenish hue 
on the sides of the head, he considers his 7’. iridina to be without 
doubt the same as T. elegantissima, and not as T. velia. It be- 
comes necessary, therefore, to use the specific appellation iridina, as 
the earliest given for this Tanager. 


38. NEMOSIA FLAVICOLLIS, Vieill. ? 
Rio Javarri. 


265 


39. Leistes GuIANENSIS (Gm.).— Trupialis guianensis, Bp. 
Consp. p. 430. j 


Santarem. 
40. QuiscaLus LuGuBRis, Sw.? Bp. Consp. p. 424. 


41. Cacicus yuracarius (D’Orb. & Lafr.). 

Rio Javarri. 

I very much doubt whether Prince Bonaparte’s C. devillii is any- 
thing more than the female of this bird. 


42. Cyanocorax azureus (Temm.). 

Rio Javarri. 

43. DENDROCOLAPTES CAYENNENSIS (Gm.). 
Ega. 

44, PicoLarTEs ? 

Ega. 

45. Hypocnemis nzxvia (Gm.); Pl. Enl. 823. f. 1. 
Rio Javarri. 


46. Tiryra cayana (Linn.); P. Z.S. 1857, p. 69. 
Rio Javarri. 


47. CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, St. Hilaire. 
Rio Javarri. 


48. GyMNODERUS FeTIDUvs (Linn.). 
Rio Javarri. 


49. QUERULA RUBRICOLLIs (Gm.). 
Rio Javarri and Tunantins. 


50. Corinca MAyNANA (Linn.) ; Bp. Consp. p. 176. 
51. PrprRA RUBRICAPILLA, Temm. Pl. Col. 54. f. 3. 
Ega. 
52. Prera LEUCOCILLA, Linn. 

~ Ega. 
53. Pipra cORONATA, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. pl. 7. f. 1. 
Rio Javarri. 


54. Pipra stRI0LATA, Bp.; Gray’s Gen. pl. 67. f. 2. 
Rio Javarri. 


55. CiRRHIPIPRA FILICAUDA (Spix), Av. Bras. ii. pl. 8. 
Rio Javarri. 


266 


56. CuiROXYPHIA REGINA, Sclater, Ann. N. H. June 1856, p. . 


Rio Javarri. 

I am quite pleased at meeting with another example of this pretty 
Manikin, which I described from Natterer’s types in the Vienna 
Museum. 


57. loporpLEURA ISABELL#& (Parz.); Icon. Orn. pl. 68. 


Rio Javarri. 

Prince Bonaparte gives Venezuela as the habitat of this species. 
Mr. Bates’s specimens are from the Rio Javarri, and Mr. Wallace ob- 
tained specimens on the river Tocantins in September 1848. The 
I. pipra is from S. Eastern Brazil, while I. laplacti—a scarce spe- 
cies, only possessed, I believe, by the Paris Museum—is said to be 
from British Guiana. . 


58. ARA ARACANGA (Linn.). 
Rio Javarri. 


59. Ara sEVERA (Linn.). 


Rio Javarri. 
Mr. Bates has sent two examples of the species, one of which is 
very much varied with red below. 


60. Conurus GuIANENSIS (Linn.). 


61. ConurUS MELANURUS (Spix). 
Tunantins. 


62. Pronus MensTRUUS (Linn.). 
Rio Javarri. 


63. Ca1cA BARRABANDI (Kuhl). 
Rio Javarri. 


64. Carica nistRio (Bodd.), Pl. Enl. 744. 
Rio Javarri. 


65. Caica XANTHOMERIA, G. R. Gray in Mus. Brit. 

This apparently new species, of which the only two specimens 
sent have passed into the collection of the British Museum, closely 
resembles C. leucogastra, Kuhl (4adiceps, Lear), but has the flanks 
and thighs yellow instead of green, and exhibits some minor varia- 
tions in shades of colouring. 


66. PsirracuLa ? 


A bird. of this difficult little group, different from any I have 
before seen—perhaps referable to Souancé’s P. eyanopygia. 


67. RAMPHASTOS CUVIERI, Wagl.; Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2. 
pl. 8. 


Ega. 


267 


68. PreroGLossus HUMBOLDT!I, Wagl.; Gould, Mon. Ramph. 
ed. 2. pl. 22. 
Rio Javarri. 


A pair of this rare species have passed into the collection of the 
British Museum. 


ns PrEROGLOSSUS FLAVIROSTRIS, Gould, Mon. Ramph. ed. 2. 
pl. 29. 


Ega and Rio Javarri. 


70. SELENIDERA LANGSDoRFI (Wagl.); Gould, Mon. Ramph. 
ed. Z. pl. 33. 


Ega. 


71. PrEROGLOssUS BEAUHARNAISI, Wagl.; Gould, Mon. Ramph. 
ed. 2. pl. 25. 


Ega. 


72. Capiro PERUVIANUS (Cuv.). 
Rio Javarri. 


73. Evsucco HARTLAUBI (Lafr.), fem. aut juv. ? 

Rio Javarri. 

I have hitherto regarded this bird as the young of E. hartlaubi, 
from which it differs in the want of the aurescent head and of the 
blue tinge on the throat, sides of the head and supercilia, and by its 
lemon-yellow and not orange neck-band. J am not sure that I am 
right. Examples in the same state of plumage in the Paris Mu- 
seum are marked ‘“ Capito glaucogularis, Tschudi,” which is cer- 
tainly wrong. 


74. EUBUCCO AURANTIICOLLIS, sp. nov. 


Viridis, pileo et mento summo intense sanguineo-rubris, torque 
cervicali postica clare flavicanti-viridi : cervice antica auran- 
tia; pectore coccineo, ventre flavo et viridi strigato: rostro 
flavo, pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 5:5, alz 2°6, caudee 1°9. 

This beautiful species of Barbet closely resembles EZ. richardsoni 
figured in Gray and Mitchell’s Genera of Birds, but may be distin- 
guished by its light green posterior neck-band, orange and not 
lemon-yellow throat, and deeper scarlet breast. Mr. Bates has 
transmitted five examples from the Rio Javarri, which are all alike. 
The Eubucco richardsoni is from New Grenada (Bogota collections). 

The British Museum contains an example of this new species, 
collected by Hauxwell on the Ucayali in August 1852 and marked 
“ Trides red.” 

I am now acquainted with seven species of the section Euducco, 
namely, (1) E. rrcHARDSONI (sulphureus, Eyton, Contr. Orn. 1849, 
p- 130) ex Nov. Grenada; (2) E. aurantircouiis; (3) E. sour- 
creRI (Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 79, et 1849, p. 116, pl. 3) ex Nov. 


268 


Grenada et fl. Napo; (4) E. ricrus (Pl. Enl. 330; Bucco elegans, 
Gm., Capito maynanensis, Gray); (5) E. ERYTHROCEPHALUS 
(Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 260) ex Peruv. Orientali; (6) E. nartTLausi 
(Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 180, et 1849, p. 176, pl. 6; Capito ca- 
pistratus, Eyton, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 131, et Megalamia capis- 
trata, ibid. 1850, p. 29, pl. 45) ex Bogota, fl. Napo, et Peruv. 
Orientali; (7) E. eLavcocutaris (Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 259, pl. 24. 
f. 2) ex Peruv. Orient. 

Of the genus Capito, besides the C. cayanensis and C. peruvianus 
and the intermediate C. amazoninus, there is a very beautiful fourth * 
species, C. awrovirens (Le Vaill. Prom. Suppl. pl. E., Bucco_auro- 
virens, Cuv.). This bird was met with at Sarayagu on the Ucayali 
by MM. Castlenau and Deville during their voyage, and there are 
specimens in the Paris Museum from their collection. Mr. Gould 
possesses specimens obtained by Hauxwell on the same river. 

The third and only remaining American genus of the family is 
Tetragonops, a very peculiar form from the Quitian Andes, de- 
scribed by Sir William Jardine in the Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1855, 
n. 8. li. p. 404. 


75. CHLORONERPES ERYTHROPS (Vieill.). 
Ega. 

76. CroTopHAGA MAJsoR, Linn. 

Rio Javarri. 


77. EurypyGa HELIAs (Pallas). 
Rio Javarri. 


78. TiGRISOMA BRASILIENSE (Linn.). 
Rio Javarri. 


79. T1GRISOMA TIGRINUM (Gm.). 
Rio Javarri. 


December 8, 1857. 


Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. 


The following papers were read :— 


1. On a New Specizes or Cassowary. 
By Joun Goutp, F.R.S., V.P:, etc. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXIX.) 


I think it has been shown, that not only many species, but whole 
genera, and even great families of birds, formerly existed on the sur- 
face of the globe, of which no living representatives now remain, but 


2 duy 12MM 


Pee 


‘ILLINNGG@ Saruvasy) 


Yay susuuasr'¢ yap qea pe srsuy a4 


269 


whose previous existence is made manifest to us by their foot-prints, 
the remains of their osseous structure, or portions of their egg-shells ; 
some of these lived in periods of the most remote antiquity, while 
others are doubtless coeval with Man: of these latter probably not a 
few owe their extirpation to his wanton disregard for their perpe- 
tuity, such as the Dodo, the Dinornis, the Norfolk Island Parrot, 
&c. ; their extinction being aided by their large size rendering them 
conspicuous objects, and by the circumstance of their being denizens 
of very limited areas, of small groups of islands, such as Mauritius, 
Madagascar, Norfolk and Philip Islands, &c. The great group of 
extinct struthious birds with which Owen and the younger Mantell 
have made us so well acquainted, is one which all ornithologists 
must regard with especial interest, and this interest will I doubt not 
be greatly enhanced when I state that I have undoubted evidence 
that a species pertaining to it, and hitherto unknown to us, is still 
living on our globe. These few prefatory remarks are given before 


‘introducing to the notice of the Society a most interesting commu- 


nication which I have just received from George Bennett, Esq., of 
Sydney, respecting a new species of Cassowary lately discovered in 
the Island of New Britain, an example of which, apparently fully 
adult, is either now living at Sydney, or en route to Europe: that 
it may soon arrive, or if it should unfortunately die its skin may be 
duly preserved and sent to us, is my anxious hope. I am sure I 
need not expatiate upon the warm interest which our corresponding 
member, Dr. Bennett, has always manifested for the welfare of this 
Society, nor upon the value of the varied contributions he has made 
to natural science ; it cannot fail to afford pleasure to us all to find, 
as will be seen, that this interest on his part is still undiminished. 
I think, therefore, that it will only be a just tribute of respect if we 
name the bird, of whose existence he has been the first to make us ac- 
quainted, in honour of himself, Casuarrus Bennertt (Pl. CXXIX.). 

Of this particular section of the Struthionide, then, there are the 
C. galeatus, a native of New Guinea, the C. australis inhabiting 
the Cape York district of Australia, and the C. Bennetti, whose do- 
micile is the Island of New Britain. 

The following are the details respecting this new species with 
which Mr. Bennett’ has favoured me :— 


“‘ Sydney, Sept. 10, 1857. 
““ My pEAR GouLp, 

“I send you an account of a new species of Cassowary recently 
brought to Sydney by Captain Devlin in the cutter ‘Oberon ;” it 
was procured from the natives of New Britain, an island in the South 
Pacific Ocean near to New Guinea, where it is known by the name 
of ‘ Mooruk. The height of the bird is 3 feet to the top of the 
back, and 5 feet when standing erect ; its colour is rufous mixed with 
black on the back and hinder portions of the body, and raven black 
about the neck and breast ; the loose wavy skin of the neck is beau- 
tifully coloured with iridescent tints of bluish-purple, pink, and an 
occasional shade of green, quite different from the red and purple ca- 


270 


runcles of the Casuarius galeatus ; the feet and legs, which are very 
large and strong, are of a pale ash-colour, and exhibit a remarkable 
peculiarity in the extreme length of the claw of the inner toe on each 
foot, it being nearly three times the length which it obtains in the 
claws of the other toes; this bird also differs from the C. galeatus 
in having a horny plate instead of a helmet-like protuberance on the 
top of the head, which callous plate has the character of and resem- 
bles mother of pearl darkened with black lead; the form of the bill 
differs considerably from that of the Emu (Dromaius Nove-Hol- 
landie), being narrower, longer, and more curved, and in having a 
black and leathery cere at the base and behind the plate of the head 
a small tuft of black hair-like feathers, which are continued in 
greater or lesser abundance over most parts of the neck. 

“« The bird is very tame and familiar, and when in a good humour 
frequently dances about its place of confinement. It is fed upon 
boiled potatoes and meat occasionally. The egg is about the same 
size as that of the Emu, and is of a dirty pale yellowish-green co- 
lour ; I give this description from an egg obtained from the natives 
by Capt. Devlin. 

‘‘ The bird appears to me to approximate more nearly to the Emu 
than to the Cassowary, and to form the link between those species. 
In its bearing and style of walking it resembles the former, throw- 
ing the head forward, and only becoming perfectly erect when run- 
ning ; it also very much resembles the Apteryx in the carriage of 
its body, in the style of its motion, and in its attitudes. It has been 
exhibited by Messrs. Wilcox and Turner in Hunter Street, Sydney. 

“The accurate drawing which accompanies this letter was taken 
from life by Mr. G. F. Angas, whose correct delineation of objects 
of natural history is so well known; it conveys an excellent idea of 
the bird. 

‘« Before closing my letter I have again examined the bird, and 
have to add, that its bill presents a good deal of the character of 
that of a Rail, and that it utters a peculiar whistling chirping sound ; 
and I am informed that it also emits a loud one resembling the word 
‘Muruk,’ whence no doubt is derived its native name. The ex- 
istence of the species in New Britain or some of the neighbouring 
islands has been suspected for the last three years, and some time 
since a young specimen was procured, but unfortunately lost over- 
board during the voyage. 

«Ever, my dear Gould, 
“* Your sincere friend, 
‘‘GrorGE BENNETT.” 


As the bird has not yet reached this conntry, the fact of its being 
a new species must for the present rest upon Mr. Bennett’s authority. 

The account published by Mr. Wall of the discovery of the bird 
he has named Casuarius australis being but little known in this 
country, I have thought it might not be uninteresting to the meeting 
if I give a copy of it here as it appeared in the ‘ Illustrated Sydney 
Herald’ of June 3, 1854. 


ae 


Layepos 
aa phi 
VINIIAO SdONg 
5 TZVQVNV 


ver) 
Ge SoA € 
¥ SZ 900g 


-271 


“The first specimen of this bird was procured by Mr. Thomas 
Wall, naturalist to the late expedition commanded by Mr. Kennedy. 
This was shot near Cape York, in one of those almost inaccessible 
gullies which abound in that part of the Australian continent. The 
Cassowary, when erect, stands about 5 feet high. The head is with- 
out feathers, but covered with a blue skin, and, like the Emu, is 
almost without wings, having mere rudiments. The body is thickly 
covered with dark brown wiry feathers. On the head is a large pro- 
tuberance or helmet of a bright red colour, and to the neck are 
attached, like bells, six or eight round fleshy balls of bright blue 
and scarlet, which give the bird a very beautiful appearance. The 
first, and indeed the only, specimen of the Australian Cassowary was 
unfortunately left at Weymouth Bay, and has not been recovered. 
Mr. Wall being most anxious for its preservation had secured it in a 
canvas bag and carried it with him to the spot where, unfortunately 
for himself and for science, it was lost. In the ravine where the 
bird was killed, as well as other deep and stony valleys of that 
neighbourhood, they were seen running in companies of seven or 
eight. On that part of the north-eastern coast, therefore, they are 
probably plentiful, and will be met with in all the deep gullies at 
the base of high hills. The flesh of this bird was eaten, and was 
found to be delicious ; a single leg afforded more substantial food 
than ten or twelve hungry men could dispose of at one meal. The 
Cassowary possesses great strength in its lees, and makes use of this 
strength in the same manner as the Emu.- Their whole build is, 
however, more strong and heavy than that of the latter bird. They 
are very wary, but their presence may be easily detected by their 
utterance of a peculiarly loud note, which is taken up and echoed 
along the gullies; and it would be easy to kill them with a rifle.” 

The above account was furnished to the ‘Illustrated Sydney 
Herald’ by Mr. Wall’s brother, Mr. William Sheridan Wall, Cu- 
rator of the Australian Museum. 

No skin of this species having yet been sent home, I am unable 
to say if the bird be really a new species, or identical with the New 
Guinea bird Casuwarius galeatus. I trust, however, that the time is 
not far distant when some expedition more fortunate than the one 
to which Mr. Wall was attached may procure examples, and by 
making us better acquainted with the bird, enable us to decide this 
point. 


2. DrescrRIPTION OF ELEVEN NEw SPECIES oF Brrps FROM 
Tropicat America. By Puiuie Lurury Scuater. 


(Aves, Pl. CXXX.) 


1. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS PARDUS. 

Supra albo nigroque tessellatus, alis nigris albo regulariter trans- 
vittatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus maculis magnis albis in 
utroque pogonio crebro transfasciatis : nucha brunnea: pileo 


272 


griseo, nigro punctato : superciliis et capitis lateribus albis, 
striga postoculari et rictali utrinque nigricantibus : subtus 
albus, gutture concolore, pectore, ventris lateribus et crisso 
maculis parvis rotundis notatis: tectricibus subularibus albis ; 
rostro breviore, debiliore, pallido, culmine corneo: pedibus 
nigris. 

Long. tota 6°8, ale 3°0, caudee 3:0, rostria rictu *9. 

Hab. In Nova Grenada in vicin. urbis S. Marthe. 

Mus. Brit. 

This bird resembles most nearly Camp. nuchalis of Cabanis, or at 
least a member of this difficult group from Trinidad, which in my 
collection bears that name. In their upper surfaces these two spe- 
cies are not unlike, although the head is paler, the nape more brown, 
and both the inner and outer webs of the tail-feathers are banded in 
the present bird, which is not the case in the former. But below, 
C. pardus is readily recognized by its pure white colour, varied 
sparingly with round black spots on the breast, sides of the belly 
and vent. My type-specimen was received from S. Martha by Mr. 
Lawrence of New York, who kindly entrusted it to me for exami- 
nation. I have called it “‘ pardus” because it is the bird so named 
(but not described) by Prince Bonaparte in his Ornithological Notes 
upon Delattre’s collections (page 43). The specimen there alluded 
to, which was received by MM. Verreaux of Paris from S. Martha, 
is now in the British Museum. It is apparently a younger bird 
than my type, but easily recognizable as of the same species. 


2. CAMPYLORHYNCHUS STRIATICOLLIS. 


Nigricanti-griseus ; uropygium versus magis rufescens, pennis 
obsolete nigro marmoratis : alis caudaque nigricantibus, mar- 
ginibus externis nigro et rufo anguste variegatis : subtus albo- 
griseus, gula albicante ; cervice et pectore nigricante longitu- 
dinaliter striatis, ventre medio maculis rotundis obsoletis notato: 
ventre imo crissoque rufescentibus, nigro obsolete transvittatis : 
rostri pallide cornet culmine nigro ; pedibus nigris. 

Long. tota 6°5, ale 3:1, caudee 2°7, rostri a rictu 1°0. 

Hab. In Nova Grenada. 

This is a typical Campylorhynchus, of which I have met with only 
one example, now in my own collection, selected from amongst a 
large number of Bogota birds. It does not seem very like any of 
the fourteen species of the genus which I have enumerated in the 
‘Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia’ 
(1846, p. 264). The upper surface is nearly uniform, being only 
obsoletely marbled, an appearance caused by the centres of the 
feathers being darker. The fore-neck is longitudinally striated and 
not spotted, as is more usual among these birds ; but there are round 
spots, not however very strongly marked, on the belly. 


3. ANABAZENOPS GUTTULATUS, sp. noy. (Pl. CXXX.) 
Olivaceus, superciliis ab oculo in nucham productis rufis: pilet 


pennis medialiter olivaceis, nigricante marginatis ; interscapulit 


273 


pennis medialiter pallide ochraceis, nigricanti-ochraceo utrinque 
limbatis, et quasi illo colore guttatis : alis intus nigricantibus, 
extus brunnescentibus : cauda unicolore ferruginea; subtus 
gula albida, pectoris et ventris superioris plumis ochracescenti- 
albidis fulvo tinctis, marginibus fusco-olivascente circumdatis : 
lateribus et ventre imo terricolori-brunneis ; crisso rufo: rostri 
cornet apice et basi flavidis: pedibus flavido-fuscis. 

Long. tota 7-0, ale 3°3, caudz 3-0. 

Hab. In Venezuela, prope urbem Caracas (Levraud). 

Mus. Paris. 


4. SYNALLAXIS MULTO-STRIATA, Sp. nov. 


Supra terricolori-brunnea, fronte et pileo antico rufis nigro variis : 
dorsi totius pennarum scapis flavo-albidis, strias longas for- 
mantibus: cauda, e rectricibus duodecim, nigricante, brunneo 
marginata, subtus pallide brunnea: corpore subtus terricolori- 
brunneo, albo confertim vario, plumis medialiter albis, nigres- 
centi-brunneo irregulariter circumeinctis; gula pure rufa: 
rostro nigro, pedibus fusco-nigris. 

Long. tota 6°5, alee 2°4, caude 2°8. © 

Hab. In Nova Grenada. 

Mus. Paris. 

A specimen of this apparently new Synallazis is in the Gallery of 
the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. It is marked “ Bogota, Rieffer, 
1843.” It does not very closely resemble any species with which I 
am acquainted, and is rather remarkable as being striated both above 
and below. 


5. TuRDUS FULVIVENTRIS, Verreaux, MS., sp. nov. 


Nigricanti-cinereus, alis caudaque obscurioribus ; capite toto cum 
gutture nigris; cervice antica fuscescenti-cinerea : abdomine 
toto cum tectricibus subalaribus saturate cinnamomeo-rufis : 
crisso fusco: rostro flavo, pedibus pallide brunneis. 

Long. tota 10°5, alee 4°8, caudz 4:0. 

Hab. In Nova Grenada (Bogota). 

Mus. Acad. Philadelph. et P. L. S. 

I have received a single example of this fine Thrush from MM. 
Verreaux, with the MS. name attached, which I have adopted. It 
is quite distinct from every other bird of the group hitherto de- 
scribed, but may be placed near Turdus migratorius of the U. S. 


6. TURDUS IGNOBILIS, sp. nov. 

Cinerascenti-fuscus unicolor, subtus dilutior, gula abicante, strtis 
paucis cinereis: abdomine medio cum crisso albis, lateribus 
cinerascentibus : tectricibus subalaribus fusco-cinereis, rufo 
viz tinctis : rostro corneo, pedibus fusco-nigris. 

Long. tota 9-0, alee 4°5, caudz 3°9. 

Hab. In Nova Grenada. 

Mus. Acad. Philadelph. et P. L. S. 


No. CCCXLIV.—Proceepincs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


274 


I have had examples of this Thrush some time in my possession, 
and have indicated it without naming it in my first list of birds from 
Bogota (P. Z. S. 1855, p. 145, sp. 168). Having lately obtained 
other specimens, I have no hesitation in describing it as apparently 
unnamed, unless indeed it chance to be Prince Bonaparte’s Turdus 
luridus (Notes Orn. p. 28), which however it is impossible to deter- 
mine from so brief a notice. In its uniform style of colouring it 
resembles Turdus fumigatus of Brazil and T. grayi of Mexico, but 
may be immediately distinguished by the colour of the under wing- 
coverts, which are cinereous like the breast, with a faint tinge only 
of rufous. There are two examples of this same bird in the collec- 
tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, also labelled 
** Bogota.” 


7. CINCLUS LEUCONOTUS, sp. nov. 
“© Cinclus leucocephalus, Tsch.”’ ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 68. 


Niger: pileo cum nucha, dorso medio et corpore subtus ad imum 
ventrem albis: crisso et hypochondriis nigris: pileo nigro 
striolato: rostro nigro, pedibus corneis. 

Long. tota 5°5, alee 3°8, caude 1°6, rostri a fronte °6. 

2(?). Mari similis sed minor, rostro breviore. 

Long. tota 5°0, alee 3°1, caudz 1°5, rostri a fronte °4. 

Hab. In Nova Grenada et rep. Equatoriana. 

Mus. Paris., Gul. Jardine Baronetti, et P. L. S. 

This species is not the Cinelus leucocephalus of Tschudi, as I as- 
certained this summer by taking my specimens to Neufchatel and 
there comparing them with the type. Tschudi’s bird is much larger 
and has the white below confined to the breast, and no white back. It 
is in short quite a different bird. The most peculiar thing however 
about my two specimens is, that one is larger than the other, and 
has the bill strikingly longer. After some hesitation I have attri- 
buted this to sex, though I am not aware of a similar difference 
occurring in the bills of other Cincli. I may remark, however, that 
though this bird is seemingly much like Cinelus in form, I cannot 
help thinking that, when we know more about it, we may find occa- 
sion to refer it to a different genus. My examples were picked out 
of a large number of ordinary Bogota skins, of which they have the 
usual unmistakeable appearance. The bird described by Lafresnaye 
was brought from Pasto by Delattre, and a specimen in the Paris 
Museum—marked Cinclus leucocephalus—is said to be from the 
vicinity of Quito. Sir William Jardine possesses examples from the 
same locality. 


8. TYRANNUS ATRIFRONS, sp. nov. 

T. supra pallide cineraceo-brunneus ; vitta frontali inter oculos 
nigra, crista pilei medii celata aurea: alis nigricanti-brun- 
neis, extus rufo late marginatis: tectricibus caude@ superioribus 
cum cauda tota rufis, rectricum (precipue mediarum) parte 
media nigricante: subtus flavus; gula albicante, pectore rufo 
paulum mizto, tectricibus alarum inferioribus pallide flavis, 


a 


275 


remigum pogoniis internis subtus ochraceis : rostro et pedibus 
nigris. 

Long. tota 8°2, ale 4°6, caudze 3°75. 

Hab. In littoribus reipub. Equatorianz. 

Mus. Brit. et T. C. Eyton. 

Mr. Eyton’s collection contains the type-specimen of this very 
well-marked species of Tyrant, which I believe to have been hitherto 
overlooked. It is labelled « Guyaquil,” and that is no doubt its 
right locality, for two examples of the same bird in the British Mu- 
Seum were obtained on the island of Puna in the gulf of Guyaquil 
by Mr. Barclay. 


MELANOPTILA, gen. nov. 


Melanoptila, genus novum e JSamilia Turpiparum. Rostrum 
rectum, modice longitudinis, Jere ut in genere Turdo, sed te- 
nuius et vibrissis rictalibus nullis: ale breves, ad finem sub- 
caudalium attingentes, remige prima brevi, secunda secundarias 
co-e@quante, tertia longiore, sed a quarta, quinta, et sexta, 
equalibus et longissimis, superata: cauda longa, apice rotun- 
data: pedes antice seutellate prout in genere Turdo. 


9. M. GLABRIROSTRIS, sp. nov. 


M. nigra unicolor, ceruleo-nitens : alis caudaque ceneo magis 
splendentibus : rostro et pedibus nigris. P 

Long. tota 7-8, alee 3°5, caudee 3°3, tarsi 1°05. 

Hab. In rep. Honduras, prope urbem Omoa. 


276 


I first observed specimens of this curious bird in the Derby Mu- 
seum at Liverpool. They were procured in Honduras by Delattre, 
and an excellent example from the same source is in the British 
Museum. A single specimen in my own collection was obtained, 
with other birds, by Mr. Joseph Leyland in the vicinity of Omoa at 
the extremity of the Bay of Honduras. I know of no other Ame- 
rican form which much resembles it in plumage or in structure, and 
am rather puzzled as to its proper arrangement in the Natural 
System. It must however, I think, come within the limits of the 
family Turdide, and for the present I am rather inclined to place it 
along with the Mock-birds (Mimine), with the general structure of 
some of which it seems most nearly to accord, except in the absolute 
want of any signs of rictal bristles, whence I have called it glabri- 
rostris. 

Mr. Leyland informs me, with regard to this bird at Omoa, that 
he believes it is rare there, as he only saw one other individual du- 
ring his stay. It frequents the low thick bushes. 

Further information concerning the difference of the sexes, habits 
and internal structure of this interesting bird are requisite, before its 
true position can be satisfactorily established. 


10. LipauGUS RUFESCENS. 


Rufescenti-brunneus, subtus clarior, capite et pectore subtilissime 
nigro, vittas obsoletas formante, transfasciatis: pennarum 
maculis apicalibus rotundis in pectore et ventre medio et in 
crisso sparsis, nigris : remigibus nigricantibus intus et extus 
rufo marginatis: alarum tectricibus superioribus rufis nigro 
variegatis, inferioribus rufis, fascia axillari crocea: cauda uni- 
colore, rufescenti-brunnea : gula et crisso pure rufis: rostro 
nigricante, pedibus fuscis. 

Long. tota 5-7, ale 4°4, caudze 3°3. 

Hab. In rep. Guatimalensi prope urbem Coban (Delattre). 

Mus. Britannico et Derbiano. : 

I examined an example of this bird with much care during an in- 
spection of some of the riches of the Derby Museum at Liverpool, 
two years ago, and attached to it the MS. name which I now pub- 
lish. Through the kindness of Mr. Thomas Moore I have lately 
had the opportunity of studying it a second time. Mr. G. R. Gray 
has obligingly pointed out to me a stuffed specimen in the British 
Museum, which is evidently the adult of this species, that in the 
Derby Museum being in an immature state; and I have therefore 
modified my original description, so as to render it applicable to the 
more perfect bird. In the younger stage the marking on the wings 
is not so decided, and the characteristic black spots on the breast, 
belly and crissum, and the axillary tufts, are absent. The specimen 
in the British Museum was procured from MM. Verreaux, and is 
labeled with the MS. name “ Lathriosoma typicum, Bp.” It is not 
however necessary to create a new generic name for this bird, as it 
certainly cannot be separated from Lipaugus hypopyrrhus (Vieill.), 


o sg Te 
it 
a — 


ABI” VA A ee G 


LD.) [IWIH5D SGNAdOIVHdAY) 7 


| 


277 


for which the term dulea * (taken from Dr. Schiff’s MS.) has been 
already published by Prince Bonaparte. It forms, in fact, an excellent 
second species of this division, which seems to serve as a connecting 
link between the genera Lipaugus and Heteropelma, and is perhaps 
worthy of generic rank. 


11. TINAMUS CASTANEUS, sp. nov. 


Saturate castaneus, capite et cervice undique cum gula nigri- 
canti-cinereis, pileo nigricantiore, gula magis cinerascente: 
alarum pennis nigricantibus, tectricum et secundariarum mar- 
ginibus externis dorso concoloribus: ventre imo cum cauda 
(tectricibus supra-caudalibus omnino abscondita) nigro et cer- 
vino flammulatis : rostri mandibula superiore nigricante, hujus 
autem tomtis cum mandibula inferiore flavidis: pedibus carneis. 

Long. tota 8-5, alee 5°5, caudee 1°3, rostri a rictu 1-1, tarsi 1°9. 

Hab. In Nov. Grenada interiore (Bogota). 

Mus. P.L.S. 

I obtained a single specimen of this Tinamou out of a large col- 
lection of Bogota skins in the hands of a dealer. I have in vain 
attempted to find a name for it, and have looked through the ex- 
amples of these birds in the great Museums of Leyden, Paris and 
Philadelphia without finding a similar one. In the British Museum, 
however, is a specimen possibly referable to the young stage of this 
species. 

PrThe present bird agrees in size and shape tolerably well with 7. 
parvirostris and T. tataupa, but is quite different in colouring from 
any member of the group with which I am acquainted. 


3. On THE DuIKER Boks 1n THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. 
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S. anp Ent. Soc. 


(Mammalia, Pl. LVII.) 


In the text to the ‘ Knowsley Menagerie,’ and in the ‘ Catalogue of 
the Hoofed Quadrupeds’ in the British Museum, I divided the 
Duiker Boks into three species. The distinctness of these species 
has been doubted. 

_As there is now in the Gardens of the Zoological Society speci- 
mens of two of the species, and as each of these has bred there, I 
considered that it might be advantageous to give a figure of the male 
of each species, side by side, on the same plate. 

1. The Impoon, Cephalophus Grimmi, Gray, Catalogue, Ungu- 
lata, p. 78, orbit and beneath white. There are in the Gardens a 
female and three young males. 

2. The Burchell’s Buck Bok, Cephalophus Burchellii, Gray, Cat., 


* Prince Bonaparte writes this word ‘ dulea,’ but if, as I suppose is the case, 
it comes from advAds, tibia, the proper adjectival form would be aulius. 


278 


Ungulata, p. 81, dark, orbits and under side dark. There is a female, 
and a young male, her offspring. 

The two sexes, and the young and the old specimens of each of 
the species are exactly similar. 


4. Notice or A New Species oF JAGUAR FROM MAZATLAN, 
LIVING IN THE GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society. By 
Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P.Z.S., F.R.S., ere. 


(Mammalia, Pl. LVIII.) 


The Society has recently received from Miss Mary Knight a very 
curious and valuable animal from Mazatlan, which appears not 
hitherto to have been noticed in the systematic catalogues, which is 
the more extraordinary, as the zoologists in the United States are 
now very active in describing the animals of North America, and are 
evidently renaming several of those which are well known in the 
European Museums. 

This species greatly resembles the Jaguar in size, character, 
and marking, having the short legs and short tapering tail of that 
species ; but it chiefly differs from that animal in the form of the 
head, which is more elongate, and in the disposition of the spots; 
instead of the spots being all placed in rings or roses, as they are 
usually called, the spots on the front part of the body are single and 
scattered, and those on the hinder part of the body are alone placed 
in rings or roses. 

I propose to distinguish the species provisionally with the name 
of Leopardus Hernandesii, waiting until its skull and other cha- 
racters can be more carefully examined and compared before I un- 
dertake to give its proper specific character. 


5. SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF AXIFEROUS 
ZoorpHytTEes OR BARKED Corats. By Dr. Joun Enpwarp 
Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z. anp Env. Soc., xtc. 


(Radiata, Pl. IX.) 


This group of animals has been called 


Polypiers corticiféres by Lamarck, Hist. A. S. V. ii. 288. 

Polypes corticaux by Cuvier, Régne Anim. iv. 78, 1817. 

Corallea by De Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. Ixx., et Man. Actinol. 
501, 1834. 

Gorgoniade, Johnston, Brit. Zooph. 182, 1838; Gray, List of B. 
Mam. 55, 1848. 

Gorgonide, Dana, Zooph. 637, 1846. 

Cerato-corallia, Ehrenb. Corall. XM. 1834. 

Coralliade, Gray, Syn. B.M. 134, 1840. 

This group of animals is easily distinguished from the other zoo- 


WWest Imp. — 


Au 


shi) 


fi), Proc. 7.5 Ratiate, IX 


i 


HYALONEMA MIRABILIS, Gray. 


279 


phytes by the mass of animals being supported by a continuous axis. 
The axis is generally formed of one (or rarely of many elongated) 
siliceous, calcareous, or horny body, extending from the base to the 
apex of the coral mass. The axis, whether consisting of horny, 
stony, or siliceous matter, is always formed of numerous concentric, 
very thin laminee, more or less intermixed with mineral matter. 
Those which have a horny or calcareous axis are generally branched, 
and are uniformly fixed by an expanded base to some marine body. 

The single known kind which has a siliceous axis: the axis is 
formed of many twisted fibres, and its lower end, instead of being 
expanded, is gradually tapering and is parasitically imbedded in a 
fixed sponge, and thus kept in its erect position. 

These corals have sometimes been confounded with some of the 
more branched or tree-like Alcyoniens, or fleshy zoophytes. But 
the coral mass of these animals has no distinct continuous axis, being 
only strengthened by more or less numerous spicula imbedded in 
the flesh of the mass, as is the case in the animal part of these 
zoophytes that covers the axis. 

In some genera, as Briareus, these spicula are more crowded 
together in the centre of the mass, forming a harder centre to the 
stem and branches; but this axis-like body, which is formed of an 
immense number of spicula, must not be confounded with the con- 
tinued axis of the true Barked Zoophytes, which may be regarded 
as fleshy zoophytes, which are in addition furnished with a central 
axis to support their more branched form. 

They may be best divided into three distinct subdivisions, accord- 
ing to the chemical composition of the axis, thus— 

1. Hyalophytes. 

2. Lithophytes. 

3. Ceratophytes. 


Suborder I. Hyatopuyrta. 
Axis siliceous. 


Family 1. HyatoneMab2. 


Coral subcylindrical, rather attenuated and immersed in a fixed 
sponge. Axis in'the form of numerous elongated, slender, filiform, 
siliceous fibres, extending from end to end of the coral, and slightly 
twisted together like a rope. Bark fleshy, granular, strengthened 
with short cylindrical spicula; polypiferous cells scattered, rather 
produced, wart-like, with a flat radiated tip. 


1. Hyatonema, Gray. 
The character of the family. 


1. HyaLoneMa MirABILIs. (Pl. IX.) B.M. 


Hyalonema mirabilis, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1830, 118. 

Hyalonema Sieboldii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, 63; Dana, 
Exped. 642. 

Japan (Str Hans Sloane, Siebold). 


Sren-gey « 


280 


The coral, as it is usually seen, consists of three distinct portions, 
of very different texture and appearance—the axis, bark, and the 
sponge. 

The axis is formed of a considerable quantity of transparent glass- 
like fibres, slightly twisted from right to left into a spiral rope- 
like bundle 18 to 20 inches in length and 3 or 34 lines in diameter 
at the lower part, where the fibres are most closely applied to each 
other, and whence the specimen gradually expands upwards to a dia- 
meter of double that extent. 

The part above this tapering base is in different specimens covered 
to a greater or less extent (and evidently in the perfect state is en- 
tirely) with a kind of leathery bark, with large truncated nipple- 
shaped scattered tubercles, having flat crowns with radiating grooves. 
and a central depression. 

The base of the transparent rope is (in one specimen) as it were 
inserted into an irregular mass of a very loose spongy substance, to 
which it is very firmly attached; and in passing through which it 
gradually tapers to about half the size of the narrowest portion of 
the exposed part, and finally terminates in a truncated pencilled base 
of very fine capillary fibres. In general, the specimens are withdrawn 
from this spongy base, and the lower part of the axis is cleaned ; but 
I think it is evident that they all are attached to such a sponge in 
their natural state. 

The bark is formed of two distinct layers: the outer having the 
appearance of an aggregation of grains of sand united together by a 
small quantity of animal matter; the inner portion having imbedded 
in its substance numerous very fine capillary fibres of precisely 
similar texture to those which form the axis of the coral, but of 
much smaller size; and this portion of the bark evidently extends 
between and invests each of the fibres of the rope-like axis. 

The fibres which form the axis are perfectly transparent, colour- 
less, and moderately flexible, resembling in appearance those of 
spun glass or very clear bristles. They vary in thickness from half 
a line to the diameter of a very fine hair. In the middle portion 
they are nearly cylindrical ; within 2 or 3 inches of the tip they 
gradually taper to half their former diameter; externally they ap- 
pear to the naked eye smooth and polished, but as if furnished with 
numerous internal cracks taking different directions. Under the 
microscope there are seen many close-set superficial annular grooves, 
which become more evident near the tips, where they assume the 
form of raised belts most prominent below, and giving a somewhat 
irregular outline to the surface. Internally they are solid, and 
formed of very numerous, very thin, concentric coats, as may be 
seen by breaking them transversely, when, instead of presenting a 
straight fracture, the coats appear of different lengths, in consequence 
of their yielding at different intervals. If this fracture is minutely 
examined under a lens, each of its component lamine is found to 
present numerous concentric lines, showing it to be formed of several 
plates. But this structure is most evidently seen on applying the 
end of one of the breken fibres to the flame of a spirit lamp, when 


281 


it becomes first opake and silvery, then crepitates, enlarges, and 
assumes a dull white colour; after which the different lamin, 
which are very numerous, separate from each other. If a larger 
portion of the fibre is exposed to the flame, its outer coat is elevated 
in flakes, and the whole substance splits longitudinally on one side 
in such a manner as to exhibit a section of the various coats. 

Each of the fibres or spicula of the axis is enveloped in a thin 
membrane connected with the bark, and which doubtless deposits 
the very numerous concentric coats of which it is formed, as the bark 
deposits the concentric coats of which the axes of Gorgonia, Coral- 
lium and Isis are formed. 

The number of fibres in the axis appears to increase as the coral 
grows, as some are much thinner than the rest, while they all ex- 
tend from the base to the apex of the coral. The part of the fibre 
which is enclosed in the sponge does not appear to increase in thick- 
ness so fast as the other part of the fibre, and it is not covered with 
any bark. 

The late Dr. Prout and Mr. Pearsall have furnished me with the 
following account of the chemicals constituent of these fibres :— 

*¢ When this coralloid substance is exposed to heat it decrepitates 
strongly ; and if the experiment be made in a tube and the heat 
suddenly applied, it bursts to pieces with a sort of explosion, and 
gives off a perceptible quantity of water, and yields a strong pecu- 
liar fishy odour. Under the blowpipe it melts into a porous slag, 
so light as to swim in water, and reminding one of the substance 
called Tabasheer, the addition of a little alkali converts it into pel- 
lucid glass. These experiments show that this substance consists 
principally of hydrated silica. 

“W. Provt.” 


“To J. E. Gray, Esq. 


“The Royal Institution, 
Friday Evening, April 18th, 1832. 

“Dear Srr,—I have examined the peculiar organic formation 
which you showed the structure of by the microscope when I had 
the pleasure of seeing you last: indeed I had ‘more than one speci- 
men of marine produce, but the present had something of this ap- 
pearance. 

‘«* When heated in very small glass tubes, portions of these spines 
decrepitated violently, and gave off much water, but no appearance 
of ammonia, so that very little, or perhaps no trace of organic matter 
can be expected to remain. 

“The acids (sulphuric, muriatic, and nitric) did not seem to affect 
them even when pulverized and boiled together. 

“They certainly are not carbonate of lime. 

“I obtained very minute traces of sulphuric acid and lime; but 
so very inappreciable, except by the slightly turbid appearance when 
viewed between the source of light, that, if the indications proceed 
from the spines or not, they must be considered as accidental. 


282 


“The spines are not sulphate of lime, but I consider them to be 
silica ; for after much boiling in silver vessels, although they scarcely 
seemed affected by caustic alkali, yet, when heated to redness, they 
fused and lost all traces of regular form, and the whole of the fused 
mass, small as it was, became entirely soluble in water. When mu- 
riatic acid was added, the silica was precipitated with the usual gela- 
tinous and flocculent appearances ; the only chance is that alumina 
may possibly be present. I tried one of the blowpipe tests for alu- 
mina, and there seemed to be the appearance of this substance ; but 
I think the test is subject to fallacy. So I conclude that the sub- 
stance is silica only ; the water—does it proceed from cells, or is it 
held accidentally ? 

“J shall be curious to know the history, which I believe you pro- 
mised after my reporting upon their composition, and of course wish 
to know how far you consider this examination corresponds to the 
impression on your own mind; for I think you told me that more 
than one chemist had given an opinion, which possibly may differ 
from mine. 

“* Believe me to be, 
* Respectfully and sincerely, 
**THomaAs JOHN PEARSALL.” 


The sponge to which it is attached has no real connection with 
the coral, except as affording it the means of support, and is of the 
common structure. 

Some fibres of the axis of this coral were in the collection of Sir 
Hans Sloane, and it was doubtful to which kingdom these isolated 
siliceous threads could belong, until the arrival in this country of the 
specimen, which was sent from Canton by Mr. Reeves, under the 
name of Glass plant, described by me in the paper above referred to. 

There can be no doubt, after the examination of the two speci- 
mens in the British Museum, one in my own collection, one in Paris, 
and several in the Leyden Museum, that the bark evidently belongs 
to the axis, and that this coral is a true zoophyte, and not a sponge 
covered with a parasitic zoophyte, as it is regarded by M. Valen- 
ciennes. See Milne-Edwards, British Fossil Corals, 81. 


Suborder II. Lirnoruyta. 


Axis calcareous, continued or jointed, effervescing with muriatic 
acid. 


In the genus Sudergorgia the axis is cork-like; in the other 
genera it is ligneous, more stony and hard at the base; in others 
it is entirely stony and hard, and usually of a white colour; but in 
Corallium it is generally deep bright red, but sometimes pink or 
white. In general it is solid, and formed of concentric lamin. In 
Melitea and Solanderia(?) it is cavernous, pierced with cylindrical 
tortuous canals. 


283 


Fam. 2. Istp#. 


Coral branched, tree-like or fan-shaped, with anastomosing 
branches. Axis hard, articulated, composed of alternating portions 
of hard caleareous and flexible horny black matter. Bark granular; 
smooth, with irregular-shaped calcareous spicula ; polypiferous cells 
simple, more or less exserted. 


1. Isis. 
Cynosaire, Lamk. 
Hippurium, Oken. 


Coral branched, furcate. Axis striated, branches proceeding from 
the calcareous articulations. Bark thick, with a few interspersed, 
very irregular and unequal spicula. Polypiferous cells scattered 
over the whole surface, sunken. Base of coral expanded, tuberose. 

The bark is permanent and hard, but is brittle, easily removed, 
especially if the specimens are not kept in a dry place. Lamarck, 
who had only seen the coral without the bark, describes it as “ ca- 
duce en totalité,” &c., p. 300. 

The articulations between the joints generally become obliterated 
near the base of the coral of the older specimens, either by the con- 
traction and solidification of the horny part, or by the horny portions 
becoming covered with a calcareous deposit. Lamarck regarded the 
coral in this state as a different genus, which he named Cynosaire, 
Mem. Mus. i. 467. See Seba, ii. t. 105. n. 3. 


1. Isis HIPPURIS. B.M. 


Isis hippuris, Linn. ; Ellis, Zooph. t. 3. f. 1, 5 (with bark) ; Seba, 
ili. t. 205. no. 3 (old stems); t. 110. nos. 1 & 2 (upper branches 
with bark) ; Esper, t. 1, 2 (upper branches), t. 3 (old stems), t.3 a. 
f. 1, 2 (bark). 


2. IstDELLA. 


Coral branched, furcate. Axis smooth, cylindrical, stony, joint 
elongate ; branches furcate, proceeding from the corneous joint. Bark 
rather thick, with irregular opake spicula; polypiferous cells pro- 
duced, subcylindrical. Base of axis expanded, lobed and branched. 


1. IstDELLA ELONGATA. B.M. 


Isis elongata, Esper, t. 6 ; Seba, iii. t. 6. f. 4. 

I. gracilis, Lamk. Pol. Flex. t. 18. f. 1. 

Mopsea mediterranea, Risso, E. Merid. 322. f. 1. 

M. elongata, Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1842, 38. 

M. gracilis, Dana. 

? M. erythracea, Ehrenb. 

The branches of I. elongata are said to be often anastomosed, and 
for this reason it appears to be separated from I. gracilis; but I 
have never seen them in that state (Lamx. Pol. Flex. 477). 

Mediterranean ; Red Sea (Khrenb.) ; ? West Indies (Lamz.). 


284 


2. Is1DELLA ? CORALLOIDES. 


Isis coralloides, Lamx. 

South Sea. 

3. MopsgEa. 

Mopsea, Lamx. 

Coral branched, fan-shaped, branches pinnate. Axis jointed, 
stony joint short, branches from the horny articulation. Bark hard, 
with imbedded spicula ; polypiferous cells produced, wart-like, sub- 
verticillate, ascending, rather incurved. 


1. MopsEA ENCRINULA. 

Tsis encrinula, Lamk. 

Mopsea verticillata, Lamx. Pol. Flex. t. 18. f. 2. 
M. encrinula, Ehrenb. 

Australia. 


Fam. 3. MELIT#AD. 


Coral branched, branches furcate, often anastomosing. Axis 
spongy, permeated with flexuous cylindrical canals, continued or in- 
terrupted with harder swollen calcareous joints. Bark granular, 
almost entirely composed of transparent calcareous spicula. Polypi- 
ferous cells in series on the edge of the stem and branches. 


1, SOLANDERIA. 
Solanderia, Duchassaing. 
« Axis continued, resembling the non-calcified joints of Melitea.” 
Bark thin, rather cottony. 
1. SOLANDERIA GRACILIS. 
Solanderia gracilis, Duchass. Rev. Zool. 1846, 218. 
Guadaloupe. 
2. MopsE.ua. 


Axis articulated, segments elongated, stony, with short swollen 
hard and porous joints. Base of the axis expanded, not lobed. 
Bark permanent, granular with scattered spicula, cells prominent, 
swollen. 


1. M. pIcHOTOMA. B.M. 


Isis dichotoma, Pallas; Esper, t. 5, t. 11. with bark (Petiver, Ga- 
zoph. t. 3. f.10); Hermann, Naturf. xv. 135. t. 5. f. 1. 
Mopsea dichotoma, Lamx. 466 (not Seba, t. 106. f. 4). 


3. MELITzA. 


Coral branched, furcate, often anastomosing. Axis composed of 
narrow, solid, striated, calcareous segments and swollen spongy 
grooved joints; base of the axis expanded, not lobed. Polypes in 


285 


four or five longitudinal series at end of branches (Esper, t. 4 a. f. 4, 5, 
seet.11.f. 2, bark). Cells sunken. 


* Tree-like, branched. 
1. MELIT#A OCHRACEA. B.M. 
Melitea ochracea, Lamk.; Meyen, Nov. Acta Leop. xvi. t. 29. 


Tsis ochracea, Linn. ; Esper, t. 4, t. 4 a, t. 11, f. 1, 2, 3, with bark. 
Corallium rubrum, Ellis, Phil. Trans. iv. 188. t. 3. 


** Flabelliform, reticulated. 
2. MELITHA AURANTIA. B.M. 
Tsis aurantia, Esper, t. 9. 


Melitea retifera, Lamk. 
India. 


3. Metirz#a coccinea, Lamk. B.M. 


M. Rissoi, Lamk. 
Isis coccinea, Solander, Z,t. 12. f. 3 (cop. Esper, t. 3 a. f. 5); 
Esper, t. 16. 


4. MELITHZA TEXTIFORMIS. B.M. 


Melitea textiformis, Lamk. Pol. Flex. t. 19. f. 1. 
Australia. 


5. MELITHA TENELLA. 


M. tenella, Dana, Exped. 683. 
Sandwich Islands. 


Fam. 4. Primnoap. 


Coral branched, branches forked or pinnate. Axis calcareous, 
smooth, or slightly longitudinally striated. Bark formed of flat 
scales. Polypiferous cells produced, covered with regularly disposed 
imbricate scales. 

1. Primnoa. 
Primnoa, Lamx. 1812. 


Coral branched, tree-like, branches cylindrical, forked. Bark 
formed of scales. Polypiferous cells ovate, clavate, dependent, co- 
vered with two series of large convex imbricate scales, placed in 
whorls of three round the branches. Aperture closed, with three 
small pointed scales. 


* Coral tree-like and branched, branches forked. Cells ovate, bell- 
shaped, in threes. Primnoa. 
1. PRIMNOA LEPADIFERA, Lamx. B.M. 


Gorgonia lepadifera, Linn. ; Baxter, Opusc. ii. t. 13. f. 10, So- 
land. Zooph. t. 13. f. 1, 2; Johnst. B. Zooph. f. 37. 

G. reseda, Pallas. 

North Sea; Archangel ; Norway. 


286 


** Coral simple, with simple branches spreading on all sides. 
2. PRIMNOA ANTARCTICA. 


P. antarctica, Valenc. Voy. Venus, t. 12. f. 2. 
South Polar Sea and Falkland Islands. 


2. CALLOGORGIA. 
Coral forked, fan-shaped; branchlet pinnate. Axis continued, 


stony, compressed. Bark thin, white, formed of flat angular im- 


bedded granules. Cells in whorls of three, cylindrical, incurved, 
covered with small imbricate scales. 


1. C. VERTICILLATA. B.M. 


Gorgonia verticillata, Pallas ; Esper, t. 42. 

G. verticillaris, Solander. 

Prim. verticillata et P. flabellum, Ebrenb. 

Muricea verticillaris, Dana. 

Keratophyte (Sea Feather), Ellis, Corall. t. 26. f. 8. T."V. 
Mediterranean ; Madeira. 


2 PRIMNOELLA. 


Coral simple, elongate, cylindrical. Axis continued, stony. Bark 
granular, smooth. Polypiferous cells numerous, close pressed, sub- 
cylindrical, regular, small, placed in close regular circles, each con- 
taining many cells round the stem ; each cell covered with two series 
of small imbricate scales. 


ee >. 
|.  PRIMNOA-AUSTRALASIE. B.M. 


Primnoa australasia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1849, 146; Radiata, pl. 2. 
f. 8, 9. 
Australian Seas, on oyster-shells and stones. 


Fam. 5. CoraLuip&. 


Axis inarticulate, solid, calcareous, more or less hard and stony. 
Bark smooth, granular, with irregular-shaped calcareous spicula. 
Polypiferous cells simple, more or less exserted. 

The chemical character of the axis may be easily discovered by a 
small quantity of muriatic acid. 


1. CoRALLIvuM. 


Corallium, Lamk. 1813. 
Isis, Oken, 1815. 


Coral tree-like, branched, forked. Axis hard, continuous, stony, 
striated externally. Bark granular, when dry formed almost entirely 
of irregular spicula (see Ellis, Zooph. t. 13. f. 3, 4). Polypiferous 
sy i eaeerecnts scarcely exserted, scattered over the surface of the 

ranches. 


a 


287 


* Shrub-like, spreading. Corallium. 
1. C. nosiie, Ehrenb. B.M. 
Isis nobilis, Linn. 
Gorgonia pretiosa, Solander, Zooph. t. 13. 
Corallium rubrum, Carolini, t. 2. 
Mediterranean. 


** Fan-shaped, branches on a plane. 
2. CoRALLIUM SECUNDUM. 


Corallium secundum, Dana, Exped. t. 60. f. 1. 
Sandwich Islands. 


2. ANNELLA. 


Coral rather fan-like, sinuous, branched ; branches subcylindrical, 
rather compressed, inosculating. Axis continuous, soft, woody, 
white, calcareous, effervescing in muriatic acid, flexible. Bark mo- 
derately thick, granular, with imbedded spicula, without any im- 
pressed lateral grooves, with numerous equally diffused small circular 
imbedded polypiferous cells, aperture closed with eight keeled conical 
valves, forming a rather convex cone (which are absent in the worn 
specimens). 


1. A. RETICULATA. B.M. 
3. ELLISELLA. 

Coral simple or furcately branched; branches subcylindrical, 
with a more or less distinct lateral groove, especially at the base. 
Axis continuous, opake, solid, calcareous, hard at the base, white and 
softer above. Bark when dry granular, thin, with numerous series 
of sunken or slightly prominent polypiferous cells on each edge of 
the stems and branches. 


* Coral simple, subcompressed beneath. Junceella, Valenc. 


1. E. sUNCEA. B.M. 


Gorgonia Juncea, Pallas ; Esper, t. 522; Seba, Thesaur. t. 105. 
f. 1 a, left figure. 
Junceella Juncea, Valenc. 


** Coral furcately branched, branches subcylindrical. 


2. E,. ELONGATA. B.M. 
Gorgonia elongata, Pallas; Esper, t. 55. 
3. E. coccinEa. B.M. 


Branches very long, virgate, bright scarlet. 


*** Coral branched, fan-like ; branches with a series of virgate 
branches on the upper side only. Ctenocella. 


4, E. PECTINATA. B.M. 
Gorgonia pectinata, Pallas; Seba, Thes. t. 105. f. 1 a, central 
figure. . 


Pterogorgia pectinata, Dana, n. 17. 


288 


4, SuBERGORGIA. 

Subergorgia, Gray, P. Z. §. 1857, p. 159. 

Coral branched, forked, rather fan-shaped. Axis compressed, 
continuous, opake, calcareous, cork-like, formed of rather loose 
lamine. Bark when dry granular, with a distinct impressed groove 
on each side of the stem and branches. Polypiferous cells rather 
prominent, simple, in two or three series on each edge of the stems 
and branches. 


* The stem subquadrate ; lateral groove deep, broad ; cell rather 
tubercular. 


1. SUBERGORGIA SUBEROSA. B.M. 


Gorgonia suberosa, Pallas (not Solander); Esper, t. 49; Ellis, 
Coral. t. 26. f. P. Q. 

Gorgonia sulcifera, Lamk. 

Pterogorgia sulcifera, Dana, no. 16. 

Subergorgia suberosa, Gray, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 159. 

Branches gradually attenuated, virgate, straight, rarely anasto- 
mosing. 


** The stem compressed, broad lateral grooves, narrow ; cells 
scarcely prominent. 


2, SUBERGORGIA COMPRESSA. B.M. 
The branches slender, diverging, arched. 


5. ScrRPEARIA. 


Scirpearia, Cuvier, 1817. 

Funiculina, sp., Lamk. 1816. 

Coral slender (simple or subsimple), rod-like. Avxis slender, cylin- 
drical, hair-like, solid, white, caleareous, attached by a broad base. 
Bark (when dry) thin, smooth, granular, with a series of subcylin- 
drical polypiferous cells placed alternately on each side of the stem. 


1. ScrRPEARIA MIRABILIS. B.M. 


Scirpearia mirabilis, Cuvier, Schweiger, Beob. t. 2. f. 13. 
Pennatula mirabilis, Pallas. 

Polypus mirabilis, Linn. Mus. Adolph. t. 19. f. 4. 
Funiculina cylindrica, Lamk. (not synonyms). 

Pavonaria scirpea, Blainv. 

St. Vincent’s, West Indies. 


See Funiculina mediterranea, Risso, Eur. Merid. v. 365. 


Linnzus figures the coral as free, and furnished with polypiferous 
cells the whole of its length and with attenuated ends. Schweiger 
figures the coral as free, with a thicker naked turned-up base, like 
Pennatula, with which he arranges it; but I am informed that in 
the Berlin Museum the specimen is attached to a rock by an ex- 


= 289 


panded base. The Museum specimen is only a fragment, like a 
Coral or Gorgonia ; but the form of the cell, the bark, and the axis 
much more resembles that of a Coral or Gorgonia than any genus 
of Pennatulade. 


M. Valenciennes forms a genus Gorgonella, thus characterized :— 
“ Sclerobase (axis) caleareous, much divided, forming fine branches,”’ 
to which he refers G. violacea and G. sarmentosa, Lamk. I have 
not been able to find any specimens agreeing with these characters. 
The specimen in the Museum agreeing with Esper’s figure of the 
latter species has a horny axis. 


6. UMBRACELLA. 


Coral flabellate, branched, branches subfureate, flexuose often ana- 
stomosing. Axis smooth, polished, base white, coral-like ; upper part 
rod-like, solid; branchlet white, flexible. Bark when dry granular, 
minutely punctate, thin, with a narrow continuous lateral groove. 
Polype cells in a rather irregular series on each side of the branchlets, 
rather prominent, roundish, white, with eight or ten radiating 
grooves from the apex, in two or three irregular interrupted series ou 
each side of the main stem. 


1, Um. uMBRACULUM. 
Gorgonia umbraculum, Solander, Z. t. 10. 


2. UM. GRANULATA. B.M. 
Gorgonia granulata, Esper, t. 4. 


Suborder III. Ceratropuyta. 
Axis single, continued, horny (not effervescing in muriatic acid), 
having an expanded base, by which it is attached to some fixed 
marine body. 


Fam. 1. ANTIPATHID2. 


Antipathide, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842, 135. 
Antipathacea, Dana, Zooph. 574. 
Zoantharia cauliculata, Edw. & Haime, Arch. Mus. H. N.v. 173. 


Bark fleshy, easily deciduous, soft, simple, only strengthened with 
large and small scattered (siliceous ?) plates. 


1. Le1oraTHEs. AL 


Letopathes, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842, 135. 

Axis smooth, polished, branched, forked. Bark soft, deciduous, 
deliquescent, sometimes forming (when dry) smooth, transparent 
masses at the fork of the branchlets. 


No. CCCXLV.—Proceepiné¢s or Tur ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


tuLem Wu 


290 


1. LEIOPATHES GLABERRIMA. B.M. 


_Leiopathes-glaberrima, Gray, Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc. i. 41. 1§% 


Antipathes glaberrima, Esper, ii. t. 9. 

? Antipathes dichotoma, Pallas, 216. 

Marsillii, Lith. no. 9. t. 101. f. 21? 

The Black coral of commerce. 

Mediterranean ; Malta. 

Marsilli observed the coral covered with minute blotches on one 
side when he first obtained it. 


2. Le1opaTHEs Boscit. 
‘Stem flexible, branched ; branches diverging, extremities seta- 
ceous.” 


Antipathes Boscii, Lamx. Pol. Flex. 375. t. 14. f. 5; Corallina, 
19, telat 5; 

Carolina. 

Lamaroux’s figures represent the bark forming small masses be- 
tween the branchlets, as I have observed it on the Madeira speci- 
men. 


Some of the smooth species referred to the genus Antipathes by 
Esper, as A. feeniculacea, t. 7; A. clathrata, Pallas, Esper, t. 2; 
A. lingulata, Esper, t. 5, are evidently the axes of some species of 
Gorgoniade that have lost their bark. 


2. ANTIPATHES. 
Antipathes, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842. 


Bark fleshy, with imbedded, large and small brown (siliceous) 
plates, easily deciduous. Axis simple or branched, horny, covered 
with numerous close small subcylindrical spines. 

Mr. Dana observes,—‘‘ The examination of the animal of two 
species (4. anguina and A. arborea, t. 56. f. 1, 2), has led to an 
arrangement of them with Actinoida, as the tentacles have the 
naked character peculiar to this suborder, and the polypes closely 
resemble those of the Madrepore in appearance and habit.””— Dana, 

. 575. 

‘ From the examination of the animal of A. glaberrima and A. an- 
guina, I am led to the opposite conclusion that they are true zoo- 
phytes. Iam aware that the tentacles do not appear pinnated when 
they are examined after they have been dried, but this is the case 
with the animals of all the Gorgoniade I have examined under 
similar conditions. The pinne appear to be permanently withdrawn 
under such circumstances. 


* Coral simple, flecuous or spiral, unbranched. Cirripathes. 


1. ANTIPATHES SPIRALIS, Pallas, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 113; Radiata, 
pl. 6. B.M. 
Gorgonia spiralis, Linn. S. N. 1290. 

Antipathes spiralis, Ellis, Zooph. 99. t. 19. f. 1-6. 

Mollucea (Ellis). 


4 
v 


291 


2. ANTIPATHES ANGUINA. B.M. 
Antipathes anguina, Dana, l. ec. 576. t. 56. f. 1. 


Cirripathes Sieboldii, Blainv. 
Feejee Islands. 


3. ANTIPATHES GRACILIs. B.M. 


Slender, tapering, slightly spinose. 
Madeira (Mason). 


** Coral branched. 


4. ANTIPATHES FURCATA. B.M. 
Antipathes furcata, Seba, iii. t. 107. f. 4. 


Coral shrub-like, branched, repeatedly forked ; branches slender, 
elongate, filiform ; stem slender, short, smooth. 
Madeira (Mr. Mason, 1857). 


5. ANTIPATHES FRUTICOSA. B.M. 


Coral shrub-like, very branchy ; branchlets linear, elongate, with 
a few distant elongate branches, sometimes in a single row coming 
from the same side of the branchlet ; spinules rather far apart. 
Stephens Island (J. B. Jukes). 


6. ANTIPATHES PLUMA. B.M. 


Coral fan-like, branched, forked ; branchlets pinnate, simple, in ~ 
two opposite diverging series ; spinules very close, crowded. 
Hab. ——? 


7. ANTIPATHES PEDATA. B.M. 


Coral fan-like, on one plane, branched ; branchlets linear, elon- 
gate, in one series on the upper side of the arched branches, and 
branched on the inner side. 

West Indies (Scrivener). 


8. ANTIPATHES RETICULATA. B.M. 
Antipathes reticulata, Esper, i. 183. t. 11. 


Coral fan-shaped in one plane, branches slender ; branchlets very 
slender, subpinnate, irregularly disposed, often anastomosing, form- 
ing a suborbicular frond. 

West Indies (Scrivener). 


9. ANTIPATHES ATLANTICA. B.M. 


Coral shrub-like, branched, branches fan-like, irregularly pinnate ; 
branchlets elongate, with distant subulate pinne, the larger one 
sometimes pinnated, the branches and branchlets often anastomo- 
sing. ‘ 

West Indies (Serivener). 


292 


10. ANTIPATHES ULEX. B.M. 


Antipathes ulex, Soland. Zooph. 100. t. 19. f. 7,8; Lamx. Exp. 
t. LO FH .8% 

Antipathes mimosella, Lamk. no. 8. 

Coral shrub-like, branches rather fan-like; branchlets slender, 
rather distant, in two rows, diverging from the side of the upper sur- 
face of the branches. 

Batavia (Ellis) ; Philippines (Cuming). 


11. ANTIPATHES MYRIOPHYLLUM. B.M. 


Antipathes myriophyllum, Soland. Zooph. 102. t. 19. f. 11, 12; 
Lamx. Exp. t. 19. f. 11,12; Esper, t. 10; Blainv. Man. t. 87. f. 2. 

A, pinnatifida, Lamx. Pol. Flex. 277. t. 14. f. 4%. Coral. t. 14. 
f. 4?. 


Coral shrub-like, branched, branches rather fan-like in one plane ; 
branchlets short, crowded, subpinnate, in two rows, diverging from 
the sides of the upper surface of the branches, which are smooth and 
subangular beneath. 

Batavia (Zilis) ; Philippines (Cuming). 

Antipathes compressa, Esper, t. xiii., greatly resembles the base 
of the stems of this species. 


12. ANTIPATHES LARIX. B.M. 
Antipathes larix, Esper, ii. 147. t. 4. 


Coral cylindrical, simple, erect ; stem subtriangular below, cylin- 
drical above ; branches numerous, crowded on all sides of the stem, 
simple, hair-like, elongate. 

Mediterranean (Lamh.). 

In collections the branches are often broken off by pressure, and 
it then appears as if there were only two rows, one on each side of 
the stem, as figured by Esper: but the base of the branches is ge- 
nerally to be observed. 


13. ANTIPATHES ABIES. B.M. 


Gorgonia abies, Linn. S. N. 1290. 

Antipathes cupressus, Soland. Z. 103. } 

Antipathes cupressina, Pallas, Z. 213; Esper, t. 3, bad. 

Cypressus marinus, Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 80. f. 2; Seba, iii. t. 106. 
ee 


Coral cylindrical, oblong or subfusiform; stem simple, rarely 
with one or two branches ; branchlets spreading on all sides, repeat- 
edly divided and arched downwards. 

Philippines (Cuming). 


14. ANTIPATHES SPINESCENS. B.M. 


Coral branched, branches divaricating, subcylindrical ; branchlets 
on all sides of the stem crowded, short, of nearly equal length, 


293 


straight, spine-like, with spine-like branches and branchlets on their 
sides ; the lower branchlet sometimes tending toward one surface. 
Cape Palmas (Hooker). 
15. ANTIPATHES HIRTA. B.M. 


Coral branched, branches divaricated ; branchlets from all sides 
of the stem, crowded and generally bent up toward one surface, elon- 
gate, nearly of a uniform length, simple, with a few filiform, gene- 
rally short branches on their base. 

West Indies (Scrivener). 

16. ANTIPATHES SUBPINNATA. B.M. 

Antipathes subpinnata, Soland. Z. 101. t. 19. f. 9, 10. 


Coral erect, irregularly branched, branches diverging ; branchlets 
close together in three (rarely two or four) longitudinal series on 
the different sides of the stem, elongate, slender, ascending, simple, 
and of nearly equal length. 

Madeira (Wollaston). 


Solander’s figure but imperfectly represents this species, if it is 


intended for it. I had originally described it as distinct under the 
name of 4. Wollastonii. 


The following species have been described, which I have not 
seen :— 


1, ANTIPATHES PECTINATA. 
Antipathes pectinata, Lamk. ii. 480. no. 6. 


2. ANTIPATHES PINNACEA. 
Antipathes pinnacea, Pallas, ii. 269. 


3. ANTIPATHES SCOPARIA. 
Antipathes scoparia, Esper, t. 14; Lamk. 480. no. 7. 


4. ANTIPATHES F@NICULACEA. 

Antipathes feeniculacea, Pallas, Z. 207 ; Rumph. Amb. vi. 208. 
t. 80. f. 3, not Esper. 

Antipathes feeniculum, Lamk. 482. no. 12. 

5. ANTIPATHES CORTICULA. 

Antipathes corticula, Lamk. ii. 480. no. 3. 

** The bark” appears to be a parasitic animal. 


6. ANTIPATHES LACERATA. 

Antipathes lacerata, Lamk. ii. 480. no. 4. 
A. lacera, Lamx. Pol. Flex. 277. 

7. ANTIPATHES PYRAMIDATA. 

Antipathes pyramidata, Lamk. ii. 480. no. 5, 


294 


8. ANTIPATHES ALOPECUROIDES. 

Antipathes alopecur cides, Soland. Zooph. 102. 
S. Carolina. 

9. ANTIPATHES PANICULATA. 

Antipathes paniculata, Esper, t. 12. 

10. ANTIPATHES ARBOREA. 

Antipathes arborea, Dana, Zooph. 585. t. 56. f. 2. 
Feejee Islands. 

11. ANTIPATHES FLABELLUM. 

Antipathes flabellum, Pallas (not Esper), t. 1. 
12. ANTIPATHES ERICOIDES. 

Antipathes ericoides, Pallas, Z. 208 ; Esper, t. 6. 
13. ANTIPATHES TRIQUETRA. 

Antipathes triquetra, Brug. E. M. 82. 


3. SARCOGORGIA. 


Sarcogorgia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 158. 


Bark fleshy, then when dry like a thin smooth skin without spi- 
cula, with rather raised cells strengthened with sand-like granular 
spicula. Coral furcately branched on a single plane. Axis black, 
hard, smooth. 


1. SARCOGORGIA PHIDIPPUS. 
Sarcogorgia phidippus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 158. pl. 8. 


(To be continued.) 


INDEX. 


The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in 
Roman Characters ; those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel 
information is given, in ¢alics; those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob- 


servations are made, in CAPITALS. 


Aburria carunculata, Bp., 19 
Acanthogorgia, Gray, n. g., 128 
hirsuta, Gray, 128 

Accentor modularis, 13 

Accipiter fuscus, Gmel., 125 
Accipitres, 3 

Acridotheres tristis, Linn., 97 
Aigialites vociferus, Linn., 127, 206, 236 
Aiigotheles, 24 

Ageleus gubernator, Wagl., 127, 218 
— pheniceus, Linn., 205 
Agleactis cupreipennis, Boure., 17 
Agrodroma Spraguii, Baird, 5 
_Aimophila rufescens, 7 

ruficauda, 7 

Alauda arvensis, 12 

Chendoola, Frankl., 95 
Spraguit, Aud., 5 

Alcyone pulchra, 25 

Amazilius arsinoe, 212 
castanetventris, Gould, 16 
— Reifferi, Boure., 16 
Ammodromus ruficeps, 214 
Anabates striaticollis, Sc/., n. sp., 17 
Anabazenops guttulatus, Se/., n. sp. 272 
Anas inornata, King, 128 

—— mollissima, 215 

Annella, Gray, n. g., 287 

— reticulata, Gray, 287 

Anser segetum, 215 

Anthochera, 26 

Anthus arboreus, 13 


—— Lnudovicianus, Gmel., 126 
Antipathacea, Dana, 289 

Antipathes, Gray, 290 

abies, Gray, 292 

— alopecuroides, Sol., 294 

anguina, Dana, 291 
arborea, Dana, 294 | 
atlantica, Gray, 291 | 
Boscii, Lamx., 290 | 
clathrata, Pallas, 290 

compressa, Hsp., 292 

corticula, Lamk., 293 


Antipathes cupressina, Pallas, 292 
cupressus, Sol., 292 

—— dichotoma, Pallas, 113, 290 
ericoides, Pallas, 294 

flabellum, Pallas, 294 
feniculacea, Esp., 290; Pallas, 
293 

fruticosa, Gray, 291 

—— fureata, Seba, 291 


-—— glaberrima, Esper, 290 


gracilis, Gray, 291 

—— hirta, Gray, 293 

— lacerata, Lamk., 293 
larix, Esp., 292 

—— lingulata, Esper, 290 
mimosella, Lamk., 292 
myriophyllum, So/., 292 
paniculata, Esp., 294 
—— pectinata, Lamk., 293 
—— pedata, Gray, 291 
pinnacea, Pallas, 293 
—— pinnatifida, Lamx., 292 
—— pluma, Gray, 291 
pyramidata, Lamk., 293 
reticulata, Esper, 291 
scoparia, Esper, 293 
spinescens, Gray, 292 
—— spiralis, Pallas, 114, 290 
subpinnata, Sol., 293 
triquetra, Brug., 294 
— ulex, Sol., 292 
Wollastonit, Gray, 293 
Antipathide, Gray, 289 
Aperostoma, 166 

Aprosmictus erythropterus, 27, 221 
Aquila imperialis, Bechst., 85 
Ara aracanga, Linn., 266 
militaris, 230 

severa, Linn., 266 
Aramides cayenensis, Gm., 206 
Aramus scolopaceus, Vieill., 236 
Ardea cinerea, 215 

Artamus, 25 

Arvicola amphibius, 241 


296 


Aspergillum, Lamk., 246 

Asturina magnirostris, Gm., 261 
nitida, Lath., 201, 227 
Atalapha americana, Raff., 35 
Athene, 24 

Brana, Temm., 86 
cuculoides, Vigors, 86 

—— dominicensis, Bp., 231 
hypogea, Bp., 201 

Attica citreopygia, Bp., 228 
Avocettinus eurypterus, Lodd., 71 
Baryphonus, Vieill., 249 
cyanocephalus, Vieill., 250 
ruficapillus, Vieill., 255, 258 
—— semirufus, Bp., 254 
Basileuterus chrysophrys, Bp., 202 
Bathmidurus, Cab., 67, 71 
atricapillus, Cab., 77 

—— major, Cab., 78 

melanoleucus, Cab., 79 

niger, Cab., 76 

surinamus, Bp., T+ 
variegatus, Cab., 77 

Baza lophotes, Cuv., 86 

Bernicla antaretica, Gmel., 128 
inornata, 128 

melanoptera, Byton, 128 
Bithynia inconspicua, Dohrn, n. sp.; 128 
orcula, Benson, 123 
stenothyroides, Dohrn, n. sp., 123 
tentaculata, 123 

Blandia, Chitty, n. g., 167, 168, 197 
Bairdiana, Chitty, 169, 198 
— — Blandiana, Chitty, 169, 197 
—— Hilliana, Chitty, 169, 199 
Jeffreysiana, Chitty, 169, 197 
—— Macgillivrayana, Chitty, 169, 198 
Trailliana, Chitty, 169, 199 
Troscheliana, Chitty, 169, 199 
Bolborhynchus catharina, Bp., 225 
Bombycilla garrula, Linn., 55 
Botaurus lentiginosus, Mont., 127 
stellaris, 12 

Bourcieria Prunellii, Bourc., 16 
torquata, Boiss., 16 
Brachygalba albigularis, Sel., 262 
~— jnornata, Scl., 16, 262 
melanosterna, 262 
Brachypterus aurantius, Linn., 100 
Bryopa melitensis, 244 

Buarremon albinuchus, D’Orb., 205 
Bubo bengalensis, Frank., 86 

Bucco aurovirens, Cuy., 268 

—— cayennensis, 234 

elegans, Gm., 268 

—-— macrodactylus, Scl., 261 

ordi, Cass., 262 

—— pulmentum, Scl., 262 

Buceros ginginianus, Lath., 99 
Budytes viridis, Gmel., 95 

Bulimus Fairbanki, Pfr., n.sp., 109 


INDEX. 


Buteo borealis, 211 
erythronotus, King, 211 


{+ feeb Ghiesbreghti, Dubus, 227 


— Harlani, Aud., 211 

lineatus, Gm., 211 

montanus, Nuttall, 211 
Pennsylvanicus, Wils., 211, 261 
Swainsoni, 211 

Butorides virescens, Linn., 236 
Cacatua Eos, 26 


| —— galerita, 26 


Leadbeateri, 26 

sanguinea, 26 

Cacicus Devillii, Bp., 265 
yuracarius, D’Orb., 265 
Caica Barabandi, Kuhl, 266 
histrio, Bodd., 266 
leucogastra, Kuhl, 266 
melanocephala, Linn., 19 
avanthomeria, Gray, 266 
Calandrella brachydactyla, Temm., 95 
Calidris arenaria, Linn., 230 
Callipepla californica, Gould, 127 
Calliste boliviana, Bp., 264 
gyroloides, Latr., 264 
rufigena, 66 

Schranki, Spix, 264 
Callogorgia, Gray, n. g., 280 + 
verticillata, Gray, 286 
Callopsaris, Bp., 72 

Calurus, 4 

Camptostoma, Sc/., n. g., 203 
imberbe, Sc/., n. sp., 203 
Campylopterus lazulus, Vieill., 16 
Campylorhynchus nuchalis, Cab., 272 
pardus, Sc/., n. sp., 271 
striaticollis, Sed., n. sp., 272 
Cancroma cochlearia, Linn.,; 206, 230 
Capito amazonius, 268 
aurovirens, 268 

capistratus, Eyton, 268 
cayennensis, 268 

—— glaucogularis, Tsch., 267 
maynanensis, Gray, 268 
peruvianus, Cuy., 267 


| Cappacinius, Bonap., 45, 54 
| Caprimulgus, 88 


europeus, 13 

Carpodacus erythrinus, Pallas, 97 
familiaris, 127 

rhodocolpus, Cab., 127 
Carpophaga leucomela, 27 
Casuarius australis, 269 

—— Bennetti, Gould, n. sp., 269 
galeatus, 269 

Cathartes atratus, Bartram, 3, 211 
aura, Linn., 3, 211 
burrovianus, 3 

iota, 3 

Celeus hadioides, Less., 229 
Centropus, 26 


INDEX. 297 


Centropus rufipennis, Z7/., 100 
Centurio, 142 

Centurus carolinus, 8 

Aaviventris, Sw., 8 

—— Pucherani, Malh., 229 
santacruzi, Bp., 8 

striatus, Lath., 234 
uropygialis, Baird, 8 
Cephalophus Burchellii, Gray, 277 
Grimmi, Gray, 277 
Cephalopterus ornatus, Geoffr., 18, 265 
Cerato-corallia, Ehrénb., 278 
Ceratophyta, Gray, 289 
Ceratophytes, Gray, 279 

Cereopsis nove-hollandia, 215 
Ceriornis Caboti, Gould, n. sp., 161 
Certhiola, 233 

Ceryle Alcyon, Linn., 233 
Amazona, Lath., 202 

——— domingensis, Reichb., 233 
superciliosa, Linn., 227 

-—— torquata, Linn., 202 

varia, Strickl., 89 

Cheena annulosa, Gray, 247, 248 
—— mumia, 244, 247 

—— tessellata, Gray, 247, 248 
Chamepelia passerina, Linn., 205, 236 
rufipennis, Bp., 19 
Chiroxyphia regina, Scl., 266 
Chlamydera nuchalis, 26 
CHLAMYPHORUS TRUNCATUS, 8 
Chloephaga magellanica, Gmel., 128 
poliocephala, 128 

Chlorenas rufina, Bp., 19 
Chloronerpes erythrops, Vieill., 268 
passerinus, Linn., 234 
Chlorophanes atricapilla, Vieill., 263 
Chlorophonia occipitalis, Dubus, 205 
Chloropsaris, Kaup, 71 

Chlorospiza chloris, 223 
Choanopoma Chittyi, Ad., 165 
jfimbriatulum, 165 

Chondestes ruficauda, Bp., 7 
Chrysomitris Yarrelli, Aud., 7 
Chrysomus icterocephalus, Linn., 18 
Chrysotis autumnalis, Linn., 205, 230 
coccineifrons, Souancé, 230 
—— dominicensis, Gm., 224 

— leucocephala, 224, 225 
ochroptera, Gm., 230 

—— Sallei, Se/., n. sp., 224, 234 
— vinaceicollis, Lafr., 225 
viridigenatis, Cass., 230 

—— vittata, 224, 225 

Chrysuronia Josephine, Boure., 263 
Ciccaba torquata, Daud., 227 
Cichlopsis leucogonys. Cab., 6 

* Cinclorhamphus, 25 

Cinclus leucocephalus, Tsch., 274 
leuconotus, Se/., n. sp., 274 
Circus Hudsonius, Linn., 125, 211 


Cirrhipipra filicauda, Spix, 265 
Cirripathes, Blainy., 290 
Sieboldi, Blainy.. 291 
Clavagella, 244 

Clausaria, Menke, 243 
Climacteris, 26 

Clossonaria, Fér., 243 

Coceystes melanoleucos, Gmel., 100 
Coccyzus dominicus, Linn., 234 
erythrophthalmus, Wils., 214 
seniculus, Lath., 234 
Cereba cyanea, Linn., 263 
cerulea, Linn., 263 

nitida, Hartl., 264 
Colaptes mexicanus, Sw., 127 
Colluricinela, 5 

Columba corensis, Gm., 235 
leucocephala, Linn., 235 
—— palumbus, 12 

turtur, 12 

Conopophaga ardesiaca, Tsch., 47 
castaneiceps, Sc/., n. sp., 47 
peruviana, 47 

Conurus. astec, Souancé, 230 
—— aureus, 230 

—— chloropterus, 225, 234. 
guianensis, 225, 266 

—— Maugei, 225 

melanurus, Spix, 266 
nanus, 225 

Petzi, Wagl., 230 
Copsychus saularis, Linn., 94 
Coracias indicus, Linn., 98 
Corallea, Blainv., 278 
Coralliade, Gray, 278 
Corallide, Gray, 286 
Coralliide, Gray, 159 
Corallium, 159 

Corallium, Zamk., 281, 282, 286 
nobile, Hhrenb., 287 
rubrum, Ellis, 285, 287 
secundum, Dana, 287 
Corvus culminatus, Sykes, 98 
glandarius, 215 

—— jamaicensis, Gm., 232 
leucognaphalus, Daud., 222 
monedula, 12 

pica, 12 

splendens, Vieill., 97 
Cotinga amabilis, Gould, n. sp., 64 
cincta, 65 

Maynana, 65, 265 
Cotingide, 68 

Coturniculus Henslowii, 82 
passerinus, 82 

Cotyle flavigastra, Vieill., 212 
Coua cristata, 8 
madagascariensis, 8 
Reynaudi, 8 

ruficeps, 8 

Crax alector, Linn., 19 


298 


Crocodilus Binuensis, Bazkie, n. sp., 50 
cataphractus, Cuv., 57 
—— leptorhynchus, Benn., 57 
— acammeens 49 
vulgaris, 4 
Crotophaga ani, Linn., 234 


—— carinatus, Bp., 257 

—— Martii, Bp., 256 

—— superciliaris, Sandb., 257, 258 
Ctenocella, 159 

Cuculus canorus, 215 

dumetorum, 26 

Cyanocitta californica, Vig., 127 
floridana, 82, 204 

—— Stelleri, Pallas, 127 
ultramarina, Temm., 82 
Cyanocorax armillatus, 18 

azureus, Temm., 265 

bicolor, Cassin, 204 

—— nanus, Dubus, 204 

— ornatus, Less., 204 

—— pumilo, 204 

turcosus, Bp., 18 

—— ultramarinus, Temm., 204 
— unicolor, Dubus, 204 
Cyanomyia cyanocephala, Less., 212 


INDEX. 


Cyclotus nodosus, Chitty, 145, 157 
—— notatus, Chitty, 145, 148 
—— novee-spei, Chitty, 145, 148 
— novus-saltus, 145, 154 
pallescens, Ad. 145, 156 

-~— parvus, 145 

—— perpallidus, 145, 157 

—— portlandensis, Chitty, 145, 147 
pretiosus, Chitty, 145, 153 
ruber, Chitty, 145, 153 

—— rudis-planusque, Chitty, 145, 152 
rufilabris, Chitty, 145, 156 
rupis-frontis, Chitty, 145, 155 


| —— seminudus, Adams, 144, 145, 152 


— striosus, 145, 156 
— subrugosus, Sow., 143, 145, 149 


| — suturalis, Sow., 143, 145, 149 


varians, Adams, 144, 145, 149 
— westmorelandensis, Chitty, 145, 
156 


zigaag, Chitty, 145, 150 


| Cylindrella Greyana, 163 


Cyclophorus sequivocus, Pfr., n.sp., 112 | 


lignarius Pfr., n. sp., 112 

Cyclorhis, 213 

Cyclostoma Belairi, 209 

Boivini, 209 

—— Eugenie, Reeve, n. sp., 209 

—— filosum, 210 

— tubulum, Reeve, n. sp., 209 

oe mag sequivocum, Pfr., n. 
1 


sp. 

(Cyclophorus) lignarium, Pfr., n. 
sp., 112 

(Leptopoma) Wallacei, P/r., n. sp.. 
112 


Cyclostomide, 166 

Cyclotus asperulus, Sow., 143, 145 

—— Bairdianus, Chitty, 145, 153 

—— Beswicki, Chitty, 145, 157 

— corrugatior, Chitty, 145, 149 

— corrugatissimus, 145, 155 

—— corrugatus, Sow., 143, 144, 145, 146 

— crassus, 142, 148, 145, 155 

eycloatus, Chitty, 145, 148 

— De Burgheanus, Chitty, 145, 152 

dentistigmatus, 145, 154 

—— dubiosus, Ad., 145, 149 

Duffianus, 142 

—— gemma, Chitty, 145, 150 

—— imutilis, Chitty, 145, 155 

—— jamaicensis, Chemmn., 142, 148, 144, 
154 


—— jugosus, Adams, 144, 145, 156 


— macrostoma, Pfr., n, sp., 111 
Cymindis uncinata, 3 

Wilsoni, Cassin, 3 

Cynosaire, Lamk., 283 

Cyphorinus albigularis, Sel., 4 
Cyprea Barclayi, Reeve, n. sp., 208 
Cypressus marinus, Rumph., 292 
Cypselus affinis, Gray, 88 
cayennensis, 232 


| Dacelo, 24 


Dacnis angelica, De Fil., 263 
Archangelica, Bp., 263 
cayana, Linn., 263 
Jflaviventris, Lafr., 263 
—— melanotis, Strickl., 263 
nigripes, 263 

Dajila acuta, Linn., 206 


| Dasythamnus xanthopterus, Burm., 132 
| Delattria rhamni, 212 


Dendrocitta rufa, Scop., 98 
Dendrocolaptes cayennensis, Gm., 265 


| Dendrortyx barbata, Licht., 206 


Dicrurus macrocercus, Vieill., 90 
paradiseus, 90 


| Diphyllodes Wilsoni, 6 


Diplopterus excellens, Se/., n. sp., 229 
Donacolas flaviprymna, 26 
Dromaius, 27 

Dryocopus erythrops, 229 

—— guatimalensis, Hartl., 229 

— leucorhamphus, 229 

— regius, Reichb., 229 

scapularis, 229 

Dulus dominicus, Linn., 232 
Dysithamnus xanthopterus, Sc/., 132 
Elanus leucurus, Vieill., 201 
Electrina succinea, 166 

Ellisella, Gray, n. g., 287 

coccinea, Gray, 287 


INDEX. 


Ellisella elongata, Gray, 287 

—— juncea, Gray, 287 

—— pectinata, Gray, 287 
Enberiza Belli, Cassin, 7 

— bilineata, Cassin, 7 

—. citrinella, 13 

—— scheniclus, 215 

Embernagra, 7 

pyrgitoides, Lafy., 7 

Erator, Kaup, 69 

Erismatura dominica, Linn., 206 
Estrelda annulosa, 26 

Eubucco aurantiacollis, Sc/., n. sp., 267 
Bourcieri, Lafr. 267 
erythrocephalus, Tsch., 268 
—— glaucogularis, Tsch., 268 
Hartlaubi, Lafr., 267 
pictus, Scl., 268 

—— Richardsoni, Scl., 267 
Euchele alabastrum, Reeve, n. sp., 209 
Eudynamys orientalis, Linn., 101 
Eumomota, Sel., n. g., 257 
superciliaris, Se/., 257 
Eupetomena macrura, Gm., 263 
Euphema, 27 

Euphonia crassirostris, Scl., 19 
—— Gouldi, Sc/7., n.sp., 66, 229 
—— musica, Linn., 23 

pectoralis, 66 

rufiventris, 66 

Eurypyga helias, Pallas, 268 
Euscarthmus cristatus, Bp., 84 
Euspiza americana, Linn., 205 
Fadyenia, Chitty, n.g., 167, 168, 177 
—— Bowerbankiana, Chitty, 168, 177 
—— Fadyeniana, Chitty, 168, 177 
—— Grayana, Chitty, 168, 177 
Falcinellus, 28 

Falco ardesiacus, Licht., 261 

—— eruginosus, 215 

—— buteo, 215 

—— milvus, 215 

—— nisus, 12 

tinnuneulus, 215 
Fistularide, 237 

Formicarius cayanensis, Bodd., 46 
erythropterus, Gould, 47 
—— moniliger, Sel., 47 

—— nigrifrons, Gould, 47 

—— nigromaculatus, Lafy., 47 
—— trivittatus, Sc/., n. sp., 46 
Formicivora brevicauda, Sw., 131 
cerulescens, Scl., 131 

—— cinerascens, Sc/., n. sp., 131 
— hematonota, Scl., n. sp., 48 
—— Hauxwelli, Scl., n.sp., 131 
—— melena, Se/., n. sp. 130 
—— urosticta, Sc/., n. sp., 130 
Fringilla blandingiana, Gambel, 7 
celebs, 13 

— domestica, 13 


299 


| Fulica, 28 


americana, Gm., 206 

—— atra, 13 

Funiculina cylindrica, Lamk., 288 

—— mediterranea, Risso, 288 

Furcella, Oken, 243, 247 

gigantea, 247, 248 

Furipterus, 138 

Galbula albigularis, Spix, 262 

chaleocephala, Dev., 262 

—— fuscicapilla; Scl., 262 

tombacea, Spix, 262 

Galeoscoptes plumbeus, Linn., 231 

rubripes, 231 

Gallinula galeata, Licht., 237 

Gallus Bankiva, 46 

Geococcyx mexicanus, Gin., 205 

Geomelania Greyana, 1638 

Geopelia tranquilla, 27 

Geophaps plumifera, 27 

Geotrygon chiriquensis, Scl., 206 

montana, Linn., 19, 235 

Glareola, 28 

Glaucidium, 4 

— californicum, Selater, 4, 126 

gnoma, Wagl., 4 

infuscatum, Cassin, 126 

Glottis melanoleuca, Grn., 215 

Glyptodon, 9 

Goniapheea concreta, Dub., 228 

—— parellina, Bp., 228 

Gorgonella, Val., 159, 289 

sarmentosa, Lamk., 289 

—— violacea, Lamk., 289 

Gorgonia, 281 

elongata, Pallas, 287 

granulata, Esper, 289 

Juncea, Pallas, 287 

lepadifera, Linn., 285 

pectinata, Pallas, 287 

—— pretiosa, Sol., 287 

reseda, Pallas, 285 

—— spiralis, Linn., 290 

—— suberosa, Pallas, 288 

—— sulcifera, Lamk., 288 

—— verticillata, Pallas, 286 

umbraculum, Sol., 289 

Gorgoniade, 113, 128, 278 

Gorgonide, Dana, 278 

Graculus melanops, 25 

Grallaria ferrugineipectus, Sc/., n. sp., 
129 


—— loricata, Se/., n. sp., 129 
— monticola, Lafr., 18 
Grallina australis, 25 

Grus americana, 8 

Antigone, 215 

hoyiana, 8 

Guiraca melanocephala, Sw., 213 
Gymnoderus fetidus, Linn., 265 
Hematornis Cheela, Daud., 85 


300 


Halcyon fulgidus, Gov/d, n. sp., 65 
sanctus, 25 

smyrnensis, Linn., 88 
Haliastur Indus, Bodd., 85 


Hapalotis hemileucura, Gould, n. sp., 


melanura, 243 

Harpagus diodon, Temm., 261 
Hedymeles melanocephalus, Sw., 213 
Helicina merguiensis, Pfr., n. sp-; 111 
pisum, 162 i 

Sprucei, Pfr., n. sp., 111 
Helicinide, 166 

Heliodoxa Leadbeateri, Boure., 16 
Heliomaster longirostris, Vieill., 16 
Helix bicruris, Pfr., n.sp., 109 
_—— Birmana, Pfr., n. sp., 107 
—— decidua, Pfr., n. sp., 108 
—— exarata, Pfr., n.sp., 1 

fatua, Pfr., n. sp., 107 

—— granum, Pfr., n. sp.; 107 
—— Jutacea, Pfr., n. sp., 108 
Mormonum, Pfr., n.sp., 109 
—— niphas, Pfr., n. sp., 108 
propinqua, Pfr. n. sp., 109 
sciadium, Pfr., n. sp., 108 
__— subdecussata, Pfr., n. sp., 107 
yenulata, Pfr., n. sp., 108 
Helmitheros celatus, Say, 212 
Heloderma horrida, 62 
Hemicyclostoma, 163 


Herodias candidissima, Wils., 206, 236 


leuce, Ill., 236 
Herpetotheres cachinnans, Linn., 201 


Herpsilochmus pectoralis, Se/., n. sp., 


1382 
—— pileatus, 132 
Himantopus, 28 
—— mexicans, 237 
—— nigricollis, Vieill., 206 
Hippurium, Oken, 283 
Hirundo apus, 13 
filifera, Stephens, 88 
riparia, 13 
rustica, 13 
urbica, 13 
Hyalonema, Gray, 279 
_*— mirabilis, Gray, 279 
Sieboldii, Gray, 279 
Hyalonemade, Gray, 279 
Hyalophyta, Gray, 279 
Hyalophytes, Gray, 279 
Hydrocena chinensis, Pfr., n. sp., 112 
_—— yulpina, Pfr., n.sp., 112 


_— (Omphalotropis) cerea, Pfr., n.sp., 
112 


__ (——) guamensis, Pfr., n. sp., 113 
__ (——) navigatorum, Pfr., n. sp., 
3 


Hylocharis chrysogaster, Boure., 17 
Goudoti, Bourc., 17 


INDEX. 


| ——— nevia, 


Hylomanes, Licht., 256 


| —— gularis, Sel., 256 


—— momotula, Licht., 201, 256 
Hyphantes baltimorensis, Linn., 205 
Hypocnemis elegans, Sc/., n. sp., 47 
—— melanopogon, Se/., n.sp., 1 
—— myiotherina, 130 : 
Gm., 265 

pecilinota, Cab., 18, 180 
Ibis alba, Linn., 230 

Thycter americanus, 16 

Icteria, 213 

Teterus dominicensis, Linn., 6, 232 
Giraudi, Cass., 228 

—— gularis, Wagl., 205, 228 
—— melanopterus, Hartl., 228 
—— mentalis, Less., 205 

—— parisiorum, Bp., 6, 228 
—— pectoralis, Wagl., 205 

—— prosthemelas, Strickl., 7 
pustulatus, 228 

Scottii, Couch, 6, 228 
Wagleri, Sc7., n. sp., 7, 228 
Iliolopha, Bp., 66 

Iodopleura Isabelle, Parz., 266 
—— Laplacii, 266 

pipra, 266 

Tsidee, Gray, 285 


| Isidella, Gray, n.g., 283 


coralloides, Gray, 284 
elongata, Gray, 283 
Tsis, Oken, 286 

Isis, Linn., 281, 283 
aurantia, Esper, 285 
coccinea, Sol., 285 
coralloides, Lamx., 284 
—— dichotoma, Pallas, 284 
elongata, Esper, 283 
—— encrinula, Lamk., 284 
gracilis, Lamk., 283 


| —— hippuris, Linn., 283 


nobilis, Linn., 287 


| —— ochracea, Linn., 285 


Jacamerops grandis, Gm., 263 
Juida nitens, 215 


| Juliamyia amabilis, Gould, 17 


typica, Bp., 17 

Junceella, Val., 159, 287 

Juncea, Val., 287 

Junco cinereus, 7 

hyemalis, 7 

oregonus, 7 

Rittacincla macroura, Gmel., 94 
Kuphus, Gray, 243 

Kyphus, Agassiz, 243 

Lampornis aurescens, Gould, 263 
aurulenta, Vieill., 233 
Mango, Linn., 16, 263 
Lamprospiza, 79 

Lanio aurantius, Lafr., 229 
versicolor, Latr., 264 


INDEX. 


Lanius atricapillus, Gmel., 77 
cayanus, Linn., 69 

—— erythronotus, Vig., 92 

—— excubitor, 219 

—— excubitoroides, Sw., 126 
—— inquisitor, Licht., 71 
Lahtora, Sykes, 91 

—— LIndovicianus, 126 

—— mitratus, Licht., 75 

—— niger, Linn., 72 

validus, Licht., 72 

Larus argentatus, 13 

canus, 13 

marinus, 13 

ridibundus, 13 

Lasiurus Aga, P. Gerv., 43 
caudatus, Tomes, n. sp., 42 
—— Grayi, Tomes, n. sp., 40 
—— noveboracensis, Erai., 34, 136 
—— Pearsoni, Horsf., 45 
pruinosus, Say, 37 

rufus, Gray, 35 
Lathriosoma typicum, Verr., 276 
Leiopathes, Gray, 289 

Boscii, Gray, 290 
glaberrima, Gray, 290 
Leiopathes, 113 

Leistes guianensis, Linn., 19, 265 


Leopardus Hernandesii, Gray,n.sp.,278 | 


Leptopoma Wallacei, Pfr., n. sp., 112 
Leptoptila, 235 

albifrons, Bp., 214 

Lepus nigripes, Bartlett, n. sp., 160 
Lewisia, Chitty, n. g., 167, 168, 169 
—— Agassiziana, Chitty, 167, 168, 169 
—— McAndrewiana, Chitty, 168, 170 
—— Philippiana, Chitty, 167, 168, 169 
—— Woodwardiana, Chitty, 168, 170 
Lindsleya, Chitty, n. ¢., 167, 168, 188 
—— Albersiana, Chitty, 169, 190 
—— Alderiana, Chitty, 169, 194 
—— Arthuriana, Chitty, 169, 195 
—— Boissieriana, Chitty, 169, 192 
—— Bridgesiana, Chitty, 169, 195 
—— Denisoniana, Chitty, 169, 189 
—— Fischeriana, Chitty, 169, 190 
—— Gaskoiniana, Chitty, 169, 162 
—— Gutiereziana, Chitty, 169, 196 
—— Henryana, Chitty, 169, 194 
—— Jayana, Chitty, 169, 189 

—— Leana, Chitty, 169, 189 

—— Lindsleyana, Chitty, 169, 188 
— Loweana, Chitty, 169, 200 

—— Lukesiana, Chitty, 169, 200 
— Moricandiana, Chitty, 169, 191 
—— Newcombiana, Chitty, 169, 193 
—— Oweniana, Chitty, 169, 196 
Pickeringiana, Chitty, 169, 188 
—— Poeyana, Chitty, 169, 193 

—— Polyblankiana, Chitty, 169, 190 
—— Redfieldiana, Chitty, 169, 189 


301 


Lindsleya Reeveana, Chitty, 169, 191 
— Risseana, Chitty, 169, 193 
Salléana, Chitty, 169, 195 
| —— Shuttleworthiana. Chitty, 169, 191 
Wollastoniana, Chitty, 169, 197 
Lineus Beattie, Gray, n. sp., 210 
Lipaugus hypopyrrhus, Vieill., 276 
rufescens, Sc/., n. sp., 276 
| Lithophyta, Gray, 282 
| Lithophytes, Gray, 279 
Lobivanellus lobatus, 28 
| Lophorina respublica, Bp., 6 
| Lophornis Delattrii, Less., 17 
| Loxigilla violacea, Linn., 231 
| Lucidella, Sw., 166 
. nana, Pfr., n.sp., 111 
Malacocercus canorus, Linn., 92 
caudatus, Dum., 92 
Malacocichla mexicana, Bp., 203 
Malurus coronatus, Gould, n. sp., 221 
Mascarinus, Less., 226 
Manatus americanus, 29, 59 
australis, 29, 33, 59 
latirostris, 29, 59 
nasutus, 29 
senegalensis, 29, 33, 59 
Vogelii, 30, 33 
| Meantia, 63 
Mecistops Bennettii, 57 
Journei, 57 
leptorhynchus, 57 
| Megalaima capistrata, Byton, 268 
indica, Lath., 100 
| Megapodius, 27 
Meiglyptes badiosus, Reichb., 229 
Melanerpes formicivorus, Sw., 127 
ruber, Gmel., 127 
| Melanoptila, Se/., n.g., 275 
/ glabrirostris, Se/., n. sp., 275 
Meliphagide, 26 
Meliteea, Lamk., 282, 284 
aurantia, Gray, 285 
coccinea, Lamk., 285 
ochracea, Lamk., 285 
retifera, Lamk., 285 
| —— Rissoi, Lamk., 235 
tenella, Dana, 285 
textiformis, Lamk., 285 
Meliteade, Gray, 284 
| Mellisuga minima, 233 
Melopsitiacus undulatus, 27 
Menobranchus maculatus, 62 
Menopoma alleghaniensis, 62 
fusca, 12 24 
| —— lateralis, 62 
Mergus albellus, 215 
Merops, 26 
| —— philippinus, Linn., 87 
—— viridis, Linn., 
Merula olivacea, Brewer, 212 
| Metabolus, 5 


302 


Metcalfeia, Chitty, n. g., 167,168, 179 
Bacquieana, Chitty, 168, 180 

— Chittyana, Ad., 168, 179 

—— Dohrniana, Chitty, 168, 182 | 
—— Layardiana, Chitty, 168, 183 
—— Metcalfeiana, Chitty, 168, 179 | 
—— Mitchelliana, Chitty, 168, 182 
— Morchiana, Chitty, 168, 181 
Sinclairiana, Chitty, 168, 182 
—— Sutherlandiana, Chitty, 168, 180 
—— Swiftiana, Chitty, 168, 183 
Verreauxiana, Chitty, 168, 181 
Micrastur concentricus, 261 
gilvicollis, Vieill., 261 

Milvus, 24 | 
Govinda, Sykes, 85 
Mimine, 276 

Mimus dominicus, Linn., 232 
polyglottus, Linn., 212 
Miniopteris, 138 

Mirafra assamica, McClell., 95 
Molossus, 140 

Molothrus pecoris, Gm., 218 
Momotidee, Sc/., 249 
Momotus, Lath., 249 | 
—— equatorialis, Gowld, n. sp., 225,250 | 
—— bahamensis, Sw., 252 
brasiliensis, Lath., 250 

— ceruleiceps, Gould, 201, 253 
—— castaneiceps, Scl., 254 

—— cyanogaster, Se/., 255 

—— Dombeyi, Less., 258 

— gularis, Gray, 256 

—— Lessoni, Less., 253 

Levaillanti, Less., 255 

—— Martti, Jard. et Selby, 254 
——— mexicanus, Sw., 253 

— microstephanus, Se/., n. sp., 251 
—— momota, Jard., 250 

momotula, Gray, 256 

—— Nattereri, Sc/., n. sp., 251 
parvirostris, Bp., 260 

—— platyrhynchus, Leadb., 256 
—— psalura, Puch., 259 
rubricapillus, Steph., 258 
ruficapillus, Gray, 208 

—— semirufus, Se/., 254 

—— subhutu, Less., 253 

—— subrufescens, Se/., 252 

—— superciliaris, Gray, 257 

—— tutu, Less., 258 

varius, Briss., 260 

yucatanensis, Cabot, 258 
Monasa peruana, Scl., 262 

Mopsea, Lamex., 284 

dichotoma, Lamx., 284 

elongata, Philippi, 285 
encrinula, Hhr., 284 

—— erythracea, Ehrenb., 283 
gracilis, Dana, 283 


mediterranea, Risso, 285 


INDEX. 


Mopsea verticillata, Lamx., 284 
Mopsella, Gray, n. g., 284 
dichotoma, Gray, 284 
Morphnus anthracinus, Licht., 211, 227 
schistaceus, Sund., 227, 261 
urubitinga, Gm., 227, 261 
Munia amandana, Linn., 96 
Murex Barclayi, Reeve, n. sp., 209 
trigonulus, Lamk., 209 
Muricea verticillaris, Dana, 286 
Murina suillus, Gray, 45 

Mus assimilis, Gowld, n. sp., 241 
decumanus, 241 

Suscipes, 241 

— Gouldi, 242 

gracilicauda, 242 

—— manicatus, Gould, n. sp., 242 
nanus, Gowld, n. sp., 242 
—— Rattus, 242 

sordidus, Gould, n. sp., 242 


| Muscicapa aurantia, Gmel. 


Elisabethe, 5 

eques, Bodd., 75 
grisola, 215 

—— nigriceps, Licht., 75 
—— rufa, Bodd., 79 
—— rufescens, Gmel., 79 


rugensis, Homb. et Jacq., 5 
splendens, Max., 77 
surinama, Linn., 74 
Muscipeta aurantia, Max., 79 
marginata, Max., 77 
nigriceps, Max., 75 


Myiabellia Guimeti, Boure., 17 


Myiadestes armillata, 6 

—— Elisabethe, 5 

—— griseiventris, 6 

obseurus, Lafr., 5, 215 
—— Townsendi, 5 
venezuelensis, Sel., 6 
unicolor, Sel., 5, 213 
Myiopsitta lineola, 225 

tigrina, Souancé, 225 
Myiothera nudiceps, Cassin, 47 
Myrmeciza, 130 

hemimelzena, Sc/., n. sp., 48 


| —— loricata, 48 


Myrmecoruaca JuBata, Linn., 22 
Mystacina, Gray, 138 
tuberculata, Gray, 138 
Nautilus serobiculatus, So/., 21 
umbilicatus, Lister, 21 
Nectarinia asiatica, Linn., 101 
Necturus maculatus, 61 
Nemoricola indica, Gmel., 95 
Nemosia flavicollis, Vieill., 264 


Neochloe, Sclater, n. g., 213 


brevipennis, Sclater, n. sp., 213 
Neocorys, Selater, n. g., 5 
spraguit, Sel., 5 


| Nettapus pulchellus, 28 


INDEX. 


Nidalia occidentalis, 129 

Noctilinia lasyura, Hodgson, 45 

Noctilio, 140 

Noctilionina, 133, 138 

Numidia meleagris, 236 

Nycticejus Atalapha, Raff., 35 

— noveboracensis, Temm., 35 

—— pruinosus, Temm., 37 

varius, Poep., 35 

Nycticorax Gardeni, Gm., 206, 230 

Nyctinomus, 140 

Nymphicus nove hollandie, 27 

Ocyalus Wagleri, Gray, 228 

Odontophorus hyperythrus, Gould, n. sp., 
223 


Omphalotropis cerea, Pfr., n.sp., 112 
—— guamensis, Pfr., n.sp., 113 
—— navigatorum, Pfr., n. sp., 113 
Opisthocomus cristatus, Vieill., 19 
Oriolus Kundoo, Sykes, 94 
Ornithion inerme, Hartl., 204 
Ortalida Montagnii, Bp., 19 
Orthotomus longicauda, Gmel., 95 
Ortyx pectoralis, Gould, 206 
Oryx Beatrix, Gray, n. sp., 158 
—— beisa, 157 

—— gazella, 157 

—— leucoryx, 157 

Otis, 27 : shy 
Otocorys Spraguti, Bp., 5 

Otus atieolle, link, 212 
Ovis, 104 Cy oe ; 
Pachyrhamphus, G. R. Gray, 7 
ewe Ares 2 Sel., 5, 74 z 
—— albogriseus, Se/., n. sp., 78 
—— atricapillus, Cab., 67, 75 
— cinereus, Scl., 75 

— Cuvieri, Cab., 67, 75 

— dimidiatus, De Fill., 75 
—— griseus, Bodd., 18 

—— latirostris, Bp., 74 

—— major, Sc/., 78 

—— major, Cab., 204 

—— marginatus, Scl., 77 

— minor, Cab., 73 

niger, Sel., 72 

nigrescens, Oab., 72 

—— nigriventris, Sel., 76 
pectoralis, Sw., 18 

—— pectoralis, Se/., 73 

—— polychropterus, Se/., 77 
—— roseicollis, Se/., 7¢ 
rufescens, Sel., 79 

—— surinamus, S¢el., 74 

— yalidus, Cad., 72 
versicolor, Cab., 76 

—— viridis, Se/., 75 
Pachyrhynchus, Spix, 71 

—— aglaie, Lafr., 74 

—— albifrons, Sw., 75, 77 

—— aterrimus, Lafr., 72 


303 


Pachyrhynchus cayanus, Spix, 70 

cinerascens, Spix, 72 

—— Cuvieri, Spix, 75 

—— leucogaster, Sw., 75 

—— marginatus, D’Orb., 77 

niger, Spix, 76 

pectoralis, Sw., 73 

polychropterus, Vieill., 77 

rufescens, Spix, 79 

ruficeps, Sw., 79 

—— semifasciatus, Spix, 70 

—— Spivii, Sw., 77 

squamatus, Lafy., 76} 

— Swainsoni, Jard., 77 

variegatus, Spix, 77 

Paleornis Alexandri, Linn., 99 

—— cyanocephalus, Linn., 99 

torquatus, Briss., 99 

Paludina ceylonica, Dohrn, n. sp., 123 

Paludomus Cumingianus, Dohrn, n. sp., 
12464 

distinguendus, Dohrn, n. sp., 124. 

—— Dromedarius, Dohrn, n. sp., 124 

—— fulguratus, Dohrn, n. sp., 123 

loricatus, 125 

—— nasutus, Dohrn, n. sp., 123 

nodulosus, Dohrn, n. sp., 125 

—— Skinneri, Dohrn, n. sp., 124 

solidus, Dohrn, n. sp., 124 

spheericus, Dohrn, n. sp., 124 

— sulcatus, 124 

—— Swainsoni, Dohrn, n. sp., 125 

Papilio Janaka, Moore, n. sp., 104 

Paradigalla carunculata, 6 

Paradiseide, 6 

Parra gymnostoma, Wagl., 206 

hypomelena, Gray, 20 

Partula Mastersi, Pfr., n.sp., 110 

Parus atricapillus, 81 

ceruleus, 215 

caudatus, 215 

—— meridionalis, Scl., 81 

palustris, 215 

Passer indica, Jard., 96 

Passerculus zonarius, Bp., 82 

Passerella, 7 

Pastor nigrocinctus, Cassin, 6 

Pavonaria scirpea, Blainy., 288 

Pelecanus conspicillatus, 28 

Pendulinus chrysocephalus, Bp. 19 

dominicensis, Bp., 7 

—— flavigaster, Vieill., 6 

hypomelas, Bp., 6 

Penelope aburri, Less., 19 

Penicillus, Brug., 246 

aquarius, 244 

mirabilis, Pallas, 288 

PENTASTOMA ANNULATUM, Bd., 115 

Perdix cinerea, 12 

rufa, 12 

Pericrocotus speciosus, Lath., 89 


304 INDEX. 


Petitia, Chitty, n. g., 167, 168, 184 

Adamsiana, Chitty, 168, 185 

—— Anthoniana, Chitty, 168, 184 

—— Carpenteriana, Chitty, 169, 187 

—— Cumingiana, Chitty, 168, 184 

Fortuneana, Chitty, 168, 185 

—— Grevilleana, Chitty, 169, 187 

—— Petitiana, Chitty, 168, 184 

—— Stevensiana, Chitty, 168, 184 

—— Stokesiana, Chitty, 169, 187 

—— Stricklandiana, Chitty, 169, 186 

—— Tayloriana, Chitty, 169, 187 

—— (? Lewisia) Barroniana, Chitty, 
169, 188 

Petrochelidon bicolor, Vieill., 201 

Petroica cerviniventris, Gould, un. sp., 
221 

Petrophassa albipennis, 27 

Peucea Bachmann, 7 

—— Lincolni, 82 

Phaéthornis episcopus, Gould, n. sp., 14 

eremita, 14 

—— griseogularis, 14 

—— longirostris, Del., 227 

— obscura, Gould, n.sp., 14 

—— pygmeus, 14 

— yiridicandata, Gould, n. sp., 14 

Phalacrocorax mexicanus, Brandt, 207 

Phaps histrionica, 27 

Pharomacrus, 4 

Phasianus colchicus, 81 

Impeyanus, 215 

Phlegopsis, Reichb., 47 

Phenicophilus palmarum, Linn., 2382 

Phenicopterus ruber, Linn., 236 

Pholadide, 245 

Pholas, 245 

Phonipara olivacea, Linn., 232 

Phyllostomide, 141 

Picolaptes, 265 

Picus Gardineri, Aud., 127 

Harvrisi, Aud., 127 

—— Jardinii, Malh., 214 

—— major, 215 

—— Nuttalli, Gamb., 127 

—— pubescens, 127 

scalaris, 127 

villosus, 127 

viridis, 12 

Pieris Duryasa, Moore, n. sp., 103 

Indra, Moore, n. sp., 105 

Nama, Moore, n. sp., 102 

—— Sanaca, Moore, n. sp., 103 

Seta, Moore, n. sp., 102 

Pionus menstruus, Linn., 19, 266 

senilis, 230 

vinaceicollis, Lafr., 225 . 

Pipilo arcticus, 127 

juscus, Sw., 127 

oregonus, Sw., 127 

rufipileus, Lafr., 7 


Pipra atricapilla, Gmel., 75 
cinerea, Bodd., 75 
coronata, Spix, 265 

— leucocilla, Linn., 265 
—— rubricapilla, Temm., 265 
striolata, Bp., 265 

Pitta brachyura, 65 

concinna, Gould, n. sp., 65 
Pitylus grossus, Linn., 264 
Platalea, 28 

ajaja, Linn., 206 
Platycercus, 27 

palliceps, 221 
Platypsaris, Bp., 72 

latirostris, Bp., 74 
Platyrhynchus Duponti, Vieill., 75 
Ploceus Baya, Blyth, 96 
Plotus, 28 

anhinga, Linn., 207 
Podargus, 24 

Podiceps dominicus, Linn., 207, 237 
Poéphila Gouldie, 26 
personata, 26 

Polyborus tharus, Mol., 211 
Polychlorus, Scl., n. g., 226 
intermedius, Scl., 226 
magnus, Scl., 226 
Westermanni, Scl., 226 
Polypus mirabilis, Linn., 288 
Pomarea nigra, 5 
Pomatorhinus Turdinus, Temm., 126 
Poospiza Belli, Scl., 7 
bilineata, Scl., 7 
Pratincola caprata, Linn., 94 
Primnoa, 128 

Primnoa, Lamzx., 285 
antarctica, Val., 286 
australasie, Gray, 286 
flabellum, Ehy., 286 

—— lepadifera, Lame., 285 
—— verticillata, Ehrenb., 286 
Primnoade, Gray, 285 
Primnoella, Gray. n. g., 286 
australasia, Gray, 286 
Prionirhynchus, Sc/., n. g., 256 
—— carinatus, Se/., 257 
platyrhynchus, Se/., 256 
Prionites, Til., 249 

bahamensis, Sw., 252 
brasiliensis, Tsch., 250 
ceruliceps, Bp., 253 
ceruleocephalus, Jard., 253 
castaneiceps, Gould, 254 
Dombeyanus, Ranz, 258 
gularis, Lafr., 256 

—— Lessoni, Bp., 253 
Levaillanti, Bp., 255 
—— Martii, Spix, 254, 256 
——- mexicanus, Bp., 254 
—— momota, Schomb., 250 
—— ruficapillus, Hartl., 255, 258 


INDEX. 


Prionttes superciliaris, Jard. et Selb. 257 
—— tutu, Ranz, 255 

yucatanensis, Bp., 258 
Progne dominicensis, Gmel., 201, 232 
Proteus anguinus, 63 
Protonopsis horrida, 62 
Psaltria minima, Gamb., 126 

. Psaris, Cuvier, 69 

aglaie, Kaup, 74 

brasiliensis, Sw., 70 

—— cayana, D’Orb., 70 

—— cayanensis, Swains., 69 

eristatus, Sw., 72 

—— Cuvieri, Sw.,'75 

erythrogenys, Selby, 71 

— Feast, up, 7 ref 

—— guianensis, Swains., 69 

inquisitor, D’Orb., 71 

—— Jardinii, Sw., 71 

—— major, Bp., 78 

—— marginata, Bp., 77 

—- megacephalus, Sw., 72 

—— melqnoleucus, Bp., 79 

—— mexicanus, Less., 70 

—— nevius, Less., 69 

—— Natterii, 8w., 71 

—— niger, Swains., 76 

parinus, Kaup, 76 

—— pectoralis, Kaup, 73 

roseicollis, Jard., 73 

—— Selbii, Sw., 71 

—— semifasciata, D’Orb., 70 

— strigatus, Sw., 72 

tityroides, Less., 70 

virgata, H. Smith, 69 

Psarocolius gularis, Wagi., 205 

pectoralis, Wagl., 205 

Psephotus chrysopterygius, Gould, n. sp., 
220 


Pseudotriton Salmoneus, 63 
Psittacara chloroptera, Souancé, 225, 234 
—— maugei, Souancé, 225 
Psitiacodis intermedius, 226 


Psittacus erythacus, 215 
—— Hueti, Temm., 19 


—— nove hollandia, 215 

—— paragua, 226 

Pteroglossus Beauharnaist, Wagl., 267 
—— flavirostris, Gould, 267 

—— Humboldti, Wagl., 267 

—— torquatus, Wagl., 205 
Pterogorgia pectinata, Dana, 287 
—— sulcifera, Dana, 288 

Prtilonopus Swainsont, 27 


305 


Pycnonotus bengalensis, Blyth, 93 

pygeus, Hodgs., 93 

Pyctorhis sinensis, Gmel., 94 

Pygmornis, Bp., 14 

Pyranga bidentata, Sw., 205 
hoped, Sw., 213 

— ludoviciana, Sw., 213 

roseogularis, Cabot, 6, 66 

Pyrighena nudiceps, 47 

Pyrrhula aurantiaca, Gould, n. sp., 222 

—— erythrocephala, 223 

—— vulgaris, 223 

Pyrrhulagra violacea, Bp., 231 

Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scop., 95 

Pyrula (Rhizochilus) De Burghie, Rve., 

Nn. 8p., 

Querquedula carolinensis, Gm., 215 

—— discors, Linn., 206, 237 

Querula minor, Less., '73 

rubricollis, Gm., 265 

Quiscalus barita, Linn., 232 

lugubris, Sw., 265 

Rallus, 236 

Ramphastos Cuvieri, Wagl., 266 

momota, Linn., 250 

Ramphocelus unicolor, Scl., 19 

Regulus calendula, Linn., 202 

satrapa, Licht., 212 

Rhamphocenus rufwventris, Bp., 202 

Rhimamphus estivus, Lath., 202 

—— ceruleus, Wils., 18 

Rhinopoma, 140 

Rhipidura albofrontata, Frankl., 89 

Rhizochilus De Burghie, Reeve, n. sp., 

208 


Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 230 
Salpinctes mexicanus, Sw., 212 
Saltator atripennis, Scl., 6 
grandis, Licht., 205 
acterophrys, Lafr., 205 

—— melanoleucus, Vieill., 79 

—— melanopterus, 66 

olivascens, Cab., 19 Mao 
Sarcogorgia, Gray, n. g., 158, 
Phidip us, Gray, 159, 294 
Sarcorhamphus papa, Linn., 227 
Saucerottia cyaneifrons, Boure., 17 
viridigastra, Bourc., 16 
Saurothera dominicensis, Latr., 234 
Vieilloti, Bp., 234 

Sayornis nigricans, Sw., 127 

—— pallida, Sw., 127, 204 
Scaphorhynchus mexicanus, Lafr., 204 
Scirpearia, Cwv., 288 

—— mirabilis, Cuv., 288 

Sclerurus brunneus, Sc/., n. sp., 17 
—— caudacutus, 18 

—— guatimalensis, 18 

—— mexicanus, 18 

Scops, 261 

Scotophilus, 45 


No. CCCXLVI.—ProcreEDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


306 


Scotophilus Carotinensis, 31 
discolor, 51 
— Gouldii, 136 
— Greyii, Gray, 51 
—— Kuhlii, 51 
—— marginatus, 51 
minutus, 51 

hyomus, Tomes, n.sp., 50 
picatus, Gould, 51 
pipistrellus, 51 
—— pruinosus, Gray, 37 
—— pumiloides, Tomes, n. sp., 51 
pumilus, Gray, 51 
Seiurus aurocapillus, Linn., 231 
Selasphorus anna, Less., 126 
ruber, Linn., 126 
Selenidera Langsdorfi, Wagl., 267 
Septaria, Lamk., 243 
Sericulus anais, Less., 6 
Serpula, Linn., 243 
Setophaga ruticilla, Linn., 231 
Sialia mexicana, Sw., 126 


Siphonognathus, Richardson, n. g., 237 


argyrophanes, Rdson., n. sp., 238 
Sitta aculeata, Cassin, 1 
carolinensis, 126 

Sittace Petzi, Wagl., 230 
Solanderia, Duch., 282, 284 
gracilis, Duch., 284 

Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill., 261 
Spilornis rufipectus, Gould, n.sp., 222 
Spindalis multicolor, Vieill., 231 
Spinites atrigularis, Cab., 7 

Spiza versicolor, Bp., 214 
Spizaetus ornatus, Daud., 201 
Sporadinus elegans, Aud., 233 
Stavorinius, Bp., 226 

Stoastoma, Chitty, 167, 168, 178 
—— Agassizianum, Ad., 167, 169 
—— Anthonianum, Ad., 184 

—— Blandianum, Ad., 167 

—— Chittyanum, Ad., 167 

—— Cumingianum, Ad., 167, 184 
Fadyenianum, Ad., 177 
Gouldianwm, 167 

—— Hollandianum, Ad., 175 
Jayanum, Ad., 189 

—— Leanum, Ad., 166, 189 

—— Lindsleyanum, Ad., 167, 188 
—— Livesayanum, Ohitty, 168, 178 
— Moricandianum, Ad., 191 
Petitianum, Ad., 184 

— Pfeifferianum, Ad., 168, 178 
—— Philippianum, Ad., 167, 169 


—— pisum, Ad., 162, 166, 167, 168, 170 


Redfieldianum, Ad., 166, 189 
Tappanianum, Ad., 175 
—— Wilkinsoneanum, Ad., 163, 171 


—— (Electrina) succineum, Sowb., 168, 


179 
Stoastomidee, Adams, 162, 167, 168 


| 


INDEX. 


Strepsiceros Kudu, 158 

Strix Aluco, 215 

americanus, 215 

—— flammea, 215 

infuscata, Temm., 4, 126 

javanica, De Wurmb., 87 - 
ypponica, Teram., 56 

—— otus, 215 4 = 

—— passerina, 

—— passerinoides, Temm., 4, 126 

—— Tengmalmi, Gmel., 57 

Strombus taurus, Reeve, n. sp., 207 

Struthus atrimentalis, Couch, 7 

caniceps, Woodhouse, 7 

Sturnella, 5 

neglecta, Aud., 127 

Sturnia pagodarum, Gmel., 97 

Sturnopastor contra, Linn., 97 

Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., 13, 97 

Subergorgia, Gray, n. g., 159, 288 

compressa, Gray, 288 

suberosa, Gray, 159, 288 

Succinea bermudensis, Pfr., n. sp., 110 

—— chinensis, Pfr., n. sp., 110 

mensis, Pfr., n. sp., 110 

Sula fusca, Linn., 237 

Sylvia enanthe, 13 

— rubetra, 215 

—— rubicula, 13 

—— sibilatrix, 215 

trochilus, 215 

Sylvicola americana, Linn., 202 

canadensis, Linn., 231 

coronata, Linn., 231 

palmarum, Vieill., 231 

Synallaxis multostriata, Se/., n. sp., 273 

Syrnium albitarse, G. R. Gray, 16 

hylophilum, 16 

Tachyphonus rufiventris, Spix, 264 

surinamus, Linn., 

Teniopterines, 4 

Tanagra iridina, Hartl., 264 

Tanagrella elegantissima, Verr., 264 

iridina, Scl., 264 

Tanygnathus macrorhynchus, 225 

marginatus, 225 

Mulleri, Bp., 225 

Taphozous, 141 

Tchitrea paradisi, Linn., 89 

Tephrodornis pondicerianus, 92 

Teredines, 244 

Teredinide, 245, 246 

Teredo, 243 

navalis, 245 

norvegica, 245, 246 

Tetragonops, Jard., 268 

Thalurania viridipectus, Gould, 16 

Thamnobia fulicata, Linn., 94 ‘ 

Thamnophilus melanoceps, Spix, 133 

—— melanothorax, Se/., n. sp., 133 

—— melanurus, Gould, 203 


INDEX. 


Thaumantias Milleri, Boure., 17 
ryothorus fasciato-ventris, Lafr., 4 
risoma brasiliense, Linn., 268 
—— tigrinum, Gm., 268 
Timalia hypoleuca, Frankl., 94 
Tinamus canus, Wagl., 20 
castaneus, Sel., n. sp., 277 
—— parvirostris, 277 

—— tataupa, 267 

Tinnunculus sparverius, Linn., 125, 231 
Tityra, Vieill., 69 

—— albitorques, Dubus, 71 
— atricapilla, Vieill., 72 
brasiliensis, Cad., 70 

—— castanea, Jard., 79 

—— cayana, Vieill., 69,265 
—— cinerea, Vieill., 69 

—— inquisitrix, Cad., 71 

—— inquisitriz, Bp., 18 

—— leuconota, Gray, 72 

—— mexicana, Scl., 70 

—— personata, Jard., 70 

—— pileata, Jard., 72 

—— rufa, Vieill., 72 

—— semifasciata, Cab., 70 

—— surinama, Strickl., 74 
—— Vieillotii, Jard., 75 

—— viridis, Vieill., 75 
Tityrine, 68 

Todirostrum auriculare, Vieill., 84 
calopterum, Sel., n. sp., 82 
—— capitale, Scl., n. sp., 83 
—— chrysocrotaphum, Strickl., 84 
—— cinereigulare, Scl., 84 
— cinerewm, Linn., 82, 203 
—— ecaudatum, Lafr., 86 

—— exile, Sel., n. sp., 83 

—— flavifrons, Lafr., 84 

—— fumifrons, Hartl., 84 
Furcatum, Lafr., 84 
galeatum, Bodd., 84 

—— gracilipes, Scl., 84 


—— granadense, Hartl., 84 
—— gulare, Temm., 84 


__— margaritaceiventre, Lafr., 84 
—_— multicolor, Strickl., 84 
nigriceps, Scl., 82, 84 

_ —— palpebrosum, Lafr., 84 
—_— pectorale, Kp., 84 

—— poliocephalum, Max., 84 
__— ruficeps, Bp., 83, 84 

_—— rufilatum, Hartl., 84 

——— spiciferum, Lafr., 84 

—_— squamicristatum, Lafy., 84 
striaticolle, Lafr., 84 
sylvia, Desm., 84 

Todus angustirostris, Lafr., 233 
cinereus, Spix, 83 

_—— dominicensis, Lafr., 233 
—_— marginatus, Licht., 77 


307 


Todus melanocephalus, Spix, 83 
subulatus, Gould, 233 
Totanus vociferus, Wils., 215 
Toxostoma curvirostre, Sw., 126, 212 
Lecontii, Lawr., 126 

—— redivivum, Gamb., 126 
—— vetula, Temm., 20, 126 
Tribonyx, 28 

Triccus crinitus, Burm., 84 
Trichoglossus rubitorquis, 27 
versicolor, 27 

Trilatitius, Gray, 45, 54 
Tringoides macularius, Linn., 219 
Trochilus, 160 

cephalus, Boure., 227 


colubris, 212 
Trochus (Euchele) alabastrum, Reeve, 
n. sp., 2 
Trogon melanocephalus, Gould, 227 
melanurus, Sw., 261 


roseigaster, Vieill., 235 

—— viridis, Linn., 16 
Tropidorhynchus, 26 

Truncatella Californica, Pfr., nu. sp., 111 
Trupialis guianensis, Bp., 265 
Tunicata, 246 

Turdus albicollis, Spix, 203 
assimilis, Cab., 202 

— crotopezus, Licht., 203 
flaviventris, Verr., n.sp., 273 
fumigatus, 274 


| —— Gray, 274 


ignobilis, Se/., n. sp., 273 

tliacus, 13 

—— luridus, Bp., 274 

migratorius, Linn., 5, 126 

minimus, Lafr., 212 

minor, Gm., 4, 212 

—— musicus, 13 

—— nevius, 4 

—— nanus, Audubon, 4 

olivaceus, Giraud, 212 

— pilaris, 13 

silens, Sw., 212 

—— solitarius, Wilson, 4, 212 

—~ Swainsoni, Cab., 212 

—— viscivorus, 13 

Wilsoni, 4 

Tyrannide, 67 

Tyrannula nigricans, Sw., 127 

pallida, Sw., 127 

Tyrannulus, 204 : 
us atrifrons, Scl., n. sp., 274 

intrepidus, 232 

matutinus, 232 

Vespertilio Blosseivillit, Less., 35 

- Blythii, Tomes, n. sp., 53 

Carolii, 54 

carolinensis, 45 

—— chinensis, Zomes, n. sp., 02 

—— cinereus, Pal., 


i 7 
mm bod 


~~ 


° i {308 INDEX. 


Vespertilio creeks, F. Cuy., 45 Umbracella, Gray, 289 


—— crepuscularis, Le Conte, 45 —— umbraculum, 289 

—— dasycnemus, 54 —— granulata, 289 

—— Daubentonii, 54 ) Upupa epops, Linz., 101 
—— emarginatus, 45 Urochoma Hueti, Temm., 19 


Urogalba paradisea, Linn., 262 


—— ferrugineus, Temm., 53 
Ursus labiatus, 140 


—— formosa, Hodgs., 53 


—— Hasseltii, 54 | Wilkinsonea, Chitty, n. g., 167,168, 169 
—— lasiurus, Linn., 35 —— Abbottiana, Chitty, 168, 172 
—— macropus, Gould, 53 ~ * = Bensoniana, Chitty, 168, 176 
—— maximus, 52 | —— Dysoniana, Chitty, 168, 175 

—— monachus, Raff., 35 —— Gouldiana, Chitty, 168 

—— murinus, 52 —— Greenwoodiana, Chitty, 168, 173 
—— Nattereri, 53, 140 —— Hanleyana, Chitty, 168, 175 

—— noctivagans, Le Conte, 45 —— Hollandiana, Chitty, 168, 175 
—— pallidus, Le Conte, 45 —— Jardiniana, Chitty, 168, 173 

—— pruinosus, Say, 37 —— Iaidlawiana, Chitty, 168, 174 
—— pulverulentus, Temm., 45 —— Moussoniana, Chitty, 168, 176 
—— rubellus, Pal., 35 —— Schomburghkiana, Chitty, 168, 171 


—— suillus, Temm., 45 

—— tasmanensis, Gray, 45 
—— tessellatus, Raff., 35 
—— tuberculatus, Foster, 135 
—— villosissimus, Geoff., 35 


Tappaniana, Chitty, 168, 175 
Wiltsneonatins Chitty, 168, 171 
Xiphocolaptes albicollis, Vieill., 202 
Zenaidura carolinensis, Bp., 235 
Zoantharia cauliculata, Edw., 289 


Vespertilionina, 135 Zonotrichia Botterii, Sc/., n. sp., 214 
Vesperugo, Keys, 45 -—— Cassinii, Woodh., 214 
Vireo altiloquus, Vieill., 231 comata, 7 
flavifrons, Vieill., 227 —— Gambelli, Nutt., 7,127 
—— noveboracensis, Gm., 204, 228 —— leucophrys, 7, 127 
versicolor, Hartl., 76 —— Mortoni, 7 
Vireolanius icterophrys, Bp., 4, 213 —— pileata, 7 
melitophrys, Bp., 213 —— querula, 7 
Vireonine, 213 .| Zoophytes, 278 


PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED. LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


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